ID "Biodiversity in Development " (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
June 15,2001 FYO1 Semi-Annual Progress Report Conservation International Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiiRD)
June l!TthSemi-Annual Report FYOI: October 1,2000 - March 31,2001
Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Introduction This report covers the first six-month period of FYO1 from October 1,2000 through March 31,2001 for activities completed under the USAIDBiRD Cooperative Agreement. For FYO1, obligated funding for the BiRD Cooperative Agreement supported activities in Bolivia, Brazil and Papua New Guinea.
Hinhliqhts
a The coordination established with strategic allies has allowed us to increase the scope and impact of the project and also to increase the FYO1 BiRD budget. We are working with CARE, for example, on an environmental education program and on erosion and desertification research in Apolo. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is also our partner in the development of a monitoring program. The focus is to monitor the flora and fauna use by peasant and indigenous communities. In addition, WCS also helps us in the complementation of the biological research. With aid from the Project for Sustainable Forestry Management (Proyecto Manejo Forestal Sostenible - BOLFOR), the Forestry Superintendence (Superintendencia Forestral) and the Enterprise for Agroforestry Services (Empresa de Servicios Agroforestales - ESAF); 69 hectares of agro forestry plots were established.
0 An integral biological study is being carried out in the northeastern part of the National Park and Area of Integrated Management Madidi (PN ANMl Madidi), under a cooperative agreement signed with the lnstitute of Ecology, Bolivian Fauna Collection, and Bolivian National Herbarium (IE-CBF-HNB).
The verification of legal holdings within the NP ANMl Madidi lxiamas municipality will begin in March and will take place in collaboration with the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA). The total surface area for verification is 595,524 hectares.
o Visits to the Una Ecopark were at record high, reaching nine hundred and ninety nine visitors in January 2001. Two thousand and ninety nine people visited the Una Ecopark between October 2000 and March 2001. The number of monthly visits was similar between peak tourism season (Oct-March) 199912000 and 200012001. In March, the Ecopark closed for three weeks for canopy walkway maintenance. Since it reopened in February 1998, a total of nine thousand seven hundred people have visited the Ecopark. (See Attachment Brazil-1)
o The Cooperative of Organic Producers of Southern Bahia was created. IESB assisted the farmers in elaborating the statutes, writing-up meeting minutes, bureaucratic procedures and the creation of the logo. IESB has also supported the creation of the Organic Certification State Committee - created in March 2001. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
IESB organized 5 workshops on environmental legislation for rural producers from 30 Associations of Una municipality (of these, 20 associations are the Una Rural Producers Cooperative members). Three people from each association were invited and a total of 69 participated in the workshops. The main goal of these workshops was to discuss the importance of environmental protection, appropriate uses of natural resources, and the role of the environmental governmental agencies and legislation. A manual will be produced including all the issues discussed and what was agreed upon. (See Attachment Brazil-2)
0 IESB has supported the creation of 10 RPPNs (1,500 ha) and has initiated the process of creating 8 additional RPPNs (1,700 ha). Six farmers have also shown interest in creating RPPNs within their properties (3,000 ha). (See Attachment Brazil-3)
3) CI-Papua New Guinea
The communities in the Lakekamu Basin and the Wide Bay area are moving forward with the help of CI-PNG to secure parts of their land as Wildlife Management Areas (WMA). This legislation allows communities to set the terms of land use, development and conservation for their areas. Community members of the Lakekamu Basin are taking an active roll in the development and workings of the lvimka Research Station. There has been positive interest shown in understanding what types of research are being conducted at the site, as well as understanding the results of that research. Community members have asked CI-PNG to establish a reference library of all research conducted at the IRS so that they may consult their findings to understand more about their area and the work being done there. In addition, with the help of CI-PNG the communities have worked to improve the facilities of the IRS and promote its services to a wider audience. Nine youths from the Lakekamu Basin joined students from the University of Papua New Guinea and the PNG University of Technology in a field-training course put on by the universities. This course was designed to prepare university level students in field biology techniques. The youths from the village did very well and received words of encouragement from their instructors. These youths will be able to assist in further conservation monitoring done by CI, and will also have the skills and knowledge needed to be hired as fieldlresearch assistants by visiting researchers. * GI-PNG has helped the communities of Taintop and Klampun in the Wide Bay Region make linkages with organizations that can assist them with needed technical support. The Taintop people have formed a relationship with the Center for Environmental Law and Community Rights (CELCOR) in Port Moresby, to assist in land rights issues regarding the encroachment of timber entities into their area. The communities have also started to work with the East New Britain Tourist Bureau, in order to work on Eco-Tourism in the area. With the assistance of the OISCA, a Rabaul-basedJapanese development institute, the communities have had workshops in rice farming and butterfly farming. It is hoped that the farming of rice and butterflies, as well as eco- tourism, will provide sustainable income sources for the people of the Taintop and Klampun. @ The communities of the Wide Bay region and CI-PNG have published the first issue of 'Tokaut Nius Bilong Wide Bay" (Wide Bay News Forum), a biannual newsletter for all the stakeholders in the Wide Bay Region. The publication has been written in Tok Pisin so that local community members as well as government and national NGOs may take advantage of the news source. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 BiodiversitV in Reaional Develo~ment(BIRD) cooperative ~geementNo. fJk-A-00-98-00059-00
Proqress bv Activitv Component
Objective 1: Increase scientific understanding of Madidi National Park's biodiversity in order to raise awareness of the Park's importance and counteract existing threats.
Activities: A) In conjunction with the Institute of Ecology (lnstituto de Ecologfa), CI-Washington, CI-Peru, General Directorate for Biodiversity (Direccibn General de Biodiversidad), Madidi National Park, Bolivian scholarship students and local communities, CI-Bolivia will complete the GIs-database for Madidi National Park, including its Multiple Use Zone and Buffer Zone. This database will be used for planning purposes and for monitoring and evaluation - highlighting the threats to the Park. More specifically, this activity will include: FYOO-0 I.
A 7) Completion of a GIs database initiated in year one, and further compilation of geographic information, including historical data (including satellite imagery already in existence).
I Purchase of satellite imagery IX IX I l~nalysisof satellite imagery to I 1 X I X identify areas undergoing erosion I I Map the human settlements areas I Compilation and organization of I X 1 X I studies on the project area I Analysis of satellite imagery to 1 X classify vegetation by species Analysis of NOAA satellite imagery X X to identify chacofied areas Field mapping of mining sites Field ma~pingof hvdrocarbon prospecting and exploitation sites 1 Field mapping of forest use sites 1 Field mapping of tourism sites and 1 scenic routes
of Keara, Azariamas, 5 de junio, El Tigre, Maravilla and Santa FB peasant communities monitoring program 1 I I Updating of ownership rights and 1 land occupancy for the project's area of influence Support to institutions for X computerization of the Management Plan I I f Organization and computerization I 1 of other project results. I 1 1 CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Progress to-date:
Updated satellite imagery has not been purchased. Coordination with government agencies and non- governmental institutions and the Department of Biology at George Mason University (a partner in the current research being done on the "Impacts of Three Human Settlements on the Area of Influence of the Madidi National Park in Bolivia"), however, has allowed us to obtain a coverage of 750h of the protected areas with images from the year 2000.
Analysis of the satellite imagery to determine surfaces undergoing erosion processes, establishes that approximately 29,376 hectares are undergoing erosion in the Apolo Municipality, inside the area of influence of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi (this is based on the satellite imagery from 1993). Approximately 30,665 hectares of the total surface are currently undergoing erosion (based on satellite imagery from 2000).
A collection of existing secondary information referring to human settlements and biological studies of the project's area of influence was complemented. It is important to mention, however, that there are neither new human settlements nor recent scientific studies.
Classification of the vegetation in the area of influence of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi (10 kms. outside of the established boundaries) was performed. Once the satellite imagery is completed, a new vegetation classification will be performed for the protected area.
Analysis of NOAA satellite imagery from 1997 to 1999, June to September, shows that there were no heath points (burnings) inside the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. A new analysis for years 2000 and 2001 will be performed in the second six-month period of FYOl.
Due to the inaccessibility of the area, mapping for field mining sites, forest use sites, tourism sites, and scenic routes was not performed. These activities will be carried out between May and June.
The National Institute of Agrarian Reform (Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria - INRA) upon request by Conservation International has submitted information about ownership rights in March 2001. The information initially submitted for FYOO has not been modified until now. INRA expects to finish the process of formal legalization of rural properties in the project's area of influence by August 2001. This information will be entered into the project's database during the second six-month period of FYO1.
All the information developed by the BiRD project during FYOO was delivered to the government and non- governmental organizations. This will support the development of the Management Plan for the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. There was little progress accomplished in relation to this activity because development of the Management Plan will start in April or May.
In addition to the dissemination of the information produced by the BiRD project, 24 people from different organizations were trained in managing this information. Trained professionals are officials from the municipalities and other organizations working in the project's area of influence.
Problems, delays, shortfalls andproposed solutions:
The quality of the satellite imagery provided by partner organizations is not the highest quality (cloudiness is present). This has limited our ability to perform all the planned analysis. We will continue our actions in order to obtain satellite imagery of better quality that will cover the entire National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi.
There is a delay in the field mapping of mining sites, forest use sites, tourism sites and scenic routes, caused by the long rainy season and by the intensity of the rains, which made access to the area impossible. Now that the adverse weather is over this activity will be carried out in May and June CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
FYO1 OutputsIBenchmarks for Obiective 1, Activitv A-A1
1. GIs Database for the Madidi ANMl NP with better information, used as a planning tool and distributed to other institutions that work in the Madidi area of influence 2. The database and GIs are being used for decision-making by SERNAP, the Madidi ANMl NP Administration, municipalities, CI-Bolivia and other institutions that work in the Madidi area of influence.
Status:
The Database for the Geographic Information System (GIs) of the National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management Madidi was enhanced. It was also distributed to government agencies and non-governmental organizations working in the area. It is currently being used (precariously) as a tool for decision-making.
Complete targefed biological research and ecological impact assessments. This activity will be carried out by both Bolivian scientists and Bolivian scholarship students, with direction provided by the Institute of Ecology and CI-Bolivia. In addition to original scientific research in Madidi National Park. Results of the targeted research and assessments will be peer-reviewed and published in professional scientific journals. F YOU-0 I.
BI) Targeted biological research will include:
a) Fish inventory of the Tuichi River FYOO. b) Small rodent and epiphytes inventorylstudy FYOO. c) Ethnic-botanical study of Madidi using the vegetation map FYO1. d) Coordinate with other NGOs and institutions working in the area, such as WCI who is running a program entitled "Ecosystem Species" focused on large mammals, to gather complimentary biological and ecological data and research. FY00-01.
Performance of Research I I X I f I Production of interim reports I X X I Publication of results 1 I I X IX Small mammals, epiphytes I Selection of graduate students X f I I Formation of teams X I I Creation of a research plan X I Performance of research 1 x X Writing of interim reports I I X I X Publication of results I I 1 X X Non-timber yielding - palms Identification of peasant communities and X X X
species t Selection of local guides from the X community Performance of quantification studies XXXXXX Development of a model for exploitation XXX I Publication of results I 1 X CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Development (BIRD) cooperati;e Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Progress to-date:
Initially an analysis was carried out in coordination with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), in those areas that could be affected by development projects and/or activities. This analysis helped to identify the northeastern part of the Alto Madidi River - Campamento, as the most vulnerable area to-date. This is because programs for Human Settlements are being implemented. Also, ownership rights for peasant communities, indigenous and private owners are being consolidated. In addition, the construction of a road of national and international importance is planned.
The Institute of Ecology (IE), Bolivian Fauna Collection (CBF) Bolivian National Herbarium (HNB), also analyzed this decision. Afterwards, it was decided that a complete study on biodiversity resources should be carried out during two seasons of the year (humid and dry). The following topics will be included in the biological study: ictiology, mastozoology (small mammals), herpetology, ornithology and botany.
Review of secondary information has begun in March. Logistical and safety support for the field phase was coordinated with the Directory of the NP AMNl Madidi. The fieldwork will be performed in April and July.
The results that are expected from the biological research are:
For fauna
Awareness about relative diversity, richness and abundance of fauna in the northeastern part of the National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management Madidi. * Documented information, scientific collections and other records (recordings of bird songs and photos) of the studied species Records of the species' distribution and location. Preliminary knowledge about the ecological and biological aspects of the species Identification and description of the principal ecosystems and habitats that are important for the conservation of the fauna in the studied area. Knowledge about the species that have economic importance. Knowledge about potential threats and different anthropological impacts in the area.
For Flora
List of existing species, with diameter > 10 cm. Lianas should be included as part of the floristic diversity. List of non-timber forestry species and their uses. Species frequency and abundance. Data about the structure of vegetation formations in the area. Documented information and scientific collections about the vegetation found.
Unfortunately, so far in FYOl we have not been able to coordinate with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) the participation of WCS professionals in this fieldwork. Nevertheless, the biological research that WCS will perform in the area complements the research activities that the IE-CBF-HNB are carrying out along with the CI - BiRD project.
Initially, we talked with more than ten communities and identified their needs and demands related to the use of natural non-renewable resources. This was done in order to carry out research and develop models for the proper use of non-timber forestry species. After concluding this task, work was coordinated and defined with the community of San Jose de Uchupiamonas. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~greernentNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
San Jose de Uchupiamonas, is located within the National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management Madidi. The quantification and development of models for the proper use of natural resources will be addressed to the Palma Real (Mauritia flexuosa), which is being successfully used by the community artisans (currently three families). There is also the possibility of spreading the studies to Jipijapa (Carludovica palmata) that is used for basket making. We already have signed agreements with the community in order to carry out the work in May.
The studies on Soil Erosion and Desertification in Apolo were coordinated with the Saint Andrew Major University (Universidad Mayor de San Andres - UMSA), specifically with professors in the Agronomy and Geography Departments . As part of the coordination, an invitation was sent to students that have finished college and are interested in writing a thesis.
The four students that responded to the letter were requested to submit the profile of their thesis. The theme selected was "Soils Erosion and Desertification Processes in the Apolo Municipality". CARE and CI have analyzed the thesis proposal and the academic performance of the student. One student from the Geography Department was selected and she is now completing the administrative requirements in order to start fieldwork in May. CARE will contribute to this activity by covering 50 % of the total costs of the study. Because the study will require quite some time to be completed, the results of the study will be presented once the BiRD project comes to an end.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
The biological studies and the evaluation of non-timber forestry resources were not performed according to schedule due of the intense rains in Bolivia that made access to the research areas impossible. At the time of writing this report, the rainy season is ending and it will be possible to travel into the area of study.
The ethno-botanic studies were not performed during FYOl because the Bolivian National Herbarium (HNB), through an agreement with the Herbarium of Madrid, started a specific project in Madidi on ethnobotany, vascular plants and flora biodiversity. We have decided to wait until this project is completed in order to avoid duplication. The ethnobotanic studies were replaced with the research of general botany performed in the northeastern area of Madidi.
82) Ecological and/or environmental impact assessments and monitoring of the following:
a) Monitoring of gold-mining along the Tuichi River and assessment of its contamination impacts. FYOO. b) Monitoring of future prospective oil exploration and production using the environmental impact assessment done by TOTAL INC. during their exploration phase. FYO1.
Vice Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons I 1 Environmental impact assessment of X X prospecting sites, if they exist (within the Madidi ANMl NP) CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Progress to-date:
The study of mercury contamination in the Tuichi river basin was completed (See Attachment Bolivia-1A- 1C).
The results show that: fish in the Tuichi river are not contaminated. The fish that have the highest mercury content, both in the higher and lower parts of the river, are carnivores. Three samples of carnivores were collected, and the results show that one sample is within the established contamination limits (0.48 ug/g). The value recommended by the World Health Organization is of (0.5 uglg).
Also, the results on hair show that people living at the edge of Tuichi river (Azariamas and San Jose de Uchupiamonas communities) are not contaminated with mercury. Mercury concentration in hair averages 0.59 uglg. The recommended risk value by the World Health Organization is 6 uglg.
The concentrations of mercury dissolved in water vary from 1.71 to 4.63 ng HgIL. These concentrations are low when compared to the value of 200 ngHg/L considered by WHO as the contamination index for river water.
Minimum values of mercury concentration were found in the sediments, both in the higher and lower parts of the Tuichi river. The average is 0.03 uglg. WHO considers a value of 0.08 uglg as the beginning of the risk level.
The final report of mercury contamination in the Tuichi river basin, points among the recommend actions to continue the fish, hair, water and sediments sampling for a longer period of time, taking into consideration dry and rainy seasons.
The monitoring of existing oil concessions in the "Bloque Tuichi" granted to Repsol Exploration Secure S.A. and Perez Companc S.A., covering an area of 1,000,000 hectares, was completed. Information provided by the Viceministerio de Energia e Hidrocarburos states that Repsol Exploration Secure S.A. and Perez Companc S.A. returned to the Bolivian government 200,000 hectares. This is 20% of the "Bloque Tuichi" concession. This same report confirms that up-to-date prospecting, and/or drilling activities inside the NP AMNl Madidi have not started yet.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
Nothing to report at this time.
FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 1, Activitv B, 61-2
1. Existence of biological information to identify zones of importance and determine effects produced by human settlements 2. Identification of non-timber-producingforest resources with potential for sustainable use 3. Results published in scientific documents 4. Thesis being produced or in the process of being presented 5. Mercury contamination levels in the Tuichi River basin known for water, sediments, fish and human hair and awareness of the information attained in the communities for purposes of prevention CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Status: Existing secondary information about biological research in the northeastern area of the NP NSlM Madidi was compiled. The field collection of primary biological information will start between April and July Royal palm and Jipijapa palm, were identified as non-timber forestry species used by the people of the San Jose de Uchupiamonas community to make baskets. We plan to work with agro-forestry systems in the El Tigre community. The results of the mercury contamination study in Tuichi river basin were delivered to municipal governments, communities involved in the study, organizations working in the project's area of influence, National Service for Protected Areas and the Directorate of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. The information obtained with the mercury contamination study will be included in a thesis that one student from the Chemical Engineering Department will present soon. The mercury contamination levels for fish, hair, water and sediments in the Tuichi river basin are known. We also have reference of the same levels in Beni river basin (southeastern edge of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi) in order to make a comparison.
C) In collaboration with local communities and other stakeholders, CI will design a long-term monitoring and evaluation program, which will be fed information from different sources, that will be applied (e.g.) in the Madidi Management Plan and others. FY00-01.
Analysis and coordination of assessment parameters with the communities - Commencement of monitoring Training of community experts Collection of information in communities Organization of information and augmentation of database Preparation of fundraising proposal Monitoring of tourism, hydroelectric, roads, settlements, etc. - Compilation of secondary data Analysis and organization of data Publication of results Financial management and strengthening of monitoring program
Progress to-date:
All the activities related to the monitoring of flora and fauna use are completed. The forms used in peasant communities (See Attachment Bolivia-2) were developed in coordination with Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The forms were tested in the communities of El Tigre and San Jose de Uchupiamonas.
40 heads of household (men and women) attended the training sessions. Now they are using the forms in order to record the use of flora and fauna.
Monitoring of flora and fauna use in the two peasant communities that the BiRD project is carrying out is in its second month of activities. WCS will perform the same work in two indigenous communities in May.
It is important to mention that the initial results show that the level of fauna use (hunting) in the peasant communities is below our assumptions. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~~reimentNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
The development of a fundraising project to help implement the Monitoring Program for Flora and Fauna in the mid and long term was initiated. The primary monitoring information obtained in the peasant communities was used for this purpose.
The monitoring of road construction, hydroelectric services and human settlements was performed based on the secondary information provided by government agencies working in this field. It is important to point out that not one of these actions was concrete. Therefore, there was no impact on the NP AMNl Madidi.
The monitoring of tourism activities started with the systematization of visit recordings from the Rurrenabaque Migration Directorate (Direccidn de Migracion en Rurrenabaque) and with the visit recordings of the protected area during the last year. The analysis includes the following information: length of stay, nationality, age and destination. Problems, delays, shortfallsand proposed solutions:
Nothing to report at this time.
FYO1 Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 1. Activity C
1. Monitoring and assessment program is carried out. 2. Database has two collections of information per community for first year of the monitoring program available. 3. Determine and assess indicators of change in activities such as tourism, hydroelectric, road building, land use, natural resources, settlements, etc. 4. Financial management strategy created. 5. Financial resources secured for monitoring program with bilateral andlor multilateral donors.
Status 1. The monitoring program is underway. 2. Monitoring records for the first month are being entered into the database. 3. We already have change indicators for tourist activities. 4. The monitoring of road construction, hydroelectric services and new human settlements shows that there were no changes in comparison to FYOO.
Objective 2: Influence economic and policy decisions in Bolivia to counter threats to Madidi National Park. Activities:
A) CI-Bolivia proposes to carry out economic and policy analyses, utilizing accumulated data, in order to understand the forces that influence regional and local land use decisions. Analyses will be used to demonstrate the economic benefits associated with protected areas and the impacts of proposed development projects, which threaten the biodiversity of the Park. Topics for analysis will be defined by threats determined to be most critical. FY00-01. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) cooperative ~greementNo. b-A-00-98-00059-00
A 1) Complete thorough social, economical and political study. FY00-01.
Studies to complement the baseline XXXXX analysis for the (Bolivian and foreign) human settlements in lxiamas Evaluation of sustainable economic XXXXXXXXXX alternatives for the AAHH within the Plan for Reduction and Mitigation of Environmental Impact Analysis of national and international I X Xx'x XX X markets
Progress to-date:
The complementary socio-economic study of human settlements in the lxiamas municipality (with foreign families) was completed. The information obtained is being analyzed and in May we will develop a report. It is important to mention that the number of foreign families settled in the area is small and that the trend is to return to their countries of origin.
Coordination of the support that CI will provide to the new human settlements in the "El Tigre" community through the BiRD project has been demanding. Several proposals were rejected and had to be reanalyzed. Most of the time, proposals were rejected because the beneficiaries ignore the laws, do not know much about the species and are not organized.
The final agreement signed with El Tigre, states that CI will assist them in the implementation of 69 hectares of agro-forestry plots for 138 peasant families (112 hectares per family). This task will be carried out with the Enterprise for Agro-Forestry Services (ESAF) and the Project for Sustainable Forestry Management (BOLFOR). At request of the community, this activity will be complemented with training activities about regulations for sustainable forestry. The Forestry Superintendence will hold this training with support from the project.
The market analysis for non-timber forestry species has started for the Royal Palm (Mauritia flexuosa) and Jipijapa Palm (Carludovica palmata). The families from San Jose de Uchupiamonas that make baskets are currently using those species.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
The principal problem was to reach an agreement on how the BiRD project would provide support to El Tigre. The families from the community are aware of the productive practices in regions without forest coverage (as part of their culture). It is therefore difficult to make them understand that all the new productive activities should be in harmony with the forest and its natural resources. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
A2) In conjunction with other partners working in the area, such as CARE and WCS, CI-Bolivia will carry out a baseline threats analysis of Madidi National Park. FY00-01.
Dissemination of threats analysis results X r Organize and hold an inter-institutional X X I threats analysis workshop to establish a global strategy Compilation of complementary information X X XX X for FYOO threats , Produce report with the threats analysis X X 1 Compilation of information on new threats XIX XX X XIX Economic Assessment of threats XXXXXXXXX Produce report on the global threats XXX analysis Meetings of CI-Bolivia with donors to X X discuss the results Dissemination of new results 1 X 1 XX
Progress to-date:
The document about "Analysis of Threats to the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi" was submitted to the national, departmental and municipal governments. The document was also delivered to the Administration of the Protected Areas, to non-governmental organizations working in the area, and to academic institutions that have carried out activities with the project. In very specific cases the report on "mercury contamination" was submitted to the communities that had collaborated with this research.
In order to complement the fore mentioned document, planning for an inter-institutional workshop on threat analysis was performed with the National Service for Protected Areas (SERNAP) and the League for Environment Defense (LIDEMA). This workshop was designed to establish a big alliance and to design the global strategy for threat reduction. Unfortunately due to factors out of the project's control, the workshop was not held. During the coordination meetings with SERNAP, however, it was established that the workshop would be carried out in July.
The last version of the report "Analysis of Threats to the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi" includes information updated through March 2001. This last report was developed for the workshop.
In coordination with the Fund for Conservation Strategies (CSF), (as part of the case studies that will be developed during the August Workshop on "Analysis of Development Projects Environmentally Sensitive"), an economic estimation of threats will be performed. At this stage we are coordinating the workshop and the case studies that will be presented during the workshop with CSF.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
The workshop about threats to Madidi was delayed due to the existing political problems in Bolivia and because the SERNAP has not paid enough attention to this issue.
The economic estimation of the threats to Madidi was delayed due to the financial actions carried out in order to pay the workshop costs.
Both activities will be carried out during the second six-month period of FYOI. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
A3) Gather information of development plans held by municipalities and regional government in order to determine potential effects on land-use in the Madidi area.
During FYOO, analysis of development policies was completed for the three municipalities that have jurisdiction over Madidi NP, as well as at the depanlmental level. In FYO1, analysis will be done to establish development plan project performance levels for the measures for 2000 and the first half of 2001.
To complement the development policy analysis, an evaluation of the financial resources allocated to the projects will be performed for the purpose of establishing the percentages allotted to concrete conservation activities and the percentages within the projects corresponding to conservation activities, natural resources and the environment.
Progress to-date:
During the first six-month period of FYOI we have compiled information about departmental and municipal development plans. At the same time, we have initiated the data analysis of the information gathered and it is now being incorporated into the Madidi database.
It is important to mention that the analysis is not complete, because governmental agencies have provided only partial information. We are still trying to get official and complete information
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
We have faced some problems completing this activity because the governmental agencies and municipalities involved are not able to provide official data.
FYO1 OutputsIBenchmarks for Obiective 2. Activities A1-A3
1. Socioeconomic study of the human settlements finished 2. A minimum of two sustainable economic alternatives assessed 3. Baseline threats analysis completed 4. Development plans and policies information organized 5. Financial-economic analysis of the projects
Status: 1. The complementary socio-economic study for human settlements of foreign families in lxiamas has been completed 2. We have started to work on the economic estimation of two sustainable alternatives in coordination with the communities 3. The baseline analysis for threats to Madidi was completed 4. We have started work on the analysis of the Plans, Development Policies and Financial Analysis of the Projects using the partial information submitted by government officials CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT- JUNE1 5,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
B) CI-Bolivia will facilitate and carry out a FODA (Forfalezas, Oportunidades, Debilidades y Amenazas) Workshop. FY00-01.
Progress to-date:
The testing of the status analysis (SWOT) carried out during FYOO, has been included in the agenda for the workshop on threats to Madidi because of methodological and organizational reasons. As we have already reported in Obj 2 - A2 the workshop will be held on July.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
As we reported before in Obj. 2 -A 2; the workshop on threats to Madidi, that will include the testing of the SWOT situation analysis for the protected area, was delayed due to existing political problems in the country, and due to the poor attention that SERNAP has paid to this issue.
FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activitv B
1. Report on the Threats Analysis and FODA Workshop 2. Commitments from the municipalities to incorporate Madidi ANMl NP support activities in their POAs 3. Distribution of the workshop reports
Status: For all the reasons mentioned, the results of this activity will be reported during the second six-month period of FYO1.
C) CI-Bolivia will facilitate and carry out a second workshop as follow-up to the Fall 1999 action- coordination workshop. The purpose will be to discuss coordinated action to-date, reach consensus on possible solutions, and provide recommendations to counteract the imminent threats. As a consequence of this workshop, efforts to influence development planning and biodiversity conservation in the Madidi region will be furthered. Attendees could include: the General Directorate for Biodiversity, the Ministries of Energy and Economic Development, the Department of La Paz, the private sector, local NGOs and other interested stakeholders. This activity will be complemented by additional meetings, public presentations and a Web Page with links to CI, CARE, WCS, the Institute of Ecology, and other interested stakeholders. FY00-01. CONSERVATIONINTERNAT~ONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Progress to-date:
Legal actions with Bolivian governmental authorities in order to establish the agenda for the Vilcabamba- Ambore corridor have continued. The agenda includes the development of a technical proposal and the organization of a political meeting for the corridor
The technical proposal for corridors developed by SERNAP was reviewed in collaboration with Wildlife World Fund (WWF).
It was decided to delay the planned actions for the Vilcabamba - Amboro Corridor until May. The decision was made in coordination with the Bolivian Technical Director for the Corridor and was also coordinated with the Executive Director of the VA Corridor of Peru.
Problems;,delays;, shorifalls and proposed solutions:
All the actions for this activity will be delayed by four months. The decision was made with all the people responsible for the Vilcabamba-Ambor6 corridor at Conservation International.
It is important to point out that this decision was made taking into consideration the political problems (change of government officials) that both countries are facing, and because of the new organizational structure of the Vilcabamba-Amboro corridor that is being implemented by Conservation International.
F'bOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activitv C
1. Regional technical workshop held / technical proposal 2. Second bi-national workshop held 3. Workshop report / recommendations for corridor implementation 4. Integrated Corridor Web page created
Status: For all the reasons mentioned above, the results of this activity will be reported during the second six- month period of FYOI .
D) Work directly with private sector operating in the Madidi region on best practices. CI-Bolivia and its parfners will do outreach to those private sector actors associated with the targeted development projects operating in the Madidi region, and help them to develop and promote best practices. FYO1.
Progress to-date:
The first contacts for coordination with the mining sector were made, both at the government level and at the mining cooperative organization level. We have also been in touch with the Foundation for Environment and Mining (MEDMIN). CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Detailed research has also started to find out the degree to which mining concessions are following the environmental regulations. The preliminary results show that the owners of the mining concessions have submitted legal requisites for environmental impact to the relevant authorities. Practices to reduce the impact, however, are not being implemented yet.
A profile for the project was developed. The objective of the project is to develop a workshop that trains the owners of the mining concessions and the mineworkers on new gold exploitation techniques, which cause less environmental impact (See Attachment Bolivia-3).
We are currently coordinating with officials of the Natural Area of lntegrated Management Apolobamba in order to carry out joint financial actions and to perform these workshops. This protected area has the highest percentage of mining concessions that throw their remnants into the rivers crossing the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi and its area of influence.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
Nothing to report at this time.
FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activitv D
1. Better information about private mining activities 2. Technical proposal drawn up and financial management initiated 3. Private mining companies in the Madidi ANMl NP area of influence implementing better production practices
Status: 1. This activity has been carried out in advance of the schedule submitted. 2. The project profile was developed and the financial actions will start in April. 3. The implementation of productive practices that limit environmental impact depends on fundraising
Objective 3: improve regional, national and international awareness of the importance of Madidi National Park and surrounding region to biodiversity conservation in the tropical Andes.
Activities: Very liftle national awareness exists on both the importance of Madidi National Park as a biodiversity reservoir, as well as the impacts, which are threatening its ecological richness and health. In association with staff already working in the region, there is a need to involve the participation of others - both key people and institutions - in order to create a communications strategy and awareness raising tools for this protected area.
A) CI-Bolivia will gather baseline information at the local level with social surveys in order to raise awareness among the population surrounding Madidi NP. FY00-01 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Progress to-date:
In order to hold non-formal workshops in communities and schools, educational materials (flip boards with typical colored drawings from the area) were produced and validated in coordination with the Directorate of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi.
The themes selected for the flip boards include: the food chain; earth; erosion; fertilizers use; agriculture; compost; water, a valuable resource; contamination; irrigation; biodiversity; ecological balance; sustainable development; benefits of living within the protected area or in the area of influence; potential threats; richness of ecological soils; ecosystems; habitats; climates; Madidi's geographic relief; maps of the protected area; solid remnants; sorting garbage according to origin; consequences of contamination; treatment of organic and inorganic garbage and recycling.
Unfortunately the material produced has not been used in the communities yet, due to the inaccessibility of the region during the rainy season. We should mention that this activity will be carried out with the support of environmental educators from the protected area (they will provide transportation via boat, horses and vehicles). The fieldwork has not yet been performed.
The testing of all the developed materials took place at schools on February and March, just after the new school year started.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
This activity is delayed due to weather conditions (a long and intense rainy season). The team was not able to get to the communities and schools because of the reasons previously described. Academic activities at schools started in March.
The materials produced for non-formal lectures to be held in communities and schools will be delivered to the Directorate of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. Therefore, the activities that the environmental educators from the protected area will teach will be extended until November. This will allow us to regain lost time.
FYO1 Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 3. Activitv A
1. Communications strategy implemented in communities and schools
Status: 1. Education materials were produced in order to continue the implementation of the communication strategy in communities and schools.
B) GI-Bolivia in cooperation with Cl's International Communications department will produce communications and awareness tools and implement the conservation awareness campaign for key national and international audiences FYO I. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Produce and distribute radio spots XlX X XIX X X X I Film trip to capture footage for video X X documentary on Madidi. Production of Documentary. I X X 1 Production of additional materials for X X X'X Madidi National Park Phase 2 Produce Environmental Education Kits XXXXX with Teacher's Manual Produce Promotional Kit on CI-Bolivia X X 1 Carry out Biodiversity Report Award X X XIX X X X XXIX X Carry out Journalist Training Seminar I X X]X Launch of documentary and related X X materials for Phase 2 Progress to-date:
In agreement with a local radio station, the project has produced three radio spots. The main audience of this radio station lives in three surrounding municipalities of the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. The radio spots are being broadcasted 10 times per day.
The same radio station produced the program called "Report from the Environmental Watchman of Madidi". During the informative programs, the 'Watchman" will report on environmental issues using the information produced by Conservation International.
The possibility of broadcasting images from Madidi (Andre Barchi photos) and presenting the journalistic reports of the Environmental Watchman through the local TV, is currently being analyzed.
The Communication Staff from Conservation International - Bolivia and from INTERCOM in Washington developed and tested the script.
In order to develop the education material that will be used by teachers and facilitators, we have reached an agreement with government education agencies (Ministry of Education, Departmental Education Directorate, Municipal Districts of Education and the Educative Reform). Unfortunately we have had an adverse result. The process of education reform that incorporates the "environmental" component has only reached its assessment phase. Therefore, the circular plans and methodological guides for the area (Amazon) do not yet exist.
This activity was replaced with the initiative of the "Madidi Green Tent". Educational and recreational activities will be carried out inside the tent. The "Madidi Green Tent" will be movable in order to reach different communities within the municipalities of Ixiamas, San Buenaventura and Apolo.
The "Madidi Green Tent" attempts to combine former experiences and new ways of working with teachers and students that involve the community. It also attempts to open innovative spaces in order to learn and think together over the problems affecting the conservation of existing biodiversity and natural resources in the National Park and Natural Area of lntegrated Management Madidi. Through this experience we also seek to valuate the importance of local knowledge about environmental issues. .
This activity has been coordinated with CARE. Additional funding was obtained in order to build the green tent and to produce the education games (biodiversity bingo, jigsaw puzzles showing the degradation of natural resources, a game depicting good and bad actions, boxes with fauna sounds, tree cross section, tactile tables, photographs, and others). CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Development (BiRD) cooperati& ~cjreimentNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
A specialist who designed and built three permanent environmental exhibits for the Kusillo Cultural Museum is constructing the "Madidi Green Tent". We expect to open the Green Tent in June in the municipality of Apolo.
The promotional material for Conservation International Bolivia (CI-Bolivia) has already been developed. Twenty-four informative sheets that complement the folders of Conservation International were designed and printed in Spanish and English.
We developed and have specific promotional material for the institutional presentation of CI-Bolivia and the Vilcabamba - Ambor6 Corridor. There also exists information about the Biodiversity and Regional Development Project (BiRD), as well as other projects that CI - Bolivia is carrying out.
The start of the contest for the best report about biodiversity has taken place. The contest was coordinated with the National Association of Journalism. Press releases have also been distributed to the Departmental Associations of Journalism and principal printed media in six of the nine departments of Bolivia.
The Jury has been selected. The contest was open until May 3rd.
We are considering the possibility of changing the activity "Seminar for Journalist Training" to an activity that strengthens environmental education efforts. This is because the actions started in the National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management Madidi have proven to be quite effective.
The "Madidi Green Tent" has captured the interest of several institutions that want to participate in activities related to Environmental Education. There is an urgent need to carry out a workshop in order to design a strategy for regional environmental education.
INTERCOM and GreenCom are analyzing this last initiative. One of these two activities will be performed during the second six-month period of FYO1.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
Due to the lack of curricular plans and methodological guides for the area of the Amazon, the educational materials for facilitators were not developed.
FYOl OutputsIBenchmarks for Obiective 3, Activities 6
1. Radio spots produced and in use 2. Video documentary produced and distributed 3. Produce Environmental Education Kits with Teacher's Manual 4. Produce Promotional Kit on CI-Bolivia 5. Carry out Biodiversity Report Award 6. Carry out Journalist Training Seminar 7. Launch of documentary and related materials for Phase 2
Status: 1. Radio spots were produced and are being broadcasted. 2. The "Madidi Green Tent" is being constructed and will start traveling in June. 3. Promotional materials for CI - Bolivia were produced. 4. A contest for the best report about biodiversity was launched. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00
Objective I: Reduce deforestation, soil degradation, and landscape degradation in forest fragments critical fo biodiversity conservation.
Activities: A) Obtain conservation commitments from private landowners and communities in strategic forest fragments through agricultural exfension activities offering income-generating alternatives. FY 99-00- 01.
Al) Institutionalization of a municipal environmental council and a municipal "income and jobs" council for Una. lESB will do the paperwork for agricultural loan applications for the communities with projects approved by the councils, and orient them in sustainable agricultural practices, show them how to diminish hunting, control burning and how to implant nurseries of economic and natural frees for reforestation of river margins and buffers around forest fragments. FY 99-00-01.
Joaquim Blanes - talks 1x1~X x x x x x x x x x 1,230 Alessandro, Joaquim, Walter - Farm xxxx 1,050 Plans Joaquim and FlAvio -Reforestation x x xlx x x 1,050 and Agroforestry Demo. Evandro - cooperative or x x/Xxlx xlxlx x x x x 1,054 Total I 1 4.384
Progress to-date:
IESB coordinated and participated in twenty-four rural producers associations and Una Municipal Council on Development and the Environment (CONDEMA) meetings (four meetings each month, for six months). The CONDEMA has been responsible for managing the negotiations between IBAMA and farmers who have properties inside the Una Reserve area. These meetings have helped to accelerate the process of indemnification to the farmers and to pass the total area included in the decree of the Una Reserve creation (1 1,400 ha) over to IBAMA administration. IESB is organizing a Regional Seminar on Organic Agriculture in partnership with the Municipality of Itabuna. During the event that will take place April 23-24, the Municipality will deposit the amount equivalent of a 10% match to the money collected by the Organic Producers Cooperative. This may help to stimulate the other municipalities to contribute similarly. The research on exploration of piaqava (Attalea funifera Mart.) to identify patterns and criteria for the forest certification of the species was concluded. A report including all the results is being produced.
Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions:
Nothing to report at this time.
A2) Also at the Una municipal level, lESB has collaborated with the Secretary of Education in the development of teacher education workshops and the recuperation of rural schools. IESB will work with municipal educafional authorities on improved curricula, teacher training, and proposals to obtain governmental funding for improved educafional services. FY 99-00-01. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Develooment [BIRD) cooperati Progress to-date: After the October 2000 change in Una Secretary of Education, the work conducted with the municipality teachers was reviewed. A seminar was organized and the results of the work realized in partnership with IESB were presented. The new secretary and school representatives approved the continuation of the teacher training and supported the rural school infrastructure programs. Two workshops to train rural teachers were held, indirectly reaching 2,600 students. Four workshops specifically for teachers from the Una Biological Reserve buffer zone were also held. The objective of these training workshops for rural teachers is to implement environmental education in the schools. The program is more intensive around Una Rebio. The program also intends to show to the local authorities the importance of training teachers and other alternatives to improve education quality in the schools. (See Attachment Brazil-4) Table: Teachers trained and schools reached by the IESB's Environmental Education Program Total Rebio Una Buffer Zone Teachers 72 22 Rural Schools participants 48 17 e The environmental team participated in the production of two publications: e Caminhos & Aprendizagens - educac;Zio ambiental, conserva@o e desenvolvimento. Publishing coordinated by: lrineu Tamaio and Denise Carreira, Brasilia,WWF Brasil, 2000; 67:70. (Funding by USAID) e Santos,G.R. and Blanes J.J. (1999) Environmental education as a strategy for conservation of the remnants of Atlantic forest surrounding Una Biological Reserve, Brazil. Dodo, Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts 35: 151:157. 0 IESB supported the implementation of the Environmental Education Program in the Teimoso RPPN and participated in seminars for teachers and students from Jussari municipality in October and November of 2000. 0 In March 2001, TV Santa Cruz reported about the Land Regularization of Una Biological Reserve. It helped to pressure federal authorities to find a definitive solution to the problem. The report reached about 2 million people. In April 2000 the same report was repeated on the State TV and reached 5 million people. IESB extensionists elaborated two projects to install water wheels and pipes to supply two rural schools of Una municipality: RibeirZio das Navalhas Association school and Bandeira Association school. Problems, delays, shorffalls and proposed solutions: It has been difficult to find trained technicians and financial resources to contract people to work in the rural zone. A3) IESB plans to continue to support the cooperative we helped Una farmers to establish for agroforestry product commercialization. (The elaboration of a municipal coastal tourism development plan including Una is under Objective 2, Activity A2) FY 99-00-01. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 certification Joaquin and Marc - exportation x Ix x x X 1,300 Total I I 2,803 Progress to-date: lESB extensionists organized files including all the information about the properties, which have applied to receive organic certification. Between October 2000 and March 2001,28 rural properties were inspected and included in the organic certification process. Twenty-four farms are located in Una, two in Uru~ucaand one in ltacare municipality. With IESB's support and OGP's cooperation, 20 tons of organically certified cocoa was sold. On December 14,2000, the newspaper Gazeta Mercantil da Bahia published a report about IESB's cocoa projects around the Una Reserve and the cocoa exportation. Santa Cruz TV reported about the certified organic producers, emphasizing IESB's support and assistance in the process. From October 2000 to March 2001, 3 shipments of guarana grains produced by 9 farmers, members of the COOPERUNA (Cooperative of Una Rural Producers), were sold (a total of 1.5 tons) for a selling price 200% higher than the local market. IESB has arranged organic fertilizer for the COOPERUNA, making the product available and cheap enough to be accessible to the producers, stimulating the small farmers to adopt conservationist practices. IESB implemented three surveys to learn the social, economic and environmental conditions of the COOPERUNA members (this activity was funded with matching funds from FUNBIO). The results will help to plan technical support, mainly regarding on economic and environmental questions. IESB has produced, in partnership with the COOPERUNA, a project proposal to the German Institution (LAZ) to renovate the COOPERUNA building and to promote training and administrative organization. After a visit to some rural associations to show the small farmers the advantages of working in a cooperative, the COOPERUNA received 20 new members. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. A4) Continuing the partnerships developed with landowners of key forest fragments committed to conservation, IESB extension officers have helped them plant acai seedlings to multi-crop rubber and cocoa plantations, establish greenhouses for commercial and natural tree species for reforestation, and learn organic mulching techniques to increase production at low cost. These initiatives increasingly involve partnerships with the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and CEPL4C to disseminate these alternatives. These agroforestry extension activities will continue under the cooperative agreement. FY 99-00-01. noaquim Blanes and Flavio - 724 1 re en houses Flavio Leopoldino - Native plant collect x x x x I x x x I x I x x x x 776 Total I 111 I 1,500 CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Develooment (BiRD) cooperati;e Agreement No. LAk-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: IESB planted a Leguminosae bank and a demonstrative area of aqai between rows of rubber trees in the Una Ecopark. Both activities were developed together with the producers from Barro Vermelho and Maruim Associations. 5,000 aqai seedlings were distributed to producers to be planted in agroforestry systems. 500 native tree seedlings were distributed to rural producers to be planted as divisor barriers between organic plots. Two clonal gardens for cocoa grafting and recovering were installed in the Colonia and Lenc6is Associations' areas. IESB produced a manual for organic certified production which includes information about organic inputs, the certification process and biofertilizer preparation. Six expeditions to collect native forest species' seeds were conducted in the Una and ltacare regions. Problems, delays, shortfalls and prop~sedsolufions: Nothing to report at this time. A5) In partnership with M&M Mars' local research farm, IESB extensionists will cooperate in the field testing and distribution of a biocontrol agent for the witches broom disease of cacau, on the farms of cooperators who are implementing forest-conserving management in the buffer zones of protected areas. FY 00-01. Progress to-date: IESB has assisted in the maintenance (cleaning, plant's growths and plagues) of four cocoa clonal gardens in the Barro Vermelho, Maruim, Lenq6is, Bandeira and RibeirGo das Navalhas Associations. IESB has inventoried all cocoa plantations (area size, total production, etc) in the Barro Vermelho and Maruim Associations with the objective of recuperating these areas. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 Out~uts/Benchmarksfor Obiective 1, Activitv A145 In this first six-month period: 0 69 producers from 30 Associations participated in 5 workshops on environmental legislation; The Cooperative of Organic Producers was created. 100, 000 aqai seedlings were planted. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT-JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Objective 1 (A) Measure BY Benchmarks Rural producers' 80 rural producers trained in environmental legislation. March 2001 associations 1 consolidated Organic production 150 producers trained . Oct 2001 disseminated 50 tons of organic cocoa sold. Oct 2001 The Organic Producers' Cooperative created. Oct 2001 40 producers in the process of convert the conventional cocoa Oct 2001 1 production system into organic certificate production. Product sold though 10 tons of guarana, rubber sold. Oct 2001 improved marketing- 5 tons of pikqava sold. Oct 2001 1 2 tons of rubber sold. Oct 2001 Forest effectively 20 Legal Reserves demarcated. Oct 2001 protected as a result of raised incomes Agricultural 100,000 aqai seedlings planted. Oct 2001 alternatives 5,000 piagava seedlings planted. Oct 2001 developed and 6 demonstration areas with "witch broom" natural resistant cocoa Oct 2001 implemented trees planted. 5 demonstration areas with "green fertilizer" implanted. Oct 2001 B) Phase-out commercial logging that supplies non-local demand with implementation of command and control procedures and policies mitigating social impact of industry decline. FY 99-00-01. Progress to-date: Heloisa Orlando and Anita Akella have finished their research, supported by PROBIO (matching funds) on the logging activities inspection system in the State of Bahia. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE I5,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~~reernentNo. LiG-A-00-98-00059-00 FYOl OutputslBenchmarks for Obiective 1, Activitv B-B1 Obj 1 (B) Benchmarks Measure BY Logging activities inspection system improved The results of the survey on logging April activities in South Bahia published. 2001 A workshop together with IBAMA and DDF on inspection realized. May zuu l Enforcement plan adopted by multi-agency task force Implementation of controlled logging on Oct 2001 cocoa lands pursuant to regulation Main current logging sites identified White paper distributed Oct 2001 C) Eliminate incentives encouraging fhe location of agrarian reform settlements on forested lands with fragile soils. Work with government to achieve the implementation of policies integrating forest conservation with land reform on sites appropriate to small-farmer agriculture. FY 99-00-01. Joaquim lanes - organic production Total Obj 1, C xxxxxxxxxxxx Total Obj 1 8,687 Progress to-date: e IESB organized a participatory process to identify probtems, possible solutions and actions in the Viva Vida (Jussari municipality) and lpiranga (Una municipality) rural agrarian settlements. The discussions involved local families and the representatives of the Municipalities. a In October 2000, IESB began a project with the objective of generating income for three rural agrarian settlements around Serra do Conduru State Park (with matching funds from FUNBIO and Ford Foundation). This project will assure the conservation of the forests that connect the Conduru Park to the Private Reserves of farmers from the APA Itacare-Serra Grande. Twenty-five greenhouses for native species have already been installed and three new projects to recover degraded areas will be initiated and funded by the state government, which will give US$ 60,000 to buy the seedlings produced in the rural agrarian settlements. The three communities involved in the project are assuming conservationist compromises by committing to avoid illegal logging and the use of fire in agriculture. For the project development, Rui Rocha and Joaquim Blanes have assisted the team coordinated by Salvador Ribeiro. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutiwns: Nothing to report at this time. FYOl Out~uts/Benchmarksfor Obiective 1, Activitv C-C1 Obj 1, (C) Benchmarks Measure BY Organic production implementation in agrarian reform Organic production in 2 settlement Oct 2001 I settlements I Objective 2: Public policy alternatives reversing existing incentives favoring forest degradation implemented, with subsequent adoption of environmentally and socio-economically sustainable land-use practices beyond demonstration sites. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Activities: lmplementation of new fiscal incentives for private reserves (federal private nature reserve legislation - RPPN - reinforced, creation of state-level private reserve law), for municipalities with conservation areas (EMS ecologico), and for tourism practices that contribute to conservation and community development. FY 99-00-01. Al) CI and IESB have produced model legislation for a Bahian ICMS ecologico, and additionally will work to provide legislators with background on how this serves local interests. FY 99-00-01 a and Marcelo AraQjo- Biosphere Reserve Marcelo e Rui - Condema llheus xxxxxxxxxxX Joaquim Blanes - Regulation of xxxxxxxxxxxX 500 Organic Products Publications/lESB ------x x 6,000 Total Obj 2, A1 7,2891 Progress to-date: The process of establishing RPPNs (Private Reserves) on the lands of two organic certified producers was initiated - Marc Nuscheler (40 ha) and Fausto Pinheiro (120 ha). Rui Rocha has been in the position of Executive Secretary of the APA Itacare-Serra Grande Administrative Council that by now has held 10 meetings. Although there are 23 APAs in the State of Bahia, this council has been the first one to work in the state, and has been a model to others in Brazil due its regularity and participatory representation. Between October 2000 and March 2001 the APA Itacare-Serra Grande Environmental Education program has published the APA monthly newsletter using local private funds. In December 2000, the Environmental Education Primer (Cartilha de Educa~goAmbiental) was launched and, starting in April, it will be distributed to the APA Itacare-Serra Grande school libraries. In November-December 2000, Marcelo Ara~joparticipated in the Ecological Corridors Project (PPG- 7) Appraisal Mission, together with World Bank, Environmental Ministry, KFW, GTZ and CRA (Environmental Resources Center of Bahia) technicians. Marcelo Araujo organized the Biosphere Reserve State Committee monthly meetings. The Committee has been recognized by the Brazilian government and World Bank as the Corridor Program administrative organization. In January and February 2001, the Committee deliberated about the Atlantic Forest Central Corridor Patrolling Plan. In March 2001, IESB signed a contract with CRA, a Bahian environmental agency, to coordinate the activities of the Biosphere Reserve State Committee, including the administration of the Corridor Project (PPG-7). Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: The lack of funds to promote the measurement of Legal Reserves and RPPNs has delayed the process of creating protected areas and land use plans, mainly on small properties. A2) Supporf sustainable tourism development, In FYOO and FYOI, the Una Ecopark will consolidate communications and continue to seek funding for a bona fide visitor center. FY 99-00-01 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 operator, promoting an marketing 1 I I Flavio - RPPN's XlXx x X x x Xjxlx XI 831 . Total Obj 2, A2 I 1 I I 5,254 Progress to-dafe: The Una Ecopark was a cover story in an issue of the Horizonte Geogra'fico magazine, one of the most important Brazilian magazines about environmental tourism and adventure. The Una Ecopark received the "Top 10 in Ecology" award in the "Conservation Project" category for its partnership with Ford Motors Company. The Una Ecopark was used as a case study during the "Economic Tools Applied to Tropical Ecosystems' Conservation" course. The present financial situation of the Ecopark, as well as future perspectives using different scenarios, was analyzed. The Una Ecopark was included in the llheus City Practical Guide. The visitation to the Una Ecopark by the Transamerica Hotel guests was re-established. The visitation was suspended for 6 months due to the lack of an agreement between the Hotel and tourist operators. New Una Ecopark promotional advertising products, including folders and posters, have been launched. The material has been distributed in hotels, restaurants, at events and other commercial establishments. Representatives of IESB, DDF (State Forestry Development Agency) and SUDETUR (Tourism Development Superintendence) visited the Serra do Conduru State Park for two days to know more about the present regulation of the Park's land (situa@o fundiaria) and to discuss new partnerships between the three institutions, mainly to accelerate the process of the Park's land regularization and the installation of a interpretative trail inside the area already purchased. A proposal to implement an interpretative trail in the Serra do Conduru State Park, including an environmental interpretative project, determination of the tourist carrying capacity and a mini-course for environmental interpreters has been produced. The proposal was submitted to SUDETUR and was approved. A meeting with Dr. Wait Thomas from the New York Botanical Garden was held to discuss a project to continue the management activities in the Serra do Teimoso Private Reserve--to be written-up and submitted to the Beneficia Foundation. The project concept includes the building of 30-meter high observation platforms, implementation of the interpretative trail and support for print promotional material (folders and posters). IESB organized a workshop on "Tourist Product Planning for Patax6 da Jaqueira Indigenous Reserva" in Porto Seguro, with 23 indigenous participants. TWOmore events are planned to train the Ecotourism Pataxd Association members and other interested native Brazilians. A third event has also been planned to evaluate the implemented activities and their results. IESB Participated in the Working Group "Conservation Units Economic Sustainability" during the meeting to regulate the Conservation Units National System (I1 CBUCC). A proposal has been elaborated to enlarge and improve the Una Ecopark installations with an Education and Environmental Interpretation Center, a new trail, interpretative panels in the two trails (in the new and in the old one), a plan for a marketing strategy, revision in the business plan and purchase of another vehicle to transport visitors. The proposal was submitted to the Walt Disney Foundation. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 In December 2000, Flavio and Carlos Alberto concluded the Management Plan for the Serra do Teimoso Private Reserve, in partnership with the 0 Boticario Foundation and Santa Cruz State University. IESB supported the creation of the Uiraqu Institute, in Camac2, to administrate the funds to implement the Serra Bonita Private Reserve (500 ha). The negotiations to create a RPPN with 500 ha in the Nossa Senhora da Vit6ria Farm, property of Fernando Gomes, were initiated. On March 5, 2001, the Preserva - Private Protected Areas Owners Association, convened its general assembly and started arrangements for the Association's legal registration. On November, 2000, the results of the research "Serra do Teimoso Private Reserve Visitors Profile, Berbert, H. Berbert, L., Leopoldino, F.S. and Schiavetti, A." were published on an Atlantic Forest CD- rom (with matching funds from PROBIO). Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: 0 The Ecopark has only one car to transport the visitors and it has to close when the car needs maintenance or brake repairs. IESB is seeking funds to purchase another vehicle. FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activitv A1-A2 In this first six-month period: IESB has initiated the process of creating 8 RPPNs (1,700 ha). Obj 2, (A) Benchmarks Measure BY Improved policies Inspection of 5 areas to create new RPPNs. Oct 2001 5,000 folders about RPPN distributed. Sept 2001 8 seminars on RPPN, to producers, realized. Sept 2001 An inter-institutionalgroup to monitor the BA 001 road (Itacare- Sept 2001 Camamli) constituted. A proposal to transform Serra das Lontras e Javi in a conservation May 2001 unit prepared and presented to the government of state of Bahia. The Administrative Committee for the Corridor Program constituted. May 2001 The book 'The Conservation of Atlantic Forest in South Bahia" June 2001.- reporting the IESB's work since 1994, published. Sustainable tourism 10 South Bahia ecotourism enterprises trained, capacitated and Sept 2001 disseminated monitored in the Ecotourism Incubator Program. Fiscal incentives for White paper (PROBIO) disseminated May 2001 municipalities and landowners analyzed, B) Define strategies to eliminate incentives that promote monocrop plantations to the detriment of biodiversity friendly agriculture. FY 99-00-01 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: o The State University of Santa Cruz (Ilheus) will fund a book about sustainable agricultural production (history, techniques and ways of adoption). Currently, Mariella Uzeda is organizing the articles that will be included in the book The State Committee for the regulationfcertificationof organic production was created. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: 0 Nothing to report at this time. FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activity B In this first six-month period: The State Committee for the regulationfcertificationof organic production was created. Obj 2, (B) Benchmarks Measure BY Organic production Book on sustainable agricultural production published. Oct 2001 disseminated The State Committee for organic production created. March 2001 Objective 3: Increase knowledge about the significance of region's biodiversity while assisting in the design and implementation of management plans for biodiversity conservation units, zones, and corridors. Activities: A) Prepare conservation planning maps for use in planning, monitoring, biodiversity research, and park management. FY 99-00-01. -- fircelo, Allessandro - Catalog of Maps xx x x 1,730 from Air Photos, Private Reserve Maps, Maps for Park Managers Marcelo, Alessandro - student training x x xx x 41 4 Marcelo, Charlotte - Time-Series 1 XXX X XX x 494 Analysis Planned I Marcelo, Paulo lnacio - Data Base: xxxxxxxx x xx 985 Organization and Maintenance Total Obj3A t 1 3,623 Progress to-date: o From October to March 2001, IESB's air photo databank was used in the following projects: Q Forest fragment identification and delimitation of 3 new RPPNs areas-The Bahia State's RPPNs databank was updated and presented in the RPPM Technical Seminar promoted by IBAMA. Q Two master thesis - Characterization and management of Rio Jeribucasslj basin (Itacare-Bahia), Meliani, P., Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis. Perception of rural communities on environmental questions - Marambaia rural agrarian settlement case, Salomiio, J.M., Santa Cruz State University, llheus. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 The following maps of land use and occupation were produced to support the APA Itacare-Serra Grande monitoring (1 :10.000): map of the Rio Jeribucassu basin, map of Serra Grande district and Serra do Conduru Park locations for the Serra Grande community Popular Art and Culture Project, map of the Marambaia agrarian rural settlement to plan an appropriated land use. To support the Organic Production Program -demarcation of the Fazenda Boa Vista Legal Reserve; organization of a databank with the identification and location of all the properties involved in IESB's Organic Production Program. Maps were produced to support the State Government Action Plans. These maps identified degraded areas bordering the highway BA-001 (Ilheus-ltacare) with the objective of elaborating a recovery plan for the area (joint project IESB-CRA). In partnership with CRA and CONDER (Urban Development Company), IESB supported the identification and location of areas to deposit urban garbage in Itacare. Training and publications - one agronomy student from UESC was trained in GIs and aerial photo interpretation (300 hours); a preliminary version of the CD-Room with information on the "Atlantic Forest Central Corridor" was published in partnership between UNICAMP and CRA. IESB, in partnership with Birdlife International, flew over the Serra das Lontras region to know the area and identify forest fragments in support of the creation of the Serra das Lontras Conservation Unit. IESB has discussed a proposal to acquire aerial photos and to promote another flight over the region in partnership with CRA and CONDER in an effort to monitor the forest remains. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 3, Activitv A Obj 3, (A) Benchmarks Measure BY Maps produced A detailed map of the remaining forest fragments distribution in the Sept 2001 Una Reserve and Conduru Park buffer zone produced and published. Sept 2001 A map of remaining mangrove distribution in the Southeast of Bahia produced and published. May 2001 A map of the remaining forest fragments in South Bahia produced and published. 8) Obtain baseline data on biodiversity associated with land uses to prioritize conservation policy. FY 99-00-0 1. mammals region wide Adriana Martini - Research on IX lx IX lx lx IX lx forest regeneration I I Adriana Martini - seminar X x Cecilia Kierulff - Survey of primates 1 xXx Total Obi3, B 1 f Total 0bj3 Supplies, Equip. 1 1 CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: The research on fauna (amphibious, birds and mammals) distribution in the Corridor region is still ongoing. The surveys have been performed in forests located from the north of Valen~ato Mucuri. A preliminary "Population Viability Analyses" has been conducted for two primate species - Cebus xanthosternos and Leontopithecus chrysomelas and three bird species - Amazona rhodocorytha,. Myrmotherula urostica and Xipholena atropurpurea. The preliminary version of a CD-Rom including all the results of the research realized in the Corridor region has been published. In December 2000, Adriana Martini finished her fieldwork after two years of seeds rain monitoring. A biologist student has been trained and is currently cataloging the seeds collected and identifying the plants. As a result of the project, an abstract on jussara palm establishment was sent to the Botanic National Congress - Estabelecimento de Euterpe Edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) em ambientes com diferentes graus de perturba~Bona regigo sul da Bahia, Adriana M.Z. Martini, Vivian S. Dutra and Flavio A.M. Santo. March 15-16, 2000, IESB organized, in partnership with Banco Mundial/CABS/CI-Brazil/PROBIO, a workshop in Ilh6us, Bahia, to discuss economic tools to build the Atlantic Forest corridor. Ken Chomitz and David Stoms presented a preliminary version of a computer program that simulates different economic scenarios to preserve biodiversity. The model encourages stakeholders and policy makers to articulate their economic, ecological and social objectives and constraints, and to specify mechanisms they will use to realize these objectives. The results of the fauna and economic surveys were presented and priority actions discussed. During the workshop the Central Corridor Project, funded by the PPG-7 was presented and the integration between projects was discussed. A workshop with the participation of the Biosphere Reserve Committee and a symposium to apply and discuss the results of the model were scheduled for June. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: a Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 OutputsIBenchmarks for Objective 3, Activity 5 Obj 3, (5) Benchmarks Measure By Database produced A CD-ROM including the database of remote sensinn coverage March 2001 (maps) and fauna and flora information produced and distributed. Park management Explicit policies and procedures implemented on pasture, fire and Sept 2001 improved hunting threats. Fauna information A bird list for the Ecopark Sept 2001 produced 1 scientific report and 1 popular publication. Sept 2001 Ill. Other A. Presentations s Carlos Alberto Mesquita gave a presentation on the Una Ecopark at the International Forest Seminar (Forest 2000), Porto Seguro, Bahia. e Carlos Alberto Mesquita participated in the II Conservation Units Brazilian Congress, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul where he gave a presentation on Natural Private Reserves Characterization in Latin America (his master dissertation) and participated in the meeting of Brazilian members of the IUCN World Protected Areas Council. e On January 27, 2000, Flavio Leopoldino gave a presentation to 25 UESC students on IESB's RPPN Program during the course Management of Natural Areas. Flavio Leopoldino presented the results of IESB's RPPN Program in the I1 Seminar for RPPN Technical Program, promoted by IBAMA, March 12-14,2001, in Aracaju. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Develo~ment(BiRD) ~oo~eratiie~~reemen.t No. &-A-00-98-00059-00 B. Visitors In October 2000, the APA Litoral Norte representatives and a consultant from the British cooperation visited the Una Ecopark and APA ltacare-Serra Grande to learn about ecotourism as an economic alternative to preserve natural resources. a A student from England visited the Ecopark to collect data for her master's dissertation on methodologies to evaluate tourist products' sustainability. In December 2000, National Biosphere Reserve Council members and technicians visited the region to learn of IESB's work and to discuss the regional environmental problems. In December 2000 Robert Michael, coordinator of the RPPNs of the Energy Company of Minas Gerais visited the region to exchange information and experiences. In February 2000, the new Una Sports, Tourism and Environmental Secretary visited the Ecopark with the objectives of knowing the product and establish partnerships. C. Training o In December 2000 the Ecopark guides and two other people from the local community were trained. The training ranged from how to give attention to the visitors to quality of environmental interpretation utilized. Joaquim Blanes participated in the workshop on enterprise development hosted by Cl's Conservation Enterprise Development Program (CED) and held in Albergue de Chalalan-Rurenrabaque, Bolivia. The theme discussed was "Development of Small Businesses Associated to Biodiversity Conservation". CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Develoament (BIRD) ~oo~eratiie~~reernent No. LP;G-A-00-98-00059-00 3) CI-Papua New Guinea Objective I: Increase the link between community-based resource management and biodiversity conservation on Kamea-owned lands in the Lakekamu Basin through expanded use of the lvimka Research Station (IRS). Activities: A) Work in partnership with the Kamea landowners to maintain and promote the IRS in the Lakekamu Basin as a world-class, lowland rainforest research facility. FY99-01. A 7) CI-PNG will help facilitate increased consultation with the IRS Kamea landowners and nearby Kamea community of Tekadu to enhance the information flow between IRS field staff and the Research Station's local stakeholders. FY99-0 1. Progress to-date: The area of the IRS was demarcated during the land use mapping exercise in August 2000. The data collected from the land-use mapping exercises with the Mamea community was synthesized for project planning at the CI-PNG March Annual Meeting The November meeting with the locals did not take place because Banak Gamui, Lakekamu Program Manager, was attending Monitoring and Evaluation and Conservation Economics training workshops in the United States. However, during Banak's January field trip, the Kamea of Tekadu and Nukeva villages were consulted. The first of the meetings was held at Tekadu village on Sunday, January 13 in which 41 villagers attended and among them were the following village elders and leaders: I Moses lngasuo 1 Lutheran Church elder and landowner 12 - -I 3 Peter Uyepango Landowner and village elder 4 Ben Opa Ward Development Committee 5 Kola Timothv Manaoer of auest house 6 I Alex Moses I Local Field Assistant 7 I Brandon Peter I Son of IRS landowner Also present at the meeting were two project officers from an existing Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Papua New Guinea (Crater Mountain WMA). These individuals participated in a Training Course conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) at the IRS during the month of January (this training will be elaborated in activity A5 below). The first of them, Mr. Muse Opiang, Coordinator of a field site in the Crater Mountain WMA, based his talk on how the locals he was working with in the Crater Mountain WMA were organized. His speech gave a brief history of the project, the WMA Management Committee, fee schedules and WMA rules. The second speaker, Kepslok Kumilgo, a research student in the Crater Mountain Project, spoke about the importance and purpose of research. This was followed by a question and answer session. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 In this meeting, the locals were able to learn from the Crater Mountain experience about the management structure and functions of a WMA Committee, examples of WMA rules, types of fee schedules and the importance of biological research Several issues raised by the Tekadu landowners during the meeting are as follows: 1. Many researchers often fly into the Basin and head off straight to the research station without explaining to the local people the purpose of their visit. The landowners have asked that all researchers should meet with them and explain their research before they begin their research. 2. The locals also want to be informed of research findings and have asked CI to follow up on previous research conducted in the area and have copies of the research reports kept as records of work done in the Lakekamu Basin. 3. The Manager of the rustic guesthouse in Tekadu (Kola Timothy) raised a concern that the guesthouse was not making money from visitors. Most visitors are researchers who often arrive in Tekadu and walk to lvimka Research station on the same day. On their return trip, they walk to Tekadu early in the morning to catch the flight out the same day. Banak responded that all researchers would be requested to attend a short 20 to 30 minute meeting with the locals to explain the purpose of their research. This will also be a venue for an on-going awareness campaign regarding research in the basin. Banak also explained that reports of some of the research activities conducted in the Lakekamu Basin in the past were housed with CI and Foundation for People and Community Development and attempts would be made to have all researchers send copies of their research reports in the future. As for Kola's concern about the guesthouse not making money, the meeting resolved that CI and FPCD officers would inform all visiting researchers about the existence of the guesthouse. Banak stressed the importance of community organization and having some form of committee in place to manage research at the village level. The meeting group agreed to have a WMA Management Committee formulated at the April WMA Workshop. CI-PNG communicated with the Gulf Provincial Division of Corporate Services (Commerce, Culture, Tourism and Petroleum) in October after receiving a letter from the Division asking for information on eco- tourism in the Lakekamu Basin. Cl suggested a meeting with Divisional representatives and other relevant Provincial departmental representatives. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Discussion of problems/delays and proposed solutions is integrated into the discussion of progress- to-date. A2) CI-PNG, in consultation with Kamea landowners, also proposes to update the current monitoring and evaluation program. FY99-01. Consultation with Experts x[x XIX x x x x x x x x M & E draft prepared 1 x Final draft of M&E plan prepared [ 1 x CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperative ~greementNo. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: Consultations for developing the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plan were completed. This process involved a Training Workshop conducted by Cl's Monitoring and Evaluation Department conducted September 24-October 1, 2000 in Montana. In February, Banak was involved in developing the Milne Bay (Cl's Marine Project in PNG) M&E draft plan. With this new knowledge, he started working on the Lakekamu M&E Plan. The first draft of the Lakekamu M&E Plan is expected to be ready by the end of May. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: o Nothing to report at this time. A3) CI-PNG, in consultation with Kamea landowners, will oversee expansion and maintenance of the current trail network, construct observation blinds and make improvements as needed to the IRS. FY99-01. Progress to-date: In October and November the Local Field Assistants organized groups of field workers to maintain the IRS trail network. Then in January, during Banak's field trip, a group of locals cleared the more than 10 km trail between Tekadu village and the IRS. Routine upkeep of the IRS facility is done by Local Field Assistants as needed. Though observation blinds have not been constructed, there are two Ragianna Bird of Paradise leks (term given to bird of paradise display sites) that have already been identified. These sites do not require observation blinds, as people observe the birds from the ground with the aid of a pair of binoculars. There are also several lookout spots and that should be sufficient for the start. Locals are also building a separate lodging facility of natural materials to house fieldlresearch assistants. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: 0 The sub-activity of building observation blinds is being put on hold. Mapping of the IRS area cannot be performed until after July when staff returns to the field. A4) CI will also promote the 1998 RAP Working Paper Number 9 on the 1996 Lakekamu Basis RAP as a promotional tool to expand use of the 1/33 by visiting researchers and will expbre potential partnerships with research institutions in PNG, Australia and elsewhere in the Pacific. FY99-01. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Reaional Development (BiRD) ~oo~eratiie~geirnent No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Partnerships search XXXXXXX~XXXXX Put together promotional information x x for Science and Adventure Tourism in the Lakekamu Basin Compile Lakekamu Project Reports ! x I Print and Bind copies of Reports I x Update PNG Program pages and link x x CI website to PNG Embassy's website Progress to-date: Initial contact has been made with Dr. Terry Sears of the California-based Silvaard Institute of Natural History regarding a potential partnership arrangement. There has also been discussion within CI of a partnership with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Studies (CABS) and the Field Support Division (FSD) to upgrade the IRS into a facility for Conservation International's Network of field stations for Global Monitoring on socio-economic and ecological trends. This has already been incorporated into the project strategy for Cl's FY02, which begins in July, 2001. The new Strategy also promotes the building of alliances with local research institutions, universities and NGOs. The ongoing training of university students in biological field techniques by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the University of Papua New Guinea, which completed a second training at the lvimka site in January 2001, looks promising. Project staff of Lakekamu have constant contact with the Management of WCS in PNG. The informational material for Science and Adventure Tourism is in draft form (See Attachment PNG-1 for "lnformational Material for Science and Research Tourism"). The Lakekamu Project Brief is being prepared and will be completed by the end of July. The activity on updating the PNG Program information for Cl's web-site and linking it (the CI web-site) to the PNG Embassy website is being taken care of by CI- PNG Communications personnel at the country program level. Therefore, the activity should now be only concentrating on providing the information updates to the Lakekamu Project. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. A5) CI-PNG will empower the local community to participate fully and meaningfully in the Science and Research Tourism Enterprise. In doing so, CI-PNG will facilitate community training and the establishment of an IRS Management Committee comprising members of the local Tekadu Community.(FYOO-0 1) [ Establish IRS Management Committee I Achieved, need to spell out specific duties and roles 1 Butterfly Farming Training I I Ix I I I I 1 1 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: In January, the Wildlife Conservation Society, in partnership with the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) and the PNG University of Technology (UNITECH), conducted a month long field training course for biology and forestry students at the IRS. The Lakekamu Project Manager, in close consultation with WCS, arranged for nine (9) local boys to be trained with the university students. The most important part of their training was in field biological survey techniques, which involved setting of traps, taking proper measurements and preparing voucher specimens. They learned survey techniques for birds, plants, herpetofauna and insects. Some of them did very well and received words of encouragement and praise from their instructors. These youths can now be hired by the project to collect biological monitoring data as well as hired by visiting researchers to work on research projects. Some of the previously trained local research assistants do very well in the field and have been hired by visiting researchers to work with them. Problems, delays, shorffalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 OutputsIBenchmarks for Obiective I,Activitv A145 1. Hold continued informational meetings with the Kamea landowners of the IRS (Completed with one meeting) 2. Reevaluation and Revision draft of M & E plan (Partially Completed-progress slow but may meet deadline) 3. Expansion and maintenance of current trail network; As-needed infrastructure improvements; New trail network planned; Sites for observation blinds selected (Partially Completed) 4. Continued distribution of 1998 RAP Working Paper Number 9 on the 1996 Lakekamu Basin RAP to promote IRS (Completed-Partnership search carrying over into FY02) 5. Training completed for Local Research Assistants (Completed) and Tour Guides (Cancelled). IRS Management Committee Established and some Committee members trained in Basic Book-keeping,- (Completed but committee is not practicing management role) Butterfly Farming (Cancelled) B) CI-PNG will continue its efforts to inform the Kamea on the importance the Lakekamu Basin's biodiversity, the importance of sustainable resource use and the various conservation options open to them. This would be accomplished through: 8 a series of community meetings and workshops. CI-PNG Lakekamu Basin staff will conduct this activity. F Y99-0 1. a delivery of the results of the 1996 Lakekamu Basin RAP to Basin communities in a comic-book format that is widely used for education purposes in PMG, and that will be most useful and accessible to them. FYOO -01. I Meetings/workshops on biodiversity / 1 1 Comic book consultations x 1 1 1 1 Draft of comic book 1 x Final editions to comic book draft and x submit for publication CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Progress to-date: Although there were no workshops or meetings held specifically on Biodiversity, this activity was partly covered in activity A1 (see report on that section). There will be no workshops on Biodiversity until after July. A draft of the conservation comic book is nearing completion. The artist should complete all the artwork by the end of May 2001. Problems, delays, shorffalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYOl Out~utslBenchmarksfor Obiective 1, Activitv B 1. Series of meetings on biodiversity with the Kamea (Partially Completed) 2. Complete consultations on comic book content (Completed) 3. Complete draft of comic book (Ongoing) (C)CI-PNG in consultation with the Kamea Landowners, the Morobe and Gulf Provincial Governments, the Department of Environment and Conservation and other relevant authorities will declare the lvimka Research Station (IRS) and surrounding KameaIWatut held lands as a Wildlife Management Area (WMA). WMA Awareness x I x x x Site Visits x x Formation of WMA Committees x x Develop Rules x Boundary Descriptions x Submission of WMA plan and x proposal to the National government for gazettal Progress to-date: The planned workshop was postponed until November. However, some WMA awareness was conducted in January during Banak's field trip (Read the section under activity Al- Community consultations and meetings above). Progress and status on all the activities pertaining to the declaration of WMAs will be presented and further developed during the rescheduled WMA workshop in November. Regarding the Local Field assistants, Clement and Alex have been keeping their field diaries and reports. The third, Mathew Yawi, didn't do a good job as he was not used to it. Banak spent some time with him, showing him what the other two field assistants did and he will be assessed on his performance next time Banak makes a field trip. Unfortunately, the remoteness of the project and lack of a postal service in the area has made it difficult for the local field assistants to provide CI with monthly reports. After some discussion, it was agreed that the Local Field Assistants would provide reports every time CI project officers visit the field. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 During Banak's field trip in January, the local field assistants reported that there was a trip by representatives of an oil palm company into the Lakekamu Basin. According to their report, the oil palm officers and certain Provincial Government representatives asked the local landowners to form land groups. There is no progress report on this. The company officials also asked them about coming up with a land-use plan and the locals referred them to the same land-use maps they did in August (FYOO) with CI Project staff. The company officials have not contacted the CI office for the land-use map since then. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Sustaining the momentum of the WMA activity is now in question, as CI-PNG no longer has constant communication with the field. FYO1 OutputslBenchmarks for Obiective 1, Activity C 1. WMA Awareness in all Kamea villages (Not Completed) 2. Several site visits to proposed areas (Not Completed) 3. Formation of WMA Committees (Not Completed) 4. Develop Rules (Not Completed) 5. Boundary Descriptions (Not Completed) 6. Submission of WMA plan and proposal to government for gazettal (Not Completed) Objective 2: Foster biodiversity conservation in targeted communities in Wide Bay, East Mew Britain Province through exploration of conservation-based enterprise development and support of community-based resource management. Activities: CI and our local NGO partner, the East New Britain Sosel Eksen Komiti (ENBSEK), work with local communities in Wide Bay to increase their knowledge and understanding of conservation-related issues. A) CI-PNG, in partnership with ENBSEK and local communities, and with technical support provided by CI-Washington, will conduct a targeted RAP survey and continue participatory rural appraisals in order to formulate community-based resource management plans. AI) At the request of the communities of Taintop and Klampun, CI will conduct a small-scale RAP survey on their lands. Information obtained from the survey will be used in developing community- based resource management plans. Results of the RAP survey will be published and disseminated within Wide Bay communities. FY00-07. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 RAP'R~~O~~ IX X X X X Community capacity building training workshops XXX X X X X X X Formation of Community Association & Registration with IPA IX IX IX XXX Interpretation of GPS data IX IX IX Submission of Requirements (a), (b),(c) to OEC for gazettal of WMA XXX X X X I I I Promotional & Awareness activities X IX X iil_X X XXX X X X Compilation & documentation of lessons learnt in Wide Bay XXX XXXXXX XXX Progress to-date: a) Community capacity building Creating a community association was identified as a basis for capacity building, and the initial step has been taken to register the community association with the Investment Promotion Authority (IPA). The constitution of the Klampun Community Association was submitted to the IPA in January 2001 for incorporation as an association. The community, in the long-term will have an institution to carry out conservation as well as any related businesses in the area, based on the objectives of the association. b) Networking and building alliances Identifying roles and responsibilities, and sourcing expertise from alliances for strengthening the community has become very important for the project. One such initiative has been working with OISCA, a Japanese run institute based in Rabaul, which has been very successful in its community-based training in Rice and Butterfly farming. We hope to develop a long-term relationship to link the communities and the OISCA facilities. CI-PNG is also working to develop ties with the East New Britain Tourism Bureau in order to assist the community in eco-tourism development in the area, in line with the Bureau's Pomio District Tourism Development Plan. CELCOR, a Port Moresby based local legal NGO, is currently assisting with the land issues in Tiemtop, where the initial assessment of the social issues in the community was conducted in Apri1,2001; and followed by attending to related case at the Kokopo District Court on the 2zndMay, against the Kaluan Landowner Company of the neighboring Wawas community. c) Awareness raising The first issue on "Tokaut Nius BilonghWide Bay", was released on December 10,2000. The bi-annual Newsletter will be released on the 10 of June and lothof December of each year. The first issue has been circulated to all stakeholders: NGOs, representatives of East New Britain Provincial Government Departments, Local Level Governments, and the Wide Bay communities. As requested by the community, the News is written in "Tok-pisinfltargeted towards local communities. (See Attachment PNG-2 for "Tokaut Nius Bilong Wide Bay".) CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 d) Establishment of Wildlife Management Areas The survey of land boundaries using GPS in Klampun lands has been conducted in May, 2001 and facilitated by Peter Bosip, Wide Bay Field Officer. GPS data, after interpretation will be submitted together with other requirements to the PNG Office of Environment and Conservation (OEC) for gazetting of the Klampun WMA before the end of FY03. (Full report on GPS survey will be given in the next Semi-annual Report.) e) Addition of RAP recommendation into CBRM plans The RAP survey identified the area to have all four criteria for conservation priority: endemism, diversity, threat, and limited area. As one of the areas in Papua New Guinea to have all four criteria, Wide Bay was recommended to have a high conservation priority. This recommendation was based on observations and assessments of the extent of threats to biodiversity posed by large-scale logging operations in the nearby forests and findings of species diversity and endemism in the surveyed area. This recommendation has added weight to the efforts to set up WMAs (See above section-d) based on the preliminary findings. In addition, Dr. Andrew Mack, Team Leader of the RAP, is compiling the final RAP Report. In the process, Maureen Ewai, Wide Bay Project Officer, has compiled a draft component of Introduction on the Social aspects of the Wide Bay area. (See Attachment PNG-3 for "RAP Introduction") Also note that the Preliminary RAP Report was circulated in 2000. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Unfortunately, most of the activities are behind schedule, and those marked as "incomplete" may not be completed by the end of the BIRD Agreement. Those "in progress" may be completed by the end of BIRD Agreement. Those project activities that require visits to Tiemtop village have been on-hold since April 2000. This is due to the Tiemtop community's land tenure issues with neighboring Wawas village and the logging company. The Wawas community is in favor of logging, and any activities planned for Tiemtop village were disrupted by staged confrontations and threatening of Tiemtop community members' lives. Given the above situation, all activities conducted outside of Tiemtop have included representatives from Tiemtop in order to keep them involved in the project. Several initiatives have followed on this issue: s District land mediators were invited to discuss the matter and a consensus agreement between the disputing individuals was signed in April 2000; Q A consensus agreement between Tiemtop and Wawas villages was signed, also in April 2000. The logging operation extended into the project area after this activity. Pomio District Forestry officers were invited to visit the project area, and the logging extension into the project area subsequently came to a halt. s The landowners were organized to write and sign a letter to the East New Britain Provincial Forestry Board in Rabaul in November 2000. This letter outlined the social issues and community concerns as a result of the logging extension into Tiemtop land; copies were sent to authorities responsible. o The community also sent a letter to CELCOR, a Port Moresby based local legal NGO, to assist in assessing the situation in January 2001. This assessment was conducted from 20-27 April 2001, and the results are not yet available. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperati& ~greementNo. &-A-00-98-00059-00 The Wawas councilor, and the Chairman of Kaluan landowner company, took a Court injunction against Peter Vomne, the principal landowner from Tiemtop over the land boundary, and the Case is set for June 6 at Kokopo District Court in Rabaul. (Full report on the outcome will be given in the next semi-annual Report.) A2) CI-PNG with local partner, ENBSEK, will carry out additional participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) in targeted communities in Wide Bay. FYOO-01. I Training on Monitoring & Evaluation ] X I X I X 1 X I X 1 X I X I X I X I f 1 Progress to-date: An application for the Klampun Community Association's incorporation was submitted to IPA. The IPA regulations governing incorporation comprised a three-part process including: (i) Form 1. "Intention to apply for the lncorporation of an Association", has been approved on February 1gth, 2001 ; (ii) Advertising in the daily newspapers. The approved Form 1 was submitted to the PNG Post Courier newspaper on April 18' 2001, and was advertised on the 1gth of April 2001. (iii) Form 2. "Application for the Incorporation of an Association", and a copy of the newspaper advertisement were submitted to the IPA a week after the advertisement appeared, and pending approval as well as "Certificate of Incorporation" from IPA. In addition, the WMA Committee and the WMA rules were compiled through the WMA set-up process. (See Attachments PNG- 4 " Tiemtop WMA Committees & Rules", and PNG-5 "Klampun WMA Committees & Rules".) PRA activities have resulted in developing land use plans, and mapped out for Tiemtop/Sampun and Klampun villages. These plans are recognized in the Constitution for each area. Further activities are identified as a follow-up to PRA, to strengthen community capacity. Some of these activities conducted were based on the identified needs of the community, including; "Start Your Business" conducted by Herbertshohe Business Services Ltd in 2"-6Ih April, and "Conflict Resolution & Management training " conducted by Peace Foundation Melanesia in 7-18th May 2001, all conducted in Klampun village. In addition, 3 participants from Wide Bay community are undergoing a 4-week course on "Basic AgricultureJ' in OISCA, Rabaul for the month of May 2001. (Full Reports on the Training will be given in the next semi-annual Report.) Problems, delays, shorffalls and proposed solutions: Most of the "incomplete" activities are, in fact, behind schedule. CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 2, Activiities A142 1. Final write-up of RAP Results (Partially Completed) 2. Community capacity building training workshops (Partially Completed) 3. CBRM working document (Partially Completed) 4. Awareness materials (Partially Completed) 5. Documented report on lessons learned (Partially Completed) B) CI-PNG proposes to continue its work with ENBSEK to heb the communities of Wide Bav exdore conser&tion-based enterprise development options that will promote the sustainable us; of iheir forest and coastal ecosystems. This will be accomplished through: initial community consultations followed by targeted feasibility studies by Cl's Asia Pacific Enterprise Manager, Darwin Flores, who is a specialist in small-scale enterprise development at the community level; and presentation of studies' findings and evaluation of various feasible conservation-based development alternatives by communities, who choose which ones, if any, they would like to pursue further. (FY00-0 1) Targeted skills training of community I XI XI X I X XXXX on the identified projects I I I I I I I IXIX Promotion of guesthouse, training XXXX center & Eco-tourism sites Networking with alliances XXXX XXXXXX Development of eco-tourism sites in X XX X XXXXXX the proposed conservation area 1111 Develop trail network in the .~rooosed . I XI XI X I X mXXXXXX conservation area (s) Negotiations with maritime authorities X XX I X XXXXX to facilitate improved shipping in Wide I 1 I I Bay Progress to-date: The following outlines the update on activities; Klampun Village Guesthouse and Training Center The Klampun Village Guesthouse and Training Center, established by the community in July 1999, is now managed by the Conservation Committee, which is comprised of representatives of the clans and sub- clans of the village community. The Guesthouse accommodates up to 20 guests and the Training Center is available for workshops, seminars, conferences, and meetings. A promotional brochure has been developed and the facility is being promoted through the East New Britain Tourism Bureau as part of its effort to develop eco-tourism in the province. In addition, two young women from Klampun and Tiemtop attended the catering training at Vunamami Farmers Training Center in Rabaul in September 2000, to assist in improving the capacity to manage the guesthouse. When guests stay at the village, the community sells their vegetables at a reasonable price to the guesthouse. The village is organized into zones, which provide each household an opportunity to sell their produce. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Development (BIRD) cooperati;e ~~reementNo. LAk-A-00-98-00059-00 Training in Rice Farming From September 18-22, 2000, 12 community members participated in a training session dedicated to growing and processing rice. The training was conducted by OISCA, a Japanese institute based in Rabaul, in response to the farmers' strong interest in growing rice in East New Britain. Rice production has become an attractive alternative due to the decreased value of other commodity crops, such as cocoa and copra, and the increased demand for and escalating retail price of rice. Farmers have also realized that rice grows well in Papua New Guinea. The participants started growing rice following the training by the end of September 2000 on old garden land after harvests of vegetables. The first harvests of about 300 kilograms were transported to OlSCA in Rabaul for processing on April 1lih 2001. The processed rice will be transported back to Wide Bay for communities' consumption. It has shown to be an expensive exercise for the community to continue to transport the harvest to Rabaul for processing. This encourages the community to seek assistance in securing a local rice processing facility. Training on Butterfly and Insect Farming From October 31 -November 10, 2000, thirteen participants from the Wide Bay community attended the butterfly farming course at OISCA, which covered the basic skills needed for butterfly farming and management of insects. The training included the identification of host plants, food plants and nectar plants; landscaping; shading; quality control; and insect collection and preservation, including drying, storage, mounting, labeling, packing and marketing. There are eight butterfly farms in Wide Bay Province, with room for expansion of the initiative. While the major market for this product is the Wau Ecology Institute, the insects are also sold to tourists. The Provincial Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL) helps to facilitate this operation of marketing insects. In addition, preparations are underway in the community to start farming butterfly; and they have already begun growing food plants for the insects. Other Small-Scale Enterprise Initiatives Eco-tourism development has primarily occurred in association with the guesthouse facility. The community has developed a trail network within a designated conservation area. The trails reach an altitude of 600 meters above sea level and connect many of the area's outstanding scenic features, including caves (believed to be the homes of the Masalais spirits), waterfalls, Kauri Pine (Agathis spp., tallest of the trees in the area and of commercial value), and plane wreckage from World War 11. The trail network initiative requires further development and promotion. In order to help source local markets, Elizabeth Kaupun of Wide Bay Project Coordinator with ENBSEK, met with representatives of "Fresh Produce Development Corporation" ( as a middleman) to negotiate the possibility of marketing the fresh vegetables and other products from Wide Bay to wholesalers in Rabaul. (The follow-up to this will be reported in the next semi-annual report.) Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Lack of dependable access is still a large issue and a major threat to enterprise development in Wide Bay. However, the planned activities as a follow-up were: Socio-economic surveys of Pomio District; and Accessing support from the political heads from the area. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT- JUNE15,2001 Biodiversitv in Regional Development (BiRD) cooperative Agreement No. &-A-00-98-00059-00 These activities were not achieved and will be extended beyond the BIRD Agreement, particularly the socio-economic surveys, as there is currently insufficient funding for field operations. The planned meetings with the Governor, Koimanrea, were not carried out as planned, due to changes in the provincial political system. This will have to be delayed as well. FYO1 OutputslBenchmarks for Obiective 2, Activitv B 1. Reports on Community Capacity Building training (In Progress) 2. Regular transport (shipping) system (Not Complete) 3. Trail network developed (in progress) Objective 3: increase the number of viable legal options for biodiversity conservation in Papua New Guinea through policy analyses of Conservation Area legislation and identification of suitable locations for its application. Activities: A) CI will conduct policy and economic analyses leading to the formulation of conditions precedent for likely successful sites for CA implementation. FYOI. 5) Research potential sites using existing biological and sociological data, as well as submitted landowner conservation requests to the Office of Environment and Conservation. I ~esearchcontinued on potential CAsites I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I X I Progress to-date for A and 5: a Economic and policy analyses under Activity A are completed and copies will be sent to USAlD under separate cover (in combined trip report format). a As part of Activity B, an assessment of the potential impacts on biodiversity of planned logging concessions has been prepared to assist in identifying priority areas for conservation in PNG and will be sent to USAlD under separate cover. a Consolidation of socio-economic, cultural and biological analyses is underway regarding marine and terrestrial conservation sites in Milne Bay Province and the Owen Stanley Range extending into Central and Oro Provinces. The marine component for Milne Bay Province is complete, including a review of landowner requests to OEC, and will be sent to USAlD under separate cover. Landowner requests to OEC for the Owen Stanley priority area continue to be compiled. 0 TWPF funds were used as match to support work under Activity A, and for terrestrial conservation issues under Activity B. GEF funds were used as match for Milne Bay marine work done under Activity B. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: a Nothing to report at this time. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 FYOl OutputslBenchmarks for Obiective 3, Activitv A 1. Complete policy and economic analyses. (Completed) 2. Complete combined trip report. (Completed) FYOl OutputslBenchmarks for Obiective 3, Activitv B 1. Continue analysis of potential sites. (Completed for Milne Bay marine component) C) CI-PNG will consult with DEC, NGOs and local communities about policy analyses and site research results in order to choose the most viable sites for future CA implementation, and increase public awareness about viable legal options for biodiversity conservation in Papua New Guinea. CI- Washington's Conservatih ~olic~and Biology departments will ~rovidetechnical support to CI-PNG. FYO1. Given the funding cuts mentioned above, this activity will not be included in this year's workplan. Objective 4: Increase CI-PNG's ability to influence conservation policy-making and community-based development planning through building CI-PNG's institutional capacity. Activities: The goal of CI-PNG's long-term institutional capacity building is to empower the office to be more strategic, effective, efficient, and responsive in implementing its mission to conserve PNG's biodiversity by promoting community-based resource management. CI-PNG's strategy to address its capacity-building needs, with USAID support, is to augment existing staff expertise and capacity, as well as to recruit additional staff. A) Priority new positions include the following: a Program Manager, Finance Manager, and two additional field staff for the Lakekamu Basin. FY99. PNG Program ~a~ager Project and office management X training Progress to-date: As part of the overall strategy of Conservation International, CI-PNG continued to recruit additional staff required during the period to improve and further strengthen its financial management and administrative capabilities. The new staff members recruited include, Daniel Mirmiro, Finance Manager formerly with KPMG (a chartered Accounting firm). Daniel holds a Degree in Accountancy with a wealth of experience that he has brought in to CI-PNG Program particularly analytical work in terms of recording and processing of accounting information, budget preparation and analysis, reporting to donors and preparing financial statements. After Daniel's appointment, Lisa Dean from Washington, DC visited PNG and ran a one-week on-the-job course. This is aimed at establishing a proper financial recording and processing of accounting information system in CI-PNG Sub offices in Kokopo and Alotau. The orientation program was also useful especially for Daniel to be more familiar with Cl's financial operations and its practices. During this round of visit, both Lisa and Daniel visited Alotau and Kokopo sub offices. Daniel also came to Cl's Head Office in Wash D.C. on an orientation visit. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Nancy Ebbes, our new Natural Resource Economist is an Economics graduate from the University of PNG. Nancy was formerly employed by the Department of Finance & Planning before she joined CI-PNG in March this year. She brings a wealth of experience to the CI-PNG Program particularly in project planning, design, appraisal, policy formulation and evaluation. Nancy's work has already began with the Milne Bay Marine Project as we are already seeing timely results especially in preparation for securing Counterpart Funding from the Government of PNG. Albert Kambar, our GIs Programmer was also recruited in July, 2000 to provide technical support services in Computer networking and programming (both hardwarekoftware) for Port Moresby, Kokopo and Alotau offices. Albert holds a degree in Computer Science. Since his appointment, Albert has been our "computerman" responsible for maintenance, networking and programming in CI offices in PNG. He has also been to the Alotau and Kokopo CI offices. Banak and Maureen attended the training on Conservation Economics course in Occidental, California on 3othseptember to October 12,2000. Following this training, project workplans for FY02 were developed in March to reflect the economics of natural resources. A proposal was developed for funding to undertake the "Cost-Benefit Analysis" of Logging in Wide Bay, Oil palm impact studies in Lakekamu Basin and Commercial Fisheries studies in Milne Bay province. Banak attended the Strategic Management Workshop in Montana, from 24-30'~September,2000; in which experiences and lessons were exchanged among Cl's field representatives from around the world. New approaches and tools were taught at the training workshop. Following this Banak made a presentation to his colleagues at the CI-PNG office. He has developed an in-house summary guide to writing Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plans and distributed to Project Managers and Officers within the Country Program. He has also helped in the development of the Milne Bay Project M&E Plan draft. Frank Agaru, Assistant Program Director has continued to focus on bringing greater clarity to CI-PNG's administrative and financial management protocols and systems including fundraising initiatives with bilateral sources. This has become particularly important as the CI-PNG Program has now expanded to other areas in the country. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYOl Outputs/Benchmarks for Objective 4, Activity A 1. Complete orientation, training, and site visits by Assistant Program Director. Completed except Assistant Program Director as reasons shown above. B) CI-PNG will augment existing staff expertise and capacity with technical support from CI- Washington's Conservation Policy, Biology and Enterprise Development departments. FY99-01. Progress to-date: Darwin Flores, former Asia-Pacific Regional Enterprise Development Manager, conducted a Feasibility study on enterprises in Wide Bay in October,1999. Currently, there are follow-up activities to his recommendations (see Objective 2 on Enterprise Development). In March 2000, Andy Mack former New Guinea Senior Ecologist for CI and now Director of Wildlife Conservation Society-PNG Program (WCS-PNG) coordinated a small-scale RAP survey in Wide Bay. The final report is currently being compiled by Dr. Andrew Mack. To follow up on the RAP report CIIENBSEK are working towards getting the area designated a WMA. This goal will be beyond the scope of the BiRD Agreement. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT- JUNE I5,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BiRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 A further Training of Biology students by Andrew Mack of WCS-PNG in partnership with the University of Papua New Guinea and the lvimka Field Station was conducted in January, 2001. The training was similar to the 1996 RAP survey and training conducted by Dr. Mack while still with CI. Twenty third-year Biology students participated in the Training. Banak Gamui (Lakekamu Project Manager) was on his field trip during the one-month training session. He trained nine locals as research assistants alongside the students. With his academic background in Biological Sciences, especially working with plants, he was also able to supervise the university students when their instructor was not available. With this, he has gained a wealth of experience in training biological field survey techniques. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 4, Activitv B 1. Activities under Objectives 1 through 4 will use technical assistance provided by CI-Washington in order to increase GI-PNG staff expertise and capacity (Completed) C) Cl-PNG's field site activities in Wide Bay, will be strongly supported by its local NGO partner ENBSEK. FY99-01. Progress to-date: Due to lack of funds for field operations for CI, ENBSEK have been facilitating all field activities since the beginning of 2001. The activities have been centered on capacity building of the local communities as well as maintaining dialogue with alliances in East New Britain, particularly East Pomio LLG. Some of the activities facilitated by ENBSEK include; Conflict Resolution training, Catering Training, Basic Agriculture, "Start Your Business" and GPS land boundary survey. Problems, delays, shortfalls and proposed solutions: Nothing to report at this time. FYO1 Outputs/Benchmarks for Obiective 4. Activitv C 1. Activities in Wide Bay will be carried out in partnership with ENBSEK, CI-PNG's local NGO partner. (Some Progress) CONSERVATIONINTERNATIONAL SEMI-ANNUALREPORT-JUNE 15,2001 Biodiversity in Regional Development (BIRD) Cooperative Agreement No. LAG-A-00-98-00059-00 Success Stories Organic Certification in Bahia Organic Certification is necessary to guarantee that a product has no chemical residuals (chemical fertilizer and insecticide, for example) and that the farmer is not causing a negative environmental impact by both preserving the forest within hislher property and respecting the labor laws. In Southern Bahia, IESB has stimulated organic certified agriculture as an economic alternative for appropriate land use by helping farmers to be paid a premium for their organic products. The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture is the institution responsible for the regulation of agricultural activities. The Ministry requires that each State establish a Certification College, composed of representatives of both the government and civil society. These "Colleges" are created to monitor and guide organic production and certification activities. However, the State of Bahia did not have a Certification College and had historically not shown any interest in creating one before October of 2000. The organic producers had to be inspected by teams from other States' Colleges. As most inspectors had to come all the way from Sao Paulo, it made the certification process more expensive and bureaucratically cumbersome. In October 2000, lESB and UESC (Santa Cruz State University) organized a Regional Seminar on Economic Alternatives. During the event, IESB proposed the creation of a State Certification College in Bahia. IESB, with the support from UESC and UFBa (Federal University of Bahia) organized many meetings and discussions with the State government. In January 2001, the Bahian Certification College had its first meeting with the participation of 5 NGO and 5 government institutions. In March 2001 the Ministry signed regulation number 3112001 officially recognizing the State of Bahia Organic Agriculture Certification College. Since then, the process to certify organic production has became easier and cheaper and it has encouraged farmers to convert conventional production into organic. Fifteen producers have already received organic certification from the Bahian Certification College and 48 others are currently in the certification process. Attachment Bollvia-1A DE :LUClA ALANOCA CM. Y Dra. LAURENCE MAURKX Id de diciembre 2000 La Par - Bolivia A Conservaci6n Internacional, por hacer posible la realizacion del proyecto: "Estudio de la contaminacion por mercurio en la Cuenca Aka del Rio TUICHI". De manera muy especial al ingeniero Boris Ferndndez, Coordinador del Proyecto Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Regional de Conservation Internacional, por la confianza y apoyo recibidos a lo largo de todo el proyecto. Al IRD por la cooperacion cientifica realizada en nuestro pais y a la Dra. Laurence Maurice Bourgoin por su cooperacion en la coordinacion, revision y correccion del trabajo. Al Laboratorio de Calidad Ambiental del lnstituto de Ecologia (UMSA, La Paz). Attachment Bolivia-1A A las comunidades de Azariamas y San Josh por su amistad, simpatia y colaboraci6n. Al director del Parque Madidi por su colaboracion desinteresada. A mis amigos quienes me acompaiiaron en la travesia hasta Azariamas: Marcos Espinosa y Gustavo. A Claudio Rosales por su colaboracion en la identificacion de especies de peces. Attachment Bolivia-1A RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se estudio la contaminacion por mercurio en aguas, sedimentos, peces y en poblaciones riberetias del rio Tuchi, desde la region de Azariamas hasta la desembocadura del rio Tuchi al rio Beni. El mercurio es desechado al medio ambiente, en parte, por las actividades auriferas y naturalmente en las aguas, debido a la fuerte erosion de 10s suelos en epoca de Iluvias. Las muestras de aguas, sedimentos, peces y cabellos fueron colectadas en la region de Azariamas y tambien en la poblacidn de San Jose hasta la desembocadura del rio Beni, en tres salidas al terreno. Se ha observado que entre las poblaciones ribereiias, en 10s cabellos de pobladores de San Jose, la concentracidn de mercurio total es mayor que en la poblacion de Azariamas. Sin embargo ninguna esta contaminada, es decir que no sobrepasan el valor recomendado por la organizacicin Mundial de la Salud (de 6 pglg). En aguas y sedimentos, las concentraciones de mercurio son bajas y se encuentran en el nivel del promedio mundial. No se ha notado ninguna contaminacion, aguas arriba. Mientras que en peces, las especies mas afectadas son las piscivoras seguida de tas carnivoras, llegando casi al limite del inicio de contaminacion recomendado por la OMS, de 0.5 pglg. Se recomienda: s colectar mas muestras de especies piscivoras, de peso mas alto, para concluir si el rio Tuichi esta en riesgo de contaminacion, y s prever un monitoreo de las poblaciones pescadoras de la region, como la de San Jose. Attachment Bolivia-1 A SUMARIO SUMARIO 4 1. INTRODUCCION 6 1.1 Antecedentes 6 1.2 Justificacion 8 2. OBJETIVOS 9 2.1 Objetivo general 9 2.2 Objetivos especificos 9 3. METABOLISM0 DEL MERCURIO EN EL SER HUMAN0 Y TQXlClDAD 9 3.1 Metabolismo del mercurio en el Ser Humano 9 3.2 Toxicologia 10 3.3 Limites permisibles 10 4. CICLO DEL MERCURIO 11 4.1 Ciclo global en la Amazonia 11 5. AREA DE ESTUDIO 12 6, MATERIAL Y METODOLOG~A 15 6.1 Campaiias de muestreo 15 6.2 Tecnicas de muestreo y conservacion de las muestras 15 6.2.1 Colecta de peces 15 6.2.2 Colecta de cabellos 16 6.2.3 Colecta de aguas y sedimentos 16 6.3 Metodos de analisis 16 6.4 Protocolos de rnineralizacion de las muestras Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4.1 En peces Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4.2 En cabellos Error! Bookmark not defined. 4 Attachment Bolivia-1A 6.4.3 En sedimentos Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4.4 En aguas Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.5 Material y reactivos Error! Bookmark not defined. 7. RESULTADOS Y D~SCUSION Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.1 En peces Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.2 En cabellos Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3 En aguas Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.4 En sedimentos Error! Bookmark not defined. 8. CCOMQ=LUSIONESV RECO Error! Bookmark not defined. I 0. BIBL~OGRAF~ Error! Bookmark not defined. Attachment Bolivia-1A ESTUDIO DE LA CONTAMINACION POR MERCURIO EN LA CUENCA DEL RIO TUlCHl El mercurio es uno de 10s elementos mas t6xicos de la naturaleza, existen fuentes naturales y antropogenicas de emision del mercurio al medio ambiente que pueden contaminar hasta el hombre. Entre ellas se encuentran la utilizaci6n de mercurio para la recuperacidn del oro, y las practicas agricolas, como la deforestacion, que aumentan la erosion de 10s suelos en epoca de Iluvias. El mercurio desechado en la atmdsfera puede viajar por centenares de kil6metros por el curso de 10s rios o 10s vientos, hasta ser depositado en zonas alejadas de las fuentes. En el agua, el mercurio tiene una gran afinidad por las particulas finas arcillosas de carga negativa sobre las cuales puede adherirse por la carga opuesta que presenta. Este elemento de carga positiva puede facilmente reaccionar con compuestos orgdnicos, y formar compuestos organo-metalicos tales como el metil mercurio. Existiendo una gran variedad de fauna piscicola en 10s rios, estos se alimentan de materia organica, frutas y sedimentos. El mercurio ingresa al organismo de 10s peces mediante su alimentaci6n y al organismo humano mediante la alimentacion de estos peces provenientes de rios y lagos contaminados por mercurio. En el caso del rio Tuichi, las fuentes antropogenicas de desecho de mercurio son las minas auriferas ubicadas en la cabecera del rio y las practicas agricolas que implementan la erosion de 10s suelos en 6poca de lluvias. Las fuentes naturales pueden ser: 4 la erosion de las series del Ordovico cuyo contenido en schistes es importante, 4 la presencia de fajas geologicas activas en la zona que pueden relargar mercurio en forma vapor o disuelta 4 la presencia de fuentes de agua termales enriquecidas naturalmente en metales pesados. El mercurio ingresa al organismo humano es dos diferentes formas: inorganica y organica. Por ejemplo el mercurio que ingresa en 10s mineros es en forma de vapor durante la quema de la amalgama, o por contact0 direct0 con las manos, algunas veces mediante heridas abiertas durante la amalgamaci6n; estas formas son inorganicas. Mientras que el mercurio que ingresa en 10s riberetios a traves el consumo regular de peces, es el organico, en forma de compuestos metilados. 1.1 Antecedentes La amalgamacion fue conocida y usada por primera vez en Bosnia, en el atio 54-68 d.c. (Pastoy Konigstein, 1992). Attachment Bolivia-1 A Desde 1550 a 1880 en la amazonia se estima el uso de mercurio para recuperacion del oro una cantidad de aproximadamente 200000 toneladas (Nriagu J.O. et. a/, 1992). En Bolivia, muchos de 10s placeres auriferos estdn constituidos por sedimentos aluviales en terrazas. Estos son explotados por remocion de 10s sedimentos y tratados con mercurio, cuyos desechos son vertidos en las riberas de 10s rios y en la atmosfera. La explotacion aurifera en Bolivia es concentrada en cuatro areas geograficas : las fajas andinas, la region de 10s rios Kaka, Tipuani y Mapiri, alrededor de Guanay, la zona de San Simon y en la frontera con Brasil (rios Madre de Dios, Orthon y Madeira). Se han identificado centros mineros auriferos en dos regiones del Parque Madidi, ubicado el primero en la cabecera del rio Tuichi y region de Azariamas ; el segundo en el rio Madidi mismo (Conservation Ifernacional, 2000) Aun no se conoce la cantidad utilizada de mercurio por 10s mineros de la zona del rio Tuichi y Madidi, por la dificultad de llegar a estos centros mineros. Estudios realizados acerca de la contaminacion de mercurio en el hidro-ecosistema de la Cuenca de la amazonia brasilera desde 1990 hasta 1998 confirmaron la contaminacidn de mercurio en peces, sedimentos, aguas y cabellos en habitantes de poblaciones cercanas a 10s rios de la cuenca del Madeira (Maim eta/., 1990 y 1995). Durante este siglo, en Bolivia, se ha estimado la utilizacion de 300 toneladas de Hg con fines de extraccidn del precioso metal (Maurice Bourgoin et al., 1999a). En Bolivia, en el afio 1992, un grupo de investigadores bolivianos realizaron un estudio del impact0 ambiental por la explotacion de oro en la region de Nueva Esperanza (Araras), departamento de Pando, a la frontera con el Brasil. Trabajo en el cual determinaron que 10s seres mas afectados por las actividades auriferas y la utilizacion de mercurio para la recuperacion de oro, son 10s peces. El contenido promedio de mercurio en 10s peces analizado fue de 575 ppb en epoca de aguas altas, y de 799 ppb en epocas de aguas bajas, valores superiores al nivel permitido por la legislacion brasilera (500 ppb). Una gran cantidad de mercurio permanece en el lecho del rio Madera, muy dificil de ser eliminado debido a la insolubilidad del mercurio en el agua y a su aka densidad. Del contenido de mercurio en solidos suspendidos y en sedimentos, 10s autores concluyen que es mayor en el primero respecto al segundo (LIDEMA, 1993). Respecto al estudio por contaminacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Rio Beni, actualmente se cuenta con resultados de estudios realizados en muestras de peces, solidos suspendidos, aguas y cabellos humanos que a continuacion se mencionaran. El primer trabajo realizado por L. MAURICE et a/. en 1997, en muestras de aguas, en la Cuenca del rio Beni, determino que las actividades auriferas no contaminan directamente las aguas superficiales de 10s rios explotados por su oro aluvional per0 si 150 Km mas abajo de estos centros. Detectaron que las concentraciones de mercurio total en el agua potable de las minas, sobrepasa hasta 50 veces las concentraciones normales encontradas en aguas potables (de 1 ngll) . Se ha estimado un aporte de 20 a 24% de mercurio total proveniente del rio Kaka, a trav6s del rio Beni en Rurrenabaque; el flujo diario de Hg total en el Angosto del Bala para la Qpoca seca de 1995 y 1996 es de 500 y 320 gramos de Hgldia. Attachment Bolivia-1A Recientemente las mismas personas realizaron un estudio en la subcuenca del Rio Beni concluy4ndose que la concentracion de mercurio en peces camivoros rebasa el limite permisible hasta 4 veces y que el impact0 causado por el mercurio afecta a 10s habitantes que utilizan regularmente pescados del rio Beni en sus dietas alimentarias (Maurice Bourgoin et a/., 1999b y 20OOa). La contaminacibn por mercurio es uno de 10s problemas mas importantes para el medio ambiente, por las graves consecuencias que puede producir al ecosistema acuatico, la atmosfera , 10s suelos y a la salud del hombre, a corto, mediano y largo plazo. La deficiente aplicacion del proceso de amalgamaci6n en las regiones auriferas ponen en riesgo la salud de 10s habitantes, no directamente ligados con la actividad aurifera, per0 10s que consumen pescado en forma regular. El mercurio inorganic0 presente en el organism0 de 10s mineros es facilmente eliminado por las vias urinarias, mientras que en 10s ribereiios y comunidades riberehas es muy dificil de eliminar por la forma del compuesto como se encuentra (drgano-metalico). Se torna aun mas peligroso para las mujeres embarazadas por la siguiente razon : durante la etapa de gestation el mercurio es transmitido al feto por medio de la sangre en el vientre uterino, y el beb6 nace con una concentracion normalmente menor al de la madre (Barbosa eta/., 1998). Los pescados constituyen una de las fuentes de contaminacidn por mercurio mas peligrosas para 10s pobladores ribereiios, debido a que este elemento tiene gran capacidad de bioacumulacidn en 10s organismos de 10s peces. En el hombre, las concentraciones de metilmercurio (M~H~")presentes en 10s peces, se absorben prhcticamente en su totalidad por la via digestiva, acumulandose en el higado ; en el cerebro son muy estables y resistentes a la biotransformacion (Organizacidn Mundial de la Salud, 1976). En concentraciones altas produce problemas en el sistema nervioso central en adultos, malformaciones en fetos en desarrollo y abortos en mujeres gestantes (Palheta and Taylor, 1995). Los fetos pueden acumular concentraciones altas de mercurio en la sangre si sus madres estan muy expuestas (Barbosa et al., 1998). Producen daiio cerebral y fisico al feto en desarrollo, sindromes neurologicas mliltiples, con deterioro fisico y mental, parestesia, temblores disfunciones sensoriales, ataxia, irritabilidad perdida de vision, audicion, y memoria, convulsiones y la muerte (Maurice Bourgoin et Malm, 1999~). Algunos sintomas asociados con la intoxicacidn por mercurio metalico en mineros son 10s siguientes: bronquitis aguda, cefalea, temblor, catarata, flaqueza, insuficiencia renal cronica, edema pulmonar agudo, neumonia, disminucion de capacidad intelectual, parestesia, etc. Es importante la preservacion de la salud de 10s habitantes de las riberas del rlo Tuichi principalmente de las poblaciones de escasos recursos economicos cuya fuente de alimentacion lo constituye el rio Tuichi, expuestas diariamente a ser contaminados de forma indirecta e irreversible mediante el consumo de pescado si es contaminado. Ademas de gran importancia la preservacion del Parque Madidi como Patrimonio Nacional, son motivos mas que suficientes por 10s que se realizo un estudio acerca de la contaminacion por mercurio en aguas, sedimentos, peces y cabellos humanos, evaluaci61-1que pueda proporcionar inforrnacion del grado de contaminacion a la que se ha Ilegado. Attachment Bolivia-1A 2. OBJETIVOS 2.1 Qbjefivo general Se ha planteado como objetivo principal : Determinar el impact0 del uso masivo del mercurio en Bolivia por la actividad rninera, sobre el ecosisterna acuatico y sobre 10s habitantes de la Cuenca Alta del rio Tuichi, por medio del analisis quimico de mercurio en aguas, sedimentos, peces y cabellos hurnanos. 4 Cuantificar el mercurio total en aguas y sedimentos en diferentes puntos del rio Tuichi. 4 Cuantificar el mercurio total presente en peces, a lo largo del rio Tuichi. 4 Cuantificar el mercurio total contenido en 10s cabellos de 10s habitantes de las comunidades de Azariamas y San Jose, riberefios del rio Tuichi. 4 Verificar si existe una contaminacion por Hg en 10s peces y una relacion entre esta con la de 10s cabellos de 10s habitantes estudiados. 4 Verificar si existe una relacion entre la concentracion de mercurio encontrada en 10s peces por especie y sus pesos. 3. I Metabolismo del mercurio en el ser kumano Los cornpuestos organicos e inorganicos ingresan al cuerpo humano por medio del agua, de 10s alimentos y del aire (Pastoy Konigstein, 1992). Por medio de las bebidas y 10s alimentos llegan al aparato digestivo (gastro-intestinal) del cual pasa a la sangre y pueden ser excretados mediante las vias urinarias. El mercurio que ingresa mediante el aire en 10s pulmones pasa a la sangre y puede como no ser distribuido en el organism0 ylo eliminado por las vias urinarias (Maurice Bourgoin y Malm, 19994. En el hombre, 10s compuestos organicos del mercurio presentes en 10s peces, se absorben practicamente en su totalidad por la via digestiva, acumulandose en el higado ; en el cerebro son muy estables y resistentes a la biotransformacion. La concentracion de mercurio total en 10s cabellos humanos es proporcional a la concentracion en la sangre (Pastoy Konigstein, 1992). Attachment Bolivia-1A La toxicologia varia segljn : A. La forma quimica como se encuentre: a) Mercurio inorganico: HgO,Hg", ~g: b) Mercurio orgitnico: ~e~g",Me2Hg 6.La via de entrada a1 organism0 humano: a) Via respiratoria (aire que se respira) b) Via digestiva (mediante 10s alimentos) Tambien 10s signos y sintomas asociados a la intoxicacion por mercurio dependen de la forma quimica como se encuentra el mercurio. . Intoxicaci6n por mercurio metalico Los signos y sintomas asociados con la intoxicacion por mercurio metalico son 10s siguientes : bronquitis aguda, catarata, temblor, insuficiencia renal, edema pulmonar agudo, neumonia, mercurialismo (con eretismo), disminucion de livido y de capacidad intelectual, parestesia e inseguridad. Con las sales inorganicas, son : ceguera, dermatitis esfoliativa, eretismo, gastroenteritis aguda, gengivitis, mercurialismo, nefritis cr6nica y sindromes neurAlgicos. . lntoxicacion por metil mercurio El metil mercurio afecta a 10s tres sistemas : neurologico, renal e inmunitario. Entre las que se tienen el dat70 cerebral y fisico al feto en desarrollo, sindromes neurologicas mllltiples con deterioro fCsico y mental (parestesia, temblores, disfunciones sensoriales, ataxia irritabilidad, perdida de vision, audition, memoria, convulsiones y la muerte). Cabe aclarar que la intoxicacion por metil mercurio es irreversible (Maurice Bourgoin y Malm, 1999~). 3.3 Limites permisibles Los limites de exposicion ambiental general para el mercurio se basan en la correlacion dosis / efecto y en la correlacion dosis / respuesta observadas principalmente en lo sucedido en Minamata y Niigata, Jap6n e Iraq y mas recientemente en grupos indigenas del Canada expuestos prolongadamente a metilmercurio a traves del consumo de pescado de lagunas contaminadas. Los valores generales estan de acuerdo con 10s niveles que se han verificado en varias partes del mundo en donde no se han relatado efectos en la salud de la poblacion expuesta. A diferencia de 10s limites ocupacionales que han sido objeto de estudios de variada naturaleza y de constantes evaluaciones. Los limites ambientales todavia necesitan mayores estudios y evaluaciones. Asi, esas valores limites son susceptibles de modification, debido a nuevos hallazgos o a nuevos resultados obtenidos sobre 10s efectos del mercurio en la salud humana. - En el aire urbano: inferior a 15 pg/m3 (OMS) - En el agua potable: 1 pg/l (OMS) - En el agua de rio: 0.2 pg/l (200 ng/l) - En el agua de mar 0.3 pgll En alimentos: - en general inferior a 60 pg/kg - en pescados de agua duke, inferior a 500 pg/kg (o 0,5 yg/g) - en pescados de mar, inferior a 150 pg/kg , con excepcion de grandes especies carnivoras como el pez espada que puedes tener normalmente de 200 a 1500 yg/kg. Con relacion al mercurio se dispone de suficientes antecedentes como para recomendar la aplicacion de m@todosde monitoreo biologico que permita detectar ya sea una dosis interna excesiva o bien la carga corporal de la sustancia. a) Mercurio en la sangre: - Limite de tolerancia biologica (LTB) para derivados inorganicos: 3 pg/100 ml. - Limite de tolerancia biologica (LTB) para metilmercurio: 10 pg/100 rnl (signos precoses de intoxicacion aparecen ya a 10s 20 pg/100 mi). b) Mercurio en la orina: - limite de tolerancia biologica (LTB) para derivados inorganicos y mercurio methlico de 50 ug/g de creatinina. c) Mercurio en la saliva (derivados inorghnicos): presenta correlacion con las concentraciones de rnercurio en sangre y en orina. d) Mercurio en el pelo: indicado para evaluar la exposion en el ambiente general, especialmenle a metilmercurio; no recomendable, en cambio, para evaluaciones de exposiciones ocupacionales a vapor de mercurio. La concentracicin de 6 pg/g pelo equivale a la ingesta de metilmercurio semanal tolerable provisional establecida por la OMS. En la mineria de placeres auriferos, la pulpa, donde el oro esta present@,se pone en contact0 con mercurio en mezcladoras o en canaletas con estrias para formar el amalgama de oro. De un total de 100% de mercurio utilizado para la recuperacion de oro, del5 at 30 Oh es desechado en las orillas del rio, entre el 50 a 60% en la atmosfera, durante recuperado por 10s mineros para ser utilizado nuevamente (Maurice-Bourgoin et a/., 1999a). El mercurio en forma de vapor es muy estable en la atmosfera en aire puro, sin embargo en presencia de agua, ozono u radiacion UV se oxida a ~g'~(Cotton y Wilkinson, 1978; Maurice Bourgoin y Maim, 1999c), puede viajar hasta centenares de kilometros y volver a la superficie Attachment Bolivia-1 A terrestre mediante las precipitaciones, conlaminando suelos y rios de otras cuencas que las de origen. Por otra parte el mercurio desechado directarnente en 10s suelos y sedimentos de areas auriferas contaminan aproximadamente 50 Mm. alrededor del area de ernision. Bajo condiciones favorables es metilado ylo depositado aguas abajo junto a sedimentos como mercurio rnetalico (HgO),incorporandose en el organism0 de 10s peces mediante su alimentacion (Maurice Bourgoin y Malm, 1999~). Finalmente en el hombre es almacenado el rnercurio casi en su totalidad por el consumo de alimentos contaminados, de pescados en el caso de la Amazonia. La figura 1 muestra el ciclo del mercurio: Bolivia cuenta con una superficie territorial de 1.098.581 km2 de 10s cuales 724.000 km2 (66%) es ocupada por la Cuenca del Amazonas. De gran numero de sabanas y con clima tropical, la Cuenca esta surcada por importantes rios ya sea por su caudal, navegabilidad o su aprovechamiento potencial. Esta Cuenca, comprende a su vez 5 subcuencas de 10s rios Beni, Abuna y Acre, Mamore, ltenez y Madera. La Cuenca del Rio Beni esta constituida por 10s rios Madre de Dios, Orthon, Alto Beni, Kaka, Quiquibey, Tuichi, Emero, Madidi, y otros mas arriba (Montes de Oca I)., 4989). De rios de gran caudal, clima tropical y belleza natural, el Parque Madidi, esta surcado por dos importantes rios: Tuichi y Madidi. Representa una de las reservas ecologicas mas importante de nuestro pais. Entre estos dos rios el rio Tuichi es conocido por baja navegabilidad y fuedes corrientes de agua. io Buichi, regi6u-1de ariamas 6rea de estudlo A su paso se encuentran dos poblaciones conocidas: Amariamas y San Jose, 10s cuales son muy poco accesibles por no existir caminos carreteros hasta los mismos. El rnedio utilizado para llegar hasta Azariamas es el de herradura, partiendo desde Apolo de aproximadamente dos dias de travesia. A San Jose se aproxima una carretera partiendo desde Ixiarnas, sin embargo el medio mas usual son 10s botes, a trav6s del rio Buichi partiendo desde Rurrenabaque. La mayor parte de esta region presenta alternativas de produccion como bosques de protcccion y produccion de maderas, pieles, etc. La explotacion agropecuaria, para cultivo permanente, es apropiada por las condiciones del suelo. Con el tiempo lo mas importante sera la actividad del turismo por la biodiversidad que ofrece la zona. Attachment Bolivia-I A Los flujos de sedimentos desde las partes altas de 10s son muy grandes, esto sf ve ,arnente en el area de Rurrenabaque donde el flujo de sedimentos alcanza hasta 10 tonelac aiio (Maurice-Bouraoin et a/.. 2000b). En la siguiente tabla 1, se presenta el nljmero de muestras de aguas, sedimentos, peces y cabellos colectadas en las tres campaiias de muestreo en las regiones del Rio Tuichi, Azariamas y San Jose para Conservacidn International. Cada muestra de pez fue identificada (familia, genero y especie, tabla 2, Fig. 5) y se midio su longitud y su peso. Se tomb un trozo de carne de filete entre la parte posterior del operculo y la aleta dorsal. Figuaa 5. Se muestra uno de los ejemplares de la que se tom6 una muestra, denominado cominnmente tujuno. Attachment Bolivia-1 A Se puso cada muestra de pez en una bolsa de polietileno de congelacion, con su nOmero de identificaci~n,lugar, fecha y hora. ha congelacion de las muestras de peces, se hicieron inmediatamente en un tanque de nitrogen0 liquid0 hermetic0 llenado en ha Paz. Este conservador permitio congelar y mantener las muestras durante 10 dias. Para las muestras de cabellos se colectaron, datos de 10s puntos de muestreo, coordenadas GPS, fecha, dieta alimentaria de las personas, sexo, edad, antecedentes familiares, tiempo de residencia en la zona, profesion, etc. (ver tabla 2). El muestreo de cabello se hizo en tres areas del cuero cabelludo, 2 en las partes laterales (parietales) y uno la parte trasera (occipital). Cada muestra de cabello fue guardada hasta el analisis en una bolsa hermetica de polietileno con el respectivo ntjmero de identificacidn, lugar, fecha y hora. Las muestras de aguas fueron colectadas segun protocolos "ultra-limpios" con guantes y en frascos descontaminados a1 acido (Ahlers eta/., 1990 ; Maurice-Bourgoin, 1999c) ; estas fueron conservadas hasta sus filtraciones en medio de hielo. Las muestras de sedimentos tambien fueron conservadas en medio de hielo hasta sus analisis. En cada punto de muestreo, se tom6 la conductividad, el pH, la temperatura del agua y las coordenadas geograficas al GPS. El analisis de mercurio en peces, sedimentos y cabellos, fue realizado por Espectrometria de Absorcidn Atornica PERKIN ELMER 31 10 en el Laboratorio de Calidad Arnbiental del lnstituto de Ecologia de la UMSA (con la tecnica FIMS, Flow Injection Mercury System) despues de sus digestiones (Malm eta/., 1989 ;Maurice Bourgoin et a/., 1999b). Mientras que 10s analisis de mercurio total en aguas fue realizado en Canada por Espectrometria de fluorescencia atomica ; es un metodo mas sencillo, mas precis0 y con un limite de deteccidn mas bajo. El equipo de absorcion atomica realiz6 lecturas en blancos de reactivos como valor minimo en concentracion de mercurio de 0.2247 + 0.177 pglml como limite detectable para peces, y para cabelios de 0.0819 + 0.0745 pglml, con una reproductividad del 95%. Figura 6. Equipo de FlAS conectado al equipo de absorcion atomica, realizando las lecturas de concentracion de mercurio en las muestras digeridas. Laboratorio de Calidad ambiental (UMSA-IE). El contenido total de mercurio en muestras de peces se analizaron como sigue : Una cantidad conocida de mueslra (alrededor de 400 mg) fue depositada en un tubo de digestion de 30 ml con 1.5 ml de peroxido de hidrogeno mas 4 ml de mezcla de acido nitric0 pa. y acido sulflirico p.a. en una proporcion de (23) ; el conjunto fue digerido en baio maria a 70 "C durante 2 horas ; una vez enfriados, se agregaron 6,O mi de permanganato de potasio al 5%, y se introdujeron nuevamente 10s tubos en el digestor durante 60 minutos, tiempo al cabo del cual se refrigero y se agrego algunas gotas de hidroxilamina al 12% hasla la neutralizacion. Finalmento se enrazo hasta 25 ml con agua Milli-Q (Malm et a/., 1989, adaptado a nuestro equipo). Contarninacion por rnercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Foto 7. Ltluestuas de peces en tubes%de digesti6aa oxidadas poa per6xido de nitr6geno y mszcia acida. 6.4.2 Ere cabellss La digestion de 10s cabellos fue similar a la digestion de muestras de peces. Antes de la digestion de 10s cabellos, se tomaron aproximadamente 40 mg de cabello finamente cortados en trozos muy pequeios y lavados con EDTA (17) con el objeto de sacar el polvo y las grasas que 10s acompariaban. Antes de analizar las muestras de sedimentos estas fueron secadas a temperatura ambiente, luego tamizadas por malla 0.5 mm. Se pulverizo finamente, para pesar 0.400 g del mismo, al que se agrego 1 ml de HCI (c) p.a. mas 10 ml de HN03 (c) en tubos de digestion. Las muestras con 10s acidos en 10s tubos fueron digeridas en un digestor con reflujo a loo9 C, durante 3 horas, al cab0 del cual se filtraron y enrazados hasta un volumen final de 25 ml, antes de las lecturas de mercurio en el equipo de absorcion atomica. Las muestras filtradas bajo campana para evitar todo riesgo de contaminacion, y acidificadas (a 2%) fueron conservadas refrigeradas justo hasta el momento de realizar 10s analisis de mercurio. Antes de realizar el analisis se debe agitav muy bien la muestra que contiene el frasco. Despues se toma tres alicuotas de 10 ml de la muestra en tubos de cuarzo. La oxidacion de mercurio total se realiza con solucion de persulfato de potasio al 5%, en un volumen de 100 pL y se deja expuesta a radiacion ultravioleta por 30 minutos. El mercurio es analizado por fluorescencia atomica, en 5 ml de muestra, reducida por Sn(ll). Las muestras son digeridas en triplicado y cuando la diferencia es superior al lo%, se toma la porcion resiante de 5 ml, la cual es inyectada dentro del tubo. La digestion es repetida en triplicado nuevamente si 10s resultados no son reproducibles. El aparato es calibrado diariamente por inyeccion de cantidades conocidas de Hg(ll) (50 a 400 pg de Hg). Equipo: Espectrofot6mett-ode Absorcion Atomica con FIMS, Equipo de fluorescencia atornica, digestor con reflujo programable. Confaminacidnpor mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi 2 Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Msnterlales: tanque de nitrogen0 liquido, conservadoras, refrigerador, congelador, bolsas de polietileno de congelacion, equipo de digestion, baAo Maria, guantes sin talco, balanza, huincha, etiquetas, marcadores, tubos grandes de digestion, matraces aforados, pipetas, etc. eactiwos: acido nitric0 p.a., acido sulfurico p.a., acido clorhidrico pa., permanganato de potasio pa., clorhidrato de hidroxilamina pa., cloruro estanoso p.a., agua Milli-Q. Contaminacidnpor rnercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Los resultados de las concentraciones de mercurio total, analizados en muestras de peces carnivoros y no carnivoros, colectados durante las campaiias de junio, julio y oct. 2000, en el rio Tuichi estan presentados en la tabla N?2 y representados en el grafico 1. Presentando, segun el habitad alirnentario, las siguientes concentraciones de mercurio total en: . Especies piscivoras Entre las especies piscivoras se tienen las siguientes : Erythrinus erilhrinus (Chachao), Pimelodidae Rhamdia sp. (Bagre). Estas dos especies representan el 8.7 % del total de peces colectados, con un contenido promedio de rlP.4#7pg/g rl. OaO47. La muestra de Bagre se encuentra al limite de la contaminacion por mercurio de 0.5 pglg (establecido por el OMS, 1976), seguida por la de Chachao. . Especies carnivoras De 10s analisis realizados, las especies de peces carnivoros presentan un resultado promedio de 0.092 pglg + 0.095 de desviacion estandar. Representan el 47.8 % del total de peces colectados. Estas son : Pimelodidae, Hoplias malabaricus ( emt6n), Potamotrygonidae, Disceus thayeri (Raye) y Pimelodidae, surubium lima, (@hawah).Cabe destacar que se menciona la tercera especie con el nombre com6n como se conoce en la region de Azariamas. Ninguna de estas especies esta contaminada, la concentration de mercurio encontraada en ellas esta por debajo del valor de 0.5 pglg recornendado por la OMS. Contaminacidnpor mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN - - !? !? 4t 4t 4 A -4 5 A 4 co ? -.2 ".2 2 5 0, 0) 90, 90, W W I\! "? P P 2!" P - -2 0 0 s 2s 2 0 -0 0 12 q A 4 0 7 - cn w c (D 0 3 3 0. - -3 rn 3 2 2. 2 Q P, (D a8 'D 5 -5 72 9 g' B 3 d E 2.a, G % A' cnc - - .J n - - A N A ; - - P N Ln ul 0 - - 2 2 0 6' -3: -3: R 2z 2 G' G' ill ill -rn -0) 0 - - W8 618 N 0) - P P 2 2 0 IU - - Attachment Bdivia-1 B Concentraci6n de mrceorio total en peces del rk Tuichi Graficol. Conmeentraciounes en mercaouio tdaB en los peces colectados en el rio Kkn'achi, entre jesnio y odhobre POOO. La especie Pimelodidae, Pimelodina flavipinnis (blanquillo o Tujuno) representa el 4.3 % del total de peces colectados, con una concentracion promedio de mercurio de 0.204 yg/g +- O.Olpg/g. Su habitad alimentario puede varia.r, alimentandose unas veces de peces y otras de algas sediment0 y frutas. Triportheus, Albus cuvier, conocida comunmente como sardina son las mas abundantes de la zona de Azariamas. Representa el 17.4% del total colectado, con un contenido promedio de 0.009 yglg 4 0.0085 yglg . Esta especie no esta contarninada, 10s valores encontrados se encuentran por debajo del limite recomendado por la OMS, al igual que las especies piscivora- omnivoras, sedimentofagas e insectivoras. . Especies lnsectivoras Preferentemente estos peces se alimentan de insectos. Representa el 8.7% del total colectado, y contiene un promedio de 0.034 yglg 2 0.0085 de mercurio. Esta especie fue colectada sobre el rio Tuichi region de Azariamas, denominada Pimelodella, Cristatata, conocida como suchi. Especies sedimentbfagas Se tienen tres ejemplares de Curimatidae, Nigricans, el que dio un resultado promedio de 0.031 pg/g + 0.017 en concentracicin promedio de mercurio total, representando el 13.4 O/Q del total de peces colectados. Contarninacion par mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Si bien 10s peces del rio Tuichi no estan contaminados, 10s peces de mayor contenido de mercurio, tanto en la parte alta como en la parte baja del rio Tuichi, son 10s peces carnivores y piscivoros el cual aumenta con el peso del pez (grafico 2). Sobre 3 muestras de peces piscivoros colectados, se puede observar que una ya esta al limite de la contaminacion. Estas observaciones no nos permiten concluir que el rio Tuichi no esta contaminado por la falta de un numero minimo de muestras colectadas representativo de la zona. Le podemos sugerir, ya que 33% de las especies piscivoras estan al limite de la contarninacion, prever otras pescas para implernentar el numero de muestras y verificar si la zona esta en riesgo o no. Coniarninacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia AUIVOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Concentracicin de aapercarrio total en pecesde Bas regimes de kariams y Grafieo 2. CowcenPraci6n de rnerchtrio anaskado em los peces e la cuenca de8 rio Thtiichi ; en verde, esters representadas por en creciente de peso, las especies carraivoras y en !as especies r~mnivoras. Los peces piscivoros al igual que 10s carnivoros comunmente presentan altos contenidos de mercurio en zonas contaminadas, debido a su habitat alimentario. Se alimentan de peces mas pequefios y otros organismos vivos, lo que hace que el mercurio se acumule en su organism0 y se biomagnifique en la cadena trofica acuatica. En periodos de desovacion emprenden migraciones hasta las partes altas de 10s rios. Las especies no carnivoras en general tienen bajos contenidos de mercurio por alimentarse de sedimentos o de frutas, insectos y algas como es el caso de 10s sabalos, por ejemplo. Se tienen resultados de concentracion de mercurio total en cabellos (tabla 2) de dos poblaciones : la primera correspondiente a la poblacion de Azariamas y la segunda a la de San Jose. Ambas poblaciones se encuentran en las riberas del rio Tuichi, sus habitantes se dedican a la actividad de la agricultura principalmente y la pesca. Contamination por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN bos pobladsres riberehos al rio Tuichi no estan contaminad~spor mercurio, ya que los indices de concentration de mercurio en sus cabellos, como resultado promedio, es de 0.599 pglg + 0.49 pglg (grafico 3). El valor recornendado por la OMS, como inicio de riesgo de contarninacion es de 6 pglg. Contarninacionpor mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-16 Concentraclbw de mrcurio total em cabelks de pobladores de Bas regiones de Azariams y San Jose, (rio Tuichi). Camp. JuBio, odwbre-2000 -..- - .- . - - - . . .--. . -.-. - - - -.- - .-. - -- -- '.O '.O I--- lnclo de rlesgo de confarnlnacldn Pobladores de Edadenafios Sin embargo la poblaci6n con mayor faadice de concentraci~nde mercurio son los de la poblacldn de San Jos6. En efecto 10s pobladores de San Jose presentaron una concentracion promedio de mercurio total en sus cabellos de 0.893 pglg +. 0.386 pglg, rnientras que 10s pobladores de Azariamas un contenido promedio de 0.1 08 pglg ~t0.059 pg/g en concentracion de mercurio (grafico 3). Deben alimentarse mas de 10s peces del rio que presentan corno acabamos de ver, un riesgo que no sea no nulo de contaminacih. Contaminacidnpor mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-1C 28 Tabla 2. Concentracion de mercurio total en cabellos de pobladores de Azariamas y San Jose, rio Tuichi. Campafias de Julio, Octubre 2000 Fecha de Cddigo Nombre Edad Profesibn Parientes Lugar de procedencia Habitadallmentario SD mlecta Hg .(ug/gl 15/10/00 3041 Ribald0 APANA PARIAMO 0.7 bebe hijo de CI-29 San Jose consume pescado como su madre 0.119 O.OOS, 15/10/00 26-CI I Limber VALDES APANA 1 2.7 bebe hllo de CI-23,24 San Jose I Consume pescado al igual que sus padres. 0.9821 0.0191 15/10/00 21-CI I Froildn MAMANI 13 1 nifio ( hijo de CI-20 San Jose consume pescado 0.6871 0.006 15/10/00 1 32-CI I Roc!q APANA PARIAMO 16 nifio I hijo de CI-29 San Jose consume pescado como su madre 1 0.961 0.222 15/10/00 1 22-CI I Miguel MAMANI 17 nifia hijo de CI-20 San Jose consume pescado 1.1351 0.074 15110100 2743 Rocio VALDES APANA 7 nifia hija de Cl-23,24 San Jose Consume pescado al igual que sus padres. 1.382 0.143 15/10/00 1 31-C1 I Rodrigo APANA PARIAMO 8 1 niiio hilo de CI-29 San Jose consume pescado como su rnadre 0.8141 0.130, 15/10/00 25-CI Marlene VALDES APANA 10 nifia hija de Cl-23.24 San Jose Consume pescado al igual que sus padres. 1.135 0.064 15110100 13-CI Rigoberto PARIAMO APANA 18 Agricultor pescador San Jose I Sabalo habituelmente 0.4321 0 016 15/10/00 18-CI Dora APANA 21 agricultom hija de GI-16.17 San Jose Consume pescado todo el aiio: pacd, tambaqui como sus padres 1.572 0.000 15/10/00 1 1443 Nestor PARIAMO 22 1 Agricultor pescador hermano de CI-13 I San Jose Sabalo habltualmente 1 0.4471 0.011 15110100 1 29-CI I Felicia PARIAMO APANA 24 Arna de casa hermana de CI-15 San Jose consume pescado ) 0 758) 0.05 15/10/00 1 23-Cl 1 Nora APANA PARIAMO 1 26 Arna de casa prima de CI-15 San Jose consume mas sibaio, pecd mas que otros pescados, durante todo el aiio 0 64q 0.0411 15110100 1 15-CI I Miriam PARIAMO APANA 28 Ama de cesa hermana de 13-Cl San Jose consume pescado todo el aiio 0.554 0.08d 15/10/00 1 24-CI I Eustaquio VALDES 30 Agricultor pescador esposo de CC23 San Jose consume mas sibalo, pacd mas que otros pescados, todo el afio 1.11d 0.0331 15110100 1 20-CI I V~centeMAMANI 37 Agricuitor I San Jose consume pacd, sabalo y otros 1 1.7011 0.00d 1 15/10/00 1 17-Cl 1 Cns6fona de APANA INOJOSA 45 Arna de casa esposa de Ci-16 [ San Jose 1 Consume pescado todo el aiio: paclj, tambaqui como su esposo 1 0.984 0 024 1 15/10/00 1 28-CI I Ermita PARIAMO de APANA 1 51 1 agricuitora I madre de CI-25 I San Jose Consume s6bel0, pacd, p~ntadodurante el afio. 1 0.874 0.034 -- 15110100 16-CI Pablo APANA 1 60 .1 Aoricultor~escador- I tiodeCI-13,14.15 I San Jose I Consume pescado todo el aiio: pacd, tambaqui 1 0.7341 0.0211 1 15/10/00 1 19-CI I Crisofona SALAS MACHACA 1 60 1 Amadecasa I I San Jose I consume pescado durante todo el afio, siempre que puede I 0.818/ 0.0061 1 08/07/00 1 7-CI 1 Amilcar JOVE 121 Bebe 1 1 Azariamas 1 come pescado 1 0.0571 0.001 09/07/00 12-GI Xirnena Quiroga 3 Niila Hija de 11-CI Azanamas llc3 meses, sibalo 010 0053 08/07/00 1 8-CI Varilia Mildred SEVILLANO 1 16 Estudiante Hija de 5-CI Azariames Umes sabalo, suchi 006@ 0.013 08/07/00 6-CI Siria JOVE 24 Agricultora Hija de 5-CI Azariamas Umes siibalo, suchi 0.094 0.030 08/07/00 1 1-GI Guzmin Gavino JOVE Gonzales 1 27 Agricultor pescador Azariamas I llmes, urupa, such1 0.2621 0.018 09/07/00 11-CI Nancy SEVILLANO 27 Agricultora Hija de 2-CI Azariamas l/c3 meses, slbalo 0.075 0.020 Labores de casa, Originario de Chuchilo, habita en 08/07/00 5-CI Milagro SEWLLANOS 44 agricultom Azariamas desde hace 20 aiios 2hes sabalo, suchi 0 112 0.001 De Sta CNZ de Valer, habita desde 08/07/00 4-Ci Augusto TOR0 Belmonte 50 Agr~cultor hace 7 afios en Azarimas. 1kilo/aao, dorado, sabalo 0.138 0.029 Originario de Chuchilo, habita en 08/07/00 10-CI Pedro MOLINA 50 Agricuitor Primo lejano de 5-CI Azariamas desde hace 20 afios l/mes, siibalo, suchi 0.048 0001 08/07/00 2-CI Freddy SEVILLANO 53 Profesor Azariamas 3-limes, sabaio, suchi 0.156 0.042 08/07/00 3-CI Justino VALER 57 Agricultor Azariamas 2-llmes, sabaio, suchis 0.122 0 003 +08/07/00 9-CI Severa SEVILLANO 80 Abueia Madre de 5-CI Azanamas sabalo 0.066 0 002 30 Contaminacibn por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi 3 Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-1C Los pobladores de San Jose, en su mayoria, son consumidores de pescado. Existen personas que se dedican a la pesca para vender en el pueblo. Las personas a las que se les tom6 la muestra son precisamente las que se dedican a la pesca o bien son familiares de 10s mismos, 10s que tambien consumen pescado. En Azariamas, 10s pobladores prefieren dedicarse al cultivo, muy pocas veces se dedican a pesca por la fuerte corriente del rio y por no contar con el instrumento necesario que les permita realizar esta actividad, es por eso que presentan concentraciones de mercurio bajos respecto a 10s pobladores de San Jose. 7.3 En aguas Las concentraciones de mercurio en aguas se presentan en la siguiente tabla : Tabla 3 Concentracion de mercurio en la fraccion disuelta de las aguas de superficie del rio Tuichi. Punto Fecha de Posicion Temp. Cond. pH MES Hg Dis DS muestreo PC) (pS/cm) (mgh) (ng.HglL) S: 14" 17' 48.8" 5 08/07/00 W: 68" 32' 39.3" 21.5 59.8 6.98 1.245 1.71 0.12 S: 14" 17' 34.2" 9 09/07/00 W: 68" 32' 40.0" 20.8 60.4 6.89 9.137 1.71 0.13 S: 14" 17' 28.7" 8 09/07/00 W: 68"32' 34.8" 21.6 51.4 7.01 8.703 2.04 0.15 S: 14" 16' 57.5" 7 09/07/00 W: 68'32' 19.9" 22.3 59 7.03 3.591 1.9 0.08 S: 14" 16' 55.3" 6 09/07/00 W: 68'32' 24.4" 21.4 55.5 7.05 8.052 1.96 0.13 S: 14" 15' 24.4" 1 19/06/00 W: 68"03' 02.7" 19.3 61.3 7.69 72.277 4.63 0.16 S: 14" 25' 53.2" 2 20/06/00 W: 67'54' 47.6" 18.7 116.6 7.68 111.299 3.84 0.22 S: 14" 32' 46.6" 3 20/06/00 W: 67'44'38.8" 20.1 79.5 7.83 124.166 3.11 0.09 S: 14" 33' 58.8" 4 20/06/00 W: 67'40' 22.6" 20.2 72.4 7.7 87.398 3.84 0.31 Las concentraciones de mercurio disuelto en aguas varian entre 1.71 y 4.63 ng HgIL. Estas concentraciones estan muy bajas respecto al valor de 200 ng Hg/L considerado por la OMS para aguas de rios, como indice de contaminacion. En la region de Azariamas, puntos 5, 6, 7, 8 y 9, las concentraciones de mercurio en aguas son bajas respecto at valor indicado por la OMS, por lo que se considera que no estan contaminadas. Los valores de concentraciones de mercurio oscilan entre 1.71 y 2.04 ng.Hg/L, valores que son justificables ya que corresponden a puntos cercanos entre ellos. Contaminacih por rnercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN El valor mas alto se encuentra en el punto 1, ubicado a unos 15 minutos aguas abajo de la poblacion de San Jose (4.63 + 0.1 6 ng Wg/L) ; en 10s dos puntos siguientes disminuye la concentracion (3.84k0.22 ng.Hg/L; 3.1 1 rt 0.09 ng.Hg/L), acentuandose significativamente en la boca del rio Beni (4 punto: 3.84r 0.31 ng.Hg/L). Todos estos valores corresponden a la campaiia realizada en el mes de junio 2000. Es interesante observar que las concentraciones en Hg disuelto son multiplicadas por 2 a la salida de la poblacion de San Jose y que no consiguen volver a1 nivel observado aguas arriba (Grafico 4). Este incremento puede ser explicado por la presencia misma de esta poblacion, por : @ sus desechos humanos sus practicas agricolas ; la deforestacion y el chaqueo tienen como consecuencia el aumento del proceso de erosion de 10s suelos en Bpoca de Iluvias que favorece el desecho a las aguas superficiales de 10s metales pesados contenidos en 10s suelos. Puede haber tambien fuentes naturales como la presencia de una faja activa, presencia de rocas tales como esquistos, piritas y cinabrio ricos en mercurio faciles de disolverse a ph acidos; o una fuente de agua termal como hemos detectado ya en la zona de Rurrenabaque (Maurice- Bourgoin, comunicacion personal). En 10s sedimentos la concentracion de rnercurio total no varia sustancialrnente. Se han encontrado valores muy bajos tanto en la parte a1 alta que en la parte baja del rio Tuichi (tabla 4, grafico 5). Contaminacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-d C Tabla 4. Concentuaci6n de mercurio total en sedimentos del rio Tuichi. Fecha de Cddigo Bosicidn GPS S; W Gone. de Hg tot DS rnuestaes (1.19kd 08/07/00 Tuich5 14'1 7' 48,7" ; 68'32' 39,3" 0.031 0.002 09/07/00 Tuich9 14'1 7' 34,2" ; 68'32' 40,O" 0.038 0.001 09/07/00 Tuich8 14O17' 28,7" ; 68'32' 34,8" 0.027 0.000 09/07/00 Tuich7 14'16' 57,5" ; 68'32' 19,9" 0.043 0.01 1 09/07/00 Tuich6 14'1 6' 55,3" ; 68'32' 24,4" 0.022 0.009 19/06/00 Tuichl 14'1 5' 24,4" ; 68'03' 02,7" 0.047 0.002 - 20/06/00 Tuich2 14'25' 53,2" ; 67'54' 47,6" 0.015 0.001 20/06/00 Tuich3 14'32' 46,6" ; 67'44' 38,8" 0.046 0.001 20/06/00 Tuich4 14'33' 58,8" ; 67'40' 22,6" 0.023 0.001 d .25 (exp.) 0.1 1 Ref NlST 1.40 (tedr.) 0.08 Se explica que 10s resultados encontrados son bajos debido a la fuerte pendiente del rio. La pendiente pronunciada del rio Tuichi hace que las particulas Sean arrastradas con mucha facilidad rio abajo y poco se depositan sobre las orillas. En las aguas, se ha observado que el Hg es transportado principalmente adsorbido en las particulas finas, en las arcillas especificamente (Maurice-Bourgoin et al., 2000a). En las orillas de este rio, parte alta, se encontro muy baja cantidad de arcilla respecto a la arena y piedras circundantes. Mientras que en la parte baja predomina arena mas que arcillas y piedras. Goncentracion de mucurio tota8 en sedinresatos de8 ub TUICHO, desde kariarnas hasta la bow del rbo Beni 0 5'14"17' S 14'17' S:1A017' S'14'16' S'14'16' S:14'15' S'14.25' S:14'32' S.14'33' 48.8": W' 34.2" W: 28.7" W: 57.5": W: 55 3"; W: 24 4" W' 53.2". W. 46.6": W: 58 8". W. 68"32' 68'32' 68'32' 68-32' 68'32' 68'034 67'54' 67'444 67'40' 39.3" 40.0" 34.8" 19.9" 24.4" 02.7" 47.6" 38.8" 22.6" Puntos GPS Confaminacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN De 10s resultados de mercurio obtenidos en 10s peces presentados en detalle en la tabla 1, asi como en 10s graficos, se concluye que ninguna de las muestras colectadas se encuentra ya contaminada, per0 10s peces que presentan mayor contenido de mercurio son 10s piscivoros seguido de 10s carnivores. Non obstante, un Bagre (Pimelodidae, Wharndia sp.) de 5.8 kg se encuentra con alto contenido de mercurio por lo que se estima que se encuentra al borde de la limite de contarninacion. Estas observaciones no nos permiten concluir que el rio Tuichi no esta contaminado ya que falta un numero rninirno de rnuestras colectadas represenlativas de la zona (3 muestras de peces piscivoros no es representativo). Le podernos sugerir, ya que 33% de las especies piscivoras esth al limite de la contarninacion, prever otras pescas para implernentar el numero de rnuestras y verificar si la zona esta en riesgo o no. Se recomienda de todos modos consumir preferentemente en la zona, peces omnivoros. Sin embargo se puede consumir peces piscivoros una vez por mes sin problema, debido a que el consumo regular de estos peces puede generar la acumulacion de mercurio organic0 en el organism0 humano. Hasta el momento no se presentaron casos de personas intoxicadas por mercurio en el rio Tuichi, pero si el mayor indice de concentracion de mercurio se encuentra en aquellas que consumen pescado habitualmente (Poblacion de San Jose). En aguas y sedimentos las concentraciones de rnercurio son bajas, lo que significa que 10s compartirnientos abioticos del rio Tuichi no estan contaminados por mercurio. Se debe usar recomendaciones serias a 10s mineros a traves de folletos, de 10s cuidados que deben tener al utilizar mercurio durante la amalgarnacion y quema posterior del rnismo. Sensibilizar a estas personas mostrando 10s daiios ocasionados por su actividad, rio abajo al ecosistema acuatico y las poblaciones riberetias, que nada tienen que ver con la actividad aurifera. Buscar una forrna de control de uso restringido de mercurio y de desecho en 10s rios y 10s suelos de parte del gobierno. Contaminacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-1C Alhers, W. W., Reid M. R., Kim J. P., and Hunter K. A. (1990). " Contamination-free sample collection and handling protocols for trace elements in natural freshwaters". Austr. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 41, pp 713-720. Akagi H., Kinjo Y. , Branches F., Malm O., Harada M., Pfeiffer W.C. and Mato H. (1994). "Methylmercury Pollution in Tapajos River Basin, Amazon", Environmental Sciences, 3(1), pp 25-30. Barbosa A. C., Silva S. R. L. and Dcjrea J. G. (1998). "Concentration of Mercury in Hair of Indigenous Mothers and Infants", Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34, pp 100-105. Hentschel, T., and Priester, M. (1991). "Contarninacion por mercurio en paises en via de desarrollo por amalgamacion de oro de la pequeiia mineria y tecnicas alternativas para el procesamiento". Projekt-Consult. Koningstein, Deutschland. LIDEMA, 1993. "Estudio del lmpacto Ambiental por la Explotacion de Oro, en la region de Nueva Esperanza, Araras, del departamento de Pando", lnforme LIDEMA, pp 73-1 70. Maim O., Pfeiffer W. C., Souza C. M. M., and Reuther R. (1990). "Mercury Pollution Due to Gold in the Madera River Basin, Brazil", AMBIO, 19, pp 11-1 5. ., Branches F. J. P., Akagi H., Castro M. B., Pfeiffer W.C., Harada M., Bastos W. R., Kato H. (1995). "Mercury and Methylmercury in fish and human hair from the Tapajos river basin, Brazil", The Science of the Total Environment, 175, pp 142-149. Malm. O., Pfeiffer, VV.C. Bastos W. R. and Souza C. M. M. (1989)."Utilization of gold- vapour generation acsssory for mercury analysis in environmental investigations by atomic absortion spectrometry", Cienca e Cultura, 41, pp 88-92. Maurice L., Courau P., y Quintanilla J. (1997). "Analisis del Mercurio por fluorescencia atomica en 10s principales rios de la Cuenca Amazonica Boliviana", Revista Boliviana de Quimica, 14, pp 42-47. Maurice Bourgoin L., Quiroga I., Guyot J. L. and Malm O., (1999a), "Mercury Pollution in the Upper Beni River, Amazonian Basin: Bolivia", AMBIO, 28, pp 302- 306. Maurice-Bmrgoin L., Quiroga I., Malm O.,and Chincherros J., (1999b). Contarninacion por mercurio en agua, peces y cabellos humanos en la cuenca Amazonica Boliviana. Revista Boliviana de Ecologia y de Consewacion Ambiental (Fund. Patiiio Ed.), No 6, pp. 239-245. Maurice Bourgoin L., Malm O., (1999~)."Curso : ciclo del mercurio e implicaciones sobre la salud humana. Problema de contarninacion ambiental en la cuenca Amazonica (Brasil y Bolivia). Analisis de mercurio por espectrometria de absorcion atomica y por fluorescencia atdrnica en aguas, sedimentos peces y cabellos", lnforme de clases IRD- UMSA, pp 16-20. Maurice-Bourgoin L., Quiroga I., Chincherros J. and Courau P., 2000a. Mercury distribution in waters and fishes of the Upper Madeira rivers and mercury exposure in riparian Amazonian populations. The Science of Total Environment, 260: 73-86. Contarninacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALANOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia-I C L., Fraizy P., Alanoca L., Seyler P., and Guyot J.L., (2000b). Hydrological control on the temporal variability of mercury in surface waters of the Upper Madeira basin, Bolivia. In: 2gh Bnt. Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (4. Nriagu, Editor), Contribution #1282, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, MI (CD-ROM). @aI., (1989). "Geografia y Wecursos Naturales de Bolivia", 2da Ed., Ed. Educational del Ministerio de Education y Cultura, pp 231 -234. ., Bfeiffer,W.C., Maim O., Souza 6.M. M. and Mierle G. (1992). "Mercury Pollution in Brazil'" Nature (London), pp 356-389. anizaci6n Mann dud, (1976). "Environmental Health Criteria 1 - Mercury", Ed.ISBN, pp 76-80. aylor A., (1995). "Mercury in environmental and biological samples from in the Amazon region of Brazil". The Science of the total Environment, stein, (1 992). "Mitigation de emisiones de meacurio en la pequeia mineria aurifera", Ed. NARI~~~,Colombia, pp 4-7. Contaminacion por mercurio en la cuenca del Tuichi Lucia ALAMOCA - Laurence MAURICE-BOURGOIN Attachment Bolivia4 Nombre del Proyecto: Reduccicin de la contaminacicin de mercurio mediante el uso de mejores practicas tecnol6gicas mineras en Ixiamas, Apolo y Pelechuco Ubicacibn del Proyecto: El Parque Nacional y Area Natural de Manejo lntegrado (PN ANMI) Madidi es una de las areas protegidas con mayor biodiversidad en el mundo. Fue creado en 1995, con una extension de 1,9 millones de hectareas. Tiene dos areas protegidas vecinas, el ANMl Apolobamba y la Reserva de la Biosfera Tierra Comunitaria de Origen (TCO) Pilon Lajas. Las localidades elegidas para la ubicacion del proyecto se encuentran en las inmediaciones del PM ANMl Madidi, cerca de concesiones mineras legalmente establecidas y de comunidades que realizan explotacion minera en menor escala, identificando como zonas de alto interes a las localidades de Ixiamas, Pelechuco y Apolo. 0) La primera zona identificada corresponde a la localidad de Ixiamas, es un centro poblado cercano al PN ANMl Madidi ubicado al Noreste. En esta region se han identificado 7 concesiones mineras, es decir, por lo menos 49 personas que participan de este proceso de explotacion minera. lxiamas es uno de 10s municipios mas pobres del departamento de La Paz, cuya riqueza en recursos naturales es importante, tiene aproximadamente 8.890 habitantes', y su principal actividad es la agricultura. (ii) La localidad de Pelechuco es la zona con mas presencia de concesiones mineras legalmente establecidas, Ile ando actualmente a 63. Esta localidad tiene una poblacion de 5.230 habitantesg y su principal actividad se constituye en la extraction de oro. Pelechuco se encuentra en la Provincia Franz Tamayo, ubicado dentro del ANMl Apolobamba. (iii) Apolo es una localidad situada al sur del PM ANMl Madidi tiene una poblacidn de 14.203 habitantes3, se tiene identificada solamente una concesidn minera, su actividad principal es la agricultura y la ganaderia. Sin embargo, la explotacidn minera es una actividad secundaria importante para 10s pobladores del lugar. Antecedentes y JustMcaclon: El mercurio es uno de 10s elementos mas toxicos de la naturaleza, existen fuentes naturales y antropo enicas de emision del mercurio al medio ambiente que pueden contaminar incluso al hombre9. . (i) por una parte 10s suelos que en esta zona presentan contenidos elevados (diez veces mas altos que 10s indices registrados en 10s paises templados y (ii) el lavado de oro que se ha desarrollado de manera perceptible durante los ljltimos cuarenta aiios en esta region del mundo5; son situaciones preocupantes par 10s habitantes de esta zona. El mercurio desechado en la atmdsfera puede viajar por centenares de kildmetros por el curso de 10s rios, hasta ser depositado en zonas alejadas de las fuentes, existiendo una gran variedad de fauna piscicola en 10s rios, estos se alimentan de materia organica , frutas y sedimentos. el mercurio ingresa al organismo de 10s peces mediante su alimentacion y al organismo humano mediante la alimentacion de estos peces provenientes de rios y lagos contaminados por mer~urio.~ CI-Bolivia 2000 Analisis socioeconomico de 10s asentamientos humanos en el PN ANMl Madidi y Area de Influencia. Informe. La Paz - Bolivia. Ibidem 1 Ibidem 1 Alanoca & Maurice-Bourgoin, 2000. estudio de la contarninacion por rnercurio en la cuenca aka del rio Tuichi. Infome de trabajo-consewaci6ninternational. p: 37. Maurice-Bougoin, 1999. Rios Bolivianos contaminados por mercurio. Fiche d'actualite scientifique. N-5, Junio, pp: 1-3. Ibidem 4 Attachment Bolivia4 - in Bolivia se calcula que anualmente el volumen de mercurio desechado es de 30 tonelada~ netricas (TM), estimacidn minima debido a1 importante n6mero de explotaciones no declaradas . ioy en dia se estima que mas de 60.000 personas participan directamente en actividades de !xtracci6n de oro, como empleados de 1.200 compafiias mineras o miembros de cerca de 300 :ooperativas8. .os tributarios andinos de 10s rios Beni y Mamore drenan areas semiaridas de elevada altitud y ireas de selva hljmeda tropical de pie de monte. Las actividades mineras arriba de la cuenca del io Beni, tienen lugar en 10s rios Mapiri, Tipuani y K'aka, en esta region, aproximadamente 200 :ooperativas extraen alrededor de 100 Kg. de orolafio utilizando 200 Kg. de mercurio, de 10s cuales 50 %-60 % son directamente desechados al medio ambiente a traves de 10s rios, suelos y bm6sferag, de esta manera, 10s analisis de agua donde se explota el oro aluvial, no muestran ~iveleselevados de contaminacidn, per0 si 200 Km rio abajo, donde las concentraciones de metal ;on cinco veces superiores al promedio mundial. Recientes estudios cientificos revelan elevadas :oncentraciones de mercurio en la cuenca del rio Beni, en particular en 10s peces piscivoros, y en as poblaciones que 10s cons~rnen'~. -a contaminacion por mercurio en el medio ambiente es un problema creciente que concierne 3articularmente a las regiones tropicales como la cuenca amazonica", 10s principales problemas dentificados debido a niveles altos de contaminacidn por este metal son: 1. Esta situaci6n implica un grave problema de salud pljblica en la region con tasas de mercurioI cinco veces mas eelvadas que lo permitido por la OMS'*. 2. Por ser 10s peces uno de 10s alimentos basicos de las poblaciones del lugar, el elevado nivel de ! mercurio puede traducirse en alteraciones del sistema nervioso, asi como en trastornos motrices y oculares13. 3. lndirectamente las especies que forman parte de la red alimentaria en este ecosistema, puederI acumular tambien fuertes cantidades de mercurio a traves de una prolongada bioacumulacion 1I bi~magnificacidn'~. 4. Existe un desconocimiento de las personas involucradas en estos procesos de explotaci6rI aurifera y de las poblaciones locales de 10s posibles riesgos que puede ocasionar a la salud y aI ecosistema la contaminaci6n por mercurio,-. porque el mayor impacto se manifiesta sobre Iz 1 salud de las personas que no tr$ajan directamente estas actividades, pero que se alimentan regularmente de pescado . Conservation Internacional-Bolivia, organizaci6n no gubernamental, cuyo proposito es apoyar estrategias de protecci6n ambiental y de desarrollo sostenible en Bolivia, en particular en el area de influencia del Parque Nacional Madidi, considera el tema de contaminaci6n de mercurio en las riveras del rio Beni, como una amenaza a las poblaciones y a1 medio ambiente. En este sentido como una alternativa de concientizacidn y educacion ambiental ha realizado este perfil de proyecto que pretende lograr la capacitacicin en mejores practicas de explotacicin minera, para la reduccion de la contaminacion por mercurio. 4 ' lbidem 5 Maurice-Bougoin, et.al. 1999 (1). Mercury Pollution in the Upper Beni River, amazonian Basin: Bolivia. Ambio. Vol. 28 Na 4, Junio. pp: 302-306. Maurice-Bourgoin, et.al. 1999 (2). contaminacion por mercurio en aguas, peces y cabellos humanos debido a la mineria aurifera en la cuenca amazdnica boliviana. Memorias del congreso Boliviana de Limnologia y Recursos Acuaticos. Rev. bol. $ Ecol. 6 pp: 239-246. lbidem 4 l1lbidem 8 l2lbidem 9 l3lbidem 4 l4lbidem 9 " lbidem 5 Attachment Bolivia4 Objetivo General: El objetivo general del proyecto es apoyar a reducir la contaminacibn de mercurio mediante el uso de mejores practicas tecnologicas mineras, mejorar el nivel de conocimiento de la legislacion ambiental y lograr la difusion y replica por parte de 10s participantes de 10s conocimientos aprendidos en el taller. Objetivos Especificos: Linea 1: Legislacion Amblental e impacto de la explotacion aurifera Proveer al grupo meta informacion a 10s sobre la legislacion ambiental vigente y el impacto del uso masivo del mercurio en la region por la actividad minera, sobre el ecosistema acuatico y sobre 10s habitantes de la cuenca del rlo Beni. binea 2: Mejores practicas de explotacion aurifera Brindar al grupo meta informacion acerca de las alternativas de uso de mejores tecnicas mineras, desde el punto de vista economico y ecologico. Linea 3: Difusion de 10s resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones del tailer Difundir con el grupo meta de manera critica la tematica expuesta en el taller en sus grupos sociales, de tal manera de expandir esta informacion. Sostenibilidad del proyecto: La continuidad de las iniciativas, se basa en el trabajo conjunto entre 10s tecnicos capacitadores y 10s beneficiarios. El proyecto crea conciencia y preocupacion en 10s capacitados por utilizar mejores prdcticas en la explotacion aurifera, y transfiere destrezas y conocimientos. Para lograr la sostenibilidad del proyecto se debera continuar con un modulo de seguimiento a 10s conocimientos aprendidos, apoyando especialmente en la difusion de 10s resultados del taller. Asi mismo, se quiere conocer el nivel actual de conocimientos del grupo meta, para programar otros talleres que amplien el nivel del logrado de capacitacibn. En ese sentido, se considera importante el aporte de: 10s aliados estrategicos, las autoridades y la comunidad en general. Descripcidn del Proyecto: En las localidades de Ixiamas, Apolo y Pelechuco se realizara un taller de capacitacion en el que se desarrollara la tematica de la contaminacirin de mercurio y el uso de mejores tecnicas mineras para el proceso de extraccion del oro. Se identificaron estas tres zonas por tener un alto numero de concesiones mineras en sus alrededores y dentro de las mismas. La zona de influencia del Parque Nacional Madidi y sus inmediaciones presentan 73 concesiones mineras legalmente establecidas que estan siendo explotadas en 10s ultimos 30 atios, per0 10s desechos de la explotacion son indirectamente peligrosos para sus vecinos de la zona norte. De esta manera se puede observar un desconocimiento de las cualidades y peligros del mercurio en areas que comprenden la zona de rio abajo, asi como la peligrosidad de este compuesto en las areas de extraccion masiva. Como se conoce en 10s informes de la OMS y en algunos recientes estudios cientificos de Alanoca y Maurice-Bourgoin, la practica tradicional con mercurio presenta problemas colaterales, debido a 10s niveles altos de concentracion del metal en peces y personas expuestas al contaminante. Attachment Bolivia4 wores practicas de explotacidn aurifera ctualmente ya se conocen algunas prhcticas mejoradas en el uso de mercurio para explotacion .urifera que son: la canaleta, el Jig, la mesa concentradora, la espiral, el amalgamador, el idroseparador, la retorta, el limpiador de mercurio, tecnologia alternativa que permite mejores widimientos y menores niveles de contaminacion. )esarrollar un trabajo conjunto con la poblacidn local e instituciones relacionadas nteresadas en el apoyo a mejores practicas de expiotacion aurifera JoblacionLocal ;e quieren realizar tres mddulos separados, para cada poblacion un taller, por 10s costos de tiempo r transporte que implica la asistencia a 10s talleres por parte de 10s participantes. Es importante nencionar que 10s mayores beneficiarios del proyecto seran 10s comunarios y poblaciones ndigenas asentadas en las riveras de 10s rios de la cuenca del Rio Beni. hstituciones potencialmente interesadas (organizadoras y financiadoras) CI-Bolivia, ONG que trabaja en la zona de influencia del parque Nacional Madidi durante 10s ljltimos 5 afios, coadyuvando en el desarrollo sostenible de la region. LIDEMA: Liga de defensa del medio ambiente, institucion no gubernamental encargada de cuidado del medio ambiente y 10s recursos naturales. MEDMIN: Programa Manejo lntegrado del Medio ambiente en la Pequefia mineria encargada de asistencia y equipamiento. SETMIN: Servicio Tecnico de Minas, encargado del catastro minero. SERNAP: Servicio Nacional de Areas protegidas, encargado de reglamentar y velar por e cumplimiento de la normativa en Areas Protegidas en Bolivia. SUPERINTENDENCIA DE MINAS: Regulador sectorial. HAM LOCALES: Organizaciones gubernamentales representantes de cada seccidr municipal y que se encargan de normar y hacer cumplir las normas en su municipio. WCS: Wildlife Conservation Society ONG que trabaja tambien en conservacion. COOPERACI~N ESPA~~OLA:Organizacion extranjera, que apoya trabajos para I; proteccidn del medio ambiente. Para un mejor alcance y desarrollo de esta temAtica es importante la participation de las ONG! presentes en la zona y de organizaciones gubernamentales que estdn involucradas en mejore: practicas ambientales y de salud pdblica. (OMS, LIDEMA, SERNAP, SUPERINTENDENCIA Dl MINAS, SETMIN, MEDMIN y otras), ademas de la gente beneficiaria e involucrada con la tematice Finalmente lo que se quiere lograr con la capacitacidn es que tanto la poblacion local como la: instituciones presentes en la zona desarrollen estrategias y actividades conjuntas para encontra mejores alternativas que vayan de acuerdo con la realidad local. Difusion de los resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones del taller. Se contara con la participacidn de trabajadores en concesiones mineras, dirigentes locale: instituciones involucradas en el tema, y comunarios del area afectada y de influencia, para otorgz al taller un caracter amplio de discusion y de efecto multiplicador en la difusi6n de 10s resultado: Attachment Boliwia-3 conclusiones y recomendaciones. Siendo uno de 10s objetivos principales el difundir esta informacion para el conocimiento del public0 en general. Metodologia IActiwidades 1 Gestion de Recursos Financieros: Busqueda de financiamiento, incluye algljn tipo de contraparte de 10s municipios involucrados 2 Contratacion de Personal: Para la elaboracion del proyecto final y la ejecucion del mismo 3 Elaboraci~ndel Proyecto: En base a1 perfil de proyecto se elaborara un proyecto a nivel final. 4 Listado de concesiones: Elaborar lista de concesiones y de personas involucradas. 5 Invitaciones y confirmaciones a1 Taller: Organizacion de listas de participantes, invitaciones y confirmaciones 6 Adquisicion de Materiales: Compra y preparaci6n del material 7 Traslado Apolo: Viaje a Apolo, traslado de equipo 8 Taller Apolo: Realizacion del primer taller 9 Traslado a Pelechuco: Viaje a Pelechuco, traslado de equipo 10 Taller Pelechuco: Realizacion del segundo taller 1 1 Traslado Apolo - La Par: Viaje retorno a La Paz 12 Traslado Ixiamas: Viaje a lxiamas 13 Taller Ixjamas: Realizacion del tercer taller 14 Elaboration de lnforme Talleres: Presentacion de 10s resultados alcanzados a 10s financiadores I Programa tentative para cada uno de lor Talleres (Contenidos minimos) Dias ly2 : begislacion ambiental e impact0 de la sxplotacion aurifera a Legislacion ambiental Q Ciclo global del mercurio. El uso del mercurio en la actividad minera. o Toxicologia del mercurio e indices de exposicion recomendados. Dia 3 y 4: Mejores practicas de explotacion aurifera Q Dar a conocer alternativas de extraccion con diferentes costos econ6micos Alternativas de Tecnologias Minero Ambientales para el oro. Seguridad Industrial minera. Dia 5: Evaluacion del Taller y difusion de 10s resultados Evaluacion del taller por parte de 10s participantes a Eiementos de comunicacion para la difusion de lo aprendido en el taller. a Diseiio de una propuesta de difusion de 10s resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones del taller. Cronograma: Ver Anexo 1 Attachment Bolivia-3 Beneficiarios: Se quiere capacitar a las personas: (i) que trabajan en explotaciones mineras formales, (ii) a las personas que trabajan en pequefia escala de manera informal o como actividad secundaria y (iii) representantes de las comunidades aledafias con masiva explotacion aurifera. Beneficiarios Directos: Personas que trabajan en la explotaci6n aurifera y poblacidn local del Area de influencia. Poblaciones, en su mayoria indigenas, asentadas en las riveras del Rio Beni. Existen por lo menos 70 concesiones mineras legalmente establecidas, si trabajan al menos cinco personas en cada concesion se beneficiara a 350 personas directamente. Beneficiarios lndirectos: Municipalidades, comunidad cientifica, sector privado minero e instancias gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Existen al menos 25.000 personas que viven el 10s tres municipios, si con 10s programas de difusion se llega al 5% de las personas, se informara al menos a 1.250 personas. Presupuesto: Ver Anexo 2 Anexo 1 Attachment Brazil-1 Attachment Brazil-3 lESB - Area of major $ Official RPPN's r RPPN's in process Atlantic Ocean - Buffer Zone 10 Km REBIO-UNA -..-, Property Boundanes * Rural Sghool @ Assoc~ationsof rural ~roduces Attachment PN The Lakekamu Basin is a vast expanse of pristine lowland rainforest with sparsely scattered small villages, settled by four distinct cultural and language groups- the Munimaipa, the Kamea, the Biaru and the Kovio. The Basin spans across the Gulf, Central, and Morobe provinces and is situated 60km east of Kerema, the urban township of Gulf Province) and 50km SSE of Wau in the Morobe Province, at coordinates 7.7'~, 146.8'~. . See location map below (Fig1.O). Climate in the Lakekamu Basin is basically humid with high to moderate temperatures ranging between 21°C and 29'~.A moderate pattern of 288-mm rainfall is experienced from April to September annually. Supporting about 2,000 residents, this 2,500 square kilometer tract is the largest expense of unbroken : humid forest in the southern watershed of .\$ .. , : peninsular PMG. It is remarkably rich in wildlife, especially species of large and showy birds and mammals that are threatened else where in PNG. Some of such are: Southern Cassowary, Gurney's eagle lowland wallaby, Southern-crowned pigeon, Blyth's hornbill, palm cockatoo, olive python and I Great-billed heron to name a few. This was initially revealed by Dr. Bruce Beehler, then Conservation International's Senior Ecologist for the Asia-Pacific Region. He had visited the basin on several Figl.0 Map slzowing the location of Lakekamu Basin occasions surveying birds and forest ecology on the PNG map. between 1978 and 1992. He learnt of the biological significance of the area and recommended it for conservation. The Basin has been designated as " very high priority" by the 1992 "Conservation Needs Assessment for Papua New Guinea". Such revelations prompted a series of discussions seeking ways to reserve the biological richness of the area, which eventually lead to this project. Despite the ecological richness of the area the community is disadvantaged in terms of government services and infrastructural development. The only services in the Basin comprise of two airstrips; two community schools a sub health center and an aid post which are all run down. To make things even worse, the health workers, teachers and patrol officers sent there leave after a few weeks or months because they claim that the place is so remote and there is no incentive nor government support. In the midst of problems or rather realities, the Lakekamu !CAD project envisions in its activities to facilitate and empower the Basin Community to develop alternative less destructive and ecologically sound enterprises as opposed to large scale logging, oilpalm plantations and mining activities which are currently major threats to the Basin's biodiversity. The main objective of this project is to promote the conservation of the pristine lowland forests of the Basin and its upland watershed through community awareness programs and local capacity building. The project has been promoting eco- tourism that entails two enterprises, which are mainly: 1. ResearchIScience Tourism and 2. Adventure Tourism Attachment PMG 'I The former is focused on providing support services and research opportunities to field scientists who are attracted to the Basin by its pristine forests, rivers, wildlife population and a Research Station at lvimka (Fig2.0). The latter on the other hand includes bush walking, wildlife watching, village lifestyle experiences, rafting down rivers and similar outdoor activities. The main feature of this component is the Famous Bulldog Trail- a spectacular walking track which can take three to four days on a journey. The walk will take you through the beautiful mountain scenaries, remote communities, uninhabited white-water gorges, war relics from WWll and remarkable wildlife. This project is a joint initiative of Conservation International (CI) and the Foundation for People and Community Development (FPCD Inc) in collaboration with the local communities. The project was initially funded with a three- year (1995 to 1998) implementations grant of $US355 487 made available by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through US- based NGO, Biodiversity Conservation Network (BCN). The British High Commission provided us with a supplementary fund of K8000 for the project's research facilities. EZE also provided match funding to FWD. Bvimka Research Station The Research Station is two to three hours walk from the nearest airport. It is situated in an area where a great deal of wildlife can be studied or viewed for nature enjoyment. The project partners in 1996 built it at a cost of more than K36, 000.00. The building is 14m x 12m and can accommodate up to 15 persons at any one time. The building contains two large sleeping rooms, a spacious workroom with a large workbench in the center and an open balcony with a beautiful view of the rest of Lakekamu Basin. Drinking water can be taken from rainwater stored in four 200L drums (800L in total when full). Alternatively, water can be taken from clear, cool flowing streams not very far from the research station. Although it is safe to drink water straight off the streams, as a precautionary measure, boil all stream water before drinking. Adventure Tourism The current infrastructure, comprise of a rustic lodge at Kakoro and one at Tekadu. Seven other overnight rest houses in scenic locations are yet to be developed fully but tracks are constantly used by local people and well maintained. Other villages of the Basin are interested in participating in the eco-tourism activities and have pledged to build lodges in their villages during several meetings with the project field staff in 1999. Attachment PNG 1 Tmveliing to the Lakekarnu Basin from Part Moresby There are two options to get to the Basin. Firstly you can fly Air Niugini to Lae at a cost of K203.10 and then get to Wau via Public Motor Vehicle (PMV) at a cost of K10 or catch a 9.30 am North Coast Aviation flight (on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) at K1lO.OO. On return trips, pick up from Nadzab airport (Lae) can be arranged with Morobe Tours or the Balus Bus Services, which operate officially between the two points. The Lakekamu Staff can cater for accommodation arrangements in Lae and Port Moresby between your travels. Local PMV operators service passengers and travelers between Lae-Bulolo-Wau daily. The other option is to fly directly from Port Moresby to Wau at a cost of K247.00, spend two nights at the Wau Ecology lnstitute Hostel and then fly into the Basin (Tekadu andlor Kakoro airstrip) at K85.00. Port Moresby to Wau flights are scheduled for 12.00 noon on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays while Wau to TekaduIKakoro flights are on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Lodging at the Wau Ecology lnstitute costs K31 .OO per person per night (excluding food). While at Wau you can have the chance of visiting the Wau Ecology lnstitute lnsect Ranch and beautiful birds of Paradise in captivity. From the lnstitute transport can be arranged with the lnsect Ranch to get you to the airstrip and to the Basin on a "Norman Islander", piloted by very experienced pilots. Field Assistants and Guides in the Basin While in the field, you will be assisted by the field officers, guides and porters to get you to the Research Station or one of the lodges, depending on the purpose of your visit. Two local boys (Clement Peter and Alex Moses) based at the Research Station have been trained in basic field techniques for bird, mammal and plant surveys. They also know how to operate the VHF Radio, record weather and keep financial records of the Research Station. In addition, more than 25 people including Clement and Alex have recently been trained in insect trapping, pinning, drying and packing by an American Entomologist who is setting up a long-term lnsect Collecting and Curation Project in the Lakekamu Basin. These assistants often know the song of a particular bird, food plants of certain insects or the fruiting seasons and medicinal use of particular plants. Their expertise makes doing field work in Lakekamu more than an experience. The field officers can arrange hiring of the right people to work as field assistants and guides. They can also arrange for initial porters and workers to assist. It is advisable not to pay workers without first confirming with project field officers. Essential Field Supplies The following list of general things to bring applies to both tourists and researchers coming into the Basin. It is more convenient to wear clothes that are made of cotton. The essential things to bring to the Basin are: long pants that are dark or drab colored, long sleeve shirts, t' shirts, socks made of polyester or wool, unpadded leather hiking boot (6-1 2 high) pair of old sneakers, pair of thongs, a hat, raincoat, cotton sheet, sleeping pad, sunglasses, flash-light, (with extra batteries) insect repellent Attachment PNG 1 water drinking tablets rubber boots (for researchers) sun cream first aid kit small back pack (better to have two bags than a big one) matches candles mosquito net Nuisance and Dangers Papua New Guinea is home to malaria in several forms, and thus visitors are advised to obtain anti-malarial pill in Port Moresby or Lae. A course of medication should be initiated and continued through out the stay. It is generally recommended that this prophylaxis be initiated two weeks before arrival in PNG. The current recommended course is 500mg of Chloroquin and a 250mg dose of Maloprim once a week (taken Sunday and Wednesday respectively). For more information contact the pharmacists in Port Moresby and Lae. Malaria is transmitted from infected mosquitoes, which carry abundant plasmodium. We also recommend that you guard yourself against being bitten by mosquitoes during the evenings (wear repellent or proper clothing). However the likelihood of being bitten by a mosquito while in the bush is low. Other diseases that are common in PNG are dengue fever, typhoid, hepatitis, tetanus, TB, giardiasis, polio, eye infection and diarrhea. Snakes appear to be common in the forests and grasslands of the Basin. Several people have died from poisonous snakebites in the Basin. The most common poisonous snake is the death adder- a small "sit & wait" predator that often lies coiled on footpaths. These snakes are small in size and strike above the ankle. For this reason all workers, including visitors are recommended to wear leather boots at all times when in the field. Already steps are taken to ensure snakes are absent from the lodging and Station perimeters. Tramping about after dark should be taken with great care. For scientists plan to bring a pair of boots and some socks for each permanent field assistant you hire. The greatest threat to comfort in the forest is chiggers (bush mites) and leeches. The juvenile instars burrow into the skin of the ankles, groin, and waist, leading to a considerable long-lasting rush by an antibody reaction. The best method to avoid chiggers is to take a strict regimen of bathing, changing of clothes and application of repellents. Beehler recommended the following routine; 1. Before going out apply repellents on ankles, feet, waist and other vulnerable areas. 2. After morning fieldwork, get off all field clothing and bathe with soap. 3. Hang the already worn clothes on the line out in the sun. 4. Put on new set of clothing & socks. At the end of each afternoon fieldwork, repeat the process. In doing so the tiny instar mites are prevented from reaching your most private and sensitive patches of tender skin. A VHF radio is operated constantly for contact between FPCD's head office in Port Moresby and the lvimka Research Station. If there is a need for relaying of any urgent message overseas or home, FPCD will do that on your behalf through our e-mail, fax or even phone depending on the urgency of the matter. Urgent mails can be read to you over the radio. Communication between Kakoro, Tekadu and the research station is now possible with frequencies installed on the government and airstrip radios in Kakoro and Tekadu respectively. A helicopter-landing pad has been made for any emergency cases. Up until now, it has not been used yet. We advice you come to PNG with a full medical health cover. Attachment PNG 1 For further information contact Conservation International's Papua New Guinea Program Office on the following address: ATT: Mr. Banak Gamui Postal: P.O.Box 106, WAIGANI, NCD Telephone: (675) 323 1532 or 3232353 Facsimile: (675) 325 4234 Email: [email protected].~g or mewai @datec.com.~g of' Attachment PNG-3 ssessrnent Pro Our forefathers in the past had their own traditional ways of managing the natural resources for the benefits of future generations. A result of frequent changes does not allow for sustainable management of natural resources. It was in 1989, when Mr. Peter Vomne was a final year student at the Holy Trinity Teachers in Mount Hagen, when he received a letter from his mother, Mrs. Martina Vomne from Tiemtop village. The letter stated that there is a Logging Concession in the area, and a plan for an extension of the concession into his clan land. Peter was very much affected by this message, and there were several things that came into his mind including; e That rights of the community to the natural resources as well as the future generations would be taken away, e The traditional ways of resource management will not be respected, and eventually lost, e the children of the future may not be happy with us for not managing the resources for their benefit. Peter made sure to speak with the Landowner Company, Balokoma, that there should not be any extension of logging concession into his clan land. Peter and his mother took up the challenge to speak with the members of their clan, trying to convince his clan members on the importance of keeping their forest intact. Following this, Peter began tb seek assistance from organizations that would assist him to carry out conservation of his clan land, until 1992 when he wrote a letter to East New Britain Sosel Eksen Komiti (ENBSEK). It was at this time when Conservation International (Cl) was in contact with ENBSEK, to find areas for conservation work in Papua New Guinea. Following this request, both CI and ENBSEK went into Wide Bay to work with the community to embark on a conservation project. 1994 was the first year of community entry into Tiemtop village by ENBSEK, which later extended to Klampun village. The project started in Tiemtop village with the Sule clan, (Peter belongs to Sule clan) and Sule clan extends into Sampun village. In Klampun, the project started with Kair clan and as a result, engaged all extension volunteers from the Kair clan at the initial stage. From the two- (2) clans, it has extended to cover the entire village communities of Klampun, Tiemtop and Sampun, and the projects are seen as village projects rather than clan projects. Wide Bay project is located within East Pomio LLG, an area with a 1998 population of 5,158. Mengen and Sulka are two of the ethnic groups living in the villages of Tiemtop, Sampun and Klampun. Subsistence gardening is an everyday activity of the people, and the average garden area per family is about half a hectare, cultivated in a scattered manner. According to the area's matrilineal social traditions, women own the land, and the elders of a woman's clan distribute the land accordingly. About 40% of the land in Pomio District are very rugged, and, due to a sparse population, mountain slopes and valleys are rarely touched. With Commercial agriculture in East Pomio, cacao occupies about 378,801 ha. coconut 76,600 ha., and vanilla 1742 ha. and oranges 2720 ha. of land. The area receives an annual rainfall of 5000 mm, while the total annual rainfall for Pomio District is 25,900 mm (1999, Pomio District Development Plan for 2000-2004, Volume 1). The communities of Wide Bay participate in copra production as a major economic activity, while cacao as a minor activity in the area. A major problem that hinders the cocoa and copra Attachment PNGS production is the irregular travel of cargo ships into the area to transport the products into Rabaul where the depots are situated. The communities wait for cargo ships up to 3-5 months at a minimum to transfer copra into Rabaul for sale. Conservation International and its partner NGO, ENBSEK, work with the communities of Tiemtop, Sampun and Klampun villages. These communities have two distinctive ethnic groups of Mengen and Sulka; Mengen covers Tiemtop and Sampun villages, while Sulka covers Klampun village. The population in each village Tiemtop, Sampun and Klampun consist of about 100, 200 and 400 people respectively. There are 2 primary schools in the area, Sampun is one and Guma is the other but a Top-up with the Government Reforms which accommodates students up to Grade 8, who then pursue higher grades at Palmalmal to the west coast within the Jacquinot Bay. An Aidpost is situated in Sampun and a Health Center in Guma Catholic Mission Station. Guma Catholic station is a mini-town for the community, which accommodates, a Primary School, a Health Center, a PNGBC Agency and a Shop, all operated by the Catholic Church. On average, more than 70% of the population have access to some formal education upto at least grade 6 level. About 80% of the population communicate in Tok Pisin as the major language of communication. The dominant church group in the area is the Catholic, which covers 80% of the population in East Pomio District, including the 3 communities, then followed by Seventh Day Adventist (SDA), and others (Pentecostals, etc.). The project aims to promote conservation of the forests and explore alternatives to the large- scale timber harvesting that has devastated the forests owned by neighboring communities. Therefore, both CI and ENBSEK have been working with the communities to promote this through Environmental Awareness and Community Capacity building, Biological Surveys and developing small-scale enterprises. The greatest strength of this project is that it originated from the communities themselves, and receives continuous support and commitment from the community. The set-up of Conservation Extension volunteers has helped in awareness raising on environmental issues, in the communities in the absence of project staff, and occasionally report on the issues that arise in the community. This was then followed-on with set-up of Conservation Committees in Tiemtop/Sampun consisting of 23 members and Klampun with 34 members. The conservation committees are the basis for community capacity building who are responsible for the day-to-day management of the project. Attachment PNG-4 TIEMTOP WMA CONSERVATllON COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND RULES Sule 1 Maktman, Riete Sule 2 Maio, Chris Kolgelin Vgarl Paupa, Felix Vgar2 Tevamlie, Mivulo Soai Riete, Adam Guop Leo, Q. Simon Matrao Thomas K, Teipkokal Letun Lulu, Paul Saikoen Mgolpkun Raimon, Gelmais Kaboing Opman, Otto Glem Jenny, Patrick S. Kaimun Otto, Lukas Lungaen Oswal, Bernadette Martin Teipkokal I Thomas Adam RULES The Teimtop Conservation Area is established to protect the wildlife and environment of the Mengen ethic groups in the Teimtop from disturbance and destruction. It will be managed according to the following rules which apply to all Mengen people within the area and to all others entering upon the area. The rules for Teimtop Conservation Area have been written by the community of Teimtop based on customary knowledge as well as concerns to ensure suitable development. These laws are made under the Fauna ( Protection and Control) Act chapter 154 of Papua New Guinea revised Laws. Interpretation In these rules unless the contrary intentions appears: " Animal" - means a member of a species included in the definition of "fain" or a part of such animal. "Area" - means Teimtop Conservation Area "Committee" - means Teimtop Conservation Area committee "Fauna" - means any species included in the animal Kingdom whether native, introduced or imported, but does not include humans "Land" - includes land covered by water and waters with the jurisdiction of the Teimtop Conservation Area whose boundary is described in section 1. "Land Group" - means a group of people given the authority by custom to make important decisions about their land without having to refer to any other group. "Masalai Place" - means that portion of'land as defined by committees as a domain of forest spirits. "Rules" - means these rules Attachment PNG-4 "Taking or Killing" - means hunting, shooting, posioning, netting, extracting, mining, snaring spearing, pursuing, taking, disturbing or injuring. 2. Applicability of Rules Unless expressly stated in any law or enactment, this rule has the effect or a law and shall apply to restrict, prohibit and protected exploitation, abuse and destruction of flora, fauna, cultural sites and any natural resources within the Teimtop Conservation Area. 3. Recognition of Customary Rights The traditional and customary rights of the people Teimtop and neighbouring villages or hamlets within the area are acknowledged and recognised. 4. Committee Operation 1.I Annual review -The committee shall meet annually to review the rules of the WMA and to confirm membership of the committee. Changes to rules or committee membership may only be made with the signed agreement of an adequate numbers of committee members. 1.2 Changes of Rules - Rules may only be added, remove or altered at the annual review meeting or at special meetings of the committee convened by the committee chairpersons. Changes may only be accepted if agreed to and signed by adequate number of the committee members. 1.3 Changes of Committee Membership - Committee members may only be replaced upon the agreement of adult male and female members of the land group. Such changes shall be confirmed at the Annual Review meeting or at special meetings of the committee. Chairpersons shall be chosen by each Land Group to convene meetings of members of the committee and to ensure proper coperations of the committees. 1.3.1 Addressing mattes arising under rules-- Matters arising under the rules shall be addressed by the relevant village committees. Significant issues may be brought to the full Conservation Area Committee. Prohibition and Exclusion of Others All other persons, either Papua New Guineas or aliens of another country or nationality, who have no customary and traditional claim or right over the fauna, flora and other natural resources within the conservation are area are prohibited from entering the area to take, kill, disturb, injure, extract or harvest the fauna, flora or other natural resources without the consent of the Teimtop conservation committee. Restriction on Access to certain areas 6.1 Land Group Control - Land groups who have had the continuous use of a piece or parcel of land within the area shall continue to use the land for such purposes to the exclusion of any other person or group. 6.2 Places define by the committee or its members as masalai places may be entered into only by permission of the spokesperson of the land group orb which the masalai place is found , Customary restrictions. Such as avoidance of noises must be respected. It is forbidden to take or kill animals in any masalai places within the area. 6.3. Accompanied Entry - Visitors may only enter the area accompanied by a guide appointed by the committee for guiding services. 7. Restrictions on clearance or cutting Attachment PNG-4 7.1. Hunting Grounds - Clearing of forest, cutting of trees, buttresses in Land used for hunting is not allowed. 7.2 Gardening Clearance of forest for gardens may only take place in place demarcated on land use map and away from river banks. 7.3. Masalai Places - It is forbidden to clear forest in any masalai places within the area. 8. Time Limitation Rotation of Hunting Areas- According to Traditionally accepted practice, certain portions or parcels of land will not be designated off limits to hunting for periods of between six months and two years. These areas are designated to provide breeding refuges for hunted species. 9. Taking Restrictions Catch limits - Hunters may only take that number of animals as agreed in consultation with the family group prior to engaging in a hunting expedition. This restriction may only be lifted for preparations for special occasions. Undersize and nursing animals- Nursing female and immature amimals may not be taken or killed. Megapodes - Female or nesting megapodes may not be taken or killed. Old will pigs - Old wild pigs should not be taken or killed in accordance with traditonally accepted methods. Prohibitions and Restrictions of each method Methods - No visitors shall take, kill injure or harvest fauna, flora or other natural resources within the area by using: a) short gun, b) dynamite or other types of explosives, c) other dangerous substances or chemicals which are harmful to the environment. Short gun use - No person shall take, kill injure or harvest a pig, cassowary with child, bird of paradise, etch with a short gun or rifle. Dogs are not allowed in the conservation area. Waste Management Defecation - Person deflating in forest areas must bury faeces in a hole preferably between the buttresses of a tree. Animal wastes - No carcasses body parts or waste products from hunted animals are to be left on any land in accordance with traditionally accepted methods. DEVELOPMENT Small Scale Development - only small development activities that do not damage the environment and which provide significant control to landowners will be permitted in the area. Rotation of portable sawmill areas - Portable sawmill areas - Portable sawmill are only to be used in one specified area of a river tributary each year. The sawmill must be moved to a new area every year. Mining - Unauthorised excavation, exploration, mining, drilling or prospecting shall not be conducted or undertaken within the area. Attachment PNG-4 13. Penalties - Penalties of these rules shall be set by for breach. A meeting of the committee and can be found in Annex.. ... Attachment PNG-5 KLAMPUN WMA CONSERVATION COMMITTEE AND RULES The Klampun Conservation Committee has the task of creating, maintaining and ensuring the enforcement of the Rules of the Wildlife Management Area in its capacity as representatives of certain parts of the Sulka people of Ktampun village. The committee is comprised of one representative of each land group in the area as well as one further person in the village who will act as chairman. Conservation committee members have been appointed through discussion among all male and female adult members of each Land Group. The WMA Chairperson will rotate annually through each Land Group. The appointee will be decided by a meeting of all committee members. Unless misconduct by the chairperson, a special meeting will be called by the Executive to discuss the fate of the chair. Decision on changes in the rules and committee composition will be made by the entire committee in discussion with the Land Group they represent. Decisions on matters relating to the enforcement or interpretation of rule can be undertaken by members of the committees on a Land Group basis. Foundation Committee Members I Valentine Tauha (vice) ,Betty Tap Kair I I I SOS Henry Paru, Maria Pamngeingel I Masoa Kwenteip Kaspar, Cecilia Pamengkop I Joe Kasoni, Martina Kmuang I Luagan I Srip Peter Patre, Jacinta Kekenut I Gelmon John Kolkalkie, Josephine Vei I Kvar Leo Pamle, Hilda Mikie Pogan & John Waltelpnuo (vice) John Kouvai Training Center Manager I Steven Kusa I Training Center Manager Lusia Mngaimar Mess Supervisor Junior Lotanga Secretary I Nobert Matgone Treasurer I 1 Rosina Mutkane Assistant Secretary I Joe Tosip Assistant Mess Supervior Attachment PNG-5 I Raphael Rolphun Assist. Guesthouse Manager Vincent Kaupun Peter Patre / Martin Kasoni I - I Josephine Vei Women's representative I Patrick Litau Village recorder / letus Manglol I - I lsidor Nanda I Petrus Kowatpuo RULES The Klampun WMA is established to protect the wild life and environment of the sulka ethnic groups in the Klampun village from disturbance and destruction. It will be manage according to the following Rules which apply to all Sulka people within the area and to all others entering upon the area. The Rules for Klampun Conservation Area has been written by the committees of Klampun village in consultation with the community members based on customary knowledge as well as concerns to ensure suitable development. These laws are made under the Fauna [Protection and Control] Act Chapter 154 of Papua New Guinea revised Laws. 1. INTERPRETATION In these rules unless the contrary intention appears: "Animals" - means a member of a species included in the definition of "fauna" or a part or product of such animal. "Area" - means Klampun Conservation Area. "Committee"- means Klampun Conservation Area Committee. "Cultural Sites" - means original settlement of the ancestors of Klampun village. "Customs and Traditions" - means Sulka people of Klampun's way of life. "Fauna" - means any species included in the animal kingdom, whether native, introduced or imported, but does not include humans. " Land " includes land covered by water and waters within the jurisdiction of Klampun WildLife Management Area whose boundary is described in section 1. "Land Group" - means a group of people given the authority by custom to make important decisions about their Land without having to refer to other group. Attachment PNG-5 " Masalai Place "- means the portion of land as defined by the committee as a domain of forest spirits . " Rules" - means this rules. "Sea" - means seas within the Klampun village. " Taking or Killing" - means hunting. Shooting, killing, poisoning, netting, extracting, mining, disturbing or injuring. 2. APPLICABILITY OF RULES Unless expressly stated in any law or enactment, this Rule has the effect of law and shall apply to restrict, prohibit and protect exploitation, abuse and destruction of fauna. Flora, cultural sites and any natural resources within Klampun WildLife Management Area. 3. RECOGNlTlON OF CUSTOMARY RIGHTS. The traditional and customary rights of the people of Klampun and neighboring villages or hamlets within the area are acknowledged and recognized. Uphold our traditional customs, belief, norms and practices of the Sulka people of Klampun village. 4. COMMITTEE OPERATION 4.1 Annual review - The committee shall meet annually with the community to review the rules of the WMA and confirm membership of the committee. Changes to rules or committee membership may only be made with the signed agreement of an adequate number of committee members. 4.2 Changes of rules - Rules may only be added, removed or altered at the annual convened by the committee chairperson. Changes may only be accepted if agreed to and signed by an adequate number of committee members. 4.3 Changes of committee membership - Committee members may only be replaced upon an agreement of adult, male and female members of the Land Group. Such changes shall be confirmed at the annual review meeting or at special meetings of the committee. Chairperson shall be chosen by committee members to convene meetings of members of the committee and to ensure proper operations of the committee. 4.4 Addressing matters arising under rules - Matters arising under the rules shall be addressed by the relevant Land group committees. Significant issues may be brought to the full WMA committees 5. PROHlBITlON AND EXCLUSION OF OTHERS All other persons, either Papua New Guineans or aliens of other country or nationality, who have no customary and traditional claim of right over the fauna, flora, and other natural resources within the conservation area are prohibited from entering the area to take, kill, disturb, injure, extract or harvest the fauna, flora other natural resources without the consent of the Klampun conservation committee. 6. RESTRICTION ON ACCESS TO CERTAIN AREAS 6.1 Land group control - Land groups who have had the continuos use piece or parcel of land within the area shall continue to use the land for such purpose to the exclusion of any person or group. 6.2 Masalai Place - Places defined by the committee or its members as Masalai places may be entered into only by permission of the spokesperson of the land group on which the masalai place is found. Customary restrictions, such as avoidance of noise, must be respected. It is forbidden to take or kill animals in any masalai places within the area. 6.3 Accompanies entry - Visitors may only enter the area accompanied by a guide appointed by the committees. Fees may be levied by the committee for guiding services. Attachment PNGB I 7. RESTRICTIONS ON CLEARENCE OR CUTTING 7.1 Hunting grounds - Clearing of forest, cutting of trees, cutting of tree buttresses in land use for hunting is not allowed. 7.2 Gardening - Clearance of forest for gardens may only take place on land demarcated for gardening and 50 meters away from big streams/riversides and 20 meters away from small streamdriversides.. 7.3 Masalai Places - It is forbidden to clear forest in any masalai places within the area. 8. TIME LIMITATIONS 8.1 Rotation of hunting areas - According to traditionally accepted practices, certain portions or parcels of land would be designated off limits to hunting for periods of between six months to and two years. These areas are designated to provide breeding refuge for hunted species. 8.2 Rotation of fishing areas - No using of diving glasses to fish and collect Karviet, smol, klak, Ngumou, etc. at all times whilst fishing using hooks is not restricted. 9. TAKING RESTRICTIONS 9.1 Catch limits - Hunters may only take /kill that number of animals as agreed in consultations with the Family group prior to engaging in a hunting expedition. This restriction may only be lifted for preparations for special occasions. However, there is no limit to the number of fish and pigs caught. 9.2 Undersized and Nursing animals - Nursing females and immature animals may not be taken or killed. 9.3 Megapodes - Female or nesting megapodes may not be taken or killed 9.4 Small fish - are not allowed to be caught and eaten. 10. PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS ON CERTAIN METHODS 10.1 Methods - No visitors shall take, kill, injure or harvest fauna, flora or other natural resources within The area by using. a. short-gun or a firearm; b. dynamite or other types of explosives; c. gill nets; or d. Other dangerous substances or chemicals which are harmful to the environment. 10.2 Short-gun use - No person shall take, kill, injure, or harvest a pig, cassowary with child, bird with a shotgun or rifle. 10.3 Burning on river or stream edge - No person shall light fires in grass or bushes on the edge of rivers in the area so as to protect the habitat of fish and prawns. 10.4 Diving gogles - is not allowed to fish at all times. 10.5 Sea shoreslbeaches - Cutting trees and burning bushes along the beach is prohibited. 11. WASTE MANAGEMENT 11.I - Defecation - Person defecating in forest areas most bury feaces in a hole preferably between the buttresses of a tree 11.2. Animal Wastes - No carcasses, body parts or waste products from hunted animals are to be left on any land in accordance with the traditionally accepted methods Attachment PNG-5 11.3 Domestic Waste - plastic are to be burnt whilst empty cans, batteries, etc. are to be dumped into rubbish holes. 11.4 Domesticated animals' waste should be buried by responsible owners and pigs should be fenced. 11.5 All households (Maxin) should have dug toilets and rubbish holes. 12. DEVELOPMENT 12.1 Small-scale development - Only small activities that do not damage the environment and which provide significant control to Landowners will be permitted in the area. 13. PENALTIES 13.1 Penalties for breach of these rules shall be set by a meeting of the committee and can be found in Annex ..... Klampun Conservation Area Development Plan includes; Wokabaut Sawmill Tradestore Bakery Joinery & Construction workshop Rice Farming Butterfly farming Fisheries Poultry Piggery Attachment PNG-5 10 Cocoa & Copra buying 11 Marketing garden produce 12 Sewing 13 Carving 14 Cultural House (Museum) 15 Speed boat 16 Screen Printing 17 Kerosine & benzins 18 Eco-tourism