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Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey for 2003 Government of Bolivia Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org BOLIVIA Coca Cultivation Survey June 2004 Printed in Bolivia Bolivia Coca Survey 2003 Abbreviations DIRECO Bolivian National Direction of Agricultural Re-conversion GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System GCP Ground Control Point ICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime FELCN Special Force for Drug traffic Fight Acknowledgements The following institutions and individuals contributed to the 2003 Bolivia coca survey and the preparation of the present report: Bolivian Government • Vice-Ministry for Alternative Development • DIRECO UNODC • Ivan Alfaro - Chief Technical Advisor (Project) • Ramiro Cartagena - Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) • Gonzalo Aruquipa - Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) • Robert Szucs - GIS Specialist (Project) • Patricia Delgado - GIS Specialist (Project) • Claudia Ortega - Administrative Assistant (Project) • José Manuel Martinez - Morales - UNODC Representative (field office) • José Rocabado - UNODC National Programme Officer (field office) • Denis Destrebecq – ICMP Programme Management Officer (UNDOC – Vienna) • Thomas Piestschmann, - Research Officer (UNODC – Viena) • Ayako Kagawa, Associate Statistician and Spatial Analyst (UNODC – Vienna) The US Narcotic Affairs Section (NAS) provided the complete set of multispectral and panchromatic IKONOS Imagery for the survey The implementation of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries, and of the Bolivian survey in 2003, was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Italy. Pictures: UNODC BOL/F57 0 Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey 2003 Preface The results of this first nation-wide coca cultivation survey conducted jointly by the Bolivian Government and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, confirmed that the production of coca leaf, the raw material for the processing of cocaine remained far behind the levels reached in Colombia and Peru. With 23,600 ha of coca cultivation in 2003, it was only half the levels estimated in the early and mid-1990s. The implementation of sustainable livelihood initiatives and the sustained eradication efforts, in particular in the Chapare area that accounted for most of the coca cultivation in Bolivia a few years ago, appear to have been key to the Bolivian success over the last few years. It is encouraging to note that in the Chapare area, coca cultivation continued to be on the decline. However, there are worrying signs that coca cultivation is nowadays on the increase in the Yungas of La Paz, and this outside the traditional coca cultivation area as authorized under Bolivian law. Efforts have to be made rapidly to stop this trend in the Yungas and to preserve the benefits of the investments made so far in Chapare. Preventing the return of a sizable coca-cocaine industry remains an important priority. I am aware that this will not be easy, not only because we will have to compete with an illegal market whose value is far from negligible (this year coca leaf farm-gate value of US$150 millions is equivalent to 2% of the GDP), but also because of the current social, economic and political challenges faced by the country. What has been true for Bolivia throughout the past years is particularly valid in the immediate future: namely, dry control policies must be accompanied by credible sustainable legal economic options for ex-coca growers in particular and the impoverished indigenous peasants and miners in general. Another cause for concern was to learn that coca cultivation was expanding at the expense of the primary forest, making irreversible damages within national parks and biosphere reserves. I therefore encourage the Bolivian Government to sustain its successful efforts towards the reduction of coca cultivation and call on the donor countries, aid agencies and NGOs to assist in developing commercially-viable and environmentally sound actions to guarantee a licit and sustainable income for the rural poor to prevent their involvement in coca cultivation. Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director 1 Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey 2003 2 Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey 2003 Table of contents 1 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................4 2 BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................................7 3 FINDINGS......................................................................................................................................11 3.1 COCA CULTIVATION ..................................................................................................................11 3.1.1 Coca Cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz .......................................................................15 3.1.2 Coca Cultivation in Apolo Municipality ............................................................................27 3.1.3 Coca Cultivation in the Chapare Area .............................................................................30 3.2 COCA PRODUCTION..................................................................................................................39 3.3 COCA PRICE ............................................................................................................................40 3.4 COCA VALUE............................................................................................................................41 3.5 ERADICATION ...........................................................................................................................42 4 LAND USE MAP OF THE YUNGAS OF LA PAZ.........................................................................44 5 METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................45 5.1 COCA CULTIVATION..................................................................................................................45 5.2 FIELD WORK ............................................................................................................................53 5.3 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT .........................................................................................................55 5.4 COCA YIELD .............................................................................................................................56 5.5 COCA PRICE ............................................................................................................................56 6 ANNEXES .....................................................................................................................................57 3 Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey 2003 Fact Sheet, Bolivia Coca Survey 2003 Total coca cultivation in 2003 23,600 ha of which - permitted by Bolivian law 1008 12,000 ha - non-permitted by Bolivian law 11,600 ha Total dry coca leaf production in 2003 28,300 metric tons of which – dry coca leaf for cocaine production 17,100 metric tons Potential cocaine production in 2003 60 metric tons Average dry coca leaf price in 2003 US$ 5.4 / kg Total gross potential farmgate value of coca leaf production US$ 153 million in % of Bolivian GDP 2002 2 % (with a GDP of US$ 7.8 billion) in % of the agricultural GDP 2002 13.4% (with an agricultural GDP of US$ 1.1 billion) Average gross income from coca leaf production per capita (coca growers and non-growers) in Chapare, the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo: US$ 500 Bolivia GDP per capita in 2002 US$ 880 4 Bolivia Coca Cultivation Survey 2003 1 Summary Under its Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme, UNODC has been assisting the Bolivian Government in the implementation of a national coca monitoring system. For the first time in 2003, the Bolivian project provided an estimate on coca cultivation at the national level. The results of this first national survey revealed that 23,600 hectares were under cultivation of coca bush in Bolivia as of December 2003. This amount of coca cultivation represented about 15% of the world coca cultivation (in the early to mid-1990s coca cultivation in Bolivia accounted for about a quarter of the world total). It continued to place Bolivia far behind Colombia and Peru. Although coca cultivation in 2003 for Bolivia was only about half of the levels reported from other sources in the mid-1990s, there are worrying signs that coca cultivation is on the increase. In the Yungas of La Paz which accounted for 69% of total coca cultivation in the country, coca cultivation increased by 18% as compared to 2002. Precise comparisons of the levels of coca cultivation in 2002 and 2003 in other coca growing areas (Chapare and Apolo) is not possible because the project surveyed these areas for the first time in 2003. Reports from DIRECO, supported by anecdotal information collected during the field missions by the project, indicated, however, that coca cultivation in Chapare was on the decrease following the sustained eradication campaign in the area. In 2003, the Bolivian Government reported the eradication of 10,100 ha of coca fields. A comparable level has been reported since 1998. Nonetheless, given the larger importance of the Yungas of La Paz area for the national coca cultivation, it must be assumed that there was a net increase
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