CHAPTER IX
BASIS OF PROPOSALS
9.1. General objectives of Management
The forests of Lidder Division shall be managed with a view to achieve the following objectives. 1) To conserve biodiversity and natural habitat through preservation of natural forests with vast variety of flora and fauna. 2) Rehabilitation of degraded forests to optimize their productivity and their potential to provide goods and services on sustainable basis. 3) Poverty alleviation of forest dependent communities through sustainable supply of goods and services. 4) Checking denudation and erosion in catchments. 5) Maintenance of health of forest vegetation and soil for improving water supply and quality. 6) To convert irregular forests into normal forests in accordance with the silvicultural requirements of the crop. 7) To conserve medicinal plants/non timber forest produces by applying scientific principles and development of same for sustainable utilization for the benefit of public. 8) To utilize natural resources to encourage responsive, low carbon foot print ecotourism, to improve the economy of local populations. 9) To preserve forests for aesthetic look and for public recreation. e.g. Pahalgam, Aru, Chandanwari etc. 10) To maintain congenial environment for wildlife through habitat management and to reduce man-animal conflict through training of staff and creation of awareness among masses. 11) The secure regeneration of conifer species in previously worked forest area thorough assisted natural regeneration and artificial regeneration. 12) To improve the vegetal cover by establishing plantations on the denuded and bare hill slopes with indigenous plants as for as possible. 13) To adopt principles and practices of sustaining grazing through participatory management. 14) Consistent with the above, to obtain sustainable yield of timber and to exploit species of economic value without disturbing the ecological balance of the area.
9.2. Method of treatment to be adopted. 9.2.1 Keeping in view the above objectives of the forest management, the experience gained from the previous management practices and the
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silvicultural requirements of the principal species, following treatments are proposed: 1) All the forests occurring on steep and precipitous slopes situated in the catchment area will be protected from degradation in any shape. 2) All degraded low lying Deodar-Kail forests near habitation will be taken under improvement and rehabilitation schemes, as all these forests have been severely affected due to over exploitation or other biotic interferences. 3) Forests around tourist places shall not only be preserved for aesthetic purposes, but shall also be protected against degradation and encroachments owing to the ever increasing tourist business. 4) Areas that have previously been worked and in which regeneration has failed to establish shall be restocked by artificial regeneration and assisted natural regeneration. 5) Degraded forests covered with un-commercial bushes and shrubs shall be planted with grasses to meet the demand for fodder. 6) Scientific survey on availability of NTFP will be done to assess their population in different compartments and to develop good agricultural and collection practices by taking the help of institutions specialized in such aspects. 7) All the easily accessible and workable forests will be managed for productive purposes to meet the demands of people keeping in view silvicultural requirements of the species. However, thrust will be shifted from the point of view of exploitation of timber/Firewood resources, to the conservation of trees and all other biodiversity for its importance in carbon sequestration and carbon deposits are very indispensible tools of reversal of global warming and eventual climatic change.
9.2. Constitution of working circles, their area and distribution
9.3.1 A tree is no more looked upon as a mere source of timber or Firewood for sustenance. It is now considerd as indispensible for the very human survival and an almost only natural agent for carbon sequestration and carbon deposition. It is most effective tool for controlling global warming and eventual climatic change. We can no more afford heavy or large scale commercial felling in forests. The thrust now must shift from commercialization of forests to their conservation. Instead of direct benefits from forests by way of timber and Firewood, we must now lookout for the more sustainable and perpetual resources like air, water, medicinal resources, ecotourism and general tourism.
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9.3.2 This has to be kept in mind while proposing/framing the plan again, keeping in view the experience gained from the past management practices and adoption of the new state forest policy 2010 and in consistency with the silvicultural demands/requirements of the crop and area, the following working circles are to be proposed each with its special management objectives and treatment methodology.
1) Deodar Kail selection working circle. 2) Fir selection working circle. 3) Ecological conservation working circle 4) Reboisement working circle. 5) Bio-Aesthetic working circle 6) NTFP (overlapping) working circle. 7) Joint Forest Management (overlapping) working circle. 8) Plantation (Overlapping) working circle. 9) Forest Protection (overlapping) working circle. 10) Wildlife Management (overlapping) working circle. 11) Willow Plantation working circle.
9.3.3 The compartment wise area allotted to each of the working circles from 1 to 5 above, have been listed under Appendix III to VII. They are allotted to each of the Non-overlapping Working Circle is given as under.
Table: 9.1 Working Circle wise area allotted S. Working Circle Area (ha) No.
1 DeodarKail Selection Working Circle 8947.75 2 Fir selection Working Circle 6560.75 3 Ecological Conservation Working Circle 37306.5 4 Reboisement Working Circle 10676 5 Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle 2075.5 Total 65566.50
9.4. Reasons for the constitution of the Working Circle
9.4.1 The allotment of compartments to various working circles in the previous plan by Shri Shamim Mohammad Khan has been retained in this plan except for the fact that the Deodar Kail conversion working circle was changed to Deodar Kail selection working circle. This was done with a view to avoid unnecessary sacrifice of advanced growth, as there is tremendous pressure on forests from unregulated, unscientific, overgrazing, opening up of the canopy as is done in uniform system can lead to failure of regeneration and occupation of open space by
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unwanted weed growth and to avoid soil erosion and further deterioration and also to have flexibility in operation.
9.5 Brief Description of Working Circles
1. Deodar Kail selection working circle.
The working circle shall comprise of all accessible well stocked, productive and commercially exploitable compartments of the Division with predominantly Kail and Deodar crops in pure and mixed formations. Some Fir is also found towards higher elevations while patches of broad leaved species met with in moist depressions and nallahs. The constitution of this working circle will be almost same as that of previous working plan; very few compartments which were degraded were shifted to Reboisement Working circle
2. Fir selection working circle
The working circle comprises of all low lying accessible and well stocked commercially exploitable Fir forests. Fir is predominant species forming pure belts but also occurs in mixture with Kail and spruce at places. These forests have young to middle aged crop in the areas which have been exploited in the part, while as the patches which have not been exploited contain middle aged to mature crop. The regeneration in the form of advance growth is inadequate and ill distributed, with intense biotic pressure. There is no change in compartments with an exception of few compartments which were shifted to Reboisement Working Circle and Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle.
3. The Ecological Conservation Working Circle
The Working circle shall comprise of poor stocked and open forest areas occurring on high steep and precipitous slopes. These forests consist mainly of high level Fir forests situated at the sources of main streams and Nallahs. Vast alpine forests are also included in this working circle. The forests of this working circle are unsuitable for regular working as there are inaccessible and have critical crop composition. Kail mixed with main species, Fir at exposed sties is generally under stocked, poor qualitatively and quantitatively with poor regeneration. Towards higher elevations, Fir fades out and merges with alpine vegetation with ground flora, mostly of seasonal grasses and herbs with scattered bushes of Betula, Rhododendron and junipers. The forests have shunted growth and are environmentally sensitive, facing tremendous pressure of summer grazing through cattle rearing activities of Gujjars and Bakerwalls. The forest harbor rich diversity of medicinal plants and 85 wildlife. The compartments included are the same as in “Protection Working Circle” of previous working plan with an exception of few compartments which were shifted to Deodar- Kail Selection Working circle and Fir Selection Working Circle. The nomenclature of the working circle is changed in view of the objectives to suit the current needs.
4. The Reboisement working circle
It comprises of all those forests which are poorly stocked and are not fit for any regular working circle. These forests have suffered a lot in the past because of being in close proximity to the habitations. These forests have suffered on account of excessive grazing, lopping, encroachment and reckless illicit fellings. These forests would be planted by massive afforestation programmes and effective closure against biotic interference. Suitable soil conservation measures shall be adopted to restore eroded and erosion prone areas of the working circle. There is no change in compartments compared to previous working plan with the exception of some compartments which are shifted to Deodar-Kail Selection working circle and Fir Selection Working Circle.
5. Bio-Aesthetic working circle
The working circle shall include the areas located around Pahalgam and Aru/Chandanwari. The working circle has been constituted to maintain and preserve the scenic beauty of tourist spots. The management of these areas would therefore aim at removal of dead, dry and diseased fallen trees to improve hygiene besides planting of conifers, ornamental plants, NTFP species etc to generate the interest of tourists and to make the area look lush green and alternative. Herbal/fragrance gardens may also be maintained apart from road side Avenue planting. To boost ecotourism, traditional eco-friendly resting places with facilities of refreshment can be put in place, to increase the tourist flow without deteriorating the environment. Amusement parks and mint zoological parks may also be developed to increase the interest of tourists. There is no change in compartments compared to previous working plan with the exception of compartments which were shifted to Fir Selection working circle.
6. The Wildlife Management working circle
The areas under direct control of wildlife department shall be included in this circle. The working circle includes the compartments and sub compartments of Pahalgam Range, Shikargah and Khrew Rakh areas. The
86 area includes coniferous forests as well as broad leaved species and has rich diversity of important wild animals, some of these are endangered and threatened particularly snow leopard, Black Bear, Hangul, Musk deer etc. Since these areas are around the Dachigam National park, this acts as a buffer zone between the National park and the habitation.
7. NTFP (overlapping) working circle.
The working circle is constituted to give special impetus to the conservation and development of Medicinal plants and other NTFP’s of Lidder Division which is endorsed with rich variety of non timber forest produce. Large numbers of medicinal plants of this division are found in various publications. The scientific management for its conservation and development can help in boosting the rural economy.
8. Plantation (Overlapping) working circle
In this working circle, all the areas which are needed to be treated either by plantation or by assisted natural regeneration are included. The forest compartments which would be marked for timber extraction as per the plan recommendations would also be treated under this working circle. The compartments under Reboisement Working Circle are part of this working circle. The areas to be treated under Joint Forest Management are also included under the working circle.
9. Joint Forest Management (overlapping) working circle.
It comprises of compartments where there is scope for plantation, NTFP development etc.
10. Protection (overlapping) working circle
The forests are prone to damage by Fire, illicit felling, encroachment, overgrazing, mining etc. The major priorities is giving proper protection and to keep these compartments under tight vigil.
11. Willow Plantation working circle
It comprises of the willow plantation areas of Katriteng and Momandanji. To meet the Firewood requirements and to supply raw material for fruit box and cricket bat industry.
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9.6. Blocks and Compartments
9.6.1 This plan does not involve any change in the compartment boundaries over the previous plan.The same is true of beats and blocks. Appendix I provide the estate area statement giving the list of compartments, range wise, block wise and beat wise. In Appendix II detailed area statement is given in which Range, block and beat wise compartments are given along with their area. The blocks and beats have been named after prominent villages, drainage or places in the vicinity. 9.6.2 Recognized conventional signs have been used to delineate Ranges, Blocks, Compartments and Sub-compartments. The Compartment and Sub-Compartment boundaries follow well defined physical features. Compartment number and usual symbols for boundary features have been carved and painted with coal tar at breast height on suitable tree trunks at the base, middle and top of the compartments, as well as, at important locations, such as, roads, paths, saddle crossings etc. The double coal tar rings, at breast height, on suitable trees to indicate the Range boundaries while single coal tar rings represent the boundaries between compartments and sub-compartments. These rings, along ridges and spurs follow the slope linearly, whereas, in nallas, paths and roads, they have been put alternately on both the sides in a staggered way, being mutually inter visible. Sufficient number of boards depicting compartment boundary have been carved and painted with coal tar at short intervals. Due care have been exercised in depicting the symbols for compartment boundary and compartment number with reference to the actual position of board on tree trunks. The meticulous layout carried out at the time of previous revision of the plan, was of considerable assistance in the present revision. 9.7. Period of the Plan and Necessity for Intermediate Revision 9.7.1 This plan shall remain in force for a period of 10 years beginning from April 2014 till March 2024. The plans under revision shall be deemed to have been extended from April 1992 to March 2014, the period, between the expiry of the last plans under revision and the beginning of this plan. Intermediate revision is not required.
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CHAPTER-X
WORKING PLAN FOR THE DEODAR-KAIL SELECTION WORKING CIRCLE
10.1. General constitution of the working circle
10.1.1 The working circle includes all the well stocked compact and commercially exploitable forests having Kail and Deodar crops in pure or mixed formations. Some Fir is also found in the areas higher up. The forests are generally on a gentle topography and are easily accessible and workable. The total area allotted to this working circle is 8947.75ha.The commercially exploitable stratum is 6966.75 ha which constitutes 77.86% of the area and the rest is the un-commercial area. The broad leaved trees are found in patches and are met within moist depressions and nallah. The altitudinal range in which this working circle is dispersed is between 1940 to 3000 meters above m.s.l.
10.2. General characters of the vegetation
10.2.1 The forests constituting working circle consists mainly of Kail and Deodar with some amount of Fir and spruce, which happens to be mixed up with Kail and Deodar in higher reaches. The percentage of Deodar, Kail and Fir is 4.62, 81.50 and 10.37 respectively.
10.2.2 The general character of the vegetation has already been discussed in detail in Chapter-II of part-I of this plan. The forests allotted to this working circle confirm to the Champion and Seth’s classification of Forest Types of India (i.e. 12/2S1, 12/C1d, 12/C1e, 13/c2b of Champions revised classification). The distribution of stems over various diameter classes is not quite balanced as can be observed from the perusal of the following table.
Table: 10.1 Normal and Actual Distribution of Stems over Diameter Classes – Deodar- Kail Selection Working Circle Diameter - class (cm) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal Distribution (%) 41 25 15 9 5 3 2 Actual Distribution (%) 14 15 25 23 14 6 2
10.2.3 The crop, over vast stretches, is more or less even looking and young to middle aged. Mature and over mature crop is slightly above normal distribution. There is a deficiency of stems in the lowermost diameter classes. The shape of the curve is bell shaped instead of inverse ‘J’ shape. The broad-leaved species occupy very insignificant area under this working circle. They are confined mostly to shady and moist localities, depressions, and the banks of perennial streams. The undergrowth met with varies from scanty to heavy in intensity.
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10.3 Area and Allotment
10.3.1 The detail statement of area of compartments/ sub-compartments allotted to this working circle appears in Annexure III. However, Range wise summary of the distribution of area is provided under Table 10.3.
Table: 10.2. Compartments in Deodar Kail WC as per Previous Working Plan Total Range Blocks Compartments Area(hac)
Chandanwari, 29a/AC,27/L,31c/L,17a/AC,23a/L,24b/L,2 Pahalagam 3543.25 Batakoot, Pahalagam, 5a/L,28a/L,48/L,26c/L,29c/L,31a/L,49/L,
11b/L,5/L,8a/L,10a/L,14a/L,15b/L,16a/L,1 Mattan, Hapathnard, 7b/L,17c/L,20a/L,6/L,7/L,9/L,12b/L,13a/L Mattan 4831.00 Logripora, Kullar, ,18/L,50/L,51a/L,52b/L,53/L,54/L,55a/L,5 6a/L,57/L. Karmulla, Kahlil, Tral Naristan, Lam and 1a,1b,1c,4/K,5/K,6/P,16/L,25N,26/P,27/P 4179.00
Pastuna Total 12553.25 Table: 10.3. Compartments in Deodar Kail WC as per Current Working Plan Total Range Blocks Compartments Area(hac) Chandanwari, 24b/L,25a/L,26c/L,27/L,28a/L, Pahalagam 1820.25 Batakoot, Pahalagam, 29c/L,31a/L,31c/L,32c/L,17a/AC 7/L,10a/L,11b/L,12b/L,14b/L,15b/L,16a/L Mattan, Hapathnard, Mattan ,17b/L,18/L,20a/L,50/L,51a/L,52b/L,53/L, 3922.5 Logripora, Kullar, 54/L, 55a/L, 56a/L,57/L Karmulla, Kahlil, T Tral Naristan, Lam and 1a/K,1b/K,5/K,6/P,16/Lam,25/N, 27/P 3205 Pastuna T Total 8947.75 Table: 10.4 Range wise area under various species for Deodar-Kail Working Circle Crop Area in ha Com Un- merci Range. Sub Comm Deo al G. Total Kail Fir BL Total ercial dar Blan Blank k
409 2597.5 68.5 51.5 3126.5 413 383 3922.5 Mattan
Pahalgam 0 1066.25 257 4 1327.25 90 403 1820.25
Tral 0 2230 132 151 2513 214 478 3205 Total 409 5893.75 457.5 206.5 6966.75 717 1264 8947.75
10.4 Description of Silvicultural System Adopted
10.4.1 Selection system is adopted for these species. It is a modification from previous working plan where Uniform System was proposed with Converted, Conversion and un-allotted periodic blocks. It is due to the fact that in Kashmir valley since 1990 there was a period of disturbance which resulted in large scale damage to forests. It resulted in fairly large openings. Moreover, the grazing pressure on the forests of Kashmir is very high from the cattle of migratory grazers’ as well as from the
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livestock of people living in the vicinity of forests. Opening up of canopy to attain uniform regeneration can result in failure of regeneration in these openings which can only invite invading weed species which has happened in the past. Since the Most critical aspect in the management of any forest under any silvicultural system is the regeneration, during the discussion of Preliminary Working Plan Report for approval under the chairmanship of PCCF, J&K it is decided to switch over to Selection System to give enough time for the recovery of the crop. Further, the working circle is predominantly of young and middle aged crop. In Uniform system under a strict theoretical Uniform system, this pole crop has to be sacrificed for the sake of uniformity. This is not, however, advisable under the prevailing conditions. Hence considering all the issues, selection system is adopted.
10.5 Exploitable Size and Rotation
10.5.1 The exploitable diameter of 70cms has been fixed for Kail and Deodar considering the market demand. For Fir an exploitable diameter of 80cm is adopted. A technical Rotation of 150 years is, adopted for Kail and Deodar and for Fir it is fixed as 240 years. This has been done as the rotation is practically of no consequence in a Selection forest. Trees which are removed at each felling cycle are those which are deemed to have completed their period of maximum growth corresponding to exploitable diameter. So, in Selection system, fellings are primarily regulated through exploitable diameter. The average age at which Deodar and Kail attain exploitable diameter of 70 cm is 150 years. This is also inconfirmity with the Government decision in which the exploitable dimeter of Deodar and Kail has been fixed at 70 cm throughout the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Fir/Spruce attain exploitable diameter of 80 cm in 240 years in this tract.
10.6. Felling Cycle
10.6.1 A Felling cycle of 30 years is adopted keeping in view the silvicultural requirements of Deodar and Kail along with distant seed year and biotic pressure.
10.7. Felling Series
10.7.1 There will be only one felling series identical to the constitution of working circle
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10.8. Analysis and Valuation of the Crop
10.8.1 In the working circle, growing stock data was collected from a total of 74 sample points using wedge prism of basal area factor 3. The diameter class and species wise distribution of growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of the total number of trees/ha.and volume of conifers/hac.are given in the tables from 10.6(a) to 10.8(b). The results obtained on the basis of statistical analysis are summarized in table 10.5
10.9. Calculation of the Yield
10.9.1 Modified Brandis Diameter-Class Method and Von Mantel’s formula have been applied for calculation of the yield. The yield will be calculated in terms of number of trees and volume, which in turn shall be subject to area check. The following presumptions have been made in this regard.
• Only commercial area and its growing stock have been taken into account for the purpose of yield calculation.
• The growing stock over commercial area of this working circle is classified within 10 cm diameter classes indicated by Symbols I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. Class I stands for trees above the exploitable diameter and the other successively below it to the youngest.
• The number of trees in all those classes being considered for the purpose of yield calculation has been computed at lower limit of confidence interval.
• It takes 147 and 135 on an average, for trees of Deodar and Kail to attain exploitable diameter of 70 cm dbh and in case of Fir it takes 235 years to attain the exploitable diameter of 80cm.
• It takes 22 and 20 years respectively for an average Deodar and Kail tree to pass from approach class (60 -70cm dbh) to class I diameter class of 70-80 cm dbh, where as it takes 40 years for Fir species to reach Class I 80-90cm diameter class from approach class70-80cm.
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Table: 10.5 Results of Statistical Analysis for Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle.
Circle
(95%) e liomits ha.) Confidenc Mean Interval of mean Varation Varaince Standard Devaition Confidence Variable (Per Coefficient of Sample Points Standard Error Low limit as % Working (X± t x S.E.)
(n) (X) (S2) (S) (S.E) (%) Lower Upper (C.I) (%) Limit Limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
T=1.983
Deodar- No. of 74 201.50 23709.65 153.98 17.901 76.42 166 237 70.99 82% Kail Stems Selection Vol. 74 235.68 24247 155.71 18.10 66.07 199.79 271.58 71.79 85%
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Table 10.6(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count per hectare for Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle
Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 11.49 2.91 5.27 3.85 1.41 0.12 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 25.11
Kail 13.78 21.88 34.05 33.18 20.28 9.18 2.11 0.51 0.24 0.00 135.22
Fir 0.00 3.30 6.95 6.50 4.76 2.77 1.34 0.65 0.27 0.08 26.61
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B.L. 5.74 3.73 2.11 1.53 0.86 0.43 0.09 0.07 0.00 0.00 14.57
Total 31.01 31.81 48.38 45.05 27.31 12.50 3.54 1.30 0.51 0.08 201.50
10.6 (b)Total tree count over the entire commercial area of Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle (Maen value) (Area = 6966.75 hectares) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 80023.48 20241.23 36716.66 26831.40 9791.11 847.31 0.00 470.73 0.00 0.00 174921.91
Kail 96028.18 152421.19 237246.08 231126.64 141312.05 63924.64 14686.66 3577.52 1694.61 0.00 942017.57
Fir 0.00 22971.45 48390.67 45283.88 33139.14 19299.78 9320.38 4518.97 1882.91 564.87 185372.04
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B.L. 40011.74 25984.09 14686.66 10638.42 6025.30 3012.65 659.02 470.73 0.00 0.00 101488.60 Total Total 216063.40 221617.97 337040.07 313880.33 190267.59 87084.38 24666.06 9037.95 3577.52 564.87 1403800.13
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Table 10.7(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle
Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean value). Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Grand Total
Deo. 4.01 5.12 2.95 0.38 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 12.84
Kail 25.88 45.12 46.04 30.65 9.32 2.75 1.49 0.00 161.25
Fir 5.83 10.14 14.13 13.57 9.16 5.38 2.54 0.83 61.59
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 35.72 60.38 63.12 44.60 18.48 8.51 4.03 0.83 235.68
10.7 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle (Area = 6966.75 hectares) Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Grand Total
Deo. 27904.66 35685.76 20561.33 2660.55 0.00 2664.31 0.00 0.00 89476.61
Kail 180307.02 314332.23 320778.36 213508.29 64915.05 19139.73 10404.94 0.00 1123385.61
Fir 40648.16 70642.85 98423.23 94568.92 63844.62 37507.48 17699.31 5756.04 429090.61
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 248859.84 420660.84 439762.91 310737.76 128759.66 59311.52 28104.25 5756.04 1641952.83
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Table 10.8(a) Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Deodar Kail Selection working circle computed at lower confidence interval.
Total tree count of commercial area (6966.75ha) at lower interval for Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle Lower limit 82%
Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Grand Total
Deo. 65619.25 16597.81 30107.66 22001.75 8028.71 694.79 0.00 386.00 0.00 0.00 143435.97
Kail 78743.10 124985.38 194541.79 189523.84 115875.88 52418.20 12043.06 2933.57 1389.58 0.00 772454.41
Fir 0.00 18836.59 39680.35 37132.78 27174.09 15825.82 7642.71 3705.56 1543.98 463.19 152005.07
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B.L. 32809.63 21306.96 12043.06 8723.50 4940.74 2470.37 540.39 386.00 0.00 0.00 83220.65
Total 177171.98 181726.73 276372.86 257381.87 156019.42 71409.19 20226.17 7411.12 2933.57 463.19 1151116.10
10.8 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (6966.75 ha) at lower interval for Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle Lower limit 85% Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Grand Total
Deo. 23718.96 30332.90 17477.13 2261.46 0.00 2264.66 0.00 0.00 76055.12
Kail 153260.97 267182.39 272661.60 181482.05 55177.79 16268.77 8844.19 0.00 954877.77
Fir 34550.94 60046.42 83659.75 80383.59 54267.92 31881.35 15044.41 4892.64 364727.01
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 211530.87 357561.71 373798.48 264127.10 109445.71 50414.79 23888.61 4892.64 1395659.90
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The following survival coefficient percentages based on the All India Volume Tables in respect of Deodar, Kail and Fir have been used with a modification as per previous working plans (past experience). Table 10.9: Diameter-class Survival percentage of species dbh (cm) Deodar Kail Fir 30 62% 46% 20% 40 75% 59% 40% 50 86% 74% 50% 60 95% 86% 60% 70 95% 95% 85% 80 - - 95
The yield finally arrived at shall be reduced by 15 percent on account of vulnerability of mature trees to fungal diseases.
Based on these assumptions, the number of total potentially available trees, over the commercial area of this working circle, calculated at lower confidence limit of mean value after due deduction on account of mortality is tabulated under on Table 10.10.
Table:10.10:Species and diameter-class wise potential availability of trees from the commercial area of Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle DEODAR
Class VI V IV III II I Total below 60- above Diameter-class 30-40 40-50 50-60 30 70 70 Total No. of trees 10026 17492 assessed at mean 36717 26831 9791 847 471 5 2 value Total No. of trees 14343 assessed at lower limit 82217 30108 22002 8029 695 386 6 of confidence interval Age of entry in the 70 87 105 125 147 class Years in class 70 17 18 20 22 transition period Survival Coefficient 0.40 0.62 0.75 0.86 0.95 0.95 of the class No. of potentially 32887 18667 16501 6905 660 367 75986 available trees
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KAIL Class VI V IV III II I Total below 60- above Diameter-class 30-40 40-50 50-60 30 70 70 Total No. of trees 24844 23724 23112 14131 6392 94201 assessed at mean 19959 9 6 7 2 5 8 value Total No. of trees 20372 19454 18952 11587 5241 77245 assessed at lower limit 16366 8 2 4 6 8 4 of confidence interval Age of entry in the class 64 78 96 115 135 Years in class transition period 64 14 18 19 20 Survival Coefficient of the class 0.3 0.46 0.59 0.74 0.86 0.95 No. of potentially 11181 4508 40880 61119 89489 85748 15548 available trees 9 0 3
FIR Class VII VI V IV III II I Total Diameter- below 70- above 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 class 30 80 80 Total No. of trees assessed 22971 48391 45284 33139 19300 9320 6967 185372 at mean value Total No. of trees assessed at lower limit 18837 39680 37133 27174 15826 7643 5713 152005 of confidence interval Age of entry 87 109 133 161 195 235 in the class Years in class transition 87 22 24 28 34 40 period Survival Coefficient of 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.85 0.95 the class No. of potentially 2825 7936 14853 13587 9495 6496 5427 60621 available trees
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10.10. Yield Regulation:
10.10.1 Brandis Diameter Class Method
Table: 10.11 Yield Calculation for Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle using Modified Brandis Diameter-Class Method Felling cycle: 30 year, Exploitable Dia.(Deodar & Kail)--70cm,Fir-80cm DEODAR KAIL FIR a) Total number of trees in class 367 15548 5427 I b) Total number of trees likely to pass on to class I in the first felling cycle from Class II 660 45080 4872 Class III 2762 45131 0 c) Total recruitment in class I 3422 90210 4872 from class II and III during first felling cycle d) Annual recruitment from class 114.06 3007.00 162.40 II and III during the first felling cycle (c / 30) e) Stock required to be kept as 1710.96 45105.13 2436.11 reserve i.e. half of the total recruitment in 'c' above f) Surplus stock of class I ( a - e) -1344 -29557 2991 g) Total possibility of yield in 2078 60653 7863 first felling cycle if all surplus stock in 'f' above is removed ( c + f) h) Annual yield ( g / 30) 69.25 2021.76 262.10 i) Total possibility of yield if all 2078 60653 6367.72 surplus stock in 'f' above is removed in two felling cycles ( c + f/2) (refer note below) j) Annual yield ( i / 30) for two 69.25 2021.76 212.25 felling cycles k) Weighted average volume of 4.39 4.42 8.3 trees above exploitable diameter as per Kullu Volume Tables in cubic metres l) Total annual volume yield ( 304.03 8936.21 2175.48 m3) for one felling cycle(h*k) m) Total annual volume yield ( 304.03 8936.21 1761.67 m3) for two felling cycle(j*k) n) Deduct 50% from 'l' above to 152.01 4468.10 880.83 account for mortality for two felling cycle o) Rounded off to lower multiple 100 4400 800 of hundred (two felling cycle)
Note:- since surplus in Deodar and Kail is negative, the yield at ‘g’ has been adopted Total Annual Yield (Deodar+ Kail + Fir) = 100+4400+800 = 5300cum
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10.10.2 Von Mantel’s Formula:
The entire growing stock enumerated from 10-20cm to 100cm and above was considered. Kullu volume table values were used for calculation of volume from each of the diameter classes.
Yield Calculations based on Von Mantel’s Formula
Table: 10.12 The Yield Calculated using Von Mantel’s Formula DKWC Deodar(m3) Kail (m3) Fir (m3) Total (m3) Total Commercial volume available based on Mean value 89477 1123386 429091 1641953 Total Commercial volume available based on Minimum availability 76055 954878 364727 1395660 Yield = 2GS/R 1014 12732 3039 16785
Table: 10.13 the comparative statement of Annual Yield obtained using both the methods is as given below Methodology Deodar Kail Fir Total Modified Brandis Diameter 100 4400 800 5300 Class method (One Felling Cycle) Von Mantel 1014 12732 3039 16785
The yield calculated by adopting the Modified Brandis Dia Class method is only 31.6 % % of the yield obtained using Von Mantel’s method and it is conservative.
The intensity of cut on the basis of this volume 5300m3over the commercial area of 6966.75ha works out to be 0.67 m3 per hectare.
10.11.Size of the Annual Coupe
10.11.1The yield calculated on volume basis shall be controlled by an area check. The size of the annual coupe is calculated as under: Annual Coupe (ha) = Total commercial area of working circle= 6966.75 = 232.22ha. Felling Cycle 30 say 232 ha
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10.12 Annual Allowable cut per ha
It is determined by dividing the annual volume yield by the size of annual coupe: It works out to be as under
Annual Cut prescribed Annual Coupe (ha) Annual cut per ha (Vol. in m3) 5300 232 22.84m3
Comparing it with the mean minimum available growing stock per ha i.e. 235.68m3/ha for the entire working circle, the percentage of allowable cut works out to be 9.6 %. As per Govt. Order No. FST/MEP-4/73 DATED 7-7-1974, a cut up to 33% of the volume of trees over 30 cms dbh is permissible.
10.13. Realization of the Yield
10.13.1The yield prescribed shall include the volume of all trees 30 cm dbh and above marked for whatever purpose including concession marking, illicit damage etc. Fellings in the next 10 years shall be subject to the limit of yield prescribed (5300m3) and area check (232 ha), whichever is arrived at earlier. The annual yield prescribed should be strictly adhered to. Deviations in annual yield to the extent of 20 percent are permissible for certain administrative or technical reasons. Deviations beyond above limits shall require prior sanction of the Chief Conservator of Forests. However, cumulative deviation over the entire working plan period should not exceed the prescribed yield.
10.14. Sequence of Felling
10.14.1In view of the current ban on green felling, the sequence of fellings has been left to the discretion of the Divisional Forest Officer who shall exercise his judgment keeping in view the progress of regeneration
10.15. Method of Executing Felling
10.15.1In the Working Circle, Deodar and Kail are the focus of attention. Deodar is a shade bearer and Kail is light demander and vigorous colonizer. Opening of larger area by way of removing exploitable trees mostly favours Kail. Hence greater skill is required and the felling should be based on the ground condition. Removal of over-wood standing above the advance growth and regeneration, with a view to liberate it from shade and suppression, and very light opening up of the crop where regeneration is inadequate, will constitute the general guide lines in the execution of fellings. The over-wood standing above the regeneration
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must be removed gradually. In order to avoid the invasion of the area by weeds, which come up profusely in the gaps, the canopy needs to be manipulated with utmost care. In general, selection forests require elaborate management and great skill on the part of the executive staff handle the crop. Accordingly the following marking rules are laid down for guidance of the marking officer.
10.16 Marking and Felling Rules
• Marking should be done by the DCF in-charge of the Division or well trained and experienced ACF. Marking should never be conducted by anybody below the rank of a well trained and experienced Range Officer, in which case the DFO/ ACF should check at least 25% of these markings. • The marking officer, prior to conducting the marking, must acquaint himself thoroughly with the condition and composition of the crop in the compartment and its boundaries by traversing over the area of the compartment, at least once. • No marking, except the removal of dead, dying and diseased trees, shall be done in areas near and around cultivation and behaks with in a distance of 100 meters from their periphery. • No marking, except the removal of actually dead, dying diseased trees, shall be done along nalla banks within a distance of at least 100 meters on either side. • No healthy trees below the exploitable size shall be marked. • No attempt shall be made to disturb the process of the succession by giving preference to one species over the others. The selection character of the crop shall be preferred over the area of this working circle and should be maintained by retaining some healthy trees of exploitable size which do not cause any suppression to the crop. • No marking should be conducted in areas lacking regeneration. • No marking should be done on steep and precipitous slopes. • The over-mature trees should get preference over the relatively younger and healthier ones. • Improvement and hygienic marking in all age-classes shall be done. • Marking for improvement felling shall form an integral part of the major marking. All dead, dying, dry and diseased trees shall be marked together with malformed and unfit trees.
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• All the trees of exploitable size (70 cm dbh. in case of Deodar and Kail and 80 cm dbh. in case of Fir), standing over adequate advance growth should be removed. Advance growth includes all the trees and poles up to exploitable size. Selection markings of light to very light intensity shall be done in areas having inadequate but established regeneration. • The thickness of regeneration should be freed from the congestion by properly spacing the young saplings and poles by cleanings and thinnings as per site condition. • In dense groups of trees, of and above exploitable size, the spacing between the stems to be retained will vary from 7 to 12metres depending upon the status and amount of regeneration present. Selection felling of moderate intensity shall be carried out in such groups. • In the mixed crop, ecologically most suitable species to the locally should be favored. • The intensity of felling, over a particular compartment, will largely depend upon the degree of biotic interference to which it is subjected, the amount and status of regeneration, topography, slope and aspect. • Extreme care has to be exercised at the time of felling so as not to damage the crop below. • Trees marked for felling should be lopped before execution of felling. • Over and above the afore-said marking rules, all the dead, dying diseased, malformed and ‘Armi’ infested trees will be marked. All the fellings will be done on the uphill side. Fellings will be light and conservative on steep and precipitous slopes. 10.17. Supplementary Marking
10.17.1As soon as the felling following major marking is over, supplementary marking of poles and trees damaged in felling or those that have died, dried or fallen off subsequent to the major felling and which are incapable of recover should be done. Due caution is required to be taken to avoid large scale supplementary markings which prove dangerous to the ultimate requirement of the crop and the site. Preferably, these markings should be conducted by the DFO himself. Judicious discretion of the marking officer is, therefore, needed to ensure that provision of supplementary marking is not misused, and only such trees as are
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considered definitely unfit for retention, or are not likely to survive in the near future, are marked. 10.18 Subsidiary silvicultural operations: 10.18.1 Disposal of debris: The Forest floor of the vacated coupes remaining littered with the felling refuse for long periods is no longer a problem so often observed. In fact with the rise in the demand of fuel wood accompanied by the development and improvement in the means of communications; the purchaser promptly removes now everything from the coupe before handing it back and whatever little is left is given to the local concessionists. In case of Fir forests, the disposal of debris is, however, an issue warranting good deal of attention. The un-disposed refuse should be heaped there, preferably in blanks or Nallahs, away from the regeneration and advance growth and burnt with due precautions. This should be done soon after the melting of snow in spring, when the forest floor is damp enough to prevent the Fire from spreading. 10.19 Regeneration Programme 10.19.1Obtaining sufficient regeneration is one of the principle objectives of sustainable management of forests. In case of conifer species, there is no problem in regeneration if there is no biotic pressure or the biotic pressure is eliminated by way of closing the area. The reality is totally different. Almost all the compartments enlisted in the working circle faces severe grazing pressure from the cattle of nomadic grazers or from the livestock of forest fringe living communities. However, it is neither practical nor possible to close larger areas to grazing because of socio- economic constraints. It is therefore suggested, that total area requiring regeneration equal to the size of annual coupe, evenly distributed over the total area of the working circle, should be closed to grazing every year. All efforts should be made to induce natural regeneration and assist the establishment of natural regeneration. This involves removal of weeds, raking up of humus and closure of such areas to grazing. In case the area is too refractory to respond to natural seeding, artificial regeneration by way of sowing and planting nursery raised seedlings should be resorted to. It is also essential to undertake soil and moisture conservation measure to improve the water regime and also to reduce soil erosion to aid regeneration. The area taken up for regeneration should be strictly protected from forest Fire.
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10.19.2Nursery and Plantation Techniques
1. Cedrus Deodara
[ 1.1 Nursery Technique
The Deodar cones ripe in the period between October – December, should be collected by hand and dried. Seeds are threshed out and can be stored until sowing. The seeds are oily. Viability of the seeds remains only for few months. An average sample of one kilogram contains 7,000 to 8,000 seeds. Germination percent is very high, around 90 percent with the fresh seeds. Germination starts in spring but may take four to five months to complete. The seeds can be sown in the bed directly in the month of November. It can also be directly sown in polybags. At least 2- 3 seeds should be sown in each of the poly bags. The polybags of size 6”X9” is being used for raising of conifer seedlings. The potting mixture is prepared by mixing sieved soil, river sand, decomposed, farmyard manure and forest soil in the ratio of 7:1:1:1. The farmyard manure is added to improve the fertility of soil. The forest soil is added to improve the micro flora of the rooting medium. In the open areas, it is always recommended to create overhead thatching to allow diffused sunlight as the tender plants cannot withstand the scorching sunlight in the First year. Germination begins after 2-3 months.
1.2 Planting Technique
Planting has to be done in the month of November. Winter planting before Chilai Kalan (severe winter from December 15th to 30th January) can give good results. If it cannot be done, it can be done in the month February-March. Two-three year old plants should be used for planting to ensure good survival. Thorough weeding and cleaning is required for 2-3 years, early and frequent thinning also needed. Beating up operation is also to be done to ensure good stocking.
2. Pinus walliachiana
2.1 Nursery Technique:
Cones ripe during September to November and should be collected from the trees, dried in the sun or kiln and seeds be extracted by shaking or beating the cones. Seeds can be stored after air drying for 12 to 18 months. A kilogram contains about 17,000 - 18000 seeds. Germination capacity of the fresh seeds is up to 90 percent. Other techniques are similar to Cedrus Deodara.
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2.2 Planting Technique Two or three year old seedlings are lifted with balls of earth and are transplanted during rains. They should be 20 to 35 cm in height. Usual spacing, of 1.5 x 1.5 meters or 2 x 2 meters is kept. Weeding and cleaning is required for 2-3 years. Early, frequent and light thinnings are necessary to prevent snow damage
3. Abies pindrowSeed: Cones ripe in October- November, they should be collected in October before they break up. Should be sun/ kiln dried to split open. Seed extraction by shaking and winnowing be done, should be stored in gunny bags or tins till sowing. Good seed year occurs normally in 6-7 years. About 25,000 seeds weight a kilogram. Germination percent normally ranges from 40 to 65. It starts after 4-5 months of sowing and completes in about one and a half months. Plant percent is about 1500 per kg of seeds.
3.1 Nursery Technique: Similar to Deodar 3.2 Planting Technique: Similar to Deodar except for the fact that Fir is a shade demander species and hence it has to be planted in shade only. Seedlings of 3+ years alone should be used for planting.
4. Picea smithianaSeed: Female cones ripe in October- November. They should be collected from trees, spread in the sun (or kiln) for drying and beaten to extract seeds. Seeds can be stored upto one year. They are small (50-55 thousand per kg). Germination is normally good (more than 50 percent), usually completes in 1-2 months. Good seed year is expected once in five years.
4.1 Nursery Technique: Similar to Deodar 4.2 Planting Technique: Similar to Abies pindrow.
10.19.1.1 Nursery Pest and Diseases of conifers and their remedial measures:
1. Pests:In nursery Greasy cut worm (Agrotis ipsilon). The young seedlings are cut off soon after germination in March-April. Chafer beetle (Holotricha concanguina). It appears in April and feed voraciously on the foliage till July.
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Control measures:
1. Greasy cut worm can be controlled by the application of 0.03% of water solution of any soil insecticide e.g. Chloropyriphos 20% EC, Endosulfan 35EC (45ml) in 50 liter of water on the surface of nursery bed after the bed have been prepared few days in advance in sowing is beneficial. 2. Chafer beetle can be controlled by applying 200gm of Phorate 10G, 500 gm Fenitrothion 5% dust per bed respectively.
2.Diseases: In conifer nurseries damping off, root rot and collar rot diseases are common. This disease is caused by number of fungi which are normally soil saprophytes; but may be pathogenic in unfavourable condition. The most important fungi causing these diseases in conifer seedlings belongs to Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Fusarium etc. All these diseases are favoured in clayey and wet soils because of anaerobic conditions in the rooting zone and high temperature.
Control measures
1. Site should be selected with having light soil texture, acid soil (4.5 to 5.5 PH) and should be located on well drained site. 2. Soil or seed bed can be sterilized by steam or fumigants. Chemicals like - Formalin, Methyl bromide can be used two weeks before sowing seed. 3. Soil and seed can also be treated with chemicals. Fungicidal treatments may be useful for spp. which has hypogeal germination. Capton, Thiride, Cuman, Blitox, Zinc oxide can be used as chemicals. 10.20. Control of Grazing
10.20.1The areas brought under artificial planting should be strictly closed to grazing till the time regeneration gets established and is safe enough. The young poles of advance growth should be given adequate protection against lopping and other such injuries.
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CHAPTER XI
WORKING PLAN FOR THE FIR SELECTION WORKING CIRCLE
11.1General constitution of the working circle
11.1.1 The working circle comprises all the low lying, accessible, relatively well stocked commercialforests of Fir and Spruce which are exploitable in mixture with its associates likeKailat places. Fir is predominant species of these forests. Well defined patches of Kail are found on the exposed slopes and sunny southern aspects are wherever the successional retrogression on account of Fires, over grazing or landslides has taken place. Spruce is interspersed in small to fair proportion all over. The Broad leaved associates are Juglans spp, Aesculus spp, Acer spp, Fraxinus spp, and Prunus spp. Out of total area of 6560.75 hectare in working circle,3592.50hectare area in commercially exploitable which constitutes 54.75 % of the area.
11.2. General Character of the Vegetation
The distribution of stems over various diameter classes is not quite balanced as can be observed from the perusal of the following table. The crop, by and large, is young to middle aged to over mature. The regeneration is inadequate and there is deficiency of stems in upper most classes.
Table 11.1 Normal and Actual Distribution of Stems over Diameter Classes - Fir Selection Working Circle Diameter - class (cm) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal Distribution % 41 25 15 9 5 3 2 Actual Distribution % 21 22 21 15 10 4 3
A detail description of these forests has already been given in Chapter II of Part I of this plan. The forests allotted to this working circle conform to Champion and Seth’s forest types12/C1d, 12/C1f, 13/C4.
11.2.1 Area and Allotment
The detailed area statement of the compartments and sub- compartments assigned to the Working Circle is given in Appendix IV. The following table shows the distribution of the area by Ranges and species in the Working Circle.
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Table: 11.2. Compartments in Fir Selection WC as per Previous Working Plan Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac) 1a/AC,1b/AC,2a/AC,19/AC,25/AC, 26/AC,27/AC,43/AC,46/AC,48/AC, Pahalgam Chandanwari 49/AC,24c/L,25b/L,25c/L,26a/L,26 9334.75 b/L,30/L,31b/L,33a/L,33b/L,34a/L,
37a/L,38c/L, Hapatnar, Mattan 13b/L,15a/L,19b/L,19c/L. 1955.00 Logripora
Total 11289.75
Table: 11.3. Compartments in Fir Selection WC as per Current Working Plan
Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac)
24c/L25b/L25c/L26a/L,26b/L28b/ Pahalgam Chandanwari L,30/L,31b/L33b/L34a/L37a/L40/ 4642.75 L,1a/AC1b/AC2a/AC19/AC
Hapatnar, Mattan 13a/L,13b/L,15a/L,19c/L 1918 Logripora
T Total 6560.75 a ble: 11.4 Range wise area under various species for Fir selection Working Circle
Sub Com Un- Crop Area in ha Total merci Commer Range G. Total al cial Deo Kail Fir BL Blank Blank Mattan 0 60 804.5 124 988.5 94 835.5 1918 Pahalgam 0 308.5 2263.5 32 2604 119.5 1919.25 4642.75 0 368.5 3068 156 3592.5 213.5 2754.75 6560.75
Out of the total area of the division, the working circle area constitutes 10%. Pahalgam Range has got largest area under this Working Circle.
11.4. Silvicultural system adopted
11.4.1The Fir forests are generally located on rough terrain in the catchment areas of various streams above Deodar-Kail zone of this Division. Their significance in maintaining ecological balance, hydrological cycle and site protection warrants their careful handling under a sustainable silviculture system. Earlier for a pretty long period these forest were managed under uniform system which proved silviculturally unsuitable, as creation of
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openings will not favour Fir regeneration as Fir is shade bearer and it requires shade in the early part of life and also due to heavy biotic pressure these openings will be occupied by other unwanted vegetation (weeds). Hence such a system should be adopted which provide congenial climate to the establishment of which can provide suitable amount of light and warmth to the forest floor. This will be achieved by careful removal of silviculturally available and physically mature trees in the over wood, while retaining sufficient cover over a unit area at the same time. It is possible only in case of selection system.Secondly, because of the continuous presence of over wood, the regeneration of shade bearers like Fir and spruce can be secured there by maintaining the mixed composition of these forests. Normally it is expected that regeneration will come up in gaps created by the trees removed. However, since the establishment of regeneration in this area is not assured, the removals will be restricted only to those areas were established regenerations already present. In areas deficient are lacking regeneration only a conservation cut, avoiding creating large gaps in the canopy is envisaged. In case large gaps are already present and no felling shall be carried out. No thinning in the crop below the exploitable diameter will be carried out. This however does not preclude the conduction of improvement felling therein.
11.5 Exploitable size and rotation
11.5.1In case of Fir, since it occupies higher reaches and stable slopes in the catchments of river Lidder and Lam Nallah in the Lidder Division, it is essential to maintain adequate tree cover for ecological and environmental reasons. The exploitable size for Fir and spruce is fixed at 80cms dbh (ob). The exploitable size for Deodar and kail is fixed at 70 cms dbh (ob). Keeping in view the overall deficiency of regeneration and higher proportion of mature to over-mature trees in fir, the exploitable diameter has been fixed at 80cms dbh (ob). Rotation is of little significance in a selection system. However, for academic purposes roration of 240 years is fixed for Fir.
11.5.2Even though fixing of rotation age is of academic interest in case of selection system a rotation of 240 years is fixed for Fir considering exploitable diameter. Kail being subsidiary species will be treated on similar lines.
11.6. Felling cycle
11.6.1A Felling cycle of 25 years is adopted which has been found to be convenient, based on the past experience. It is considered adequate to regulate the desired intensity of cut/felling and facilitate proper supervision. 110
11.7 Felling series
11.7.1There is only one felling series which is corresponding to working circle area for administrative reasons.
11.8 Analysis and Valuation of the Crop
11.8.1 The inventory methodology adopted for the assessment of the Growing Stock has been discussed in the Chapter 8 of Part I of the Plan. ‘Point Sampling’ methodology using Wedge Prism of basal area Factor 3’ was used and data was collected from 48 sampling points. Mean and other Statistics values of two variables viz. number of stems and volume of conifers have been computed. Results obtained on the basis of statistical analysis have been summarized in Table 11.5.The diameter class and species wise distribution of growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of the total number of trees and volume of conifers 10 cm dbh and above are summarized in Table 11.6(a) to 11.8(b).
11.9. Calculation of the Yield
11.9.1 The yield will be calculated in terms of number of trees and volume, which in turn shall be subject to area check. Modified Brandis Diameter- Class Method and Von Mantel’s formula have been applied for calculation of the yield. The following presumptions have been made in this regard.
• Only commercial area and its growing stock have been taken into account for the purpose of yield calculation.
• The growing stock over commercial area of this working circle is classified within 10 cm diameter classes indicated by Symbols I, II, III, IV, V and VI. Class I stands for trees above the exploitable diameter and the other successively below it to the youngest.
• The number of trees in all those classes being considered for the purpose of yield calculation has been computed at lower limit of confidence interval.
• On an average it takes 235years for Fir to reach exploitable dbh of 80cm and it takes 147and 135 years for trees of Deodar and, Kail respectively to attain exploitable diameter of 70 cm dbh.
11.9.2 For Fir, the transition period from Class II/approach class (70-80) to Class I (80cm dbh& above) is 40 years, whereas forDeodar and Kail it takes 22 years and 20 years respectively to reach from approach class (60-70cm) to reach 60cm and above. 111
Table 11.5 (a)Results of Statistical analysis for Fir Selection Working Circle
Working Variable Sample Mean Variance Standard Standard Coefficient Confidence limits (95%) Confidence Lower limit as
Circle (per ha.) Points Deviation Error of variation (X + t x S.E.) Interval % of mean
(n) (X) (S2 ) (S) (S.E.) (%) Lower limit Upper limit (C.I.) (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t= 2.001
Fir Selection No. of Stems 48 231.83 65984.00 256.87 37.08 110.80 157.64 306.02 148.38 68%
Working
Circle Volume 48 272.28 55931.60 236.50 34.14 86.86 203.97 340.59 136.61 75%
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Table 11.6(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count of Fir Selection Working Circle
Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Kail 16.71 7.63 5.19 3.75 1.77 0.56 0.58 0.10 0.00 0.06 36.35
Fir 49.58 36.90 36.23 25.02 18.46 7.94 7.79 2.75 1.00 0.60 186.27
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B.L. 0.00 1.27 4.21 1.96 1.08 0.38 0.15 0.10 0.00 0.06 9.21
Total 66.29 45.79 45.63 30.73 21.31 8.88 8.52 2.96 1.00 0.73 231.83
11. 6 (b)Total tree count over the entire commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle Mean Value (Area = 3592.5 hectare s) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 37944.63 27393 18636 13472 6362 2021 2096 374 0 225 108522
Fir 112603.75 132548 130153 89887 66312 28515 27992 9879 3593 2170 603654
Chir 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B.L. 0.00 4565 15118 7035 3892 1347 524 374 0 225 33081
Total 150548.38 164507 163908 110395 76565 31883 30611 10628 3593 2620 745257 113
Table 11.7(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Fir Selection Working Circle
Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Kail 3.94 5.10 4.33 1.88 2.58 0.56 0.00 0.42 18.81
Fir 30.43 39.03 54.82 38.89 51.91 22.83 9.40 6.16 253.47
Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 34.38 44.13 59.15 40.77 54.49 23.38 9.40 6.58 272.28
(Area 11.7(b)Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle = 3592.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 14163 18322 15562 6749 9263 2002 0 1513 67575
Fir 109329 140224 196945 139726 186488 81999 33770 22117 910598
Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 123492 158546 212508 146475 195751 84001 33770 23630 978173
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Table 11.8 (a)Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Deodar Fir working circle computed at lower confidence interval.
Total tree count of commercial area (3592.5 ha) at lower interval for Fir Selection Working Circle Lower limit 68% 90- Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 100 100 < Grand Total
Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 26941 19449 13232 9565 4517 1435 1488 266 0 159 77051
Fir 79949 94109 92409 63820 47081 20246 19874 7014 2551 1541 428594
Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B.L. 0 3241 10734 4995 2763 957 372 266 0 159 23487
Total 106889.35 116800 116375 78380 54361 22637 21734 7546 2551 1860 529132
11.8 (b)Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (3592.5 ha) at lower interval for Fir Selection Working Circle Lower limit 75% 90- Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 100 100 < Total
Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 11189 14474 12294 5332 7318 1582 0 1196 53384
Fir 86370 110777 155587 110383 147326 64779 26678 17472 719372
Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 97559 125251 167881 115715 154643 66361 26678 18668 772756
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11.10 The following survival coefficient percentages based on the All India Volume Tables in respect of Deodar, Kail and Fir have been used with a modification as per previous working plans (past experience).
Table: 11.9 Survival Co-efficient percentage of various classes of Deodar, Kail and Fir Diameter-class Survival percentage of species dbh (cm) Deodar Kail Fir 30 62% 46% 20% 40 75% 59% 40% 50 86% 74% 50% 60 95% 86% 60% 70 95% 95% 85% 80 95%
11.10.1In view of preponderance of mature and over-mature growing stock, and their vulnerability to rot, the yield finally arrived at shall be reduced by 15 percent.
11.11. Based on these assumptions, the number of total potentially available trees, over the commercial area of this working circle, calculated at lower confidence limit of mean value after due deduction on account of mortality is tabulated under Table 11.10.
Table:11.10 Species and diameter class wise potential availability of trees from the commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle KAIL
Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class below 30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 above 70 Total No. of trees assessed 65337 18636 13472 6362 2021 2694 108522 at mean value Total No. of trees assessed at lower limit 46390 13232 9565 4517 1435 1913 77051 of confidence interval Age of entry in
the class 64 78 96 115 135 Years in class transition period 64 14 18 19 20 Survival Coefficient of the class 0.3 0.46 0.59 0.74 0.86 0.95 No. of potentially 13917 6087 5643 3342 1234 1817 32040 available trees
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FIR Class VII VI V IV III II I Total Diameter- below above 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 class 30 80 Total No. of trees assessed at 245152 130153 89887 66312 28515 27992 15642 603654 mean value Total No. of trees assessed at lower limit 174058 92409 63820 47081 20246 19874 11106 428594 of confidence interval Age of entry in the 87 109 133 161 195 235 class Years in class 87 22 24 28 34 40 transition period Survival Coefficient 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.85 0.95 of the class No. of potentially 26109 18482 25528 23541 12148 16893 10551 133250 available trees
11.12.Yield Regulation
11.12.1Modified Brandis Diameter Class Method and Von Mantel’s Formula have been applied for calculating yield. The stepwise yield calculations for one felling cycle on the basis of Modified Brandis Diameter- class method are tabulated under Table.11.11.
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Table:11.11Yield Calculation of Fir Selection Working Circle using Brandis Diameter Class Method. Felling cycle----25years, Exploitable Dia.(Deodar & Kail)--70cm,Fir-80cm DEODAR KAIL FIR a) Total number of trees in class I 0 1817 10551 Total number of trees likely to pass on to class I b) in the first felling cycle from Class II 0 1234 10558 Class III 0 880 0 Total recruitment in class I from class II and III c) 0 2113 10558 during first felling cycle Annual recruitment from class II and III during d) 0 85 422 the first felling cycle (c / 25) Stock required to be kept as reserve i.e. half of e) 0 1057 5279 the total recruitment in 'c' above f) Surplus stock of class I ( a - e) 0 761 5272 Total possibility of yield in first felling cycle if all g) 0 2874 15830 surplus stock in 'f' above is removed ( c + f) h) Annual yield ( g / 25) 0 115 633 Total possibility of yield if all surplus stock in 'f' i) above is removed in two felling cycles ( c + f/2) 0 2494 13194 (refer note below) j) Annual yield ( i / 25) for two felling cycles 0 100 528 Weighted average volume of trees above k) exploitable diameter as per Kullu Volume Tables 4..39 4.42 8.3 in cubic metres Total annual volume yield ( m3) for one felling l) 0 508 5255 cycle(h*k) Deduct 50% from 'l' above to account for m) 0 254 2628 mortality for one felling cycle Rounded off to lower multiple of hundred (One n) 0 200 2600 felling cycle)
Total annual Yield (Kail+ Fir) for one felling series= 200+2600= 2800m3
Table: 11.12 The Yield Calculated using Von Mantel’s Formula
Deodar(m3) Kail (m3) Fir (m3) Total (m3) Total Commercial volume available based on Mean value 0 67575 910598 978173 Total Commercial volume available based on Minimum availability 0 53384 719372 772756 Yield = 2GS/R 0 712 5995 6707
Table: 11.13The comparative statement of Annual Yield obtained using both the methods is as given below Methodology Deodar(m3) Kail(m3) Fir(m3) Total(m3) Von Mantel 0 712 5995 6707 Modified Brandis Diameter Class 0 200 2600 2800 method (One Felling Cycle)
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11.13. In case of Fir, the yield calculated by the Brandis Dia Class method is less than the annual yield estimated through Von Mantel’s method. As previously discussed in the para 2.3.4, it will be good from the management point of view if lesser volume is extracted. The yield calculated by the Brandis Dia Class method is recommended to be implemented as a conservative measure for Fir while removing the surplus stock in one felling cycle,accordingly, the annual yield estimation of the working circle is as follows.
Kail = 200m3 Fir = 2600 m3 Total = 2800 m3
The intensity of cut on the basis of this volume (2800 m3) over the commercial area of 3592.5 ha works out to 0.78 m3 per hectare.
11.14.Size of the Annual Coupe
11.1.4.1The yield calculated on volume basis is further controlled by an area check. The size of the Annual coupe is calculated as under: Annual Coupe (Ha) = Total commercial area of working circle = 3592.5 = 143. 7 ha. Felling cycle 25 Say-144 ha.
11.15. Allowable Cut
11.15.1It is determined by dividing the annual volume yield by the size of annual coupe: It works out to be as under Annual Cut prescribed (Vol. Annual Coupe (ha) Annual cut per ha in m3) 2800 144 19.4m3
11.15.2Comparing it with the mean minimum available growing stock per ha i.e. 272.28 m3/ha forthe entire working circle, the percentage of allowable cut works out to be 6.6 %. As per Govt. Order No. FST/MEP- 4/73 DATED 7-7-1974, a cut upto 33% of the volume of trees over 30 cms dbh is permissible.
11.16. Realization of yield
11.16.1The yield prescribed shall include the volume of all trees of 30cm dbh and above marked forwhatever purpose including concessions marking, illicit damage etc. As Kail and Fir are not uniformly mixed it may be 119
possible to maintain the proposition of species, in realization of the yield, prescribed videPara11.12.The attempt therefore should be to realize the prescribed yield in totality. The yield will be subject to an area check. Felling shall be strictly accordance to the felling schedule proposed in the working plan. The annual yield prescribed should be strictly adhered to deviations in annual yield to the extinct of 20% or permissible for certain administrative or technical reasons. Deviations beyond the above limits shall require proper sanction of Chief Conservator of Forests.
11.17.Sequence of felling
11.17.1In view of the current ban on green felling the sequence of felling has been left to the discretion of the Divisional Forest Officer who shall exercise his judgment keeping in view the progress of regeneration
11.18Method of executing felling
11.18.1The felling should primarilybe directed at careful opening of the canopy in accordance withthe requirements of the regeneration. The over wood regeneration must be gradually removed in order to avoid the invasion of the area by weeds which come up profusely in the gaps. The canopy needs to be manipulated with utmost care. Selection forests procure elaborate management and grade skill on the part of the executive staff who have to handle the crop properly. It is left to the discretionof DFO concerned to make up prescribed yield by selecting suitable annual coups. Accordingly the following marking rules are laid down for the guidance of the marking officer.
11.19Marking and felling rules
• The marking officer, prior to conducting the marking must acquaint himself thoroughly with the condition and composition of the crop in the compartment and its boundaries by traversing the area of the compartment.
• Marking should be done by the I/C of the Division or well trained and experienced ACF. The marking should never be conducted by anybody below the rank of a well trained DDR/experienced Range Officer in which case the DFO/ACF should check at least 25% of these markings. • No marking except the removal of dead and diseased trees shall be done in area near and around cultivation and behaks within a distance of 100mts form their periphery.
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• No marking, except the removal of dead and diseased trees shall be done along Nallah banks within a distance of at least 150mts on either side.
• No healthy trees below the exploitable size be marked.
• No attempt shall be made to disturb the process of succession by giving performance to one species to others. The selection character of the crop shall be proffered over the area of this working circle and should be maintained by retaining some healthy trees of exploitable size which do not cause any suppression to the crop.
• No marking should be conducted in areas lacking regeneration.
• The over mature trees should get preference over the relatively younger and healthier ones.
• No marking should be done on steep and precipitous slopes
• Improvement and hygienic marking in all age classes should be done.
• Marking of improvement felling shall form an integral part of major markings. All dead and diseased trees shall be marked together with mal formed and unfit trees.
• All trees of exploitable size 70cm dbh in case of Kail and 80 cm dbh in case of Fir standing over adequate advance growth should be removed. Selection marking of light to very light intensity should be carried out area having in adequate but established regeneration.
• In dense group of trees, of and above exploitable size the spacing between the stems to be retained 7 to 12 mts apart, depending up on the status and amount of regeneration present.
• In the mixed crop ecologically most suitable species to the locality should be favoured.
• The intensity of felling over a particular compartment will largely depend upon the degree of biotic interference to which it is subject to, the amount and status of regeneration and its topography, slope and aspect.
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• Extreme care has to be exercised at the time of felling so as not to damage the regeneration below.
• Trees marked for felling should be lopped before execution of felling.
• In case of compartments worked in parts over the years the marking should start form the furthest and proceed across the contours.
11.20.Supplementary marking
11.20.1 As soon as the felling is completed following major marking is over, supplementary marking of poles and trees damaged in felling or those that have died, dried or fallen off subsequent to the major felling and which are incapable of recover should be done. Due caution is required to be taken to avoid large scale supplementary markings which prove dangerous to the ultimate requirement of the crop and the site. Preferably, these markings should be conducted by the DFO himself. Judicious discretion of the marking officer is, therefore, needed to ensure that provision of supplementary marking is not misused, and only such trees are considered definitely unfit for retention, or are not likely to survive in the near future, are marked.
11.21Subsidiary regulations
11.21.1Heavy accumulation of the slash in Fir forests is inimical to the Fir regeneration besides thethreat of accumulation of Fire hazard. Quick disposal of felling debris in the worked coupes, should receive good deal of attention. This is much more importance for Fir forests located in far off area where despite the heavy accumulation of debris and off cuts, the disposal through local off-take is negligible. The un-disposed refuse should be heaped, preferably in blanks or Nallahs, away from the regeneration and advance growth and burnt with due precautions. This should be done soon after the melting of snow in spring, when the forest floor is damp enough to prevent the Fire from spreading.
11.22Regeneration programme
11.22.1The natural regeneration of Fir is facilitated in its establishment by the judicious and carefulopening of canopy but is ensured if the inimical biotic factors, particularly the unregulated grazing, are eliminated as well. The intensity of the felling should be governed by the quantity of the regeneration actually present. It should be light where the
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regeneration is deficient and extremely low to nil where regeneration is lacking. After the coupe is worked, in order to ensure regeneration, the area equivalent to annual coupe in the felling series must be closed by fencing. Further operations like removal of weeds, racking up of humus is also essential to get natural regeneration. In case of Fir, there is another problem associated with regeneration is that even though seeds germinate and seedlings come up after good seed years (3-4 years), the growth is very slow and success rate to establishment is very poor. Hence along with the closing of the area, artificial regeneration must be attempted. In highly refractory sites, nursery grown seedlings preferably 3-4 years old should be planted and carefully protected. High altitude nurseries should be specially created for the purpose.
11.23.Nursery and plantation technique
11.23.1As it is given the previous chapter
11.24.Control of Grazing
11.24.1In Fir areas, there is heavy biotic pressure in the form of uncontrolled, unregulated grazing.Control of grazing, particularly in the recently worked sites is very essential to get natural regeneration. It is essential to closed these areas by fencing and should be followed by artificial regeneration preferably nursery grown saplings.
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CHAPTER XII
WORKING PLAN FOR THE ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION WORKING CIRCLE
12.1. General constitution of the Working Circle
12.1.1The working circle comprises of all the compartments which are high lying and are situated on a very steep to precipitous terrain and alpine pasture lands. The compartments which are not to be disturbed as they fall in important catchments where drinking water supply is made is also included in the Working Circle. These forests are generally inaccessible and economically unworkable, being situated on too steep topography not to be exploitable from the point of soil and water conservation. Besides, to work in these forests vast stretch of forest road are to be created which is not ecologically advisable. More than 75% of the area 27028 ha is under un-commercial blanks having alpine pastures etc. In this working circle, some of the important water bodies viz Sheshnag, Tuliyan sar, Charinag, Surassar, Sunsar, Konnag, Handilsar etc. is located.
12.2 General character of vegetation
12.2.1The forests by and large are poor both qualitatively as well as quantitatively and consist mainly of high level Fir forests situated at sources of main streams and Nallahs.Fir constitutes the major crop and is generally mature and compact at places. A good amount of colonization by Kail is discernible in patches. The broad leaves species are found along Nallah and cooler aspects. Birch is found scattered above the upper limit of Fir zone. The forests are the source of a variety of medicinal plants viz Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Dioscorea (Dioscorea deltoidea), Kour (Picrochiza kurva), Artimisia (Artimisia spps), Bankakri (Podophyllum spps), Dhoop(Jurinea macrocephala) etc. The alpine pastures are subject to a pressure of excessive and unregulated summer grazing. Mostly these forests has only patches of regeneration of Fir and it is absent in most of the compartments.
12.3 The distribution of stem over various diameter classes and its comparison with normal distribution is given in the table below
Table: 12.1 Normal and actual distribution of stems over diameter-classes Diameter – class (cm) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal Distribution in 41 25 15 9 5 3 2 percentage Actual Distribution in percentage 4 25 17 20 15 9 6
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12.3.1From the table above, it is obvious that the deficiency of trees in lower most diameter classes and mature to over mature is higher proportion.
12.4Area and allotment
12.4.1 A detailed area statement of the compartments and the Sub- compartments allotted to thisworking circle is given in the Annexure V. The following table gives the abstract of the area Range wise under each species in the working circle.
Table: 12.2. Compartments in Protection WC as per Previous Working Plan Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac) 2b/AC,3/AC,4/AC5/AC,6/AC,7/A C,8/AC,9/AC,10/AC,11/AC,12/AC ,13/AC,14/AC,15/AC,16/AC,17/A C,18/AC,22/AC,23/AC,24/AC,30/ Batakote, AC,31/AC,32/AC,33/AC,34/AC,35 Pahalagam Pahalgam, 54239.00 /AC,36/Ac,37/AC38/AC,39/Ac,40/ Chandanwari, AC,41/Ac,42/Ac,44/AC,45/AC,47/ AC,28c/L,29a/L,32a/L,32b/L,33c/L ,35c/L,37b/L,37c/L,38a/L,38b/L,43 a/L,45b/L,46b/L Hapatnar , Mattan 14b/L,16b/L,17a/L,51c/L,52a/L. 1933.50 Kullar Kahlil, Lam, 3/K,9/L,10/L,11/L,12/L,13/L,14/L, Tral Naristan, 9274.90 15/L,17/L,20/N,21/N,22/N,23/N Ponzwa Total 65447.40
Table: 12.3. Compartments in Ecological Conversion WC as per Current Working Plan Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac) 28c/L,29a/L,32a/L,32b/L,33a/L, 33c/L,35c/L,37b/L,37c/L,38a/L, Batakote, 38b/L,,2b/AC,3/AC,
Pahalagam Pahalgam, 4/AC,5/AC,6/AC,7/AC,8/AC, 24953
Chandanwari, 9/AC,10/AC,11/AC,12/AC,13/AC, 14/AC,15/AC,16/AC,17b/A,C18/A C Hapatnar , Mattan 14a/L,16b/L,17a/L, 51c/L, 52a/L 1933.50 Kullar Kahlil, Lam, 3/K,9/Lam,10/Lam11/Lam,12/Lam, Tral Naristan, 13/Lam,14/Lam,15/Lam,17/Lam, 10159 Ponzwa 20/N,21/N,22/N,23/N,24/N Total 37045.5
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Table :12.4 Range wise area under various species for Ecological Conversion Working circle
Crop Area in ha Co mm Un- Range Sub erci G. Commerc Deo Kail Fir BL Total al Total ial Blank Bla nk Mattan range 1933. 0 783 242.5 110.5 1136 142 655.5 5 Pahalgam range 2521 0 679 2328.5 945 3952.5 37 21224.5 4 Tral 1015 0 1971 2313 552 4836 175 5148 9 3730 0 3433 4884 1607.5 9924.5 354 27028 Total 6.5
12.5. Felling series and cutting sections
12.5.1The compartments included in the working circle are not be disturbed and are to bepreserved. No felling is proposed and so no felling series and cutting sections applicable for the working circle.
12.6 Special objectives of Management
12.6.1 The major objectives for constituting working circle are as follows: • To preserve the forests to protect the ecological balance and environmental protection. • To revegetate the vast blanks through aided natural regeneration and artificial regeneration.
12.7. Analysis and valuation of the crop
12.7.1In this working circle, growing stock data was collected from a total of 170 sample points using wedge prism factor 3. The statistical tests of variables performed have been given in the table 12.5. The diameter class and species wise distribution of growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of total no. of trees and volume of conifers 30cm dbh and above are given in tables12.6(a) o 12.8 (b).
12.8. Silvicultural system adopted
12.8.1There is no Silviculture system prescribed for the working circle so no felling is envisaged. However, regeneration of vast blanks through natural regeneration and artificial regeneration is planned.
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12.9 Method of treatment prescribed
12.9.1Most of the compartments allotted to this working circle are located in ecologically very sensitive locations. Most of the streams such as Lidder Nallah, Naristan Nallah, Lam Nallah, Langnai Nallah, Krepin Nallah etc. originating from these areas. It has many important water bodies. Considering all the aspects following line of treatment is proposed. • These forests are to be managed with the sole aim of their preservation and protection to prevent hazards of soil erosion and to ensure equable flow of water in Lakes.
• No felling is to be done and complete rest is suggested. • In the vast tree less blanks within the protection zone, principle conifers should be stocked by fencing and artificial planting. • The only treatment is given will be to protect the tract efficiently against excessive grazing, lopping, forest Fires and illicit felling of trees. In the alpine pasture lands the grazing should be regulated on scientific principles and its intensity decreased to obviate chances of sheet or gully erosion.
12.10. Realization of yield 12.10.1Over all no felling is proposed. Considering the Fire hazard and also to give aesthetic look as some of the compartments are in the vicinity of Pahalgam-Chandanwari road, it is suggested that fallen timber stocks can be harvested. After enumeration of 30-40% stocks should be left as deadwood and rest can be removed whether it is approachable without having an impact to the system.
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Table 12.5 Results of Statistical analysis for Ecological Conservation Working Circle
Confidence limits Working Variable Sample Mean Variance Standard Standard Coefficient (95%) Confidence Lower limit as
Circle (per ha.) Points Deviation Error of variation (X + t x S.E.) Interval % of mean (S (S Lower Upper (n) (X) 2 ) ) (S.E.) (%) limit limit (C.I.) (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t= 1.977 No. of Ecological Stems 170 98.10 22370.92 149.57 11.47 152.47 75.42 120.78 45.36 77%
Working Volume 170 142.25 45481.06 213.26 16.36 149.92 109.91 174.58 64.67 77%
Circle
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Table 12.6(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count of Ecological Conservation Working Circle Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 8.50 8.99 6.77 7.55 5.33 2.40 0.36 0.03 0.07 0.02 40.02 Fir 3.50 8.29 4.86 6.23 4.94 4.22 3.74 2.19 0.76 0.46 39.21 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B.L. 2.50 3.61 4.94 3.89 2.46 0.88 0.41 0.09 0.09 0.00 18.88 Total 14.50 20.88 16.57 17.67 12.74 7.51 4.51 2.31 0.93 0.48 98.10
Table 12.6 (b)Total tree count over the entire commercial area of Protection Working Circle (Area = 9924.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 19303.50 89204 67195 74901 52892 23819 3620 292 701 175 332100 Fir 7948.50 82257 48221 61824 49039 41916 37129 21776 7589 4612 362312 Chir 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 5677.50 35787 49039 38647 24461 8757 4028 876 934 0 168206 Total 32929.50 207247 164455 175372 126391 74492 44777 22943 9224 4787 862618
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Table 12.7(a)Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Ecological Working Circle Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total
Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 5.13 10.26 12.10 8.02 1.61 0.16 0.43 0.12 37.83 Fir 4.08 9.66 14.30 20.61 25.63 18.21 7.19 4.74 104.42 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 9.21 19.93 26.40 28.63 27.24 18.37 7.62 4.85 142.25 Table 12. 7 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Ecological Conservation Working Circle (Area = 9924.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 50893 101859 120064 79555 15998 1562 4301 1180 375413
Fir 40506 95896 141926 204571 254363 180737 71322 46996 1036317
Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 91399 197756 261990 284126 270361 182298 75624 48176 1411730
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Table 12.8(a)Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Ecological Conservation working circle computed at lower confidence interval. Lower Total tree count of commercial area (9924.5 ha) at lower interval for Protection Working Circle Limit 77% Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 14864 68687 51740 57674 40727 18340 2787 225 539 135 255717 Fir 6120 63338 37130 47604 37760 32276 28590 16767 5844 3551 278980 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 4372 27556 37760 29758 18835 6743 3102 674 719 0 129518 Total 25355.72 159580 126630 135036 97321 57359 34478 17666 7102 3686 664216
12.8 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (9924.5 ha) at lower interval for Protection WC Lower limit 77% Spp. Grand 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kail 39187 78432 92449 61257 12319 1202 3312 909 289068
Fir 31190 73840 109283 157520 195859 139167 54918 36187 797964
Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 70377 152272 201733 218777 208178 140370 58230 37096 1087032
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CHAPTER XIII
WORKING PLAN FOR THE REBOISEMENT WORKING CIRCLE
13.1 General constitution of the working circle
13.1.1 This working circle is second largest with an area of 10676 hectares and includes all such poorly stocked, potentially protective areas yet not fit for any systematic working on account of the degradation in crop condition and quality. These forests have either being degraded due to excessive biotic interference or failed to regenerate after drastic treatment in the past. The compartments of this circle being mostly located inclusive proximately of the habitations. In the Mattan Range compartments such as 3/L, 8b/L, 21/L, 51b/L and 58/L are degraded and open forests. In Pahalgam Range 23b/L, 29b/L while as in Tral Range 1c/K, 1d/K, 2/K, 4/K, 7/P and 8/Lam open are degraded forests. Some of the compartments were taken from Deodar Kail Selection working circle and Fir Selection working circle due to degradation and kept in this Working Circle for suitable treatment. Total number of compartments allotted to this WC is 41.
13.2 General Character of the vegetation
13.2.1 The following categories of the forest areas are allotted to this working circle: 1. The compartments which are degraded in open due to its location like southern aspect and due to heavy biotic pressure. 2. Those of the potentially protective areas which have now been rendered degraded and under stocked because of maltreatment in the past including excessive lopping, encroachment, over exploitation and biotic interference. These areas are being treated as degraded forests. The crop either has low density or is in the form of isolated trees, small patches or even without tree cover. 3. Those potentially productive forest areas that have deteriorated due to natural physical climates. 4. The productive forests though adequately stocked yet or considered unfit for commercial exploitation. Because of; a. Their proximity to the large human settlements rendering them more vulnerable to the excessive pressures of the ever rising population and their demand for timber, Firewood, grazing etc.
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5. Forests are mainly under broad leaved species, blanks, or bearing shrubby growth. Following table provides the distribution of stems over various diameter classes. Table: 13.1 Normal and actual distribution of stems over diameter-classes
Diameter – class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70 < (cm) Normal Distribution in 41% 25% 15% 9% 5% 3% 2% percentage Actual Distribution in percentage 41 19 14 13 7 2 1
13.3 Area and Allotment
13.3.1 In annexure VI, the detailed area statement covering compartments and sub-compartments allotted to this working circle. However the following statement shows the range wise distribution of area under various species.
Table: 13.2. Compartments in Reboisement WC as per Previous Working Plan Total Range Blocks Compartments Area(hac)
Chandanwari, Pahalgam, 20/AC,28/AC,29b/AC,50/AC,23b/L,24a/L Pahalgam 3352.00 Batakote, ,24d/L,28b/L,29b/L
Mattan, Manigam, Hapatnar, 1/L,2/L,3/L,4/L,8b/L,10b/L,11a/L,11c/L,1 Mattan Logripora, Kullar, 2a/L,19a/L,20b/L,21/L,22/L,51b/L,52c/L,5 4487.00 Dachnipora 5b/L,56b/L,58/L. Karmulla, Kahlil, Lam, Tral 1d,2/K,7/P,8/L,18/L,19/L,24/N,28/P,29/P, 4352.00 Pasthona, Naristan Total 12191.00 Table: 13.3. Compartments in Reboisement WC as per Current Working Plan Total Range Blocks Compartments T Area(hac) Chandanwari, Pahalgam, Pahalgam 23a/L,23b/L,24a/L,24d/L,29b/L, 20/AC 1502.00 Batakote,
1/L,2/L,3/L,4/L,5/L,6/L,8a/L,8b/L,9/L,10b/ Mattan, Manigam, Hapatnar, L,11a/L,11c/L,12a/L,17c/L,19a/L,19b/L, Mattan Logripora, Kullar, 5433.00 20b/L,21/L,22/L, 51b/L,52c/L,55b/L,56b/L, Dachnipora 58/L 1c/K,1d/K,2/K,4/K,7/P, A Karmulla, Kahlil, Lam, Tral 8/Lam,18/Lam,19/N, 3741.00 # Pasthona, Naristan 26/P, 28/P,29/P Total 10676.00 133
Table: 13.4 Range wise area under various species for Reboisement Working Circle
Crop Area in ha Un- Total no Comm Com Range Sub G. of ercial merci Deo Kail Fir BL Total Total comptts. Blank al Blank Mattan 24 401.5 2670.5 426.5 188 3686.5 1265.5 481 5433
Pahalgam 6 638 216 30 884 105 513 1502
Tral 11 1819 85 289 2193 683 865 3741
Total 41 401.5 5127.5 727.5 507 6763.5 2053.5 1859 10676
13.4 Special Objectives of Management
1) To afforest and reforest the open, degraded forests to bring the area under tree cover. 2) Suitable soil conservation measures shall be adapted to restore eroded and erosion prone areas. 3) To restock the forest crop to increase density by adopting strict forest protection and plantation measures
13.5 Analysis and valuation of crop
13.5.1 Point sampling technique has been adopted in the qualitative analysis of growing stock. The data was collected from the 83 sample points. The methodology followed has already been discussed in the Chapter VIII of Part I of the working plan. The statistical tests of the variables performed have been given in the table.13.7, while the result of crop measurement shall appear in the tables.
13.5.2 The diameter class and species wise distribution of growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of the total no. of trees and volume of conifers 30cm dbh and at lower confidence limit is given in the tables 13.8(a) to 13.11 (b).
13.6 Exploitable Size
13.6.1 No exploitable size is fixed as realization of yield is not the objective.
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13.7 Method of treatment prescribed
13.7.1 In view of the discussion above, and in order to achieve special objects of management, these forests require complete rest, and strict protection from biotic interference, the most important being grazing, Fire, illicit damage, encroachments and lopping. The following treatment is prescribed to be given to these forests.
13.7.2Area with tree crop – open forests type
Adequate protection is the First priority. Strict closure for grazing should be ensured. Enforcement of efficient protection measures against grazing and lopping together with soil working, raking of humus will help in attaining natural regeneration.
13.7.3 Artificial regeneration by planting poly bag raised plants is the surest way of increasing the tree cover. Patch sowing shall be attempted only in moist localities and where shade from shrub plants is possible.
13.7.4 Intensive soil conservation measures including closure, planting and engineering works are necessary in areas under the grip of soil erosion.
13.7.5 The selected localities which are difficult to be planted with conifers, shall be planted with suitable and desirable broad leaved species
13.7.6 As given in table 13.4 above, an area of 6763.5 hectare is having some form of tree cover. The stock position of these forests shall have to be afforested in the next 40 years by taking an average of 100 hectares /annum.
13.7.7Areas with no tree crop:
Culturable blanks of compartments included in this working circle come under this category. Closure of area by fencing and artificial regeneration is the surest method. Conifers will be given First priority wherever possible.
13.7.8 The degraded forests near and around the huge human settlements, shall be planted with fruit, fodder and Firewood yielding and soil enriching species with a view to lessen the pressure on the commercial forests. Besides, these species will help in improving the rural economy.
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13.7.9 Highly degraded and dry sites will be rehabilitated with hardy and drought resistant species like Rubinia pseudoacacia, Prunus armeniaca and Fraxinus spp. and other broad leaved species should be tried.
13.7.10 An area of 2053.5 ha of commercial blank which is totally devoid of tree cover. The above illustration of treating commercial area of 6763.5 hectares is depicted as under:
Table 13.5. Annually Treated Area 9 Particulars Hacs Total Commercial Area available in the Working Circle 6763.5
2053.5 Total commercial Blanks 8817.0 Grand Total (B)
Therefore area to be treated annually taking only 60% area into 133 consideration over a period 40 years.
13.7.11 Since the Division has a potential threat of encroachment and in order to check the further advances around 25% of the above area i.e.8817 hectares near and around habitations particularly need to be closed by Chain link Fencing and rest 75% i.e. 6612.25 hectares to be closed by Angle Iron using Barbed wire fencing.
Table 13.6 .Annual Financial Forecast: Financial S.No Area to be treated Rate/ hac Item of work implication (in . per annum (in lacs) lacs)
Chain Link Fencing 01. 33 2.50 82.5 with Planting
Angle Iron Fencing 02. 100 1.10 110 with Planting
Total 133 192.5
13.7.12 An annual forecast of Rs.192.5 lacs for rehabilitating the degraded forests of 133 hectares annually is affordable and can be tailored out of various Schemes presently in operation in Jammu & Kashmir State viz CAMPA, 13th FCA, IFM, State and District Sector Schemes etc.
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13.8 Realization of yield:
13.8.1 No commercial felling has been prescribed in the working circle. However, no restriction is placed if green/dry fallen material is used to satisfy the genuine petty demands of concessionists.
13.9 Nursery technology:
13.9.1 For conifer species it has been discussed in the Deodar Kail selection working circle and for Broad leaved it is elaborately discussed in the Plantation working circle.
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Table 13.7 Results of Statistical analysis for Reboisement Working Circle
Sampl Standar Coefficien Confidence limits Confidenc Lower Working Variable e Mean Variance Standard d t (95%) e limit as Deviatio of Circle (per ha.) Points n Error variation (X + t x S.E.) Interval % of mean ( ( Lower Upper (n) (X) S2 ) S) (S.E.) (%) limit limit (C.I.) (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t= 1.989 Reboisemen No. of 269.4 79329.0 t Stems 83 3 0 281.65 30.92 104.54 207.94 330.92 122.98 77% Working 161.7 19136.0 Circle Volume 83 8 0 138.33 15.18 85.51 131.58 191.98 60.40 81%
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Table 13.8(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count of Reboisement Working Circle
Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 28.67 13.99 7.14 1.94 0.78 0.43 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.12 Kail 79.88 29.88 28.90 27.46 14.54 3.99 1.70 0.31 0.05 0.00 186.71 Fir 0.00 2.20 4.11 3.75 2.08 1.43 0.83 0.42 0.14 0.18 15.14 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B.L. 7.17 2.22 1.70 1.83 1.24 0.11 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.44 Total 115.72 48.29 41.85 34.98 18.64 5.96 2.87 0.73 0.19 0.18 269.41
Table 13. 8 (b)Total tree count over the entire commercial area of (Area Reboisement Working Circle = 6763.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 65109.57 94621.37 48291.39 13121.19 5275.53 2908.31 1149.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 230477.15 Kail 181407.48 202093.38 195465.15 185725.71 98341.29 26986.37 11497.95 2096.69 338.18 0.00 903952.19 Fir 0.00 14879.70 27797.99 25363.13 14068.08 9671.81 5613.71 2840.67 946.89 1217.43 102399.39 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B.L. 16283.07 15014.97 11497.95 12377.21 8386.74 743.99 1149.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 65453.72 Total 262800.12 326609.42 283052.48 236587.23 126071.64 40310.46 19411.25 4937.36 1285.07 1217.43 1302282.44
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Table 13.9 (a)Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Reboisement Working Circle
Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 5.43 2.58 1.64 1.36 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.75 Kail 21.97 37.34 33.01 13.32 7.51 1.68 0.30 0.00 115.13 Fir 3.45 5.85 6.19 7.03 5.69 3.50 1.36 1.84 34.91 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 30.85 45.77 40.84 21.71 13.94 5.18 1.66 1.84 161.79
Table 13.9 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle (Area = 6763.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 36725.81 17449.83 11092.14 9198.36 5004.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 79471.13 Kail 148594.10 252549.09 223263.14 90089.82 50793.89 11362.68 2029.05 0.00 778681.76 Fir 23334.08 39566.48 41866.07 47547.41 38484.32 23672.25 9198.36 12444.84 236113.79 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 208653.98 309565.40 276221.34 146835.59 94283.19 35034.93 11227.41 12444.84 1094266.67
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Table 13.10 (a)Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Reboisement working circle computed at lower confidence interval.
Lower limit Total tree count of commercial area (6763.5 ha) at lower interval for Reboisement Working Circle 77% Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 50134 72858 37184 10103 4062 2239 885 0 0 0 177467 Kail 139684 155612 150508 143009 75723 20780 8853 1614 260 0 696043 Fir 0 11457 21404 19530 10832 7447 4323 2187 729 937 78848 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 12538 11562 8853 9530 6458 573 885 0 0 0 50399 Total 202356.09 251489 217950 182172 97075 31039 14947 3802 990 937 1002757
Lower limit Table 13.10 (b)Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (6763.5 ha) at lower interval for Reboisement Working Circle 81% Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 29748 14134 8985 7451 4054 0 0 0 64372 Kail 120361 204565 180843 72973 41143 9204 1644 0 630732 Fir 18901 32049 33912 38513 31172 19175 7451 10080 191252 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 169010 250748 223739 118937 76369 28378 9094 10080 886356
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CHAPTER XIV
WORKING PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BIO-AESTHETIC WORKING CIRCLE
14.1.General description of the working circle and character of vegetation
14.1.1The working circle includes the compartments and sub-compartments located around ‘Pahalgam’. The forests of working circle extended more or less along both Nallah banks of west Lidder stream from ‘Aru’ -Chandanwari down to Ganishbal. The vegetation consists mainly of Fir and Kail with slight sprinkling of spruce at places. Fir is predominantly middle aged to mature while as Kail is mostly young to middle aged. Broad leaved species are restricted to Nallahs and moist depressions.
14.1.2The working circle has been constituted to maintain and preserve sylvan elegance of Pahalgam/Betab valley which is one of the vivifying and popular beauty spots of world. Pahalgam is a leading source of tourist attraction and public recreation in the valley. The picturesque back drop of this health resort owe their grandee to the richness of forest flora shrouding them. A compact and well covered catchment is also vital for a regular flow in the Lidder stream which, too, with its clean and cool water gives the tract a unique touch. The torrential flow of Lidder River enriches the awesome beauty of valley.
14.1.3 The distribution of stems over various diameter classes is not quite balanced as can be observed from the perusal of the following table: Table 14.1. Diameter - class (cm) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal Distribution (%) 41 25 15 9 5 3 2 Actual Distribution (%) 11 25 22 17 13 6 7
14.1.4 From the table, it can be observed that there is good representation of stems in the lowest dia class whereas in rest of the dia classes, it is not normal.
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14.2. Area and allotment
14.2.1 The detailed area statement of the compartments and sub compartments allotted to this Working Circle is given in Appendix VII. The following table summarizes the distribution of area under different species.
Table: 14.2. Compartments in Bio-Aesthetic WC as per Previous Working Plan Range Blocks Compartments Total Area (hac)
21/AC,34b/L,34c/L,35a/L,3
Chandanwari, 5b/L,36a/L,36b/L,36c/L,39/ Pahalgam 5770.50 Pahalgam L,40/L,41/L,42/L,43b/L,44/
L,45/L,46a/L,47a/L,47b/L.
Table: 14.3. Compartments in Bio-Aesthetic WC as per Current Working Plan
Range Blocks Compartments Total Area (hac)
34b/L,34c/L,35a/L,35b/L,36 Chandanwari, Pahalgam a/L,36b/L,36c/L,38c/L,39/L, 2075.5 Pahalgam 21/AC,
Table: 14.4 Range wise distribution of area under various species Un- Commercial Area Comm Comm Range ercial Grand Total Broad- ercial Deo Kail Fir Total Blanks leaved blanks
Pahalgam 0 740 1038.5 2 1780.5 112 183 2075.5
Total 0 740 1038.5 2 1780.5 112 183 2075.5
14.3. Valuation and analysis of growing stock
14.3.1The point sampling technique has been adopted in the qualitative analysis of the growing stock. The methodology followed has already being discussed in chapter-8 of Part-I of this working plan. The statistical tests of the variables performed have been given in table 14.5 while the result of crop measurements shall appear under table 14.6(a) to 14.8(b).
14.4. Method of treatment prescribed
14.4.1These forests will be managed to safeguard the renewable resources of the tract by scientifically, protecting all the life therein. The tree cover will be preserved on aesthetic grounds. Pahalgam has all the potentialities to merge 143
further magnificently as one of the best in the world tourism map. For the purpose recreational facilities will have to be enhanced but the natural appeal of the tract should be maintained at all cost. Though the main emphasis would be laid on the conservation and the maintenance of vegetative cover by ensuring promotion of natural regeneration, artificial restocking and rehabilitation of denuded patches will be given importance. In the commercial blanks, preference will be given to conifers. Besides planting of conifers, ornamental plants, flowering plants, NTFP species etc. shall be planted to generate the interest of tourists make the area look lush green and attractive. Such plants will include Aesculus spps, Prunus Spps, Cupresses spps, Rhododendron Spps, Lagerstroemia spps etc. The plants will be raised with single or multiple rows depending upon the space available. The planted areas shall however, to be closed temporarily for grazing till the plants established themselves the Herbal/fragrance gardens may also be maintained apart from road Side Avenue planting.
14.4.2To boost tourism, traditional eco-friendly resting places with places of refreshment can be put in place, to increase the tourist flow without deteriorating the environment. Amusement parks and mini zoological parks may also be developed to increase the interest of tourists.
14.4.3Places where tourists are allowed to sit /relax for recreational activities shall be clearly marked. They should not be allowed to picnic all over the area. Areas were tourist tend to concentrate should be equipped with adequate number of well placed dustbins for collection of litter.
14.4.4Prominent trees of various species along the paths were the tourists frequently visit shall be labeled given their botanical and common name. Display boards of small size highlighting the importance of forests shall be created at places of tourist interest.
14.4.5Nailing or hanging of advertisement/signboards on trees is strictly prohibited. The territorial staff shall ensure that this provision is not violated and violators are penalized under relevant section of the forest act.
14.4.6A notice board listing activities prohibited and permitted should be prominently displayed at public places like bus stand/parking lots etc. Tourist should be inform that activities like littering, scrapping bark of trees, engraving names on trees, not only harms the forest but also given it a
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shabby look. The territorial staff shall exercise extra vigilance in these areas with respect illegal diversion of forest land for non forestry purposes, encroachments and illicit felling.
14.5. Realization of yield
14.5.1No commercial felling has been prescribed in this working circle. However improvement felling will be conducted to remove all dead, dying, diseased, crooked and malformed trees. Badly leaning trees which give bad look will also be removed. All these operations are to be done keeping in view preservation of the beauty of the forests.
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Table 14.4Results of Statistical analysis for Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle
Confidence limits Lower limit Working Variable Sample Mean Variance Standard Standard Coefficient (95%) Confidence as
Circle (per ha.) Points Deviation Error of variation (X + t x S.E.) Interval % of mean
Lower Upper (n) (X) (S2 ) (S) (S.E.) (%) limit limit (C.I.) (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t= 2.131
No. of Stems 15 322.87 85955.00 293.18 75.70 90.80 161.56 484.18 322.63 50% Bio-Aesthetic
Volume 15 501.30 222111.00 471.29 121.69 94.01 241.99 760.61 518.62 48%
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Table 14.6(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count of Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle
Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 28.33 38.80 34.13 33.47 24.60 9.40 2.53 0.33 0.87 0.00 172.46 Fir 0.27 44.00 37.80 21.33 18.20 10.87 3.27 9.53 2.33 2.80 150.40 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B.L. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 28.60 82.80 71.93 54.80 42.80 20.27 5.80 9.86 3.20 2.80 322.86
Table 14. 6(b) Total tree count over the entire commercial area of Bio- Aesthetic Working Circle (Area = 1780.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 64337.43 69083 60768 59593 43800 16737 4505 588 1549 0 320961 Fir 613.17 78342 67303 37978 32405 19354 5822 16968 4149 4985 267920 Chir 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 64950.60 147425 128071 97571 76205 36091 10327 17556 5698 4985 588881
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Table 14.7(a)Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle
Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 25.94 45.51 55.84 31.40 11.20 1.78 5.32 0.00 176.99 Fir 31.75 33.28 54.05 53.25 22.38 79.13 21.93 28.53 324.30 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 57.69 78.79 109.89 84.65 33.58 80.91 27.25 28.53 501.29
Table 14.7 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Bio- Aesthetic Working Circle (Area = 1780.5 hectares) Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 46186 81031 99423 55908 19942 3169 9472 0 315131 Fir 56531 59255 96236 94812 39848 140891 39046 50798 577416 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 102717 140286 195659 150719 59789 144060 48519 50798 892547
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Table 14.8 (a)Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Bio-Aesthetic working circle computed at lower confidence interval.
Lower limit Total tree count of commercial area (1780.5 ha) at lower interval for Bioaesthetic Working Circle 50% Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 32169 34542 30384 29797 21900 8368 2252 294 775 0 160480 Fir 307 39171 33651 18989 16203 9677 2911 8484 2074 2493 133960 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 32475.30 73713 64036 48786 38103 18045 5163 8778 2849 2493 294440
Lower limit Table 14.8(b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (1780.5 ha) at lower interval for Bioaesthetic Working Circle 48% Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 22169 38895 47723 26836 9572 1521 4547 0 151263 Fir 27135 28442 46193 45510 19127 67628 18742 24383 277160 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 49304 67337 93916 72345 28699 69149 23289 24383 428422 149
CHAPTER XV
WORKING PLAN FOR THE NTFP (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE
15.1. General description of the working circle and character of the crop
15.1.1The working circle is constituted to give special impetus to the conservation and development of medicinal plants and other NTFP’s of Lidder Forest Division. This division is endowed with rich variety of Non Timber ForestProduces, because of the altitudinal variation starting from 1800 mts above MSL to 4000 above MSL and due to climatic variation from temperate to alpine, large number of medicinal plants are listed. The medicinal plants are available in all kinds of forests. It is an overlapping working circle. Abundant quantity of medicinal and aromatic plants are found in ecological conservation working circle, Fir selection working circle and DeodarKail working circle in order of priority. There are more than 100 species of medicinal plants in the Division. Pahalgam Range, Mattan Range and Tral Range are very famous for the presence of their NTFP’s in general and medicinal plants in particular. In case of Pahalgam Range, Chandanwari, Pahalgam and Batakote Blocks have abundance of medicinal plants. In case of Mattan Range Logripora, Hapatnar while as in Tral Range Lam and Naristan are very famous for the abundant presence of medicinal plants.
15.1.2Most of the species are collected by the local people for their bonafide self use. Some of these are Taraxicum spp, Polygonium spp, Alium spp, Likris spp, Fragaria spp, Rumex spp, Mentha spp etc. forming the mainstay of household needs. Some of the important commercial NTFP’s like Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Dioscorea (Dioscorea deltoidea) Patees (Aconitum heterophyllum), Artimisia (Artimisia absinthium), Podophyllum (Podophyllum emodi), Rheum (Rheum emodi), Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa), Valeriana (Valeriana hardwickii), Dhoop (Jurinea macrocephala). Gucchies (Morchella spps) Taxus baccataare harvested for commercial purposes.
15.1.3These NTF produces were auctioned in the past to the highest bidders which led to the unregulated, over extraction of the medicinal plants. Considering, the over exploitation, the government has put a ban on collection of NTFP’s and presently the ban is lifted for the above ground parts like flowers, stems and seeds only for the non-destructive harvest.
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15.1.4The edible Mushroom-Guchhies and walnut are regularly auctioned. The revenue earned through auction is given in table 3.9 of Chapter III of Part I.
15.2. Objectives of Management:-
• To undertake survey and inventory of medicinal plants.
• To promote cultivation and growth of important medicinal plant species and Replenish the depleted wild stocks in the forests.
• To standardize sustainable harvesting method for conservation of concerned species.
• To built capacity of the frontline staff in identification, monitoring and Management of the medicinal plants and other NTFP’s. • To meet the genuine household demands of local people.
• To generate public awareness for need of conservation of medicinal plants and their propagation.
• To generate employment.
• Improvement of local Health scenario in the villages encouraging traditional health care system of the Division.
• To conserve rare and threatened medicinal plants species of the Division.
15.3. Management Prescriptions
Taking up scientific survey with the help of SFRI and by employing JRF’s to develop scientific data bank of NTFP’s – Mapping and zonation of different NTFP’s.
15.3.1In-Situ measures: In-situ conservation is usually the preferred conservation strategy for capturing and conserving medicinal plant pockets in their natural habitat. The area specific action plan and networking of natural sites has to be considered to be most important aspects of In-situ conservation activities. The ecological requirements of many species are complex. Without disturbing their ecological distribution on one hand and improving the protection on the other hand is one of the important steps towards in-situ conservation.
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Even though PAN areas which are mainly targeted for animal species, enjoy more protection and stringent laws which benefit medicinal plants as well. e.g. Overa-Aru sanctuary have more biodiversity, more medicinal plants wealth due to reduced human interference there.
The scientific Management of forests can provide enabling environment for the medicinal plants to flourish. It involves canopy manipulation to provide light, controlling of other unwanted/invasive species, removal of humus to provide ground access to seeds of medicinal plants, soil and moisture conservation works to prevent soil erosion and to improve soil moisture regime etc. Enabling environment also involves getting the public support for the protection. As forest communities are major stake holders, so involving JFMC’s to providing employment opportunities and sharing economic benefits can definitely help.
Setting aside specific areas in various ecosystems as Conservation Areas.
It is proposed to set sufficient area in the compartments 20b/L Logripora of Mattan Range and 8/Lam of Tral Range for the long term conservation of the NTFP’s as an in-situ measure. It will be managed on the pattern of MPCA (Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas).In these areas following activities will be taken up. Detailed floristic survey Strict Fire protection measures No marking/felling operation Aided natural regeneration of native NTFP’s
15.3.2Ex-situ measures: The ex-situ conservation involves the process of protecting anendangered species and developing it outside the natural habitation for medicinal plants. Ex-situ conservation aims at the conservation concern by way of raising of nurseries, seedling supply, plantation and by establishing medicinal plant gardens. Establishment and Management of ex-situ conservation require scientific knowledge. The important aspect of ex-situ conservation is to maintain a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic range of diversity of a species and to propagate the species outside the original natural provenance in a more controlled way. The choice of species for ex-situ conservation is made on the basis of the current local importance of the species, economic value for the subsistence of local population, ecological and geographic considerations and capacity for natural regeneration and the current conservation status.
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15.3.3Herbal garden: The herbal garden is proposed to be set in the Pahalgam to develop atourist attraction and to popularize Indian system of medicine besides conservation, awareness, research and propagation.
15.3.4Plantation on private land through seed distribution: Efforts be taken to popularize medicinal plants in farm lands. For this purpose training on plantation and extraction technique shall have to be imported to farmers.
It is further proposed that there is need for creation of few gene banks in the areas around of Mattan Range Comptt.3/L, Tral Range Comptt. 29/P and Pahalgam Range Comptt.38c/L.
15.3.5 Training/Capacity building
It is proposed to train the field staff i.e. Range Officers, Forest Guards and Watchers in identification, documentation of NTFP’s, scientific harvesting and post harvesting management.
Research • Mapping of the population with higher alkaloid for mass multiplication. • Propagation techniques of priority species. • Economics of cultivation of priority species. • Developing good agricultural and collection practicesfor medicinal plants
15.4Method of Harvesting
15.4.1The present methodology followed for harvesting the NTFP’s is a destructive one, because of which population of NTFP’s particularly medicinal plants dwindled and government has put a ban in the past. Good agricultural and collection practices on the lines prescribed by world health organization for medicinal plants and other NTFP’s is a good step as it can ensure quality NTFP products and also ecologically sound cultivation practices and can help in the conservation of the NTFP’s. The GACP’s cover a wide spectrum of cultivation and collection activities including site selection, climate and soil considerations and identification of seed, main post harvest operations and legal aspects. It is necessary to concentrate on standardizing the cultivation and collection practices and post harvest technologies for these plants adhering to GACP’s. Hence, with the help of scientific organization specialized in this aspect, GACP’s shall be developed for important NTFP’s of Lidder Division and it will be put into practice. 153
15.5. Walnut and Pohu twigs
15.5.1In case of Lidder Forest Division walnut trees are present naturally in some of the forests. It is also systematically introduced in the past in the plantation programme. Because of such efforts, the division is getting revenue in the form of auctioning of walnut fruits. As walnut is an NTFP intertwined with the economics of rural area, enough attention needs to be given for the development of it.
• There is need for compulsory introduction of walnut in the planting programme as a broad leaved component in all closures. At least 10% of the saplings should be walnut. • No attention has been given for the propagation of walnut in the nurseries of the division. So walnut should be one of the saplings to be raised in the nursery. Good varieties can be introduced by taking the help of horticulture department.
ParrotropsisJacquemontiana(Hatab)twigs are traditionally used for making “Kangri”. Twigs are used to make basket to hold the mud pot in which burning coal is placed to provide heat during winter.
Pohu is very common in Deodar and Kail Forests as an under storey vegetation of Mattan Range 1/L to 7/L, 9/L to 11/L, 17/L to 19/L, and 57/L and Tral Range 1/d, 2/k, 8/Lam, 20/N. It is a stout shrub &attains 6 to 7m height.
Presently permission is given for harvesting the twigs of the Hatab. It is being done on rotational basis. The methodology can be continued. Presently no efforts are being taken for its propagation. It comes on its own only. Since its economic utility is restricted the area needs to be expanded. However, following management measures can be taken to keep the population healthy.
• Regular branch cutting/creating of gaps in dense pack for easy harvest. • Managing the tent Caterpillar pest for which a detailed description is given in Chapter XI of Part II.
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CHAPTER XVI
WORKING PLAN FOR THE JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE
16.1. Introduction
16.1.1The foresters had long been working with the forest dwellers through the taungya system of cultivation under which the agriculture crops were raised along with the forest plantation for a few years. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in the present form can be traced to the Arabari experiment initiated by forests in the state of west Bengal. The experiment provided a strong feedback for incorporation of the system in the National forest policy of 1988. In many locations people’s voluntary groups were engaged in protection of forests without any initiative from the Government. Subsequently, based on the experience, the process of institutionalizing people’s participation in forest protection and regeneration began. This type of collective endeavor in protection and management of forests through people’s involvement was later termed as Joint Forest Management. As per the provisions of National forest policy 1988, the Government of India vides letter no. 621/89-PP dated 01-06-1990, out lined and conveyed to state Governments a framework for creating massive people’s movement through involvement of village committees for the protection, regeneration and development of degraded forest lands. This gave impetus to the participation of stake holders in the management of degraded forests situated in the vicinity of villages. The Joint Forest Management programme in the country is structured on the broad framework provided by the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment and forests (MOEF).
16.1.2The National Afforestation programme was started by Government of India in the 10th five year plan by amalgamating the programme and schemes of similar objectives. The Government of India has created a National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board as part of MOEF to which NAP was entrusted the aim of the programme is afforestation of degraded forests with the active involvement of local people. During the course of implementation of FDA, Various village Forest Committees were formed to formulate and implement the programmes under FDA. It is properly registered to give a legal status. 155
16.1.3The village Forest Committee consisted of General Body and Executive Body. All the households in the coverage of VFC were made members of General Body. The VFC elected its chairperson of the Executive Committee of the VFC. The Block Forest Officer is the Member Secretary. Due representation of women and SC/STs are ensured in these committees. A joint account is opened in the bank to implement the programmes prepared through Micro Plan. They collectively operate the consensus plan made by the public. The micro plans for afforestation activities and for developing other village amenities prepared by the forest Officers and Village Forest Committees (VFCs/JFMCs) after detailed PRA exercise.
16.1.4The afforestation programmes basically contains such as advance work, creation and maintenance of closures for next three years. The degraded forests can be treated under any one of the modes such as aided natural regeneration, artificial regeneration, regeneration of perennial herbs and shrubs, silvi-pasture development and development of bamboo etc.
16.1.5In case of Jammu and Kashmir Forest policy 2011 also gives enough emphasis for people’s participation. The basic unit of FDA is VFC. The JFM programme was successfully introduced in Lidder Forest Division as a pilot project during the period.
16.2. General constitution of the working circle and general character of vegetation:
16.2.1The compartments included in this working circle are either mostly degraded with poor crop, near to habitation and those compartments where developmental activities like plantation, conservation and development of medicinal plants/NTFP’s are taking place. It will automatically include areas which are taken up under Green India Mission as this Mission has to be implemented in the participatory mode only.
16.3. Management objectives
1) To give adequate protection to the existing forest resources in the Division. 2) To maintain and improve the quality of the environment, that is, the existing vegetation/tree cover should be maintained for the
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conservation and improvement of the environment and for the better living conditions for human beings. 3) To reduce the pressure on the forests by diverting the pressure with the alternative sources of energy. 4) To manage the forests in such a way that there is effective sharing of usufructs to the people in a sustainable manner. 5) To create awareness among the people about the importance of the forest resources/tree covers for a better future to humanity. 6) Overall socio-economic development of the fringe areas.
16.4 J&K Government order on JFM
16.4.1 Realising the necessity of active participation of local people in regeneration maintenance and protection of plantations done for afforestation and rehabilitation, the J&K Government vide SRO-61 of 1992 on 19.03.1992 notified the J&K “Rehablitation of Degraded Forests and village Plantation” Rules 1992 which states as under:-
C H A P T E R – II
VILLAGE (REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED FORESTS) COMMITTEE.
3. Composition :-
i. There shall be constituted a village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee in each Forest Range for the purpose of protection and management of degraded forests. ii. People residing at the edge of degraded forests shall form the basis of membership of the village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee. iii. One adult male / female member of each independent household residing at the edge of degraded forests shall have the right to become member of a village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee. The Block Forester and / or Forest Guard shall verify the membership of all members of village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee within their area of jurisdiction. iv. Each village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee shall have an Executive Committee of 11 members (including at least two women and
157 two members from Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe / Backward Classes), etc. to carry out the task of such Committee. v. The members of the executive committee shall be elected annually by the respective village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee. The concerned Forest Range Officer / Block Forester shall be the returning Officer for conducting such elections. vi. The Executive Committee shall elect one of its members as President and also choose a Treasurer amongst themselves. vii. The concerned Block Forester / Forest Guard shall act as member- Secretary and shall be responsible for assisting the village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee to co-ordinate its activities with other Government Departments and shall also be responsible for the maintenance of records of the concerned committee. viii. Constitution of all the committees under these rules shall be subject to the approval of concerned Divisional Forest Officer (Territorial) or Divisional Forest Officer, Social Forestry, as the case may be. ix. If any inclusion or change in the Village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee or executive committee is necessitated after its initial constitution, the executive committee shall make the recommendations to the Divisional Forest Officer (Territorial) Divisional Forest Officer, Social Forestry as the case may be, whose decision shall be final. 4. Meetings: The member-Secretary of the executive Committee shall convene at least 4 meetings of the Executive Committee and 2 meetings of the general body in a Calender Year. 5. Supervision: The functioning of the Executive Committees shall be subject to the supervision and review of the District Level Policy Review Committee which shall consist of the following:- (a) Deputy Commissioner of the District Concerned / Divisional Forest Officer (Territorial) Or Divisional forest Officer (Social Forestry)...... Chairman (b) Forest Range Officer...... Member (c) Block Forester Concerned...... Member
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6. Agreement: The village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee shall enter into an agreement with the Divisional Forest Officer (Territorial), or Divisional Forest Officer Social Forestry, as the case may be, in terms of the conditions agreed upon by the parties. The Agreement shall be in the Form "A" appended to these rules. 7. Functions: The Village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee shall perform the following functions, namely:- a. To assist the Social Forestry Department / Forest Department, as the case may be, in protecting the Social Forestry / Forest Department Plantations through the members of the committee. b. To inform Forest personnel of any person or persons attempting trespass and willful damage to the Social Forestry/ Forest Department plantations or commit theft thereon; c. To assist Social Forestry/Forest Department in preventing such trespass, encroachment, grazing, fire, theft or damage; d. To assist Social Forestry/Forest Department in smooth and timely execution of all plantation works taken up in the Degraded Forests; e. To assist the concerned Social forestry/Forest Department Officials in selecting/engaging labourers required for plantation works; f. To assist in harvesting of the plantation by the Social Forestry/Forest Department. g. To assist the concerned Social Forestry/Forest Department officials in the distribution of the usufructs among the members of the village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee as per-the register of members maintained by the Committee; h. To assist in preventing any activity done at the plantation site in contravention of the provisions of Jammu and Kashmir Forest Act, Svt. 1987 and the rules made there-under; i. To report about activities of a particular member which are prejudicial and detrimental to the interests of plantation, to the concerned Range Officer which may result in cancellation of membership of the erring member; j. To assist Forest Officials to take action or proceed under J&K Forest Act, Samvat 1987 (Act No.II of 1987) and the rules made there under against the persons involved in Forest offences in Degraded Forests; and 159 k. To evolve procedure in consultation with Social Forestry/ Forest Department Officers to be adopted by its members for collecting produce such as fodder, grass, dry and fallen wood from the plantation site in a manner which ensures sustainable yields of such produce from the area. 8. Termination:- The Divisional Forest Officer or any Range Officer authorized by the Divisional Forest officer in this behalf may take action including termination of the membership against any member who has failed or neglected to perform his functions under these rules. 9. Appeal: (1) Any person aggrieved by the order made under rule 8 may, within 15 days, prefer an appeal to- a. The Divisional Forest Officer against an order of Range Officer, b. The Circle Conservator of Forests/ Regional Director. Social Forestry concerned against the order of Divisional Forest Officer. (2) The Order passed under sub-rule (1) shall be final. 10. Maintenance of Register: (i) The village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee shall maintain a register showing necessary particulars of beneficiaries who are members of the Committee, e.g; a. Name b. Father's Name c. Address d. Age e. Members of the family f. Name of the nominee. (ii) The nomination forms duly filled in and approved by the Executive Committee should be pasted in the register. Such registers are also to be maintained in the concerned Range Office of the Social Forestry/Forest Department for permanent records. 11. Proceedings: The village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee shall maintain a "Register " where-in proceedings of the meetings of the Executive Committee held from time to time as well as proceedings of the annual general meetings of the village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee will be recorded under the signature of the president of the Committee and such minutes duly attested shall be sent to the concerned Range Officer for record. 160
12. Sharing of harvest:- The Committee in consultation with all the members will determine, how to share a minimum 25% of the proceeds from the first major harvest of the plantation in kind or the sale proceeds of the produce of the plantation of Degraded Forest amongst members after deducting the costs incurred by the Forest Department / Social Forestry to raise, protect and maintain the plantation. 13. Works: (1) An Agreement specifying the rights and responsibilities of all parties shall be signed before commencement of any works in the plantation. (2) The content of the works to be undertaken shall be decided in consultation with the village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee. 14. Usufructary benefits:- (1) The Block Forester / Range Officer in consultation with the Execution Committee and with the approval of the Divisional Forest Officer concerned will distribute to the beneficiaries their proportionate share of usufructs from the final harvesting, not before the crop attaining the age of 10 Years. (2) The members shall be entitled to collect free of royalty, without causing any damage to the plantation, grass, fodder, dry and fallen wood, pruning, thinning etc. with the permission of Block Forester. (3) The members will have to assist in protecting the plantation to be eligible for sharing of usufructs under these rules. (4) The members will not be entitled to trees produce from trees preserved under Jammu and Kashmir preservation of specified trees Act 1969 (V of 1969). (5) An individual whose membership stands terminated under any of these rules shall not be entitled to benefit / sharing of usufructs under these rules. 15. Reviews:- The major rights and responsibilities of village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee and Executive Committee will be reviewed by principal Chief Conservator of Forests / Chief Conservator of Forests (Project Director) Social Forestry Project annually.
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C H A P T E R - III VILLAGE PLANTATION (PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT) COMMITTEE 16. Composition:- (1) There shall be constituted a village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee in each Forest Range for purposes of protection and management of such waste undemarcated forests and khalsa lands as are not included in demarcated forests. (2) The Committee shall consist of the following:- a. Tehsildar...... Chairman b. Range Officer Social Forestry or Range Officer, Territorial, as the case may be...... Member c. Two representatives of the village concerned...... Member 17. Meetings and procedure:- (1) The Committee will meet at such place as may be convenient to members or in such villages where such plantations are to be raised on the dates that may be notified by the Chairman. (2) The committee will in consultation with people of the village concerned select area as required for the benefit of the villagers, their Cattle and agriculture and for prevention of denudation and soil erosion.' (3) The committee will open a file in each case in which the statement of villagers, the points agreed upon and the decision of the committee are recorded in the form of a resolution in the following manner. a. Description of boundaries of the area to be covered. b. The produce to be removed by the villagers. c. Acts that are prohibited, d. Regulation on closure of grazing. (4) All points of disagreement between villagers, objections, claims and rights will be heard, discussed and eliminated by the committee before a final decision is recorded which should be signed by all members. (5) The rules of protecting the Forest will be the same as provided for in the Forest Act, Samvat 1987. Similarly the concessions as granted in Jammu and
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Kashmir Forest Notices will be availed of by the villagers. Any deviation from the rules and concessions should be specifically mentioned in the file. (6) The file be then handed over to the Revenue Official who will get the area demarcated through villagers by means of boundary pillars of the same type as Forest boundary pillars. The Revenue official will then get a map of the area prepared by the patwari. (7) The file having been completed will than be submitted in duplicate through proper channel to the Deputy Commissioner. The Deputy Commissioner of the respective district will be the sanctioning authority. (8) The file having been sanctioned, a notification will be issued by the Deputy Commissioner under Chapter II of the Forest Act, Samvat 1987. The file will then be returned to Tehsildar. (9) On receipt of the file, the area so demarcated will be placed in charge of the concerned village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee constituted under rule 3. 18. Functions: (1) The village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee will enter into an agreement in terms of resolution arrived at and sanctioned by the authority with Divisional Forest Officer, Social Forestry Wing of the area. The agreement shall be as per Form "B" appended herewith. (2) The village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee will then enforce the rules framed for the protection of the area and regulation of concessions, benefits and grazing rules as sanctioned in the file. (3) In case of an act, concession or benefits not specifically provided in the rules as sanctioned in the file then village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee will enforce rules formed under Jammu and Kashmir Forest Act, Samvat 1987. 19. Supervision:- The functioning of the Village Plantation (Protection and Management) Committee shall be subject to the supervision and review of the District Level Policy Review Committee constituted under rule. 5. 20. Motivation of villagers:- The Deputy Commissioner and the Divisional Forest Officer of the District in which these rules are made applicable will discuss and explain the advantages of the scheme to the villagers in their respective jurisdictions 163 and watch the work of the village plantation (Protection and Management) Committees and report their progress to the Divisional Commissioner and Regional Director/Conservator of the province respectively. 21. Grazing:- The area should usually be closed to grazing when closure of the whole area is not possible, as much of the area as can conveniently be closed for a number of years, should be closed. 22. Joint Management: (1) If the villagers undertake to carry out a programme of sowing and plantation, it will be done under the joint management of Social Forestry Department and the villagers. (2) For the Joint Management of the area, a development cum- management plan will be prepared by the Social Forestry in collaboration with the villagers. 23. Cost of Planting, Maintenance and Protection: (1) Cost of planting, maintenance and protection would be borne by the Social Forestry Department for the first five years but the local population will participate in protecting the plantation. Thereafter the management and protection of the plantation will be the responsibility of the village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee. (2) The Social Forestry Department will continue to monitor the management of the plantation even after management and protection has been taken over by the village committee. (3) At the first major harvest after establishment of the plantation Social Forestry Department will recover its cost (except the cost of seedling) from the sale of fuelwood, timber or poles and cash balance will be given to the village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee. 24. Distribution of Funds: The village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee will utilize the funds either for replanting the area or for financing the establishment of additional village woodlot or for financing public works in the village/ villages (i.e, construction or water supply, village roads etc.)
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25. Usufructs and Benefits: (1) The villagers will be entitled to collect grass, fallen wood and tree loppings from the plantation area as provided under the Kashmir Notice for Kashmir province and Jammu Notice for Jammu Province. (2) Social Forestry Department acting through its field staff will encourage villagers to participate in establishing village woodlots by explaining the benefits to be obtained from community plantation and assist village plantation (Protection and Management) Committee and village (Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests) Committee in demarcating areas of waste land on which plantation is to be done.
C H A P T E R - I V REPEAL AND SAVING 26. All rules and orders corresponding to these rules in force immediately before the commencement of these rules are hereby repealed: Provided that all rules and orders made, permits, license and passes granted, fees levied, imposed or assessed proceedings instituted and all actions taken or things done under any of the rules or orders inforce before the commencement of these rules shall be constituted to have been made, granted, levied or done under the corresponding provisions of these rules. 16.5. The JFM Implementation in Lidder Division 16.5.1The JFM programme was implemented in Lidder division in 2002-2003 as pilot project and successfully continued till 2007-2008. Village Forest Committees were formed and registered to formulate and implement the programmes under FDA.
16.5.2The VFC’s major functions are to assist forest department in preparation of Micro plans, choice of species to be planted, suggesting physical and financial targets, to propose entry point activities, awareness programmes and usufructs sharing mechanisms and fund creation activities. A list of VFC’s of this Division is as follows:-
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Table: 16.1 showing the VFC’s Rangewise S. No Name of Range Name of VFC 1 Yanner 2 Pahalgam Pahalgam 3 Frislana 4 Batkote 5 Pastuna 6 Panzoova 7 Kahlil Tral 8 Karmulla 9 Lam 10 Naristan 11 Seer 12 Lever 13 Saller 14 Badoora 15 Kuller Mattan 16 Manigam 17 Wullerhama 18 Nagbal 19 Ainoo 20 Grend
Through Village Forest Committees afforestation programmes were implemented in various ranges of Lidder division in Xth and XIth five year plan. An abstract of funds released and physical achievements made is given below.
Table: 16.2 Showing the Physical and Financial achievement of the FDA Approv Physical Achievements Funds ed Expendit Released S.No Year Outlay ure (Rs. Advance (Rs. In Creation Plantation (Rs. In In lakhs) Work lakhs) lakhs) 1 2002-03 ------2 2003-04 68.00 68.00 68.00 55.58 12.42 - 3 2004-05 ------4 2005-06 ------5 2006-07 49.00 49.00 48.322 40.09 8.232 - 6 2007-08 ------TOTAL 117.00 117.00 116.322 95.67 20.652 -
Later on, the work could not be revived due to certain difficulties. Presently, it is being taken up with Government of India for the revival of State Forest Development Agency.
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16.6. Future Proposals
16.6.1The present JFM working Circle is constituted by covering all the compartments under Reboisement Working Circle, Plantation and NTFP working circle and with other working circles wherever plantation activities taken up. A large part of this division has potential for developing into good JFM working areas. So new VFC’s will be created as the present number is not sufficient considering the proposed area taken up for afforestation/reforestation activities. The existing VFC’s shall be rejuvenated. Elections will be held in a time bound manner as term of elected VFC members expired.
16.6.2Awareness programmes will be organized for VFC members and forest department staff for the clear understanding of concept, micro plan preparation, financial management and activity management as capacity building measure. The govt. of India has launched Green India Mission programme (GIM) as part of its commitment to the United Nations in reducing carbon emission through increasing the sink. It will be implemented in FDA mode only. Green India Mission shall be introduced in the division after the landscapes are selected for treatment, the VFC’s shall be informed accordingly to implement the Green India Mission Programme.
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CHAPTER XVII
WORKING PLAN FOR THE PLANTATION (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE ` 17.1.General Description
17.1.1It is an overlapping Working Circle covering all the working circles wherever natural gaps/commercial blanks are available. It also covers open and degraded areas also. This working circle gives over all plantation requirement of the division. The forest area where regeneration could not keep pace with the removal of the over-wood after seeding felling/main felling and potentially productive forest areas that have deteriorated due to the natural physical calamities or in adequately stocked which are near to habitation and hence rendered unfit for commercial exploitation.
17.1.2All the coupes where timber would be harvested as per this plan must be treated and regenerated properly. The forest area which is being sanctioned under Jammu and Kashmir Forest Conservation Act 1997 for non forestry purposes must be monitored properly and the treatment should be imported as per the guidelines, if any.
17.2. Objectives of Management:
• To restock the degraded areas and other areas through various scientific techniques. • To take up soil and moisture conservation activities in these areas to prevent soil erosion and to improve the soil moisture regime. To provide employment opportunities to forest dependent communities by involving VFC’s in the programme right from planning to implementation stage.
17.3.Distribution of the area
17.3.1The Working Circle shall include for plantation, all the commercial blank areas in the whole division plus the entire commercial area of Rebiosement working circle which amounts to 10213.50 ha. The area shall be taken up for treatment as per the site conditions and silvicultural requirements of the principal species. Anually as much area will be rehabilitated so as to cover the entire area over a period of 20 years i.e, two working plan periods. The 168
circle wise as well as Range wise breakup of the available area for treatment in the whole division is as under:-
Table: 17.1 The Working Circle wise availability of area for plantation is as under: S Working Circle Area available for plantation in ha No. 1 Deodar- Kail W.C 717.0 2 Fir Selection W.C 213.5 3 Reboisement W.C 8817.0 4 Ecological Conservation W.C 354.0 5 Bioaesthetic W.C 112.0 Total 10213.5
Table 17.2.The range wise availability of area for plantation is as under: S. Range Area available for plantation in hectare No. 1 Mattan 4107.5 2 Pahalgam 1347.5 3 Tral 4758.5 Total 10213.5
17.3.2Considering the availability of funds, as well as huge area involved for the execution of works, transportation of planting material and protection of plantations, annually an area of 500ha will be rehabilitated in different ranges of the Division. On an average the expenditure per hectare as worked out on the basis of various planting models is one lakh rupees. Thus the total estimated annual cost for rehabilitation of the 500ha area annually in the entire Forest division comes out to five crore (5.0 crore) rupees.
17.4.Method of treatment proposed:
17.4.1The compartments/coupes in which felling was gone ever, preliminary step is to remove the felling refuses to provide the seeds access to soil. Removal of weeds, heaping of humus in case of Fir forests, working of soil in patches in all forest areas to aided natural regeneration are important activities to be taken up. For other areas, the nursery and plantation technique elaborated in the deodar-Kail working circle as well as methodology described in this chapter in para 9.6 shall be followed.
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17.5.Maintenance/Establishment of new nursery:
17.5.1Since the plantations are to be done in large scale, there is a need for good nurseries to produce saplings to meet the demand. The existing nursery has to be extended. At present there are nurseries at Bijbehara conifer Nursery, Momandanji Nursery, Katriteng Nursery (Bijbehara Range), Kanjinag Nursery, Awantipora Nursery (Pampore Range) and Gulshanpora Nursery (Tral Range). One new nursery is also to be established at Manigam/Naristan. The present capacity is 5.50 lacs saplings only. It need to be enhanced tremendously particularly for conifer saplings. Similarly there is need for establishing high altitude temporary nurseries particularly to develop Fir and Spruce saplings.
17.6. Nursery and Plantation technique:
17.6.1Conifers:
For conifers detailed nursery and plantation techniques are elaborated in DeodarKail Selection Working Circle.
17.6.2.Broad leaved species
1. Aesculus indica:
Seed: -Ripes in September-November, should be collected from the trees or ground can be stored in dry earth till spring. About 640 seeds weight a kilogram. Germination capacity is fairly high (70-90 percent).
Nursery technique: Seed sowing be done in autumn immediately after seed collection. Patches be kept at a spacing of 2mx2meters in shady, cool beds. Sowing has to be done 5cm below the soil in drills, 15-30 cm apart. Some watering is required.
Planting technique: Seedlings (6,12 and 18 months old) with naked roots are transplanted during winter, in prepared pits at 2x2 meters spacing. Weeding and cleaning has to be done for 1-2 years. Dry exposed situations shall be avoided for planting work.
2.Juglans regia Found between 1200-3300 mts fruit ripes during September-October, can be collected by beating and shaking the branches. Outer fishy coats be removed or to be rotten off and nuts be dried in the sun. It should be stored 170
in well ventilated room, in tins or jars or in a pit in dry ground, filled with dry earth until required for sowing, nuts 90-100 per kg. Germination capacity is 70 to 80%. Germination gets completed in 5-7 weeks normally.
17.6.3Nursery technique
Nuts may be dibbled in pits 2x2 meter apart, during autumn, before snowfall or in a January-February. Two seeds per patch 5cm deep be sown, should be covered with thorns. Seeds may also be sown in 25cm deep drills, in 10 lines apart.
Planting technique: Seedlings, without or earth ball around the roots, be transplanted in the First winter. However, second winter transplanted are better for difficult sites. Transplanting during the rainy season is not so successful. Thorough weeding and soil working be done for the First-second year. It is sensitive to weed competition.
17.6.4Rubinia pseudoacacia
It is a native of North America, and can grow at an elevation of 1500-2000 mts. It can grow on a variety of soils but not very sandy, very acidic or wet soils. Drainage is an important factor affecting the growth of this species.
Seed: Seeds are dried in sun, thrashed and winnowed to obtain clean seeds. They can be stored in air tight containers for one year at room temperature without any appreciable loss in their viability. But in dry places and at a low temperature (00 to 40) seeds can be kept viable for 5 years in sealed containers. Seeds require pre-sowing treatment (Sulphuric acid scarification of a short-while, or immersion in hot water).
Nursery technique: Sowing be done in beds in lines 20cm apart. Depth of sowing should be about 1.5cm. Sowing in irrigated nurseries be done in March-April, but in rain fed nurseries, in June-July. Germination starts in a week and continues upto 10 days. About 85% germination can be obtained if the seeds are pre-treated.
Planting technique: 8-9 months old seedlings can be planted in 30cm3 pits at a spacing of 2mx2m diameters. In poor sites, 2mx2m spacing can also be used. Naked rooted plants may also be used for planting. Plantation areas be closed for grazing.
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CHAPTER XVIII
WORKING PLAN FOR THE FOREST PROTECTION (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE
18.1. General constitution of the Working Circle
18.1.1The Lidder Forest Division is very vulnerable to various factors natural as well as manmade which are inimical for the development and maintenance of productive forests. Majority of the forests are very near to habitation and are approachable. There is vast network of road connectivity. These roads are running adjacent to forests which make them vulnerable for smuggling activities. Good stones for house constructing are mined out from different compartments of forest areas. Some of the forests areas are very much prone to Fire mostly man made. The forests of Kail and Fir is susceptible to various kinds of pests and diseases also. Encroachment is also a major concern. The smuggling and encroachment of forests areas escalated during the period of disturbance. Except the forests lying in the far off areas of Pahalgam and Tral most of the forests are vulnerable to one or the other factors of forest destruction.
18.2.Major threats to the forests and management prescriptions
18.2.1Smuggling and Illicit felling: In the Division during the period of disturbance green Kailand Deodar trees were illicitly felled and are transported at the back of Horses and Ponies and also in vehicles. In Mattan Range the forests blocks viz Mattan Block, Manigam Block and in Tral Range Block Karmulla and Kahlil bore the maximum damage. The staff has seized huge number of Horses and Ponies during the past. Similarly many of the vehicles carrying illicit timber were seized, confiscated so many cases were registered against smugglers. The forests which are near to the habitation suffered the most on this account.
Presently the number of forest offences has gone down due to improvement in law and order, development in mobile communication, combine efforts of law enforcing agencies etc. apart from that timber is made available to general public at concession rates through vast network of forest sale depots. Timber to the people living inside are near to the
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forests is provided through Kashmir notice. Moreover, imported timber was allowed in Jammu and Kashmir and no restriction was placed in its movement. Opening up of imported timber sale depots were encouraged in the private sector.
18.2.1.1 Measures to be adopted
1. There is large scale construction boom in Kashmir valley in general and Lidder Division in particular. On an average construction of house requires minimum 150-200cfts of timber. Presently, forest department is able to provide only 25% of the need. The target for various depots need to be increased for at least provide 50% quantity. Similarly, for people living inside and near to forests, timber should be made available through Kashmir notice. There is need to increase the awareness with regard to usage of alternative to timber like utilization of composite wood, chemically improved wood etc, in house construction. 2. Improving the co-ordination between law and enforcing agencies by regularly conducting monthly meeting between these agencies at Division and at Range level. 3. There are 23 checkposts already established and there is need for temporarily checkpost at Dharamgund Tral to check the movement of forest produce between divisions. 4. Improving the communication facilities like providing mobile phones to control room and making it public, vehicles for mobility to the team to reach the spot in time. Presently both the facilities are not made available to the field staff. 5. Providing training to the law enforcing agencies like forest department, Forest Protection Force and Police Department in intelligence gathering, search operations, preparing seizure memos prosecution of the case etc. There is need to increase the conviction rate which can act as against forest offences.
18.3 Encroachment
It is yet another major threat to forests. The forest area is encroached to expand the cultivable land. It is very much visible near to habitations. It is mostly done during spring. The cultivable land near to forests are slowly expanded by adding few feets every year. Factors like increasing population and reducing per capta land availability over expanding route network
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which makes land available from towns, costlier etc. The department is facing problem in controlling the encroachment dilapidation of boundary pillars, willfull removal/destruction of boundary pillars. Non availability/maintenance of demarcation records at Range level is also one of the important reason.
18.3.3.1 Measures to be adopted/fine tuned.
1) Consolidation of demarcation records and reconciliation of records between Lidder forest territorial division and demarcation divisions. 2) Immediate replacing of a. damaged boundary pillars b. removed pillars etc. near to habitation. 3) Immediate demarcation of forests which are near to towns, habitations. 4) Digitization of forest boundary. It is not yet started in the state and it has to be the priority. 5) There is no alternative other than regular patrolling of the forest area by the field staff particularly by the Forest Guard and Foresters. 6) Prosecution of offenders
18.4Mining
In case of Lidder Division, some of the compartments of the following division are very much vulnerable to mining due to the presence of stones of construction utility. Table 18.1 Range Block Beat Compartment Mattan Hapatnar Shumhall 17c/L Pastuna Pastuna 27/P Tral Naristan Naristan 29/N Khonmouh Khonmouh - Pampore Letpora Lethpora -
18.5 The department is dealing mining cases in a proactive manner. The Hon’ble high court Srinagar in a PIL filed against mining activities in Kupwara District, has directed J&K Government to completely close all the illegal mines operating in forest area. It has made District Magistrate as Chairman and DFO as Member secretary for compliance of its order. This has further strengthened the hands of forest department.
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18.6.Measures need to be adopted/Fine tuned
1. Proper demarcation is the First and far most step in controlling illegal mining this division has taken up the issue with Demarcation Division Srinagar. Now, to permanently solve the issue, boundary pillars need to be erected and boundary of these compartments need to be digitized. 2. Better coordination between forest, revenue. Geology and Mining and Police Departments to bring the mining to a total stop. 3. Proper patrolling. 4. Registering case against offenders and prosecution of cases.
18.7.Fire
18.7.1 Occurrence of forest Fires is not common phenomenon in Lidder Forest Division. However, this is caused due to living of torchwood burning to get grasses and accidental Fire created by the passerby etc. most of the Fires are manmade only.
18.7.2Measures to be adopted
1. There is need to create and maintain Fire lines. The practice is now almost given up. Thrust must be given in creation of Fire lines near habitations in all Kail and Deodar forests etc. The department has created Fire committees by involving Panchayat Raj institutions. These committees need to be given training, provide with funds to take up Fire fighting activities. 2. Fire fighting tools shall be readily available at every block headquarters. The divisions has previously purchased Fire fighting equipments, so these tools shall be kept readily available at every block headquarters. 3. Regular and frequent patrolling,during the dry season, need to intensified. Report of patrolling should be submitted at every level to the next hierarchy so that information is available with DFO to analyze the report to take appropriate action. 4. Control Room need to be established at every Range headquarters for real time communication, real time action and to pooling of resources to kill the Fire at the earliest. Funds are available under intensification of forest management “IFM” scheme should be utilize for the purpose. 5. Creation of communication facilities is one of the important measures for real time response. At present except at division level no vehicle is
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provided for the mobility of staff even during the time of crisis. It has to be resolved and vehicles should be provided at Range level for quick response. The funds available under various centrally sponsored schemes shall be utilized for the purpose. 6. Creation of awareness among local people, forest living and fringe living communities and taking them along through JFM activities will help in confidence building measures.
18.8.Torch wood cutting
18.8.1The people who move through the forests resort to torch wood cutting and burning as a source of light. The conifer trees in the vicinity of the villagers bear the mark of torch wood extraction. Besides that torch wood is removed from the stumps. During the month of March-April peoples of the villages visit the forests to collect the torch wood to celebrate the light festival of Hazrat Zain-u-din Wali (R.A.) Aishmuqam and Hazrat Baker Sheikh Sahib (R.A) Khangund Tral. The torch wood extraction weakens the trees and often attacked by fungus. This can only be controlled by way of creating awareness and through confident measures by way of taking up entry point activates.
18.9.Grazing
18.9.1 Even though light grazing generally helps the forests in maintaining its productivity, uncontrolled, unscientific grazing can damage its productive capacity. It has reduced the capacity of Alpine and Sub Alpine pastures of this Division in supporting the number of live stocks. It has severely affected regeneration of Fir and Kail. Uncontrolled grazing can make the area compact and prone to soil erosion
18.9.2Measures to be adopted
• Creation of awareness among general public by conducting regular campaigns. • Satisfying the demands as for as possible adopting scientific means. • Employment generation and taken other confidence building measures.
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18.10.Pests
18.10.1Insect attack is not significant in the forests of the Division. Even though, in few patches Deodar defoliator is seen, it is not very significant. Similarly Kail stem borers are noticed in few pockets but not widely prevalent.
18.11. Diseases: 18.11.1In case of Kail and Deodar, Fomes pini – the destructive fungi which can cause heart rot disease was prevalent in some pockets of the division. Similarly, other diseases like Armillarea root rot caused by Armillarea mellea,root and butt rot in conifers by Heterobasidium annosum and draft mistletoe disease by Arceuthobium minutissimum is also very rare and uncommon
18.12. Parasites: 18.12.1Armi (Arceuthobium minutissimum) attack is very common in Kail species in the higher localities. The trees attacked by the parasite start drying and their branches get clustered to form “witches broom”
18.12.2 Management Measures:
Since the pest, disease and parasitic attack has never attained economic threshold level and the attacks were seen only in pockets, there is no need for drastic measures to be taken. However, the following steps can be taken: • Felling refuses should be heaped in nallas after the compartment is worked and should be burnt at the earliest to avoid pest buildup. • In subsidiary felling, trees which are damaged by the fall of other trees are to be marked and removed as the open wounds are the places from where fungal infection starts. • Diseased trees shall be marked as additional marking and it should be removed to avoid spreading of the same to other trees.
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CHAPTER XIX WORKING PLAN FOR THE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE
19.1 General constitution of the circle and character of vegetation:
19.1.1 The management and protection of forests are integrated with the management and protection of wildlife. So this working circle has been formed for protection and conservation of the wildlife found in the forests as well as non-forest areas of the Division. This covers the whole area of this forest Division.
19.1.2 Besides this area there are 47990ha of area which is under the direct administrative control of Wildlife department and during the revision of this working plan, growing stock estimation of this area was calculated using point sampling.
19.1.3 The distribution of stems over various diameter classes and its comparison with normal distribution of this wildlife area is given in the table below:
Table: 19.1 Normal and Actual Distribution of Stems over Diameter Classes – Wildlife area under wildlife department. Diameter - class (cm) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal Distribution (%) 41 25 15 9 5 3 2 Actual Distribution (%) 4.44 29.92 29.13 17.62 9.98 4.93 2.30
19.1.4 From the table above, it is obvious that the deficiency of trees in the mature to over mature classes and higher proportion of trees in lower classes.
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Table: 19.2. Compartments in Wildlfie WC as per Previous Working Plan Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac)
30WL/SC, Khilram CR, 31WL/Sc,32WL/SC,33WL/SC,34 Shikargah CR, Tral WL/SC,35WL/SC,36WL/SC,37W 6967 Khrew Khonmouth L/SC,38WL/SC,39WL/SC,40WL/ CR SC,41WL/Sc,42WL/SC,43W/SC, 44WL/SC.
Total 6967
Table: 19.3. Compartments in Wildlfie WC as per Current Working Plan Total Area Range Blocks Compartments (hac) 22/AC,23/AC,24/AC,25/AC,26/AC ,27/AC,28/AC,29a/AC,29b/AC,30/ AC,31/AC,32/AC,33/AC,34/AC,35 Overa-Aru WLS, /AC,36/AC,37/AC,38/AC,39/AC,4 Pahalaga Mini Zoo 0/AC,41/AC,42/AC,43/AC,44/AC, 41023 m WL Pahalgam 45/AC,46/AC,47/AC,48/AC,49/AC ,50/AC,41/L,42/L,43a/L,43b/L,44/ L,45a/L,45b/L,46a/L,46b/L,47a/L,4 7b/L,48/L,49/L
30WL/SC,31WL/SC,32WL/SC,33 Khiram CR, WL/SC,34WL/SC,35WL/SC,36W Tral Shaikargah CR, L/SC,37WL/SC,38WL/SC,39WL/S 6967 Wildlife Khrew,Khanmouh C,40WL/SC,41WL/SC,42WL/Sc,4 CR 3WL/Sc,44WL/Sc
Total 47990
Table: 19.4Compartmentisation and Crop composion of Wildlife areas under wildlife depatment Deo Commercial Area Un- Comme Comme Grand Range Broad- rcial Kail Fir Total rcial Total leaved Blanks blanks Pahalgam WL 15 2860 5116 246 8237 547 32239 41023
Tral WL 369 2738 506 1223 4836 813 1318 6967
Total 384 5598 5622 1469 13073 1360 33557 47990
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19.2. Analysis and Valuation of crop:
19.2.1 “Point Sampling” technique has been adopted in qualitative analysis of growing stock. The data was collected from the 256 sample points. The methodology followed has already been discussed in the Chapter III of Part I of the working plan. The statistical tests of the variables performed have been given in the table 8.6 while the result of crop measurements shall appear in the tables.
19.2.2 The average growing stock of this working circle, in terms of the entire area of the working circle works out to 114.67 stems of conifer and broad leaves per hectare, and a volume of 106.40 m3 per hectare of conifers only of stems above 30 cm dbh.
19.2.3 The diameter class and species wise distribution of growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of the total number of trees and volume of conifers 30 cm dbh and at lower confidence limit is given in the tables 19.7(a) to 19.9 (b).
Table 19.5 Protected areas alongwith area in Sq. Kms: S. No. Name of protected area Area in Sq. Kms. 1 Overa-Aru WLS 425.0 2 Khiram CR 5.70 3 Shikargah CR 6.80 4 Khrew Khonmouh CR 42.31 5 Mini Zoo Pahalgam 0.09
19.2.4 The variety of wildlife is met within the wildlife areas and in the entire Lidder division. The important species of wildlife found in this division have already been enlisted and described detail in Chapter IIB of Part I of this plan. The leopard, Brown Bear, Himalayan Black Bear, Kashmiri Stag, Musk Deer and Snow Leopard are some the prominent members of J&K wildlife and their presence in Lidder Division is comparatively high.
19.2.5 Special objects of Management
• To provide undisturbed habitat for the threatened wildlife, for preservation and conservation for the future. • To restock the areas already depleted of wildlife and provide adequate food and shelter for wildlife and to minimize man animal conflicts.
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• To provide education, awareness and recreation to the people and to promote wildlife conservation.
19.6. Management and Protection measures for Wildlife.
19.6.1 The management and the protection measures taken by the wildlife department is elaborated in Chapter IIB of Part I of this Plan.
19.7 Method of treatment:
19.7.1 Population Assessment: The census of the Kashmiri Stag (Hanglu) have conducted by the wildlife department, so there is need to carryout census of other wildlife population not only in protected area network but also in other areas of the division by involving students, NGO’s villages etc.
19.7.2 Habitat Management:
Habitat management is one of the important aspects of wildlife management. If the habitat is healthy, wildlife can prosper without inter- fearing the human habitat. The primary requirement of habitat management is to study the habit and habitat of wildlife in a scientific manner. In case of Lidder Division it is not possible to separate wildlife habitat from human interference. The wildlife habitats are heavily utilized by the humans both nomadic graziers and villagers in the vicinity of the forest. The cattle population of the Lidder Division is more or less half of the human population. The major source of fodder for the cattle is ground flora of forests only. The following measures need to be taken during the working plan period to keep the habitat healthy.
19.7.3 All the plantation programmes should include fruit and fodder species for wildlife to increase the food availability to herbivores.
19.7.4 There is need to create water holes during summer, as water availability in the forest except for streams is very limited. Creating water holes can restrict wildlife movement to the forest area itself.
19.7.5 Salt licks: wherever possible salt licks need to be kept for wildlife as it is essential component of wildlife diet.
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19.7.6 During breeding season of wild animals, no or only minimum disturbance alone can be allowed. This is not possible without the support of general public. So creation of awareness is very essential. For all these activities there is need to take support of wildlife protection department as they have expertise in this field.
19.8. Training
19.8.1 There is need for training territorial staff in all aspects of wildlife in general and management of man animal conflict in particular. Most of the time, the territorial staff gets the First hand information as their presence in every compartment, they can reach immediately as soon as man-animal conflict situation arises. Presently, the territorial staff are neither trained nor well equipped. Considering the delay in response to man- animal conflict situation can lead to loss of precious human or wildlife, the training and capacity building aspect need to be taken on priority.
19.8.2 There are certain forest areas in which increased wildlife activities were noticed which resulted in escalation of man -animal conflict in these areas.
19.8.3 In case of Mattan Range 2/L, 7/L, 52/L, 56/L and 50/L, Pahalgam Range26/L and 28/L and Tral Range 1c/K, 5/K, 6/P, 8/Lam and 24/N the staff posted there need to be trained on top priority to improve their capacity and capability to handle wildlife crisis at the First instance.
19.8.4 The various committees shall be constituted to protect the wildlife by including the members of Panchayat Raj institutions and general public. These committees are also need to be empowered. They have to be trained and they should be provided with various equipments to handle the certain crisis.
19.9. Awareness Programme
19.9.1 There is need to create awareness among masses about the importance of wildlife. Massive awareness programmes are to be organized among general public, student’s prominent citizens and others. The committees constituted for the protection of wildlife should be provided with funds for such activities. They also need to provided with communication gadgets for real time response in case of conflict situations.
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19.10.Management of Man-Animal conflict:
19.10.1As mentioned in previous paras, it is very essential to given due importance for habitat management. There is a need to create massive awareness on this front.
19.10.2The compartments/areas in which man-animal conflict is noticed, people are to be trained to handle and live with wildlife without any loss to both human and wildlife. The following points/issues are to 1. Children should not be allowed to move alone. 2. People should move in group particularly in the early morning and late evening 3. Sarpanch and Panch of the area should be provided with mobile numbers of field staff of wildlife department as well as territorial staff. 4. There is need to change crop composition. Suitable economic replacement need to be identified in co-operation with Horticulture/Agriculture department. 5. Creation of awareness through print media and by regularly organizing area specific awareness programme. 6. Signage need to be placed on sensitive areas for the information to the general public. 7. Regular joint patrolling by the territorial field staff and wildlife (Protection) department staff. 8. Regular co-ordination meeting between forest territorial staff, wildlife (Protection) Department and Police department. 9. Training of territorial staff and anti-poaching committees already created to handle man-animal conflict. 10. Prompt reporting, and prompt disbursement of relief.
19.11.Wildlife Research:
19.11.1This is an area where lot of work needs to be done. Since this is not possible for the territorial staff, Scientists from Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, experts from WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and other NGOs can be called and they can be given project to study the wildlife of particular interest and based on the data management interventions can be considered.
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Table 19.6Results of Statistical analysis for Wildlife Protection Working Circle
Confidence limits Lower Working Variable Sample Mean Variance Standard Standard Coefficient (95%) Confidence limit as of Circle (per ha.) Points Deviation Error variation (X + t x S.E.) Interval % of mean (S (S Lower Upper (n) (X) 2 ) ) (S.E.) (%) limit limit (C.I.) (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t= 1.969 No. of Wildlife Stems 256 114.63 57757.00 240.33 15.02 209.65 85.05 144.21 59.15 74% protection Working Volume 256 106.41 44784.00 211.62 13.23 198.87 80.37 132.45 52.09 76%
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Table 19.7(a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise tree count of Wildlife Protection Working Circle
Tree count per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 8.63 9.84 14.51 10.85 5.66 2.20 0.57 0.23 0.05 0.01 52.55 Fir 4.65 11.00 8.18 4.36 3.18 2.36 1.58 0.66 0.34 0.22 36.53 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B.L. 10.96 7.48 4.88 1.47 0.61 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 25.59 Total 24.24 28.32 27.57 16.68 9.45 4.67 2.18 0.93 0.40 0.23 114.67
19.7 (b)Total tree count over the entire commercial area of Wildlife Protection Working Circle (Area = 13073 hectares) Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 19598.73 128638 189689 141842 73993 28761 7452 3007 654 131 593765 Fir 10560.15 143803 106937 56998 41572 30852 20655 8628 4445 2876 427327 Chir 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 24890.16 97786 63796 19217 7975 1438 392 523 131 0 216148 Total 55049.04 370227 360423 218058 123540 61051 28499 12158 5229 3007 1237240
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Table 19.8 (a) Statement showing species and diameter(cm) class wise volume(m3) of Conifers in Wildlife Protection Working Circle
Volume of conifers per hectare (Mean Value). Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kail 11.03 14.75 12.84 7.33 2.50 1.23 0.29 0.05 50.02 Fir 6.87 6.80 9.43 11.56 10.81 5.48 3.16 2.27 56.38 Chir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 17.90 21.55 22.27 18.89 13.31 6.71 3.45 2.32 106.40
Table 19.8 (b)Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area of Wildlife protection Working Circle (Area = 13073 hectares) Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 144195 192827 167857 95825 32683 16080 3791 654 653911 Fir 89812 88896 123278 151124 141319 71640 41311 29676 737056 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 234007 281723 291136 246949 174002 87720 45102 30329 1390967
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Table 19.9 (a) Distribution of stems and volume (m 3) in Wildlife Protection working circle computed at lower confidence interval.
Lower limit Total tree count of commercial area (13073 ha) at lower interval for Wildlife protection Working Circle 74% Grand Spp. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 14503 95192 140370 104963 54755 21283 5514 2225 484 97 439386 Fir 7815 106414 79133 42179 30763 22831 15285 6385 3289 2128 316222 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B.L. 18419 72362 47209 14221 5901 1064 290 387 97 0 159950 Total 40736.29 273968 266713 161363 91419 45178 21089 8997 3870 2225 915558
Lower limit Table 19.9 (b) Total volume of conifers over the entire commercial area (13073 ha) at lower interval for Wildlife Protection Working Circle 76% Grand Spp. 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100 < Total Deo. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kail 109588 146548 127572 72827 24839 12221 2881 497 496973 Fir 68257 67561 93692 114854 107403 54446 31396 22554 560162 Chir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 177845 214110 221263 187681 132241 66667 34277 23050 1057135
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CHAPTER XX
WORKING PLAN FOR THE WILLOW PLANTATION WORKING CIRCLE
20.1. General constitution of the working circle
20.1.1The working circle includes all well stocked as well as poorly stocked willow plantation areas of Momandanji and Katriteng of Bijbehara Soil Conservation Range. The areas are law lying Marshy which remain in undated for a few months during summer. The elevations of the Momandanji and Katriteng plantations are 1618 mts and 1640 mts respectively.
20.2 General Characters of Vegetation
20.2.1The existing willow plantations have been established about one centaury age and as a result of edaphic condition, have constantly progressed from ‘Nambal’ type to extremely dry type as a result of silting. The edaphic factors combined with moisture content of the Soil, influence the growth of willow in dry, water logged and nambal areas is stunted and poor. The condition of the crop varies from place to place. Many such area, which once supported good willow are in a poor condition due to the fact that these areas have been regenerated under coppice system. On the other hand, the areas which have been carried by planting of Mawas, the crop is quite healthy and vigrous. The crop mainly consists of willow and Poplar species with occasional presence of other broad leaved species like catalpa, Ash, Rubinia, and Ulmus. Some portions of the plantation are lying blank under Nambals and waterways.
20.3. Area and Allotment
20.3.1The detailed area statement of compartments and sub-compartments allotted to the working circle is given in Table.20.2 –20.3. However the abstract of the area plantation wise is as under:- Table 20.1 Plantation Willow Poplar Misc spp Blanks Total Momandanji 37.66 16.83 0.842 6.14 61.47 Katriteng 4.0 0.66 0.047 0.49 5.97 Total 41.66 17.49 0.889 6.63 67.44
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20.4.Silviculture system adopted
20.4.1The willow plantation will be worked out under clear felling system followed by planting of the areas by willow clones (Mawas) and coppicing. It is a common observations that the more the age of the stumps, the poorer is the condition of the coppice crop.
20.5. Calculation of the Rotation
20.5.1Previously the main purpose of their plantation was to meet the Firewood requirements of cities and towns. Now the focus has changed to sports and fruit box industry and the potential of willow for sustained supply as raw material for fruit box and cricket bat industries, the main purpose of plantation shall be to ensure the regular availability of this raw material. The M.A.I of willow culminates at 12 years when it attains average dbh of 20.2 cm, which is more or less equal to poplar species also. Therefore a rotation of 12 years be adopted for both species. At this age, the maximum of the yield could be utilized as raw material for fruit box industry. Some but loge may also attain a girth fit enough to be utilized for making cricket bats.
20.5.2The increase in rotation from earlier 10 years to 12 years is justified from the fact that the material shall be larger in size which best suits the industrial use.
20.6 Calculation of the yield
20.6.1The yield will be regulated by area in case of stocked areas of the working circle. However realization of yield from poorly stocked areas is left to the discretion of the territorial DFO.
20.6.2The total stocked area of this working circle is 55.58 hec. With the rotation of 12 years, the average annual coupe works out to 4.63 hec. The average volume per hectare of the stocked area of site quality 1st. In this circle is 3 162.61 cm . The annual yield therefore works out to be 752.88 cum, which is rounded to 700 cum.
20.7 Method of executing fellings 20.7.1The fellings as a rule will be conducted during winter from November to January every year. This is because the areas remain free from being
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submerged and also results in vigrous and successful coppicing. The felling rules to be followed are as under:
1. All the trees shall be felled which have crossed the adopted rotation period. 2. All trees in the coupe will be clear felled except Ash. 3. The trees will be cut 15cm above the ground with a sharp axe. The cut should be slanting and bark undamaged to facilitate coppicing. 4. In depressions the stumps should be left proportionally higher so that they do not get submerged later on. 5. To meet the planting requirements, straight and stout clones (Mawas) shall be reserved for planting purposes.
20.8. Regeneration of the areas after felling
20.8.1After the clear felling operations completed and coupe vacated it should be planted up with straight and stout Mawas at least 2.5mts tall and 12cm in girth at a spacing of 2m x 2m. The areas were better coppice crop can be obtained need not to be planted with Mawas. However, casualties, both in plantation as well as coppice crop, can be beaten up with planting of Mawas. At a spacing of 2m x 2m, 2500 Mawas will be required per hectare of plantation, which shall be obtained from healthy trees from different felling and thinning coupes, in no case shall pollarding be allowed. On bunds, drier sites on demarcation lines Poplar, Mulberry and Rubinia can be raised suitably.
20.9Technique of Planting
20.9.1The planted area should be closed to grazing upto 6 years of age when the thinning have been carried out. The grass cutting for the 1st three years after planting should not be allowed in order to prevent the tilting of Mawas by grass cutters.
20.10 Nursery technique
The Ash seeds are being collected in the month of Sep-october. The seeds are being stored in the dry places during the winter season. The seeds are sown in the nursery beds in the month of march-April there percentage is very high around 95%. The seeds are also directly sown in the Month of November to
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December and also in the Month of March to April . The farmyard manure is added to improve the fertility of soil. The germination starts in the month of April. The new seedling needs twice weeding and howing. The two year plants after attaining a height of more than 3 ft. are being transplanted in the field in pits of size 45x45x45cm. The plantings are done at a distance of 2m x3m.
The willow cutting are being cutted after leave sheds in the month of October-November from the healthy ones and are diretly planted in the field by jumber or in pits of 1 ½ x 1 ½ X2ft in well drainage soil. The willow cuttings of a size of 1ft height and 2 to 3cms in dia meter are being planted in the nursery beds in the month of November-december or March-April. The nursery needs regular irrigation for successful growth uria fertilizer is being apply in the Nursery beds for its success growth after attaing a height fof 4 to 5 feet. The new saplings are being transplanted and planted in the field in pits of sie 2ft x 2ft x 2.5 ft at a distance of 2m x 3m.
20.10. Subsidiary Silvicutural operations
20.10.1 Cleaning:
In coppice crops, two-cleanings be carried out when the same is three to four year old and not more than two stout and vigrous shoots retained. The clones and Mawas obtained can be used for planting purposes.
20.10.2 Thinning:
For the area restocked artificially as well as for coppice crop, only one thinning at the age of six years will be carried out. In coppice crop only one shoot/ per stump will be left.
20.11 Provision of drainage in water logged areas
20.11.1In water logged areas, the establishment of Mawas is hampered because of loose soil, wind. Efforts have been made to drain these areas by digging drainage channels. Repeated efforts need to be made in this regard in order to achieve desire results.
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Table 20.2Area statement of Momandanji Plantation S. Compartment Area in Hectare G. No. Willow Poplar Robina Ash Ulmus Blank Total 1 1/M 4.68 0.12 ------0.40 5.2 2 2/M 1.28 3.42 ------0.50 5.2 3 3/M 1.86 2.84 ------0.50 5.2 4 4/M 3.51 0.64 ------0.35 4.5 5 5/M 3.08 1.82 ------0.30 5.2 6 6/M 2.83 0.47 0.02 -- 0.002 0.25 3.57 7 7/M 3.17 1.58 ------0.45 5.2 8 8/M 0.17 1.71 -- 0.82 -- 0.30 3.0 9 9/M 4.65 ------0.55 5.2 10 10/M 3.30 1.62 ------0.68 5.6 11 11/M 3.99 0.86 ------0.75 5.6 12 12/M 5.10 0.04 ------0.86 6.0 13 13/M 0.04 1.71 ------0.25 2.0 Total= 37.66 16.83 0.02 0.82 0.002 6.14 61.47
Table 20.3 Area statement of Katriteng Plantation S. Compartment Area in Hectare G. No. Willow Poplar Ash Rubinia Catalpa Blank Total 1 a 0.71 0.15 0.13 0.007 -- 0.07 1.06 2 b 2.06 0.14 0.23 -- 0.04 0.3 2.77 3 c 1.20 0.30 0.41 -- -- 0.07 1.98 4 d 0.03 0.07 0.01 -- -- 0.05 0.16 Total= 4 0.66 0.78 0.007 0.04 0.49 5.97
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CHAPTER XXI
Miscellaneous Regulations
21.1. Forest Roads:
21.1.1 Forest Roads are an essential component of infrastructure required for the efficient management of natural resources. A good road system facilitates managing the forests on scientific lines for the improvement of growing stock. Roads open up the forests for implementation of the harvesting programme and also ensure their adequate inspection and supervision. The Division at present is well served with a good number of metallic and fair weather roads. The interior parts have been connected by means of a network of forest logging paths, bridle paths and inspection paths. The forest roads, especially those being maintained by the State Forest Corporation, are generally in good condition yet some others have fallen in despairs due to neglect. The inspection paths warrant a special attention for their improvements. Their repair should be done periodically to prevent them from getting obliterated by the weed infestation. As the working season is very limited, creation of new road facility and maintaining the existing one can speed up the process and by which not only the department can meet its social obligation but also in realizing revenue. The road present in the Lidder Forest Division is given in the Annexure VIII.
21.1.2 Many of the roads constituted in the part needs repair to make them worthy to handle timber transportation in view of the harvesting of expected yield. The roads which needs repair is given in Annexure VIII.
21.2. Bridges and culverts
21.2.1 All the important bridges on the metallic roads are being properly maintained. However, some of the bridges and culverts on fair weather roads need further repair and strengthened. There is need for construction of timber girder bridges/culverts for crossing the stream Lagnai between compartment 28b-29b/L which can facilitate timber movement. Similarly in Lam and Naristan block of Tral Range, there is need for bridge at Nandyan at two locations to cross the Lam Nallah. The details of requirement of bridges and culverts are given in the following table:
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Table: 21.1. Bridges and Culverts are given in te following: Range Compartment and location of bridge construction Mattan One Bridge at Chekinalka in Comptt. 3/L, One Bridge at Comptt. 4/L at Shahkul Cannal, One bridge at Comptt. 9/L Halvan, One bridge to cross 17a/L and 17b/L, One bridge in Comptt. 18/L Reshkulbal and 19b/L Reshinad. Pahalgam One bridge at 17/Ac to 18/Ac, one bridge at 28-29b/L, one bridge at 31/L Gretnard, one bridge 1a/Ac to 1b/Ac. Tral One bridge to 1b-1c/k, one bridge at 2-4/K, one bridge to 10-15/Lam, one bridge at 9-16/L, one bridge at 20-23/N
21.3. Buildings:
21.3.1 The buildings that are presently being maintained by the Lidder Forest Division have been enlisted under Appendix IX. There are several buildings which require repair and some of the gutted buildings shall also be reconstructed during the present plan is also given in the same Annexure.
Table 21.2 The buildings which are to be constructed during the present plan is given as under. Range Building to be constructed Location Mattan Forest Rest House Manigam Pahalgam Forest Rest House Pahalgam Tral Forest Rest House Gulshanpora
21.3.2 In addition to these buildings, Block office, Guard huts and residential accommodation for Block Foresters, should also be constituted at each of the block and beat Headquarters. The requirement details are given in Annexure X. Adequate accommodation is suggested to be built for clerical staff both, at Divisional and Range level.
21.4. Forest Demarcation and Consolidation:
21.4.1 In Lidder Division, even though most of the forests are demarcated very easily, yet demarcation boundaries are not visible on the ground. One of the prime reasons is that more than 50% of the demarcation pillars erected either dilapidated or removed. Non clarity with regard to forest boundary has a serious repercussion as it can encourage encroachment. Large areas have already been encroached upon and the condition in the field at many places is too bad that it is virtually impossible to locate and identify the boundary lines in these forests.
21.4.2 For effective control of encroachments, it is essential that the beat guards should be thoroughly aware of the boundaries of the forests in their respective beats. Each forest guard should have beat map, which also indicates the location of boundary pillars. The demarcation record 194
should be consolidated and authenticated in collaboration with revenue authorities. Records should be maintained in a manner that their validity is not doubted in the courts of law. Their demarcation records need to be digitized on priority basis.
21.5. Alpine pastures and Grazing:
21.5.1 In Lidder division 33096.25ha portion of the forests are of un-commercial blanks having forest types Sub-Alpine and Alpine scrubs and blanks. These grass lands, knownproperly as “Margs” are famous for their natural beauty and the same time constitute a source of feed and fodder for quite a sizable livestock population during the summer months. Some of the important Buhaks of this Division are Lidderwat, Aru, Amar Nath, Har-Bagwan, Zajmarg etc it is vastly found in Pahalgam Range.
21.5.2 The alpine pastures of Lidder Division falls in two categories i.e. Alpine Scrub and Alpine Pastureland. The sub-type alpine scrub corresponds to the Champion groups 15/C1 and 15/C2 and pasture land in 15/C3. The main ground flora of these grazing areas composed of grasses viz, Bothriochloa pertusa, Chrysopogon echinulatus, Poa pretense, Poa arvenia, Agrostis alba, A grostis canona, Polypogon jujux, Dactylis glomerata; legumes viz, Trifolium repense, Trifolium pretense and herbs like Taraxacum officinale, Polygonium spp, Capsella bursa, Achillea spp, Potentilla spp, Rumex, Myosotics, Cynoglossum spp, Prunella etc, are very common. However, the main species in the alpine pasture-lands is mainly that of Phleum alpinum, Poa pratense, Geum spp and Polygonum spp. The main component of the ground flora under damp situations at that altitude is comprised of Carex spp and Juncus spp. The percentage of the protein rich species is very small which reduces the overall grazing value of these pastures. The treeless blanks within the woodlands contain a compact growth of swards and also a fair percentage of Trifolium repense. Weeds of Cardias spp and Cricus spp par met with under drier situations and Senicio chrysanthemodies in damper areas wherever the excessive grazing has taken place. The range wise distribution of the area under the pastures of the division is given below. Table 21.3 Range Commercial area (ha) Commerci Un- Total area Deodar Kail Fir Broad al blanks commercial (ha) leaved (ha) blanks/alpi ne pasture belt (ha) Mattan 810.5 6211 1541.5 474 1914.5 2355 13306.56 Pahalgam 0 3431.75 6103.5 1013 463.5 24243.25 35255 Tral 0 6020 2530 992 1072 6498 17105 Total WC 810.5 15662.75 10175 2479 3450 33096.25 65666.56 195
21.5.3 Since the blanks also include the areas under glaciers, rocky outcrops and precipices in addition to the pasturelands, the grass area of these blanks is reduced by 10% to account for the unculturable area.
21.5.4 The alpine pastures located in these forests are subject to excessive, uncontrolled, unregulated grazing. Migratory graziers frequently visit and stay in these pastures during summer month. The migratory graziers originate from the plains of the state namely Reasi and Kathua and Jammu Districts during the month of April and reach the alpine pastures by end of May every year. They bring along vast number of sheep and goats. Besides migratory graziers, local population also uses these pastures for grazing their livestock. They cut grasses from these areas and dry them in their backyards.
21.5.5 Because of excessive and unscientific grazing, grass cutting, soil compaction and soil erosion has accelerated in these areas. Ecologically these pastures started responding to the excessive biotic pressure, and presently unpalatable species are spreading in these pastures and the area under pasture is shrinking. The spread of weeds like Circus arvensis, Sambucus weightiana, Senecio chrysanthemoides etc. can safely be attributed to the indiscriminate grazing by the unlimited cattle population. The rapid spreading of Oryzopsis acquiglumis and Stipa sibrica in subalpine blanks is infact alarming and if not checked could from permanent cover. To compensate, people use to lop the tree branches to feed tree leaf fodder.
21.5.6Alpine pasture management:
There is need to conduct a detailed survey of these grass lands to know their present condition, trend and future potential.
21.5.7 Pasture development has to be taken on priority by the division. This can be done by broadcasting the seeds of important native pastures, vegetative propagation of potential grass species in these areas. Introduction of legumes like Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and fertilization with Phosphate fertilizers will go a long way in increasing the forage yield of these pastures.
21.5.8 Grazing in the alpine pastures need to be regulated on scientific principles. This can be done based on scientific survey and to fix the carrying capacity of these pastures to restrict number of cattle to be allowed for grazing. 196
21.5.9 Erosion control in alpine pastures is to be given due priority. Gully control measures, contour trenching in downhill slopes and planting grass species in these trenches are some of the methods which can be adopted.
21.5.10Any effort aimed at the development of these pastures cannot meet enough success unless the graziers too are involved in the task. The problem should be tackled on the socio-economic grounds. The semi- nomadic and nomadic graziers should be trained in the field and made to participate by providing job opportunities to them on priority basis. Facilities in the form of shelter-sheds, farm-ponds, bridle paths should be provided on different routes of their migration.
21.5.11There is a deficiency of technical know-how in the field and as such Forest officers should be sent to undergo trainings in the field of range management and fodder production.
21.6. Firewood Supply
21.6.1 The forests of this Division have been under tremendous stress on account of the Firewood requirements of the country side and the Srinagar city. It has to supply atleast 5000qtl Firewood to PC depot, Srinagar and 6000 qtl need to be harvested for supply to mosques located in town limits, for Moharram procession and for Disaster Management purposes. Even though, the Firewood demand has greatly came down due to switching of firewood based chulas to Gas chulas, yet the demand is so heavy. In remote areas, in villages near to forests and forest living communities still use firewood for heating purpose as well as for cooking purposes. Every year the availability of Firewood getting reduced in the forests and because of which the division faces problem in meeting the demand. The following strategies need to be adopted:
• All the lops and tops and felling refuse after leaving certain percentage should be collected as Firewood to meet the demand. • Drift wood and other fallen material having no timber value has to be enumerated in the month of April itself to get proper sanction for its harvest. • The coupes allotted to State Forest Corporation are not gone over for collecting Firewood. The SFC can be asked to supply the lops and tops to forest department to meet the demand.
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• In the villages near to forests, the department should encourage advanced Chula which consume lesser Firewood. 21.7. Beats and Blocks
20.7.1 A statement showing compartment wise break up of Beats, Blocks and Ranges is provided under Appendix I & II. The headquarters of Pahalgam is Pahalgam, Mattan Range is Mattan, Tral Range is Tral, Bijbehara Range is Bijbehara and Pampore is Awantipora.
21.8. MAPS
21.8.1 The following maps are prepared and submitted along with the Draft Working Plan 1. Stock maps • Stock map for the entire division on the scale of 1:50,000. 2. Individual compartment/sub-compartment stock maps on the scale of 1:15,000 3. Management map • Management map for the entire division on the scale of 1:50,000. • Management maps for individual ranges on the scale of 1:50,000. 4. Compartment Maps • Blank compartment maps for the division on the scale of 1:50,000 • Blank compartment maps for individual ranges on the scale of 1:50,000 21.9. Compartment Description
21.9.1 Compartment detailed description along with Compartment History sheet and compartment Map on a 1:150,000 scale is prepared and submitted along with Draft Plan.
21.10.Draft Plan
21.10.1Copies of the Draft Working Plan for Lidder Forest Division for the period 2014-2024 being submitted.
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CHAPTER XXII
ESTABLISHMENT AND LABOUR
22.1. Establishment
22.1.1 There is no much increase in the posts of staff compared to previous plan. There is shortage of executive staff at the level of Range Officers and to some extent below the rank. The work of the Division has increased many folds. The present strength of the establishment is inadequate to cope with the ever increasing workload. The fact that a significant number of field functionaries are untrained, make the matters even worse. The office of the DFO remained unattended with regards to strengthening of the man power.The details of establishment, as it existed on 31.03.2013 are provided under Chapter VI of Part I.
22.2. Labour Supply
22.2.1 There is sufficient and well spread labour force available in the Division except for the period during which these labourers, who are basically agricultural labourers, get busy with their cultivations and harvesting. Therefore, labour shortage is being experienced in the months of August and September. The developmental schemes and projects initiated by the other departments in turn attracted local labourers considerably. Moreover, after the introduction of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ‘MGNREGA’ there is a shortage of labourers. In such a situation, there is a need to gradually mechanize the forestry operations to reduce reliance on the manual labour.
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CHAPTER XXIII
FINANCIAL FORECAST AND COST OF THE PLAN
23.1 Future yield and Revenue
23.1.1 For Lidder Division, the major source of revenue apart from timber, firewood is also extracted and sold to religious institutions during winter. Other sources of revenue are from the auctioning of walnut and Guchhies, renewal of private timber sale depots and saw mills annually. But except for timber, revenue from other sources is meager only.
23.1.2 Revenue from timber
Timber yield from various working circle (Figures are in m3) Table 23.1 Deodar Kail Fir Total Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle 100 4400 800 5300 Fir selection Working Circle 0 200 2600 2800 Total 100 4600 3400 8100
23.1.3 On the basis of the average rate (royalty) chargeable from the state Forest Corporation for the above listed species, the total annual revenue from timber harvest is worked out as under:
Table : 23.2. Annual royalty expected from targeted Timber (SFC) Specie Volume (m³) Rate (m³) Revenue (Rs) Deodar 100 3717.8 371780
Kail 4600 1922 8841200 Fir 3400 1385 4709000 Total 8100 13921980 Total (13.92 Crores)
23.2 Firewood Table 23.3 Firewood Sold to Cost Sale Rate Net profit Revenue extraction (qtl) religious (Rs.)/qtl (Rs/qtl) (Rs/qtl) (Rs/qtl) institutions 10000 6000 155 190 35 210000
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23.3 Revenue from NTFPS Table 23.4 NTFP Average Annual Revenue (Rs.)
Walnut 150000
Gucchi 150000
23.3.1 The total revenue from timber, Firewood, NTFPs and from other miscellaneous sources is Rs. 18.174crores. The revenue is calculated on the conservative side only by taking the lowest sale rate for ‘B’ and ‘C’ class timber. This is only an estimate based on current costs and prices. Both cost of extracting and price of timber is going to have upward spiral, the estimate is subject to change.
23.4 Future Expenditure 23.4.1 Expenditure on account of developmental activities
Table 23.5. Annually Treated Area in Reboisement W.C
Particulars ha
Total Commercial Area available in the Working Circle 6763.5
2053.5 Total commercial Blanks
8817.0 Grand Total
Therefore area to be treated annually taking only 60% 133Ha area into consideration over a period 10 years. 23.4.2 Since the Division has a potential threat of encroachment and in order to check the further advances around 25% of the above area i.e.1322 hectares near and around habitations particularly need to be closed by Chain link Fencing and rest 75% i.e. 3967 hectares to be closed by Angle Iron using Barbed wire fencing.
Table 23.6.Annual Financial Forecast for treatment in Reboisement W.C. Area to be treated Rate/ hac Financial S.No. Item of work per annum (in lacs) implication (in lacs) Chain Link Fencing with 01. 33 2.50 82.5 Planting
Angle Iron Fencing with 02. 100 1.10 110 Planting
Total 133 192.5
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The Working Circle wise availability of area for plantation is as under: Table 23.7. S Working Circle Area available for plantation No. in ha 1 Deodar- Kail W.C 717.0 2 Fir Selection W.C 213.0 3 Ecological Conservation W.C 354.0 4 Bioaesthetic W.C 112.0 Annually felled area (Annual Coupes) 376.0 Total area in ha 1772 ha
The range wise availability of area for plantation is as under: Table 23.8. S. Range Area available for plantation in No. hectare 1 Mattan 860 2 Pahalgam 400 3 Tral 512 Total 1772
23.4.2Considering the availability of funds, as well as huge area involved for the execution of works, transportation of planting material and protection of plantations, the area will be tackled for 10 years with annually an area of ha will be rehabilitated in different ranges of the Division.
Table: 23.9. Annual Estimated expenditure for Plantation and cultural operations in Plantation Working Circle excluding the Reboisement W.C Treatment. Per ha Area Total Cost Cost(lacs)
Total Annual area to be treated 177ha 20% area – AR with fencing 35 1.00 35.0
35 20%area - ANR without fencing 0.45 15.75
20% area - Cultural Operations 35 0.25 8.75 Total 59.5 lacs
Total Annual Expenditure
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Table 23.10
S. No. Working Circle Area to be treated Financial implication per annum (hac) (Lacs) 1 Rebosiement Wc 133 192.5 2 Plantation WC 177 59.5 Total= 310 252
Thus total annual estimated expenditure for rehabilitation and treatment of Reboisemnet and other areas is:-192.5+59.5 = 252.0 Lacs
23.5 Normal Expenditure
23.5.1 In addition, the projection for the average funds required per annum over the next ten years to cover the normal expenditure of the division is as under: Table 23.11 Item Amount (Rs.) Salary 250000000 T.E. 100000 O.E. 500000 Motor Vehicles 500000 Buildings 1200000 Firewood 2000000 Timber 26000000 Miscellaneous 1500000 Total 281800000 (28.18 crore)
23.5.2 The above said estimates are only projections. It is affected by so many factors like escalation in cost of extraction and timber sale rates; the prescribed yield may not be realised as mentioned above; the expenditure on account of salary is bound to raise on the higher side due to DA, increment to be added every year, promotions to the next scale and expected 7th pay commission report and its impact etc. However, from the current estimate, it is clear that Lidder Division could able to provide huge revenue compared to the present status in which the division is annually providing a revenue of 3 crores from the sale of timber extracted from fallen stock and Firewood and from miscellaneous sources etc. Timely investment in forestry sector is also important from the point of view of sustainability of future returns, both material and environmental, because for the requirements of the future generations, action has to be initiated today. For developmental activities without depending totally on the state, if funds available, under Green India Mission, Forest Developmental agency (FDA), can take of at least developmental part. 203
23.6 Cost of the Plan 23.6.1 The expenditure incurred on the revision of the working plan for Lidder Division is as under: Table 23.12 Unit of appropriation plan Amount (Rs.)
13th Finance Commission Award 3500000
Total= 3500000
23.6.2 The expenditure shown above is inclusive of the amount spent on the purchase of various equipment required to carry out the working plan exercise viz, GPS, Crown Denso Meter, Laser Range Finder, Callipers, paint, stationery and stock items. In terms of field work, the expenditure incurred under the plan head for the revision of the Working Plan is Rs. 30.79 per hectare. This is inclusive of the assets that have been created in the Working Plan Division.
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CHAPTER XXIV
CONTROL
24.1. Control Forms
As per the standard procedure, the following control forms are prescribed to be maintained.
24.1.1Control Form A
It shall be maintained on the standard format in use, for recording the major markings (felling) and other subsidiary markings (felling) carried out in Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle and Fir Selection Working Circle separately. As usual, a deviation statement indicating species wise plus and minus account of the actual removal (felling), vis-à-vis the prescribed yield, will be compiled at the close of every year and the same brought forward in the subsequent year and summed up (plus or minus) with the prescribed yield for that year. Control shall be exercised on the volume extracted with an Area Check.
24.1.2Control Form B
This control form shall be maintained on the standard format in use for recording the yield realized from Deodar Kail Selection Working Circle and Fir Selection Working Circle. It shall be maintained in the same way as Control Form-A, except that the excess removals, if any, during a year are to be adjusted in the subsequent year but the deficit shall lapse to the forest.
24.1.3Control Form C
It will be maintained to record and monitor the progress of the regeneration works in the areas taken up for artificial regeneration. Such areas are to be written-off from this form only after they carry adequate and established regeneration.
24.1.4Control Form D
This control form shall indicate the proposals of the territorial DFO for making of coupes during the next three years. It is required to be
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submitted well in time, to the Conservator of Forests, Working Plan and Research Circle, through the concerned territorial Conservator of Forests, who will convey his approval after due scrutiny of the proposals in consultation with the Chief Conservator of Forests. The arrears in respects of Control Forms need to be completed at once and their future maintenance ensured and made purposeful.
24.2. Compartment Histories
24.2.1 There are, in fact, the most important records of happenings in a forest. They must be objectively maintained and updated, both at range as well as Divisional level. Entries regarding marking, extraction, resin extraction, plantation and development works, Fire, encroachments, land transfer and any other significant event that happens in a compartment, must be made in the compartment history file at the earliest possible dispatch. In addition, the touring officers should note their observations and instructions on compartment history files, for the purpose of control and record.
24.3. Divisional Journal
24.3.1 This document, although very important, has not been maintained in the division. It is of immense use to the DFO and must be maintained and updated regularly. It should contain detail information on subjects like regeneration, plantation, soil conservation works, seed years, disease/insect attacks, statistic s of outturn of timber and fuel wood, abstract of information on past/current leases, contracts, roads, buildings and meteorological data. On the analogy of the Divisional Journal, record must be maintained at range and block levels.
24.4. Guard Books
24.4.1 By and large, the maintenance of Guard Books has remained neglected. In certain cases the Guard Books have been found lacking even the elementary data regarding description of boundaries of the beat, number and name of the compartments, beat maps, number of boundary pillars and Chaks. The Guard book must be maintained properly and checked frequently by the Range Officers at least once in a month and by the DFO at least once in six months.
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CHAPTER XXV SUMMARY OF PRESCRIPTIONS
The following is the summary of the important prescriptions of the plan: Details of Prescriptions • Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle • Fir Selection Working Circle. • Ecological conservation working circle • Reboisement Working Circle • Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle. • Wildlife Management Working Circle • NTFP (Overlapping) Working Circle. • Plantation (Overlapping) Working Circle. • Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle • Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle • Willow Plantation Working Circle
Period of the Plan: Ten years, 2014 to 2024
Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle Total Area of the Working Circle =8947.75 ha Commercial Area of the Working Circle = 6966.75ha Silvicultural System: Selection System Exploitable Size Deodar and Kail = 70 cm dbh Fir = 80 cm dbh • Rotation Deodar = 150 years Kail = 150 years Fir = 240 years • Felling Cycle = 30 years • Felling series = one Details of prescriptions Deodar = 100m3 Kail = 4400 m3 Fir = 800m3 Total = 5300m3 The intensity of cut of the commercial area 0.67 m3 per hectare 207
• Size of Annual Coupe = 232ha • Allowable cut per hectare of the annual Coupe= 22.84 m3 Fir Selection Working Circle • Total area of the working circle = 6560.75ha • Total Commercial Area of Working Circle = 3592.5ha • Silvicultural System: Selection System • Exploitable Size Deodar and Kail = 70 cm dbh Fir = 80 cm dbh • Rotation Deodar = 150 years Kail = 150 years Fir = 240 years • Felling Cycle = 25 years • Felling series = one Details of prescriptions Kail = 200 m3 Fir = 2600m3 Total = 2800m3 The intensity of cut of the commercial area .78 m3 per hectare • Size of Annual Coupe = 144 ha • Allowable cut per hectare of the annual Coupe= 19.4m3 Ecological Conservation Working Circle • Total area of the working circle= 37306.5ha • Commercial area : 9924.5ha • Objects of Management • Method of treatment prescribed Reboisement Working Circle • Total area of the working circle= 10676 ha • Commercial area : 6763.5 ha • Objects of Management • Method of treatment prescribed Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle • Total area of the working circle= 2075.5 • Method of treatment prescribed NTFP Overlapping Working Circle • Objectives of management
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• Management prescriptions • Method of harvest • Walnut/Pohu twigs JFM (overlapping) Working Circle • Management objectives • The JFM implementation in Lidder Division • Future proposals Plantation (overlapping) Working Circle • Objectives of Management • Area to to be taken up for plantation annually=275h • Distribution of Area • Method of Treatment proposed Forest Protection (overlapping) Working Circle • Major threats to the forests and management prescriptions Wildlife Management Working Circle • Objective of Management • Method of treatment Willow Plantation Working Circle • Area and Allotment Miscellaneous Regulations Roads Bridges Buildings Forest Demarcation Alpine pastures and grazing Firewood supply Beats and Blocks Maps Compartment Descriptions Draft Plan Establishment and Labour Establishment Labour
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ANNEXURE-I
Statement Showing Administrative setup of Lidder Division Range, Block, Beat and Compartment wise
S. Name of the Head S. Name of the S. Name of the Comptt. No No. Range Quarter of No. Block No. Beat from to Office the Range 1 Mattan 1/L 1 Mattan 2 Hutmurrah 2/L 3 Seer 3/L 4 Manigam 4/L to 5/L 2 Manigam 5 Nagbal 6/L-7/L 6 Brad 8a/L to 9/L 7 Yall 10a/L to 10b/L 8 Khayar 11a/L to 11c/L 3 Yall 9 Hangalpawa 12a/L to 12b/L
10 Hapatnar 13a/L to 16b/L 1 11 Shumhall 17a/L to 17c/L Mattan Mattan 12 Logripora 18/L to 19a/L 13 Wajoora 19b/L to 19c/L 4 Logripora 14 Yashnard 20a/L to 20b/L 15 Inoo 21/L 16 Grend 22/L 17 Kuller 50a/L to 51c/L 5 Kuller 18 Wullerhama 52a/L to 53/L 19 Saller 54/L to 55b/L 6 Dachnipora II 20 Saller 56a/L to 58/L 1 Yanner 23a/L to 24c/L 2 Hokhard 24d/L to 26c/L 1 Batkote 3 Batkote 27/L to 28c/L 4 Lidroo 29a/L to 30/L 5 Sarbal 31a/L to 32c/L
2 6 Ganishbal 33a/L to 24c/L 7 Pahalgam 35a/L to 36c/L Pahalgam Pahalgam 2 Pahalgam 8 Sadhupadaw 37a/L to 28b/L 9 Laripora 38c/L to 40/L 1o Phrislana 1a/Ac to 16/Ac 3 Chandanwari 11 Athenadan 17a/Ac to 21/AC 1 Karmulla 1 Karmulla 1a/K to 1c/K
2 Kahlil 2 Machama 1/dk to 5/K 3 Ponzwa 3 Ponzwa 6/P to 7/P
3 4 Lam 4 Lam 8/Lam to Tral 18a/Lam 5 Naristan 5 Naristan 18/P, 19/N to 25/N Bajawani Tral 6 Pastuna 26/P to 28/P 6 Pastuna 7 Gulshanpora 29/P
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ANNEXURE-II Divisional Administrative Area Statement-Range, Block, Beat and Compartment Wise Range Block Beat Comptt. No. Total in ha Mattan Mattan Mattan 1/Lidder 185 Hutmurrah 2/L 260 Seer 3/L 327.5 Manigam Manigam 4/L 132 " 5/L 180 Nagabal 6/L 152.5 " 7/L 227.5 Brad 8a/L 67.5 " 8b/L 337 " 9/L 172 Hapatnar Yall 10a/L 145 " 10b/L 80 Khayar 11a/L 70 " 11b/L 126.5 " 11c/L 100 Hangalpawa 12a/L 152.5 " 12b/L 155.5 Hapatnar 13a/L 92 " 13b/L 572 " 14a/L 147 " 14b/L 270 " 15a/L 864 " 15b/L 400 " 16a/L 28 " 16b/L 190 Shumhall 17a/L 800 " 17b/L 235 " 17c/L 245 Logripora Logripora 18/L 341 " 19a/L 95 Wajoora 19b/L 129 " 19c/L 390 Yashnard 20a/L 362 " 20b/L 655 Inoo 21/L 536 Grend 22/L 464 Pahalgam Batakote Yanner 23a/L 91 " 23b/L 195 " 24a/L 20 " 24b/L 80 Pahalgam Batakote " 24c/L 95 Hokhard 24d/L 45 " 25a/L 35 210
Range Block Beat Comptt. No. Total in ha " 25b/L 95 " 25c/L 192.5 " 26a/L 211 " 26b/L 130 " 26c/L 80 Batakote 27/L 377 " 28a/L 136.25 " 28b/L 490 " 28c/L 1410 Hadroo 29a/L 2154 " 29b/L 1015 " 29c/L 293 " 30/L 316 Sarbal 31a/L 159 " 31b/L 276 " 31c/L 93 " 32a/L 400 " 32b/L 496 " 32c/L 353 " 33a/L 215 " 33b/L 1152 " 33c/L 572 Ganshibal 34a/L 104 " 34b/L 123 " 34c/L 157.5 Pahalgam Pahalgam 35a/L 62 " 35b/L 368 " 35c/L 246 " 36a/L 216 " 36b/L 107 " 36c/L 180 Sadhu Padow 37a/L 220 " 37b/L 325 " 37c/L 1584 " 38a/L 706 " 38b/L 110 " 38c/L 452 Lakripora 39/L 230 " 40/L 355 Pahalgam Kullar Kullar 50/L 275 Mattan Kuller " 51a/L 238 " 51b/L 321 " 51c/L 456 Wullerhama 52a/L 340.5 " 52b/L 100 " 52c/L 156 211
Range Block Beat Comptt. No. Total in ha " 53/L 264 Saller 54/L 201 " 55a/L 166 " 55b/L 180 Dachnipora II 56a/L 240 " 56b/L 134 " 57/L 148 " 58/L 302 Chandanwari Phrislana 1a/Aru -Chandanwari 331.25 " 1b/AC 320 " 2a/AC 230 " 2b/AC 368 " 3/AC 1305 " 4/AC 840 Pahalgam Chandanwari " 5/AC 1658 " 5/AC 2300 " 7/AC 2136 " 8/AC 450 " 9/AC 905 " 10/AC 1612 " 11/AC 866 " 12/AC 1428 " 13/AC 782 " 14/AC 488 " 15/AC 565 " 16/AC 452 Athenadan 17a/AC 214 " 17b/AC 327 " 18/AC 514 " 19/AC 125 " 20/AC 136 " 21/AC 180 Tral Karmulla Karmulla 1/a (Karmulla) 311 " 1/bK 635 " 1/c K 368 Kahlil Machama 1dK 217 Tral Kahlil " 2k 187 " 3k 587 Tral Kahlil " 4k 475 Kahlil 5k 1211 Panzwa Ponzwa 6/P (Panzwa) 396 " 7/P 482 Lam Lam 8/Lam 217 " 9/Lam 485 " 10/Lam 324 " 11/Lam 742 212
Range Block Beat Comptt. No. Total in ha " 12/Lam 1181 " 13/Lam 1006 " 14/Lam 523 " 15/Lam 814 " 16/Lam 363 " 17/Lam 407 Naristan " 18a/Lam 115 " 19/Naristan 160 " 20/N 524 " 21/N 680 " 22/N 953 " 23/N 348 " 24/N 1585 " 25/N 121 Pastuna Pastuna 26/P (Pastuna) 131 " 27/P 168 " 28/P 279 Gulshanpora 29/P 1110 Total 153 65566.5 ha
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Annexure III
Area statement of Compartments of Deodar-Kail Working Circle Name of S. Croped Area in hac. Commer Un - Range N Comptt. cial commerci o. No. Deodar Kail Fir B/L S. Total Blank al Blank G. Total 1 7/L 97.5 88 " " 185.5 42 " 227.5 2 10a/L 47.5 95.5 " " 143 2 " 145 3 11b/L 76.5 45 5 " 126.5 " " 126.5
4 12b/L 13.5 119.5 17.5 150.5 5 " 155.5
5 14b/L " 190 " " 190 80 " 270 6 15b/L " 236 " " 236 21 143 400 7 16a/L " 2 26 " 28 " " 28 Mattan 8 17b/L " 185 " " 185 50 " 235 9 18/L 142 104 " " 246 30 65 341 10 20a/L " 204 " 22 226 24 112 362 11 50/L " 238 " " 238 27 10 275 12 51a/L " 208 15 " 223 15 " 238 13 52b/L " 77 " 3 80 20 " 100 14 53/L " 204 5 10 219 10 35 264 15 54/L " 190.5 " 2.5 193 8 " 201 16 55a/L " 154 " 9 163 3 " 166 17 56a/L " 219 " 5 224 16 " 240 18 57/L 32 38 " " 70 60 18 148 S. Total= 409 2597.5 68.5 48.5 3126.5 413.0 383.0 3922.5
1. 24b/L “ 52 18 “ 70 10 “ 80 2. 25a/L “ 26 6 “ 32 3 “ 35 3 26c/L “ 77 “ “ 77 “ 3 80 4 27/L “ 235 100 “ 335 12 30 377 Pahalgam 5 28a/L “ 91.25 40 “ 131.25 5 “ 136.25 Range 6 29c/L “ 194 12 “ 206 15 72 293 7 31a/L “ 73 32 4 109 5 45 159 8 31c/L “ 79 4 “ 83 10 “ 93 9 32c/L “ 120 35 “ 155 18 180 353 10 17a/AC “ 119 10 “ 129 12 73 214 S. Total= 0 1066.25 257 4 1327.25 90 403 1820.25
1. 1a/K " 250 16 31 297 3 11 311 2 1b/K " 456 85 75 616 5 14 635 Tral 3 5/K " 887 31 25 943 50 218 1211 Range 4 6/P " 196 " " 196 150 50 396 5 16/Lam " 198 " 5 203 " 160 363 6 25/N " 90 " " 90 6 25 121 7 27/P " 153 " 15 168 " " 168 S. Total= 0 2230.00 132 151 2513 214 481 3205.00 G. Total= 409 5893.75 225.5 203.5 6966.75 717 1267 8947.75
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Annexure IV
Area statement of Compartments of Fir Selection Working Circle Range S. Croped Area in hac. No. Comme Un - Comp rcial commerci tt. No. Deodar Kail Fir BL S. Total Blank al Blank G. Total Mattan 1 13a/L " 24 60 4 88 4 " 92 2 13b/L " 20 317 60 397 30 145 572 3 15a/L " 8 174.5 20 202.5 50 611.5 864 4 19c/L " 8 253 40 301 10 79 390 S. Total= 0 60 804.5 124 988.5 94 835.5 1918 Pahalgam 24c/L " " 92 " 92 3 " 95
25b/L " " 95 " 95 " " 95
25c/L " " 97.5 " 97.5 " 95 192.5
26a/L " 57 75 " 132 9 70 211
26b/L " " 62 " 62 " 68 130
28b/L " 25 395 20 440 " 50 490
30/L " " 200 8 208 " 108 316
31b/L " " 161 " 161 5 110 276
33b/L " 25 140 " 165 5 982 1152
34a/L " 25 69 " 94 10 " 104
37a/L " " 122 " 122 35 63 220
40/L " 110 134 " 244 33 78 355
1a/AC " 7.5 170 " 177.5 2.5 151.25 331.25
1b/AC " 15 198 " 213 10 97 320
2a/AC " 17 165 4 186 7 37 230
19/AC " 27 88 " 115 " 10 125 S. Total= 0 308.25 2263.5 32 2604 119.5 1919.25 4642.75 G.Total= 0 368.5 3068 156 3592.5 213.5 2754.75 6560.75
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Annexure-V
Area statement of compartments of Ecological Conversion Working Circle
Range S. Comme Un - No. rcial commerci Croped Area in hac. Blank al Blank G. Total Comptt. S. Total No. Deodar Kail Fir BL 1 14a/L " 43 " " 43 " 104 147
2 16b/L " 3 114.5 8 20 44.5 Mattan 125.5 190 3 17a/L " 185 110 100 395 " 405 800 4 51c/L " 307 " " 307 72 77 456 5 52a/L " 245 18 2.5 265.5 50 25 340.5 S. Total= 0 783 242.5 110.5 1136.5 142 655.5 1933.5 1 28c/L " " 250 " 250 " 1160 1410 2 29a/L " : 250 " 250 " 1904 2154
3 32a/L " : " " 0 " 400 400
4 32b/L " " " " 0 " 496 496 5 33a/L " 10 148 " 158 22 35 215 6 33c/L " " " " 0 " 572 572 7 35c/L " 88 22 20 130 " 116 246 8 37b/L " : 140 40 180 " 145 325 9 37c/L " " 40 115 155 " 1429 1584
10 38a/L " " 93 82 175 " 531 706
11 38b/L " 44 45 1 90 15 5 110 Pahalg 12 2b/AC " " 252 12 264 " 104 368 am 13 3/AC " " 277.5 " 277.5 " 1027.5 1305 14 4/AC " " 45 102 147 " 693 840 15 5/AC " " " 44 44 " 1614 1658 16 6/AC " " " " 0 " 2300 2300 17 7/AC " " " " 0 " 2136 2136 18 8/AC " " 12 27 39 " 411 450 19 9/AC " " 197 65 262 " 643 905 20 10/AC " " " 125 125 " 1487 1612 21 11/AC " " " 52 52 " 814 866 22 12/AC " " 100 125 225 " 1203 1428 23 13/AC " 20 98 30 148 " 634 782 24 14/AC " 172 12 " 184 " 304 488 25 15/AC " 55 65 105 225 " 340 565 26 16/AC " 25 152 " 177 " 275 452 27 17b/AC " 225 30 " 255 " 72 327 28 18/AC " 40 100 " 140 " 374 514 S. Total= 0 679 2198.5 945 3822.5 37 21093.5 25214
216
Range S. Comme Un - No. rcial commerci Croped Area in hac. Blank al Blank G. Total Comptt. S. Total No. Deodar Kail Fir BL 1 3/K " 137 275 50 462 30 95 587
2 9/Lam " 5 380 100 " " 485 485 3 10/Lam " " 252 30 282 " 42 324 4 11/Lam " " 595 70 665 " 77 742 Tral 5 12/Lam " 154 34 3 191 " 990 1181 6 13/Lam " 19 34 3 56 " 950 1006 7 14/Lam " 144 69 60 273 " 250 523 8 15/Lam " 219 100 45 364 " 450 814 9 17/Lam " 289 15 13 317 35 55 407 10 20/N " 109 252 28 389 10 125 524 11 21/N " " 120 90 210 " 470 680 12 22/N " 93 140 20 253 " 700 953 13 23/N " 270 7 31 308 " 40 348 14 24/N " 532 40 9 581 100 904 1585 S. Total= 0 1971 2314 552 2754 175 5148 10159
G .total= 3433 4884 1607.5 9924.5 354 27028 37045.5
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Annexure-VI
Area statement of compartments of Reboisement Working Circle Range S. Croped Area in hac. Un - No. Comptt. Commerc commerci No. Deodar Kail Fir BL S. Total ial Blank al Blank G. Total Mattan 1 1/L 113.5 49 " " 162.5 22.5 " 185 2 2/L 30 210 " " 240 20 " 260 3 3/L 50 157.5 " " 207.5 105 15 327.5 4 4/L 5 85 " 90 42 " 132 5 5/L 5 151 " " 156 24 " 180 6 6/L 101 47.5 " " 148.5 4 " 152.5 7 8a/L " 63.5 " 2 65.5 2 " 67.5 8 8b/L " 137.5 " 15 152.5 97.5 87 337 9 9/L 80 62 " " 142 30 " 172 10 10b/L " 23 12 45 80 " " 80 11 11a/L " 22 23 25 70 " " 70 12 11c/L " 5 67 28 100 " " 100 13 12a/L " 42 87.5 23 152.5 " " 152.5 14 17c/L " 162 " 162 83 " 245 15 19a/L 17 53 3 " 73 22 " 95 16 19b/L " 10 104 10 124 5 " 129 17 20b/L " 252.5 130 30 412.5 62.5 180 655 18 21/L " 265 " " 265 251 20 536 19 22/L " 354 " 10 364 100 " 464 20 51b/L " 140 " " 140 166 15 321 21 52c/L " 62 " " 62 94 " 156 22 55b/L " 87 " " 87 90 3 180 23 56b/L " 85 " " 85 45 4 134 24 58/L " 145 " " 145 " 157 302 S. Total= 401.5 2670.5 426.5 188 3686.5 1265.5 481 5433 Pahalga 1 23a/L " 83 8 " 91 " " 91 m 2 23b/L " 121 27 5 153 42 " 195 3 24a/L " 10 " " 10 10 " 20 4 24d/L " 29 " " 29 16 " 45 5 29b/L " 321 154 25 500 22 493 1015 6 20/AC " 74 27 " 101 15 20 136 S. Total= 0 638 216 30 884 105 513 1502 Tral 1c/K " 306 12 3 321 20 27 368 1d/K " 142 7 10 159 20 38 217 2/K " 25 25 65 115 25 47 187 4/K " 275 15 25 315 40 120 475
7/P " 208 5 20 233 160 89 482 8/Lam " 80 19 30 129 40 48 217 18/Lam " 15 " " 15 70 30 115 19/N " 125 2 18 145 3 12 160 26/P " 125 " " 125 2 4 131 28/P " 152 " 118 270 3 6 279 29/P " 366 " " 366 300 444 1110 S. Total= 0 1819 85 289 2193 687 865 3745 G. Total 401.5 5127.5 727.5 507 6763.5 2053.5 1859 10676
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Annexure-VII
Area statement of compartments of Bio-Aesthetic Working Circle S. Un - No. Comptt. Croped Area in hac. S. Commercial commercial G. No. Deodar Kail Fir BL Total Blank Blank Total 1 34b/L " 90 3 " 93 30 " 123 2 34c/L " 13 139.5 " 152.5 " 5 157.5 3 35a/L " 54 8 " 62 " " 62 4 35b/L " 5 311 316 " 52 368 5 36a/L " 155 32 " 187 15 14 216 6 36b/L " 18 79 " 97 10 " 107 7 36c/L " 128 42 " 170 10 " 180 8 38c/L " 8 342 2 352 " 100 452 9 39/L " 186 37 " 223 7 " 230 10 21/AC " 83 45 " 128 40 12 180 11 Total 740 1038.5 2 1780.5 112 183 2075.5
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Annexure-VIII
Range Wise Forest Road Details of Lidder Division Mattan
S. Name of the Compartment Length Remarks No. Road From Via To (Km) 1 Hutmurrah 1/L Mattan Canal 1.5 Kacha 2 K.P Road Hutmurrah 2/L Chebe Village 1.00 -do- 3 Seer 3/L Sandooz 2.5 -do- 4 Manigam 4/L Mattan Canal 1.5 -do- 5, 6, Frastward and 5 Vail Nagbal 2.5 -do- 7/L Raiteng 6 Nagbal 8/L Vail 0.5 -do- 7 Brad 9/L Chairward 1.5 -do- 8 Yall 10/L Harden 0.5 -do- 9 Hapatnar Khayar 11/L Adthwatoo 1.00 -do- 10 Hangalpawa 12/L Waminad 4.00 -do- 11 Hangalpawa 12/L Kawnad 1.00 -do- 12 Hangalpawa 13/L Suchalpathri 3.00 -do- 13 Charakhpora 15/L Dragdan 3.00 -do- 15- 14 Charakhpora Gogaldar 3.00 -do- 16/L 15 Reshkulbal 18/L Pahalpathri 3.00 -do- 16 Wajoora 18/L Pahalpathri 2.00 -do- Mirastangri to 17 Logripora Yachnard 19/L 8.00 -do- Margi 18 Mirass Tangri 20/L Gawass 5.00 -do- 19 Ainoo 21/L Barie 5.00 -do- Pahalgam Range
S. Name of the Compartment Length Remarks No. Road From Via To (Km)
Non 1 Baisaran Pahalgam 35-36/L Baisaran 5.00 Macadamized
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ANNEXURE-IX
INFRASTRUCTURE/ESTABLISHMENT DETAILS OF DIVISION
Plinth S. Remarks/ Name of area No. of No Block Geo-referance present Establishment sq. rooms . condition feet
Mattan Range
Range Office N 330 45’ 33.8” 1 Mattan Mattan E 750 12’ 36.1”
under the Watch tower N 330 46’ 14.5” 2 Mattan 220 2 occupation Hutmura E 750 12’ 56.4” of CRPF
N 330 44’ 42.2” 3 Guard Hut Seer Mattan 400 3 E 750 15’ 14.2”
Check Post 4 Mattan 378 2 Bumzoa
Guard Hut N 330 46’ 24.3” 5 Manigam 380 3 Good Nagbal E 750 17’ 43.9”
Guard Hut N 330 48’ 03.3” 6 Manigam 227.5 Cheerward E 750 17’ 46.3”
Rest House 7 Gutted Manigam
N 330 48’ 32.2” Needs 8 Guard Hut Yall Hapatnar 2 E 750 18’ 06.3” Repairment
Guard Hut N 330 49’ 18.8” 9 Hapatnar 390 4 Good Hangal Pawa E 750 19’ 30.5”
Guard Hut Logripor N 330 50’ 56.3” 10 553 4 Good Logripora a E 750 17’ 02.3”
Guard Hut Logripor N 330 52’ 04.5” 11 3 Reshinard a E 750 18’ 41.5”
Guard Hut 12 Sukh Mohalla
N 330 53’ 13.9” 13 Guard Hut Kullar 0 Sheikhpora E 75 14’ 16.1”
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Saller
Check Post N 33046’ 18.7” 14 Nanil 322 2 Good Akura E 750 12’ 17.3”
Needs Forest Rest 15 Saller 2 New House at Saller Const.
Needs Forest Rest 16 Seer 2 New House at Seer Const.
Pahalgam Range
Check Post N 33054’ 36.3” 1 Batkote 428.55 4 Good Yanner E 750 16’ 44.0”
Guard Hut N 33054’ 40.0” 2 Batkote Yanner E 750 17’ 10.3”
Guard Hut N 33056’ 39.8” 3 Batkote 624 4 Good Abshar park E 750 18’ 27.8”
B.O's Hut Pahalga N 340 00’ 51.9” 4 660 3 Good Pahalgam m E 750 19’ 09.3”
Range Office Pahalga N 340 00’ 51.7” 5 660 4 Good Pahalgam m E 750 19’ 11.3”
Guard Hut Chandan N 340 04’ 48.4” 6 774 4 Good Chandanwari wari E 750 26’ 06.0”
Rest House Pahalga 7 Pahalgam m
Shanti Hut 8 Pahalgam
Tral Range
Check Post Tral N 330 56’ 52.9” 1 320 3 Good Doobiwan Town I E 750 06’ 18.5”
Check Post Tral N 33056’ 13.1” 2 246 2 Kahlil Town I E 750 07’ 14.6”
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Check Post Tral N 330 34’ 32.6” 3 667 4 Good Hardimir Town II E 750 06’ 11.9”
Range Office Tral N 330 56’ 40.2” 4 Tral Town I E 750 07’ 56.0”
Watch tower Tral 5 Tral Town I
Guard Hut N 330 57’ 15.8” 6 Pastuna 430 3 Good Gulshanpora E 750 04’ 48.6”
Guard Hut N 330 56’ 30.8” 7 Karmulla 424 3 Karmulla E 750 11’ 09.1”
N 330 59’ Guard Hut 8 Pastuna 36.05” E 750 05’ 351 3 Syedabad 47.2”
Guard Hut N 340 03’ 05.3” 9 Naristan 900 4 Naristan E 750 05’ 47.2”
Guard Hut N 330 58’ 37.1” 10 Kahlil 431 3 Good Doodmarg E 750 09’ 05.5”
Bijbehara Range CF’s Office/Division 1 al Forest Bijbehara 20 Complex Bijbehara
Range Office At 2 Bijbehara 3 Good Bijbehara
Needs DFO’s Office at 3 Bijbehara 7 New Bijbehara Const.
Needs CF’s Residence 4 Bijbehara 5 New at Bijbehara Const.
Needs Guard Hut at 5 Katriteng 1 New Katriteng Const.
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Needs Guard Hut at 6 2 New Momandanji Const.
Needs Guard Hut at 7 2 New Katsoo Const.
Guard Hut at 8 Gutted Aishmuqam
Needs Guard Hut at 9 New Badoora Const.
Pampore Range
Range Office at 1 4 Good. Awantipora
Needs DO’s Hut at 2 Pampore 3 New Pampore Const.
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Annexure-X
Infrastructure Requirement of Lidder Division
S. Range Location/block Requirement No. Pahalgam Forest Rest House
Chandanwari Guard Hut
Pahalgam Additional two rooms for Range quarters 1 Pahalgam Batkote Check Post Hut Batkote Guard Hut
Sarbal B.O’s Hut in Co. 31c/L at Sarbal
Pahalgam Const. of Forest Rest House at Pahalgam Kanjinag (Awantipora) Construction of check post Kanjinag
Awantipora Range Office Construction of Range Officers quarter at Awantipora Awantipora Nursery 1. Chainlink Fencing of 2 Pampore Awantipora Nursery 2000 2. Chainlink Fencing of Kanjinag Nursery 3500 Zawoora BO’s Hut Zewan Const. of B.O’s Hut at Zewan 3 Bijbehara Bijbehara Const. of Information/Awareness centre at Bijbehara Bijbehara Const. of Record/Store Room for Circle and Division Office at Bijbehara Katriteng Const. of Inspection Hut in Katriteng Plantation. 4 Mattan Lever Const. of B.O’s Hut at Lever for B.O Dachnipora 2nd Kuller Const. of B.O’s Hut at Kuller 5 Tral Lurgam Const. of B.O’s Hut at Lurgam Panzoova Lam Const. of B.O’s Hut at Lam 6 Div. Bijbehara Const. of Latrine/Bathroom & Complex Kitchen for C.F’s meeting Hall, including furnishing and Furniture etc.
225
Annexure XI
Statement showing Diversion of Forest Land for non Forestry purposes under Forst Conservation Act in Lidder Forest Division Bijbehara
Area Diverted (in S .No Project Agency Order No. & date ha)
Constt. of TRCH at 250-FST of 2006 dt:- 1 Chandanwari JKTDC 0.2 18.05.2006 Pahalgam Development of 420-FST of 2008 dt:- 2 PDA 3.85 Batab Wadi 31.10.2008
Pahalgam to 473-FST of 2008 dt:- 3 PMGSY 3.00 Chandanwari Road 16.12.2008
61-FC of 2008 dt:- 4 Liver to Hamnadi PMGSY 1.00 15.04.2008
Hutmurrah to 95 FC of 2009 dt:- 5 PMGSY 0.84 Hassanabad 29.09.2009
6 K.P Road to Surchen PMGSY 0.87 83 FC of 2009 dt:- 28.08.2009
Up gradation of 7 Pahalgam Circut PDA 1.12 65-FST of 2010 dt:- 16.02.2010 Road
Development of 18 165-FST of 2010 dt:- 8 PDA 27.50 Hole Golf Course 31.03.2010
Installation of GSM 367-FST of 2010 dt:- 9 Tower at BSNL 0.011 29.09.2010 Chandanwari
Installation of BSNL 366-FST of 2010 dt:- 10 BSNL 0.011 Tower at Sheshnag 29.09.2010
Construciton of Intake chamber and 100-FST of 2011 dt:- 11 PHE 0.15 Service reservior at 09.03.2011 Baisaran Pahalgam
Nagbal to GB 12 PMGSY 0.315 30-FCA of 2012 dated;- 26.7.12 Bonimohalla Ganishpora to 13 PMGSY 0.81 38-FCA of 2012 dt:- 03.09.2012 Badwan Wullerhama to PMGSY 0.80 39-FCA of 2012 dt:- 03.09.2012 14 Gurganda Lehandajan to 40-FCA of 2012 dated;- PMGSY 0.43 15 Masjidnard 03.09.2012 Kuller to Kuller 41-FCA of 2012 dated;- PMGSY 0.60 16 Gujrat 03.09.2012 Total = 41.507
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ANNEXURE XII
Cost Structure of various Planting Models adopted for aforestation in Proposed Working Circles.
1. ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION 1A. “Planting with Conifer container plants”: -
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac (Rs) 01. Protection from biotic interference Chain link fencing 300 Rft/ Hac 192000 (Chain link fencing Rs 640/ Rft,) (Avg)
02 No. of plants to be planted in pits (size Conifer 1650 Nos 39946 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (13.17 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs.11.04 / Plant =24.21 03 Maintenance, it includes beating up of 1st year (25% BUC) 412 9974 casuality @ 24.21 and repair of fencing 2nd year (15%) 247 5977 LS etc. 3rd year (5%) 83 2009 Repair of Fencing LS 10000 27960 Total (A) 259906 Say 260000
1B: “Planting with Broad Leaved (naked root plants)”:
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac (Rs) 01. Protection from biotic interference Chain link fencing 300 Rft/ Hac 192000 (Chain link fencing Rs 640/ Rft,) (Avg) 02 No. of plants planted to be planted in Naked Root 1650 Nos 23628 pits (size 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (Rs.10.56 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs3.76 / Plant = 14.32
03 Maintenance, it includes beating up of 1st year (25% BUC) 412 5899 casuality @ 14.32 and repair of fencing 2nd year (15%) 247 3537 LS etc. 3rd year (5%) 83 1188 Repair of Fencing LS 10000 20624 Total (B) 236252 Say 236000 Average (A+B) 248000 Say 250000
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2. ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION 2A. “Planting with Conifer container plants”: -
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac (Rs) 01 Protection from Biotic Angle Iron using Barbed 300 Rft/ 53400.00 interference: Angle iron fencing: wire fencing (6 strands Hac Rs. 178/rft with 02 criss cross using (Avg) 6.5’ angle iron posts)
02 No. of plants to be planted in pits Conifer 1650 Nos 39946 (size 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (13.17 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs.11.04 / Plant =24.21 03 Maintenance, it includes beating 1st year (25% BUC) 412 9974 up of casuality @ 24.21 and 2nd year (15%) 247 5977 repair of fencing LS etc. 3rd year (5%) 83 2009 Repair of Fencing LS 10000 27960 121306 Total (A) Say 120000 2B: “Planting with Broad Leaved (naked root plants)”:
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac (Rs) Protection from Biotic interference: Angle Iron using 300 Rft/ 53400.00 Angle iron fencing: Rs. 178/rft Barbed wire Hac fencing (6 strands (Avg) with 02 criss cross using 6.5’ angle iron posts) 02 No. of plants planted to be planted in Naked Root 1650 Nos 23628 pits (size 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (Rs.10.56 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs3.76 / Plant = 14.32 03 Maintenance, it includes beating up of 1st year (25% 412 5899 casuality @ 14.32 and repair of fencing BUC) 247 3537 2nd year (15%) LS etc. rd 83 1188 3 year (5%) LS 10000 Repair of Fencing 20624 97652 Total (B) Say 100000 Average (A+B) 110000
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3. ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION 3A. WITH FENCING
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac(Rs) Protection from Biotic Angle Iron using Barbed 300 Rft/ Hac 53400.0 interference: Angle iron wire fencing (6 strands (Avg) fencing: Rs. 178/rft with 02 criss cross using 6.5’ angle iron posts) 02 Sowing of seed of species with a) conifer patches 825 Nos/ Hac 2764.00 unit rate (Rs 3.53/ Dibble and Rs 3.35/ Patch) b) H.C nut dibbles 825 Nos/ Hac 2912.00 02 No. of plants to be planted in Conifer 400 Nos 9684 pits (size 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (13.17 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs.11.04 / Plant =24.21 03 Maintenance, it includes 1st year (25% BUC) 100 2421 beating up of casuality @ 2nd year (15%) 60 1453 14.32 and 3rd year (5%) 20 484 Repair of Fencing LS 4358 Total (A) 73118 Say 75000 3B: WITHOUT FENCING
S.No Particulars Type Qty Average Per Hac(Rs) 02 Sowing of seed of species with unit a) conifer patches 825 Nos/ Hac 2764.00 rate (Rs 3.53/ Dibble and Rs 3.35/ Patch) b) H.C nut dibbles 825 Nos/ Hac 2912.00 02 No. of plants to be planted in pits Conifer 400 Nos 9684 (size 45cm×45cm×45cm) with unit tariff rate adopted (13.17 / Plant) + Plant production cost of raising No. of plants @ Rs.11.04 / Plant =24.21 03 Maintenance, it includes beating up 1st year (25% 100 2421 of casuality @ 14.32 and BUC) 60 1453 2nd year (15%) 20 484 3rd year (5%) LS Repair of Fencing 4358 04 Misc: DRSM, Brushwood fencing in DRSM, LS 30000 small patches and other form of Brushwood or fencing to cover small areas –LS other form of fencing Total (B) 49718 Say 50000
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4.Estimated total cost for various operations to be undertaken in Proposed Working Circles Estimated expenditure for Plantation and cultural operations
Per ha Area Total Cost Cost(lacs)
Total Annual area to be treated 177ha
20% area – AR with fencing 35 1.00 35.0
35 20%area - ANR without fencing 0.45 15.75
20% area - Cultural Operations 35 0.25 8.75
59.5 lacs Total Say 60.
230
Annexure-XIII
Details of CAMPA funds as on date with details of expenditure made item wise.
Targets Achieved Plantation Fencing Infrastructure raised Office Year Area Phy Phy Hut Others Total Remarks in Ha Building No'
Funds allocated No.s Rfts No's No's No's No's Funds expended s Establishment of Nurseries and Raising 2009-10 32.94 17.52569 ------of Conifer/Broad Leaved Species (Bijbehara, Katriteng and Kanjinag) 2010-11 26.81 16.03 ------1. Purchase of SCORPIO for C.F South 1. Brick walling around C.F South office premises. 2. Brick walling around Range Office Tral 2011-12 95.335 79.387 63.5 51700 19100 - - - - 3. Brick Walling around Range Office Awantipora 4 Establishing of New Closures at Tral and Mattan in the Degraded Forest Areas. 1. Establishing of New Closures at Tral and Mattan in the Degraded Forest Areas. 2012-13 95.50 74.44 64 103050 19300 - - - - 2. Establishing of New Conifer Nursery at Gulshanpora Tral 1. Establishing of New Closures at Tral and Mattan in the Degraded Forest Areas. 2. Raising of New Conifer Nursery at Bijbehara. 3. Raising of Broad Leaved Nursery at 2013-14 148.36 130.48 120 116000 27000 - - - - Kanjinag, Awantipora and Katriteng. 4. Construction of Mini Control Room/ Forest Protection Hut at Yanner Pahalgam. 5. Const. Of C.F. Residential Quarter at Bijbehara
G. Total 382.435 316.31269 247.5 270750 65400
231
Annexure-XIV
Developmental activities carried under various Five Year Plans in the Division
Area Fin Plants Name of the Scheme Comptt. No. Covered Fencing (rfts) (in Year
Plan. Planted (hacs) lacs) Five year
03 Sc Unit - District Sector Pulwama Lethpora, Sc 0 0 47000 1.9 unit Buchoo 2002
District Sector Anantnag 51a/L, 54-55/L 40 0 11000 5
State Sector 18-19/Ac, 7/P, 0 0 121300 9.9
Total 40 0 179300 16.8 Sc Unit District Sector Pulwama 0 0 11574 1.3 Lethpora, 27/P
04 District Sector Anantnag 22/L 35 0 35000 9.13 -
2003 Sc unit Lethpora, State Sector 140 15015 62451 10 8/lam, 39/L, Plan)
th 23/l, 34-36/L
Total 175 15015 109025 20.43 28/P, 2017 (10
- District Sector Pulwama 0 0 0 1.43 Shoganward
05 - 2002 25/L, 34/L, District Sector Anantnag 42 0 51250 10.5 17/Ac, 1/L 2004 24-25/N, 58/L, State Sector 135 0 82000 22 56-57/l, 9/L
Total 177 0 133250 33.93 District Sector Pulwama Sc unit ladhoo 15 3500 7046 1.54
06
- District Sector Anantnag 3/L Seer 34 7650 22717 6.19
2005 29/L,21-22/L, State Sector 135 1800 45047 9.9 40/L, 33/hrew
Total 184 12950 74810 17.63
07 District Sector Pulwama Sc unit Buchoo 21 5250 28544 3.15 - District Sector Anantnag 56B/L, 9/L 42 10500 26785 8.9 2006
Total 63 15750 55329 12.05
District Sector Pulwama Sc unit ladhoo 15 3500 7046 1.54
06
- District Sector Anantnag 3/L Seer 34 7650 22717 6.19
2005 29/L,21-22/L, State Sector 135 1800 45047 9.9 40/L, 33/hrew
Total 184 12950 74810 17.63
District Sector Anantnag 28b/L, 37-38/L - - - 2.95 09 - 2012 Plan) - District Sector Pulwama 30/P, 5/K 34 10300 26000 6.69 th 2008 2007 (11 Total 9.64 232
Area Fin Plants Name of the Scheme Comptt. No. Covered Fencing (rfts) (in year Five Year
Plan. Planted (hacs) lacs)
State Sector Zawoora 27 8000 21917 5 10
- District Sector Anantnag 21/L Ainoo 20 5500 13400 2.95 27/ Pustuna,
2009 District Sector Pulwama 20 5300 15300 3.1 Tral Total 67 18800 50617 11.05
State Sector 7/L 20 6000 35500 6.32 4/K 22 4000 14500 3 11
- District Sector Pulwama Construction of Guard Hut at Doodmerg,co-5/K 3
2010 District Sector Anantnag 19/L 25 6000 18000 3.95 Construction Guard Hut at Yechnar 3 2012 (11th Plan) - Total 65 16000 68000 19.27
2007 State Sector 7/P Panzvoa 20 7500 26000 6.2
12 9/L 25 6000 18000 4 - District Sector Anantnag Construction of Gurad Hut at 3/L 2.95
2011 29P District Sector Pulwama 22 4500 12900 3 Gulshanpora Construction of guard Hut at 1a Karmulla 3 Total 65 18000 56900 19.15 5000+6000+ State Sector 3/L,58/L,5/K 15+20+20=55 49574 12.31 13 - 6000=17000 2012 Plan) Completion of Guard Hut at 9/L Cherward 2.95 th District Sector Pulwama Completion of Guard Hut at Pustuna 3 Total 55 17000 49574 18.26 2017 (12 - State Sector 17/lam, 34b/L 30 8000 18200 7 14
- District Sector Anantnag 55a/L 12 3000 7000 5.21 2012 Completion part of Forest Protection Hut at 9/L cherward 2.69 2013 District Sector Pulwama 30/L 12 3000 8500 4.04 Completion part of forest protection Hut at Pustuna 1.5 Total 54 14000 33700 20.44
233
ANNEXURE- XV
Nursery details of the Division
Annual Capacity Com Total Effective S. Name/ Water Range ptt. Area area No. Location source No. (Hect.) (Hect.) Broad Conifer leaved
Central 1 Bijbehara Nursery - 0.72 01 Artificial 300000 30000 Bijbehara
Momandanji 2 ………. Nursery 4.93 4.93 Artificial 0 0 Moman
Katriteng 3 ……… Nursery - 1.34 -do- 30000 200000 Katriteng
Awantipora 4 Pampore - 01 0.50 Artificial 0 90000 Nursery
Kanjinag 5 ……… - 1.25 0.72 -do- 20000 90000 Nursery
Gulshanpora 6 Tral 29/P 0.05 0.04 Natural 27000 0 Nursery
Total= 9.29 1.26 377000 377000
234
Annexure – XVI
Royalty statement showing the position of marking conducted in Lidder Forest Division Bijbehara and handed over to SFC since 1997-98 to 2013-14
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S. Year of Vol. Marked Lease rate applied Working Remarks Range Comptt: Bill issued No Marking Deo Kail Fir Deo Kail Fir Cir 13b/L - - 1997-98 2254 46371 54.45 39.24 1942328.00 1 2 16a/L 1999-2000 - 2418 24450 - 54.45 39.24 1091078.00 Converted vol. 3 2/L 2009-10 129 - 54.45 - 18545.00 Road Marking 4 11b/L 2000-01 - 2684 13380 - 54.45 39.24 671175.00 Converted vol. 5 Mattan 12b/L 2000-01 540 1712 8425 105.32 54.45 39.24 480688.00 Converted vol. 6 15b/L 1999-2000 - 2240 23900 - 54.45 39.24 1059804.00 Converted vol. 7 20a/L 2000-01 - 2052 16344 - 54.45 39.24 753070.00 Converted vol. 8 2003-04 - 29498 6620 - 54.45 39.24 1865935.00
9 20b/L 2000-01 - 7365 6809 - 54.45 39.24 668209.00 Converted vol. 10 2003-04 - 10988 4351 - 54.45 39.24 769030.00 11 14/AC 2009-10 1542 3688 54.45 39.24 359881.00 Converted vol. 12 17/AC 1999-2000 - 6448 4834 - 54.45 39.24 540780.00 Converted vol.
13 2001-02 - 1123 2084 - 54.45 39.24 142923.00 Converted vol.
14 2003-04 - 7215 613 - 54.45 39.24 416911.00 15 Pahalgam 24/L 2009-10 3435 - 54.45 - 187036.00 Road Marking 16 27ac/L 1999-2000 - 2715 11690 - 54.45 39.24 606547.00 Converted vol. 17 27/L 2009-10 1156 105.32 54.45 39.24 121750.00 Road Marking
18 31/L 1997-98 - 214 4958 - 54.45 39.24 206204.00
235
19 1998-99 - 7265 12586 - 54.45 39.24 889455.00 Pahalgam 31bc/L 20 2001-02 - 1662 21361 - 54.45 39.24 928702.00
21 2003-04 71 9026 17901 105.32 54.45 39.24 1201379.00
22 2009-10 - 1049 11905 - 54.45 39.24 524243.00 Converted vol.
23 2012-13 - 2536 3457 - 54.45 39.24 136869.00
24 2013-14 - 580 1148 - 54.45 39.24 24702.00
25 1997-98 - 214 4958 - 54.45 39.24 206204.00
26 1998-99 - 6522 14223 - 54.45 39.24 913234.00 32/L 27 2001-02 - 2325 9499 - 54.45 39.24 499337.00 28 2003-04 - 8333 4392 - 54.45 39.24 626074.00 29 1998-99 - 9972 33205 - 54.45 39.24 1845939.00 30 2001-02 - 686 9795 - 54.45 39.24 421709.00 Converted vol. 31 2003-04 - 3873 16045 - 54.45 39.24 840490.00 Converted vol. 33ab/L 32 2009-10 - 614 5633 - 54.45 39.24 254471.00 Converted vol. 33 2012-13 - 486 3329 - 54.45 39.24 78546.00
34 2013-14 - 387 3073 - 54.45 39.24 70828.00 35 2000-01 - 1946 11194 - 54.45 39.24 545213.00 Converted vol. 36 34a/L 2001-02 - 83 2629 - 54.45 39.24 107681.00 Converted vol. 37 2003-04 - 1777 6331 - 54.45 39.24 345186.00 38 2001-02 - - 11415 54.45 39.24 447925.00 Converted vol. 37a/L 39 2003-04 - 1456 8813 - 54.45 39.24 425101.00 40 2000-01 - 1154 17693 - 54.45 39.24 756809.00 41 2001-02 - 218 5645 - 54.45 39.24 233380.00 Converted vol. 42 2003-04 - 2966 8359 - 54.45 39.24 489506.00 38c/L 43 2009-10 - 451 1364 - 54.45 39.24 78087.00 Converted vol. 44 2012-13 145 2701 54.45 39.24 56942.00 45 2013-14 - 1211 54.45 39.24 23759.00 46 29b/L 2004-05 - 7883 6398 - 54.45 39.24 642172.00
236
47 2005-06 - 9779 12554 54.45 39.24 1025086.00 48 2012-13 1245 3443 54.45 39.24 101447.00 - Converted vol.
363442.00 49 41/L 1997-98 4778 2632 54.45 39.24
50 1997-98 286 45879 - 54.45 39.24 1815865.00 44/L 51 1998-99 - 160 420 - 54.45 39.24 25193.00 52 Pahalgam 46/L 1997-98 6480 1523 54.45 39.24 686491.00 53 47/L 1997-98 212 12739 5324 105.32 54.45 39.24 924881.00 54 49/L 1998-99 - 96 1223 54.45 39.24 53218.00
237
Annexure- XVII
Statement showing list of Bahaks Block Wise, Compartment Wise
Block Comptt. No. Name of Bahak
Pahalgam Range
Sarfaband, Wardibal, Khalhi, Burzipendi, 23/L, 24/L, 28/L, Batkoot Puhirpajan, Marg, Mirhoi, Nangipathir, 29/L, 30/L Burzipathri, Pandobal, Oblipathri, Zonadab
Dagjan, Chuthaji, Tulyan, Kanimol, 32/L, 34/L, 35/L, Pahalgam Brariangan, Nagpathri, Nanipal, Nagnad, 37/L, 39/L, 40/L Dodaward
6/ac, 7/ac, 8/ac, Sheshnag, Kuta, Rabibal, Burzakool, 12/ac, 13/ac, Tisuptop, Poshpathri, Harwat, Razdan, Chandanwari 14/ac, 17/ac, Chandanwari, Herbagwan, Badpathri, 18/ac, 21/ac Zamrub, Naginpathri
Tral Range
Naristan 22/N, 24/N Brariangan, Howlipathri
Lam 10/lam, 17/lam Naban, Kotgari
Karmulla 1/a, 1/b, 1/c, Poshpathri, Bugmar, Dubalaw,
Wtagan, Mundwan, Panchal, Nakhpathri, Khalil 3/k, 4/k, 5/k Obilas
Pastuna 28/p Wasturwan Panzwava 7/p Dandward Mattan Range
11/L, 12/L, 13/L, Kulmach, Dudapathri, Danide, Panzyari, Hapathnar 16/L Langni
Logripora 18/L, 19/L, 21/L Manzball, Sochalpathri, Pondopal Kullar 51-51/L, 54/L Bugmad, Sheikhpornai
238
Annexure-XVIII
List of Important Medicinal Plants Found in Lidder Forest Division Natural Order/ S.No Botanical Name Family English Name Local Name
1 A.Chasmanthum stapf " " Benbalnag (Kash) Mank's hood, 2 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall " Aconite Patis, atis
3 Actaea spicata Linn " Baneberry eye Richhbhilara Kalijanth (Hind), Pari-i-Siyaohan 4 Adinatum venustum Don Filicles (Cryptogamae) Maiden Hair Fern (Kash)
5 Adonis chrysocanthus Hook " Pheasaut's eye Mohri (P.b)
6 Anemone obtusiloba Don Ranunculaceae Anemone Rattanjog, Padar Wormseed, Tehwen (kash.) 7 Artemisia spp. Linn " Santozin plant Afsantin (pers) Mait-brand Dwale or Deadly (Kash.) Ban 8 Atropa belladona Linn Solanaceae Nightshade Tamaku (pb) Kal-vioth (Kash.) 9 Brunella vulgaris Linn " Self heal Ustakhdus (Pers)
10 Caltha palustris Linn " Marsh Mrigold Baringu, Mamiri
11 Cannabis satival Linn Uritceaceae Hemp Bhang
12 Cimicixfuga foetida Linx " “ Jiunti
13 Codonopis ovata, Benth Campanulace Ludut Crestedlark 14 Corydalie govaniana Wall Fumariaceae fumitory Bhutkeshi pater (kash) 15 Dictamnus albus Linn " Burning Bush Ner (pb)
16 Dioscorea deltoida Wall Dioscoreaceae Yam Woppal Haak 17 Dipsacus inermis Wall Dipsaceae Teasel (kash) Gnetaceae 18 Ephedra gerardiana Wall (Gymonospermae) Sea-grape Asmai buti Nilkanth (Kash.) 19 Gentiana kurrool Royle Gentianaceae Gentian Ludut (Sans) Geraniuum wallichianum Geranium, Cranes 20 Sweet Geraniaceae bill Kao-ashud 239
S. Natural Order/ No. Botanical Name Family English Name Local Name
21 Geum clatum Wall Rosaceae Avens Gogjimool Pushkar (Kash), Inula racemosa Hook, Zanjabil-i-Shami 22 (I.grandiflora Wild) Compositae Elecampane (pers) Flagflower fleur-de- 23 Iris kumaonensis Wall Iridaceae lis Krisham (Kash)
24 Jurinea macrocephala Benth " Dhup, Gugal dhup Resha-Khutumi (kash), Guli-i- 25 Lavetera kashmiriana Comb. Malvaceae Tall Mallow khera (pb)
26 Macrotomia Benthami De. Boraginaceae Kahzaban Gul-ik-neelum (Kash), Kandeli 27 Meconopsis aculeatal Royle Papaveraceae Blue (rock) poppy (pb) Morchella spp. (M.esculenta) Discomycetes Kan-guchh (Kash.) 28 Linn. (Cryptogamae) Morels Guchhi (Pb) 29 Nardostachys jatamansi De Valerianaceae All heal Jatamansi 30 Orchis latifolia Linn Orchidaceae Orchid Salab-misri (Per.) 31 Pedicularis spp. " Lousewort Mishran Hapatchur, 32 Phytolacea acinosa Rosb. Phytolaccaceae Pokeweed Lubarsaag
33 Picrorhiza kurroo Benth Scrophhularac-eae Bitter root Kaur 34 Plectranthus rugosus Wall Labiatae Podophyllum hexandrum var, Van-wangun 35 emodi Berberdeae “ (Kash)
Tsokaladur Polygonum polystachyum (Kash), Khatusaag/ 36 Wall and (P.alpinum, Wall) Polygonaceae Knot grass khatanari (Guj)
Ptoentilla argvrophylla Hall Silverweed, Barren 37 (p.nepalensis Hall) " strawberry
38 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall " Sage Kali-jari Gandal Gandhelu 39 Sambucus ebulus Linn Caprifoliaceac (pb) Kuth (Kash), Kushtha (Sans), Chobi-quwat 40 Saussurea Lappa Clarke " Kuth (Pers) Zakhim-i-Hayat (kash) Silphata 41 Saxifraga ligulata Wall Saxifragaceae Londonpride (pb) Ragwort, 42 Senecio jacquemontiana Benth " Groundsel Hater-i-mool
240
Natural Order/ S.No Botanical Name Family English Name Local Name
43 Skimmia laureola Hook Rutaceae
44 Taraxacum officinale Wigg " Dandelion Hand (Kash.)
45 Thalictrum javanicum Blume " Meadorua Mamiri Javaind (Kash.) 46 Thymus scrphyllum Linn " Wild Thyme Ajwain (Pb.)
47 V. odorata Lin " " "
48 Valeriana wallichii Wall Valerianaceae All heal Mushkbala
Great Mulleion (Adm's Shal-a-lut (kash.) 49 Verbascum thapsus Linn " Flanel/ Shepherd's club) Geedar Tamaku
50 Viola serpens Wall Violaceae Violet Bunafsha
241
Annexure XIX Glossary of Botanical Terms
The flora of Lidder Forest Division with their common name, scientific name, family and uses is as below wit Common Elevation Botanical Name Habitat Uses Family Name in mts.
Abies pindrow Fir/Badlu 2300-3600 T WD Pinaceae WD & Acer caesium Kanzul 2000-2800 T Aceraceae LE Aconitum heterophylum Atis/patress 2500-3200 H RS Ranunculaceae
Adiantum Leave Gewthere 1500-3000 H LE Pteridaceae SE & Aesculus indica Hanadun 2000-2800 T Sapindaceae FR LE & Arisaema jacquemontii Hapat makai 2500-3400 H Araceae RS Liun Artimisia absinthium 2000-3000 H LE Asteraceae Tethwan LE&R Atropa acuminata Meitbrand 2000-3500 H Solanaceae S RS/ Berberis lycium Kaodacch 2000-3000 S Berberidaceae FR RH/ Bergenia stracheyi Pashend 1800-4000 H Saxifergaceae RS WD/ Betula utilis D.Don Burza 2800-4000 T Betulaceae BR Canabis sativa Bhang 2000-2500 H LE Cannabaceae
Cedrus deodara Deodar 2000-2500 T WD Pinaceae LE & Celtis australis Brimji 500-2500 T Ulmaceae WD Corylus jacquemontii Virin 2800-3300 T FR Corylaceae WD & Cotoneaster rosea Leun 2500-3300 S Rosaceae FR Crataegus songarica Ringkul 2000-3000 T FR Rosaceae
Cuscuta reflexa Kuklipoth 2000-2400 H LE Canvolvulaceae LE/ Cynodon dretylon Dramun 1500-2000 H Poecere RS Dioscorea deltoidea Krees 1500-3000 S RS Dioscoriaceae LE& Dutura stramonium Datur 2000-2200 S Solanaceae FR RS& Fragaria nubicola Ishtabur 2000-3500 H Rosaceae FR
242
Common Elevation Botanical Name Habitat Uses Family Name in mts. Fraxinus hookeri Ash 2500-3000 T WD Oleaceae
Hedera nepalensis Agranth 2000-3000 S FR Aesliaceae
Iris hookeriana Krishm 2400-3500 H RS Iridaceae
Juglans regia Dun 2000-3000 T FR Juglandaceae
Juniperous macropoda Bethur 3100-3500 T WD Cupreisaceae
Malva neglecta Sochal 2500-3000 H SE/LE Malvaceae
Mentha longifolia Vena 2100-2500 H LE Lamiaceae
Morchella esculenta Guchii 2000-3000 S WP Helvellaceae
Morus nigra Tul 1500-2000 T FR Moraceae
Oxyeia degyna Chuksei 2700-4000 H LE Polygonaceae
Parrotiopsis Poa 2000-2500 S W Hananelidaceae jacquemontiana
Phytolacea acinosa Hapat makai 2400-3000 H LE Phytolaccaceae
Picea simsthiana Spruce 2400-3600 T WD Pinaceae
Pinus wallichiana Kail 2000-2500 T WD Pinaceae RS& Podophylum emodi Vanvagun 2500-3400 H Berberidaceae FR Prunus cornuta Budcherry 2400-3100 T FR Rosaceae
Rheum emodi Pambechalan 2000-3500 H RS Polygonaceae Rhododendron andhropogan 3000-3600 S LE Euraceae
Rhus succedanea Arkhor 1800-2500 S WD Anacaidiaceae
Robina pseudocasia Kiker 1500-3000 T WD Fabaceae
Rosa Arwal 2400-3300 S FR Rosaceae
Rubus irritans Jhansh 2000-2500 S FR Rosaaceae
Rumex nepalansis Abuj 2000-3500 H LE Polygonaceae
Sambucus wightiana Fhakee 1800-2500 H FR Sambucaceae
Kuth 2600-3000 H RS Asteraceae Saussurea roylei
LE & Taraxacum officinals Hand 2400-3700 H Asteraceae RS
243
Common Elevation Botanical Name Habitat Uses Family Name in mts. LE & Taxus baccata Yew 2000-3500 T Taxaceae BR Ulmus wallichiana Bren 2200-3000 T BR Ulmaceae
Urtica diocia Soi 1600-2400 H LE Urticaceae
Valeriana hardhuckii Mushkbala 1800-2600 H RS Valerianaceae
Viburnum grandiflorum Kulmosh 2200-3600 S WD Caprifoliaceae T-Tree, S-Shrub, H-Herbs, LE-Leaf, BR-bark, SE-seeds, FR-flower, RS, Root system, W-wood
244
Annexure- XX
Statement showing list of Common Animals and Birds
S. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 The Black Eared kite Milvus migrans 2 The Himalayan Griffon Vulture Gyps himalayansis 3 The White Backed Vulture Psedopus bengalensis 4 The Monal Lephphorus impeyanus 5 The Himalayan Snow Cock Tetragallus himalayansis 6 The Chucker Alectoris chakur 7 The Koklas Pucrsia macrolopha 8 The Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia 9 The Himalayan Rufus Turtle dove Streptopelia orientalis 10 The Ring Dove S. decaota 11 The Red Turtle Dove S. tranqubarica 12 The Asiatic Cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephones 13 The Alpine Swift Apus melba melba 14 The Kashmir Roller Crocias gasrullus semenwi 15 The European Hoopoe Upopa epops epops 16 The Kashmiri Woodpecker Trybatus himalayansis 17 The Common Swallow Hirunda rustica 18 The Rufus Backed Shrike Lanius Schack 19 The Golden Oriole Oriolus. o. kunde 20 The Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 21 The Himalayan Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhychos 22 The Large Spotted Nutcracker Nucifrage muhipunctata 23 The White Checked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenus 24 The Streaked Laughing Thrush Trocralopterum linnactum 25 The Kashmir Wren Troglodyles t. neglectus 26 The Grey Tit Parus major cahmiriensis 27 The Kashmir House Sparrow Passere domesticus
245