DOCSLIB.ORG

Looking Back at Fifty Years of Nautical Archaeology a Review Article of Archaeologist Beneath the Sea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Looking Back at Fifty Years of Nautical Archaeology a Review Article of Archaeologist Beneath the Sea LOOKING BACK AT FIFTY YEARS OF NauTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY A Review Article of Archaeologist Beneath the Sea BY JAMES D. MUhlY In recent decades nautical archaeology and George MY First FiftY Years ❱❱ Bass have tended to be almost synonymous. To ArchaeoLogist Beneath consider one was to engage with the other. The reasons the SEA: Ancient Ships in for this are obvious, for Bass practically created the field Bodrum of nautical archaeology himself, at least in its modern By George F. Bass manifestation. Over the past 50 years Bass has been (Istanbul, Turkey: Boyut Publishing, a tireless proponent and proselytizer for what is still 2012). 402 pages, numerous something of a new field of archaeological research. color and black and white photographs and drawings, The remarkable thing is that this is true for all periods: hardcover, $37.50; Amazon Kindle edition also available Bronze Age, Iron Age, Greek and Roman, Byzantine, at $4.99, titled Archaeology Beneath the Sea, ISBN and Islamic. For every period there is an INA project 9789752310315. directed by George Bass. The four-handled copper ingots pictured here were a major discovery for Bass’ team at Cape Gelidonya (1960). EXPEDITION Fall 2014 17 LEFT TO RIGHT, One of Bass’ archaeologists, Elizabeth Greene, displays a table amphora that was hidden beneath the sand at Tektaş Burnu. The amphora was part of the cargo of a coastal merchant ship that sank in the 5th century BCE, the Golden Age of Classical Greece. A member of Bass’ crew, Robin Piercy, removes the sediment from an amphora, hoping to discover seeds as clues to what may have been stored in the jar. The amphora was found, along with other pottery and coins, in a 7th century Byzantine ship which was wrecked off Yassi Ada. George Bass, pictured here next to Peter Throckmorton (with cigarette), examines wooden fragments from the 1960 excavation of the wreck at Cape Gelidonya. This book is basically an updated version of Archaeology on shipwrecks resting on the seabed. It is important to Beneath the Sea (Walker & Co. 1975). The major difference remember that, prior to the excavation of the Cape Gel- is Chap. IX: “A.D. 626,” dealing with the excavation of a idonya shipwreck in 1960, underwater archaeology was Byzantine shipwreck, and also the account of the “Return largely a summer pastime involving amateurs diving down to Gelidonya.” The main feature of this new book is that to ancient shipwrecks in order to bring up Greek and it is profusely illustrated, with superb color photographs. Roman wine jars, except for some scientific work already This is a very personal book, in which George Bass recounts underway in France. All of that changed with Cape Gel- all aspects of his career as a nautical archaeologist, personal idonya, and progress has gone on from there far beyond and professional, and also pays tribute to all the scholars the wildest dreams of those who brought this new field of and supporters with whom he has worked for more than archaeological research to where it is today. 50 years of intense archaeological research, beneath the sea I feel that, at this stage of the game, it is time to say a and on dry land. Prof. Bass is obviously a scholar who keeps few things about what Bass was up against in his determi- meticulous, very detailed records. He can name everyone nation to establish underwater archaeology as a legitimate involved in any activity and can identify everyone in large field of archaeological research that maintained the same group photographs, often taken many years ago. Anyone standards of excavation technique and recording as any who has tried to identify the individuals in a group photo, other modern excavation. Classical archaeology, until very taken just a few years ago, will appreciate the work of some- recent times, has not been a field known for its love of one who knows how to keep records. That is, of course, one innovation. Bass began his archaeological career in very of the prime attributes of a first-class archaeologist. traditional ways, working with Jack Caskey at the Early This book recreates the thrills and excitement of Bronze Age site of Lerna, in the eastern Argolid. A distinc- working “beneath the sea,” and the challenges involved in tive shape of pot from this period is still known as a “Bass developing the new excavation techniques and the new Bowl.” I know of no other archaeologist working today technology necessary to carry out scientific excavation who has managed to give his name to a style of pottery. 18 EXPEDITION Volume 56 Number 2 When Bass went from land to water his reputation This explains why many of the early reports on this at the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) took new method of archaeological research were published something of a nosedive. Those in charge of this national in Expedition, the magazine of the Penn Museum, one of organization were perfectly happy to deal with Bass on Bass’ most important scholarly supporters, and in Nation- land, but an underwater Bass was another matter. Was al Geographic, one of the most important early financial this really serious scholarship? The AIA thought oth- supporters of this new discipline that became known as erwise. They were willing, however, to have Bass write Nautical Archaeology. It soon became obvious to every- articles for Archaeology, the popular magazine published one that this approach to archaeology was so important by the Institute, and to go on a lecture tour for the that it could no longer be ignored. The “Prologue” plus Institute, speaking to enthusiastic local audiences across chapters I and II of the new book are devoted to Cape the country, but publication in the American Journal of Gelidonya, the project that could well be described as the Archaeology (AJA), the scholarly journal of the Institute, “transforming excavation” of this fledging discipline. was another matter. What Bass does, most of all in these chapters, is to The Lütfi Celil, a sponge dragger, carried part of Bass’ team to the Bronze Age wreck off Cape Gelidonya. EXPEDITION Fall 2014 19 correct the record regarding his relationship with George and Ann ered containing such a rich cargo, a bonanza of Peter Throckmorton, the initial discoverer of the Bass work on wood just about every type of material that was being fragments from the Gelidonya wreck. Bass has often been accused of Cape Gelidonya wreck transported across the eastern Mediterranean pushing aside these early pioneers of underwater in 1960. in the Late Bronze Age, including ten tons of archaeology, including Peter Throckmorton and copper ingots and one ton of tin ingots, exactly Honor Frost. This is simply not true. Bass did his best to the two materials necessary to make bronze, and in the work with them and learn from them. The basic problem proper proportions. The point I wish to make here is that was that all these early pioneers were intense individualists. the long and arduous excavation of this wreck, involving Bass realized that, if this new discipline was going to gain hundreds of dives, finally finished in 1994. This has been international credibility, it would require an institutional followed by seasons of study, restoration, and conserva- base together with institutional and private financial sup- tion that are still in progress, and will be for some years port and a dedicated research team that could maintain to come. For every hour spent diving on such a wreck, the necessary element of continuity. This is what led to countless hours follow, in the lab and in the library, all di- the establishment of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology rected towards the goal of final publication. In this regard (INA) at Bodrum, Turkey, and why INA has continued nautical archaeology is no different from archaeology on to thrive and grow. With the publication of this superb, land: without final publication there can be no real prog- beautifully illustrated book, we should all try to put aside ress. One of the reasons why INA has been so successful is petty sniping, and our determinations to present our own that it has a superb record of final publication. points of view, in order to recognize what George Bass has By 1985, George Bass had come to realize that, because accomplished and why INA is one of the major achieve- he was involved in so many different projects, he simply ments of archaeology in the 20th (and 21st) century. could not continue to direct all the research going on Has nautical archaeology achieved the status of a around Uluburun. Fortunately, by that time he had already serious academic discipline? You bet it has. Just consider trained a remarkably gifted Turkish student, Cemal Pulak, the following: the discovery of the Uluburun shipwreck who gave every indication of being capable of taking on (in 1982; chapter XXI in the present book) inaugurated the burden of Uluburun. Indeed he was, and to this day he the most spectacular chapter in the history of underwater continues to be in charge of all the work involving the final archaeology. Never before had a shipwreck been discov- publication of this shipwreck. For the reader who might 20 EXPEDITION Volume 56 Number 2 Bass realized that, if this new discipline was going to gain international credibility, it would require an institutional base together with institutional and private financial support and a dedicated research team that could maintain the necessary element of continuity. want to learn more about Ulubu- heady experience of creating a new run, I recommend the catalogue of archaeological discipline. In 1987, the exhibition held at the Met- they were seasoned professionals, ropolitan Museum of Art, edited with years of diving experience Beyond by Joan Aruz and called Tufan Turanli, who together with all Babylon (New York 2008).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The and Uluburun Shipwreck La T E B R 0 N Z E a G E T Ra
    THE ULUBURUN SHIPWRECK AND LA T E B R 0 N Z E A G E T RA D E CEMAL PULAK pwreck dating to the Late Bronze Age was exca­ several dozen ingots, still arranged in four discernible rows. ted off Uluburun-or Grand Cape 1-approxi- Their shape was reminiscent of copper ingots recovered from mately 9 kilometers southeast of Ka~, in southern the Cape Gelidonya shipwreck two decades earlier and termed Turkey, between 1984 and 1994.2 It was discovered "oxhide" for their rectangular, four-handled appearance. It had by a sponge diver during the summer of 1982 and brought been assumed that each ingot represented the shape of an to the attention of archaeologists at the Institute of Nautical oxhide, possibly as a means of assigning value for trade, Archaeology (INA) conducting annual shipwreck surveys although this hypothesis has since been disproved. The form along the coast.3 The original allure of the site was its cargo of the oxhide ingots and other artifacts from the wreck allowed of copper ingots. Similar ingots had been discovered during us to propose a rough date of about 1300 B.C.5 With this the 1960 excavation of a seafaring merchant ship of around estimated date in mind, excavations began in the hope of the twelfth-century B.C. off Cape Gelidonya, just 65.5 kilome­ uncovering items that would illuminate aspects of Late Bronze ters east of Uluburun. Analyses of finds from the Cape Age trade. Gelidonya shipwreck had allowed George Bass to hypothesize Because of the depth of the site-42 to 61 meters6- the about the central role of Near Eastern seafarers in Late Bronze cargo had been spared from salvage or pillage.
    [Show full text]
  • Gnalić Shipw - Reck, Which Sank Far from Anatolian Shores, but Has Very Strong Relations with Anatolia
    2 G : R R O E . K B R N U U t a M N I - t . 4 w 1 w 0 w TINA 2 Maritime Archaeology Periodical TINA MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY PERIODICAL APP IS NOW AVAILABLE AT APPLE APP STORE You can explore tINa Maritime archaeology Periodical free with the iPad application. a richer content with previously unpublished photographs and thematic videos for your enjoyment. Just write Maritime archaeology in the search window of the app Store. TINA Maritime Archaeology Periodical tINa tURKISH UNDERwatER aRCHaEOLOGY FOUNDatION FOUNDatION Founded by a group of maritime-lover businessmen in 1999. SCOPE l To make the international society and scientists familiar with our abundant archaeological cultural heritage in Turkey and its seas. With this idea in mind, to make national and international publications, and organize conferences, panels, seminars, forums, symposiums, workshops, fairs, festivities, exhibitions, and artistic activities such as festivals, excursions and meetings. l To support local and international scientific institutions, museums, and universities involved in activities of surveys, excavations, conservations and exhibitions under the approval and inspection of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. l To perform underwater surveys and excavations in our seas using scientific methods and current technological facilities under the approval and inspection of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. l To identify the archaeological artifacts lying underwater, reporting their whereabouts to relevant authorities for protection. l To seek cooperation with the museums and institutions involved in the field and support their activities. To ensure enhancement of such museums and cultural activities, and take necessary steps to provide opportunities for new initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Oxhide Ingot Marks
    COPPER OXHIDE INGOT MARKS: A DATABASE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Archaeology by Alaina M. Kaiser May 2013 © 2013 Alaina M. Kaiser All Rights Reserved. ABSTRACT COPPER OXHIDE INGOT MARKS: A CATALOGUE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Alaina Kaiser, M.A. Cornell University, 2013 Many objects of international trade from the Late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean are marked with symbols of undetermined meaning. Of these, copper oxhide ingots have been of particular interest to archaeologists for decades. As the meaning of these marks is currently unknown, my work attempts to analyze patterns of them that are distinguishable through a study of the marked ingots’ contextual and geographic distribution. My research resulted in a database composed of all retrievable information regarding the discovery, contextual information, and physical characteristics of all copper oxhide ingot remains and marks. The purpose of this database and distribution analysis is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand these artifacts so ubiquitous in Late Bronze Age settlements in the eastern Mediterranean. ii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Alaina Kaiser was graduated from Boston University in 2009 with a Bachelors of Arts degree in Archaeology and a minor in Classical Civilizations. After obtaining her degree, Ms. Kaiser held a research assistant position at the Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources and worked as a field technician in CRM at Public Archaeology Laboratory. While interning with the National Park Service at the Historic Kingsley Plantation in 2010, Ms. Kaiser volunteered with the University of Florida’s archaeological field school led by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Uluburun – the Discovery and Excavation of the World’S Oldest Known Shipwreck
    http://akroterion.journals.ac.za ULUBURUN – THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF THE WORLD’S OLDEST KNOWN SHIPWRECK N Fawcett & J C Zietsman (University of Stellenbosch) The oldest and most exciting shipwreck ever discovered is that of a 15 metre Syro- Palestinian trading vessel whose cargo was sighted on the sea-bed by a sponge diver off a promontory called Uluburun, near Kas, on the south Turkish coast. The ship dates from about 1300 BC. According to Wachsmann (1998:xi) “The Uluburun shipwreck is without doubt the single most significant key to understanding Bronze Age seafaring”, and Bass (1998:49) adds that “few if any Bronze Age excavations in the past 50 years have been more important than the Uluburun shipwreck.” 1. Background The mainstream of nautical development that was to flow throughout ancient history arose not in the river-oriented civilisations of Mesopotamia or Egypt but in the open waters of the Eastern Mediterranean around the beginning of the second millennium BC (Casson 1971:30). Men had ventured beyond the shelter of their shores long before this date, in log rafts, perhaps, or some form of reed bundle boat, followed by dugouts with planks added on both sides to give a bigger freeboard (Johnstone 1980:58). By the third millennium the Egyptians had learned to build craft with edge-joined planks sewn together with twine, as has been shown by the discovery of 12 wooden boats buried beside the funerary enclosures of the earliest kings of Egypt at Abydos, dating to c. 3000 – 2700 BC (Haldane 1992:12), and the famous Cheops ship of c.
    [Show full text]
  • George F. Bass Underwater Archaeology Papers 1054 Finding Aid Prepared by Jody Rodgers
    George F. Bass Underwater Archaeology papers 1054 Finding aid prepared by Jody Rodgers. Last updated on March 02, 2017. University of Pennsylvania, Penn Museum Archives 3/14/11 George F. Bass Underwater Archaeology papers Table of Contents Summary Information...................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History.........................................................................................................................................4 Scope and Contents.......................................................................................................................................5 Administrative Information...........................................................................................................................6 Related Materials ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Controlled Access Headings......................................................................................................................... 7 Collection Inventory..................................................................................................................................... 8 Correspondence.......................................................................................................................................8 Expedition records...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeometry and Shipwrecks
    Archaeometry and Shipwrecks A Review Article by james d. muhly From Mine to Microscope: Advances in the Study of Ancient Technology edited by Andrew J. Shortland, Ian C. Freestone, and Thilo Rehren (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009). 230 pp., numerous black and white photographs and drawings, $120.00, ISBN 978-1-84217-259-9. he volume from mine to microscope rep- resents an important collection of articles by colleagues and former students of Michael (“Mike”) Tite and is a fitting tribute to the work of a superb scholar who also happens to Tbe a most humane individual and a wonderful colleague. The distinguished career of Tite reads very much like the history of the field of archaeometry in the second half of the 20th cen- tury. A BSc in physics (Oxford 1960) led to a DPhil (Oxford Research Laboratory 1965), under the supervision of Martin Aitken. After teaching at the University of Essex, Mike became Keeper of the British Museum Research Laboratory (1975– 1989) and then, in 1989, was appointed the Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science at the Oxford Research Laboratory (1989–2004), replacing his mentor, Martin Aitken. He also took over as editor of Archaeometry, the lead- Mike Tite doing fieldwork in the Western Desert of Egypt. ing journal in the field of archaeological science. It is not pos- sible to imagine the progress made in this field of research in the United Kingdom apart from the career of Mike Tite. Many Tite’s early interest in thermoluminescence dating (TL) of the essays in this volume go back to research conducted by soon led to a long-standing interest in the use of the scan- the authors for the DPhil degree, done under the supervision ning electron microscope (SEM), involving work with Yannis of Professor Tite.
    [Show full text]
  • Under-The-Mediterranean-Cyprus
    Honor Frost Foundation UNDER THE MEDITERRANEAN The Honor Frost Foundation Conference on Mediterranean Maritime Archaeology, to commemorate the Anniversary of the Centenary of Honor Frost's birth on Cyprus (28 October 1917). October 20-23 2017 Nicosia http://ucy.ac.cy/underthemediterranean Under the Mediterranean Acknowledgements The Conference Under the Mediterranean is generously sponsored by the Honor Frost Foundation, to which we wish to extend our most sincere thanks. We are also delighted to welcome the Honor Frost Foundation Trustees to this international conference and warmly invite them to learn about the many new discoveries and approaches to Mediterranean maritime archaeology. The special opening event, on Thursday 19 October, was organised and partly sponsored by the Maritime Archaeological Research Laboratory (MARELab), Department of History and Archaeology, in collaboration with the Archaeology Students Club, University of Cyprus. Dr. Pietro Alagna (CANTINE PELLEGRINO, Sicily) and Makkas Winery Ltd Cyprus have generously offered their excellent wines. The opening reception, on Saturday evening, was sponsored by the Rectorate of the University of Cyprus. The closing reception, on Monday evening, was partly sponsored by Wiley, publisher of the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology for the Nautical Archaeology Society. The Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, kindly offered the House of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios (Ethnological Museum, Nicosia) as the venue for this event. We have invited a series of distinguished scholars to participate in the paper evaluation process and act as session chairs; their help was invaluable and their presence raised the conference profile: Martine Francis Allouche, Pascal Arnaud, Kalliopi Baika, David Blackman, Carlo Beltrame, Guilia Boetto, Elena Flavia Castagnino, Deborah Cvikel, Timmy Gambin, Jon Henderson, Bernard Knapp, Justin Leidwanger, Eleni Loizides, Sturt Manning, Nadine Panyot-Haroun, Cemal Pulak, Dorit Sivan, Dimitris Skarlatos, Laina Swiny, Athena Trakadas, Julian Whitewright.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Demeter Side Scan Sonar Search and the Aslan Burnu Site Survey, Turkey, 2004
    Report on the Demeter Side Scan Sonar Search and the Aslan Burnu Site Survey, Turkey, 2004 Jeremy Green Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum Report—Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum, No. 188, 2004. GREEN, J.N. 2004 27°E 27° 30'E 28°E TURKEY Bodrum 36°S Goekova Korfez Marmaris Kos Knidos Datcha Hisaroenue Korfez Aslan Brunu Nisyros Demeter search area 36° 30'S Symi Tilos GREECE Rodhos Figure 1. Map of SW Turkey showing location of Demeter search area and the Aslan Burnu wreck site. Introduction reported as being found in depths from 80 m up In late 2003, this author was invited by the Institute to 100 m, although discussions with captains of of Nautical Archaeology (INA) to take part in the kangava boats in 2004 suggest that the kangava 2004 survey for ancient shipwrecks on the Turkish rarely operated deeper than 80 m. coast. This was a joint INA–Western Australian The story of the finding of the Demeter Maritime Museum Project and planned to search for statue is confused. It started in 1958 when Peter the ‘Demeter’ wreck and carry out a pre-disturbance Throckmorton, a New York photo-journalist, and survey on the Aslan Burnu wreck. The sites are Mustafa Kapkin, a Turkish photographer, were located on the coast west of Bodrum, the Demeter drawn to Bodrum because they had heard about wreck being on the Bozburun Peninsular and the the bronze Demeter. In Bodrum they met Kemal Aslan Burnu wreck on the Datcha Peninsular near Aras, a sponge diver and owner of a sponge-fishing Knidos (see Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete Author(S): Paul Rehak and John G
    Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete Author(s): Paul Rehak and John G. Younger Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 102, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 91-173 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/506138 . Accessed: 31/12/2010 14:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aia. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Institute of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete PAUL REHAK AND JOHN G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transition from Bronze Age to Iron Age in the Aegean: a Heterarchical Approach
    THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A HETERARCHICAL APPROACH A Master’s Thesis By DENIZ ALEV ENVEROVA Department of Archaeology İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara December 2012 To Hazell THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A HETERARCHICAL APPROACH Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by DENIZ ALEV ENVEROVA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA December 2012 ABSTRACT THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A HETERARCHICAL APPROACH Enverova, Deniz M.A, Department of Archaeology Supervisor: Jacques Morin December 2012 The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Aegean through a different perspective than has been used up until now, and see if heterarchy can be applied. This thesis will test to see whether heterarchy is an appropriate model, offer a view on the end of the Late Bronze Age, and explore the reasons iron technology replaced bronze technology in the Greek world. Keywords: heterarchy, hierarchy, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Aegean, Greece, World- Systems Theory, Cyprus, iron, bronze iii ÖZET EGE’DE TUNÇ ÇAĞINDAN DEMİR ÇAĞINA GEÇİŞ: HETERARŞİ YAKLAŞIM Enverova, Deniz Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Jacques Morin Aralık 2012 Bu tezin amacı,Ege’de ki Tunç Çağından Demir Çağına farklı bir bakış açısı geçişi incelemek ve heterarşinin uygulanabilir olması. Bu tez heterarşinin uygun bir model olup olmadığının,geç bronz çağına bir bakış açısı sunar ve Yunan Dünyasında Demir teknolojisinin,Tunç teknolojisinin yerini alma nedenini araştırmaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Late Helladic Sea Trade
    ASPECTS OF LATE HELLADIC SEA TRADE A Thesis by CHRISTOPH BACHHUBER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2003 Major Subject: Anthropology ASPECTS OF LATE HELLADIC SEA TRADE A Thesis by CHRISTOPH BACHHUBER Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved as to style and content by: _________________________ _______________________ Shelley Wachsmann David Carlson (Committee Chair) (Head of Department) ______________________ Cemal Pulak (Member) ______________________ Steve Oberhelman (Member) December 2003 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Aspects of Late Helladic Sea Trade. (December 2003) Christoph Bachhuber, B.A., James Madison University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann The trade mechanisms joining the Mycenaean Aegean to the greater Levant have intrigued and eluded Bronze Age scholarship since the earliest discoveries of foreign objects in Mycenaean burials. In the past decade, topics of interregional trade in the eastern Mediterranean have enjoyed renewed discussions, inspired in no small part by the excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck. Data generated from the shipwreck is amounting to an extraordinary body of evidence for contact between the Aegean and the Near East. The proposed Mycenaean presence on board the Uluburun ship requires that the sum of evidence and hypotheses for trade between the two regions be re-examined. By attempting to demonstrate the role the Mycenaeans had performed on the last journey of the Uluburun ship, an important mechanism of trade may be revealed between the Aegean and Semitic worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • MS 439 A4278 Honor Frost Archive Catalogue
    MS 439 A4278 Honor Frost Archive catalogue Original catalogue compiled by Dr Emma Saunders for the Honor Frost Foundation, August 2016 (University of Southampton, Revised 2018) 2 Honor Frost Honor Frost (1917-2010) was a pioneer in the field of underwater archaeology and the first to promote underwater archaeology as a scientific discipline. Born in Cyprus in 1917, she became the ward of the London solicitor, Wilfred Evill, after the death of her parents. Her love of diving started in a Wimbledon garden when, as a young woman, she submerged herself in a ‘well’, as described in her book Under the Mediterranean: travels with my bottle (1963). Following school in Switzerland, where she became bi-lingual in French, she enrolled at the Central School of Art in London which was rusticated during the war to the Ruskin School of Art in Oxford, later working as a designer for the Ballet Rambert and as director of publications at the Tate Gallery. In the mid-40s she designed a ballet called Khadra, which was choreographed by Celia Franca for the Sadler’s Wells Theatre Ballet to music by Sibelius. Her artistic calling came to a halt after she fell fully in love with diving in Marseilles in the late 1940s, training with the Club Alpin Sous-Marin in Cannes. This was the start of her deep interest in diving, and her mentor was the archaeologist Frederic Dumas. Dumas took her on her first dive at a wreck of a Roman ship at Antheor on the south coast of France. Later, she was able to develop and consolidate her archaeological skills, when she joined Kathleen Kenyon at Jericho as a draftsman for the excavations in 1957.
    [Show full text]