Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science
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INDO-PAK WATER DISPUTE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BAGLIHAR PROJECT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy In Political Science SUBMITTED BY FIRDOS AHMAD BATT UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. NIGAR ZUBERI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH- 202002 (INDIA) 2018 Department of Political Science TELEPHONES Aligarh Muslim University Chairman : (0571)2701720 Aligarh-202002 Amu PABX : 2700916/2700920-21-22 Chairman : 1561 Office : 1560 Fax : 0571-270028 Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Firdos Ahmad Batt, Research Scholar of the Department of Political Science, A.M.U. Aligarh has completed his thesis entitled “Indo-Pak Water Dispute with Special Reference to Baglihar Project”, under my supervision. This thesis has been submitted to the Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, in the fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. To the best of my knowledge, it is his original work and the matter presented in the thesis has not been submitted in part or full for any degree of this or any other university. (PROF. NIGAR ZUBERI) Supervisor i DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) Ref No………………. Dated : …………………… Candidate’s Declaration I, Firdos Ahmad Batt, Department of Political Science certify that the work embodied in this Ph.D. Thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Nigar Zuberi at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The matter embodied in this Ph.D. Thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not willfully lifted up some other's work, para, text, data, result, etc. reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, theses, etc., or available at web-sites and included them in this Ph.D. thesis and cited as my own work. Dated ........................................ FIRDOS AHMA BATT Enrolment No. : GC-2772. Faculty No.: 13-PHD/PLM/11 …………………………………………………………………………………………. Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Prof. Nigar Zuberi Department of Political Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Signature of the Chairman of the Department with seal) ii DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) Ref No………………. Dated: …………………… COURSE/COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Firdos Ahmad Batt, Department of Political Science has satisfactorily completed the course work/comprehensive examination and pre-submission seminar requirement, which are part of his Ph.D programme. Prof. Nigar Zuberi Chairperson Department of Political Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh iii COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the Thesis : “Indo-Pak Water Dispute with Special Reference to Baglihar Project” Candidate’s Name : Firdos Ahmad Batt Copyright Transfer The undersigned hereby assigns to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D. Degree. FIRDOS AHMAD BATT iv Acknowledgement First and foremost, I wish to express my gratitude and indebtedness to almighty Allah, the most gracious, charitable and most beneficent. It is His benevolence and consecration that guided all the channels to work in cohesion and coordination to make this study possible. I express my gratitude to my teacher and esteemed supervisor Prof. Nigar Zuberi, Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for her supervision, able guidance, constructive criticism and affectionate attitude during the course of this work. In addition, I would like to thank Professor Arshi Khan, Dr. Irfan ul Haq and other faculty members of Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, for much needed support. My special gratitude goes to my intellectual circle; Dr. Mohd Zeeshan, Dr. Ghulam Nabi Naz, Mr. Afsar Khan, Dr. Sharique Emaz, Mr. Suhaib Ahmad, Mr. Mussarat, Mr. Nayeem Javed, Dr. Arif Aslam, Muddasir Ahmad Yatto, Dr. Akhtar Hussain Malik and Mohsin Jahan Qazi who have always been there for love and support. Also I express my regards and affections to my wife, Azra Aftab, who stood by me through thick & thin and always provided me co-operation, moral support and encouragement. And last but not the least; I express my humble feelings and gratitude to my Parents and my brothers, Fida Hussain and Mohd. Hussain whose affection, sacrifices, devotions and constant encouragement helped me to get this success. Also I would like to extend my appreciation to all those who helped directly or indirectly to give a final shape to this thesis. (Firdos Ahmad Batt) v INDO-PAK WATER DISPUTE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BAGLIHAR PROJECT ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy In Political Science SUBMITTED BY FIRDOS AHMAD BATT UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. NIGAR ZUBERI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH- 202002 (INDIA) 2018 Abstract Abstract Trans boundary river system has always been influencing the relationship in the riparian states and this holds true in case of the countries of the South Asia also. The growing conflict over the issue of sharing water resources is a global phenomenon and South Asia is not an exception. Water conflict in South Asia is one of the critical challenges for the region. The unitary irrigation system constructed since Mughal period was divided in 1947, when the sub-continent was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Not enthusiastic to break the then existing hydrological, railway and port systems, Sir Cyril Radcliffe took ‘other factors’ also into consideration and not only religion as a sole determinant to partition the sub-continent. Despite his efforts, the water bodies were divided between the two arch enemies. Soon after the partition, the conflicts over shared water bodies started and have been increased over the decades. The political animosities among the South Asian neighbours have inflamed the water conflicts further. As a result, arrangements, agreements and treaties seeking cooperation over shared water resources have failed to address water related grievances of each country. The political tensions over water are duly aided by the growing supply-demand gap, phenomenon of climate change and predominant use of supply-side management system. Though the water conflicts are bilateral, it has regional implications. Water is a highly contested resource, and thus brings it into the realm of politics. Both India and Pakistan are agricultural economies and water for both these countries is very essential to develop their agricultural yield and economy. In order to understand the politics of water, it is necessary to understand that water is a constituent element of political and economic power. The present study tries to focus on the water conflicts between two neighbouring countries of India and Pakistan. It has tried to explore the history of the conflict, the factors that led to the start of these conflicts and how adversely the dispute has affected their bilateral relationship. The role of third party, the World Bank has also been examined in resolving the issue between the two countries. Indus Water Treaty is one of the most successful cases of conflict resolution as it has passed the test of the time and also survived the three major wars between the two rival countries of India and Pakistan. But now there is dissatisfaction about the treaty in India and Pakistan. After the terrorist attack on Uri Army base, Indians demanded the abrogation of the Indus Treaty. Though 1 Abstract the people of both the countries criticize the treaty but it is still relevant. Indus Water Treaty and the mechanism for water sharing set by it is discussed in this study. Differences and strained relations between the two countries because of the Indus Basin waters is also highlighted in the thesis. The Indus system of rivers which includes the Indus river with its five tributaries (Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas) shared between India and Pakistan (while one is shared between Pakistan and Afghanistan which is out of the scope of this study), have been the basis of cooperation between states and nations but the scarcity of water in the region has flipped the coin from cooperation to confrontation. They have now become the reason for contentions between India and Pakistan and has contributed to their instability and mutual distrust. Not only in the Indus Basin but the increasing demands and competition over sharing of waters of the rivers has led to many international water disputes in many other parts of the world causing political instability and violence in many regions. Even after the Indus Water Treaty signed in 1960, many contentious issues prevails between the two countries. India’s construction of the projects on western rivers of the Indus Basin are always objected by Pakistan, claiming to be the violation of the treaty as the western rivers (Indus, Chenab and Jhelum) were allotted to Pakistan according to the treaty and India was allowed to limited utilise their waters for non-consumptive purposes and to construct only run-of-the-river hydropower projects on these rivers