Indus Waters Kishenganga

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Indus Waters Kishenganga REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRAL Award in the Arbitration regarding the Indus Waters Kishenganga between Pakistan and India -- Sentence arbitrale relative à l’affaire « Eaux de l’Indus – barrage de Kishenganga » opposant le Pakistan et l’Inde 20 December 2013 - 20 décembre 2013 VOLUME XXXI pp.1-358 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2018 PART I Award in the Arbitration regarding the Indus Waters Kishenganga between Pakistan and India Order on Interim Measures of 23 September 2011 Partial Award of 18 February 2013 Decision on India’s Request for Clarification or Interpretation of 20 December 2013 Final Award of 20 December 2013 PARTIE I Sentence arbitrale relative à l’affaire « Eaux de l’Indus – barrage de Kishenganga » opposant le Pakistan et l’Inde Ordonnance sur la demande de mesures provisoires du 23 septembre 2011 Sentence partielle du 18 février 2013 Décision sur la demande en précision ou en interprétation présentée par l’Inde en date du 20 décembre 2013 Sentence finale du 20 décembre 2013 Award in the Arbitration regarding the Indus Waters Kishenganga between Pakistan and India Sentence arbitrale relative à l’affaire « Eaux de l’Indus – barrage de Kishenganga » opposant le Pakistan et l’Inde 1. Interim measures Request for interim measures—“proceed at own risk” principle—test of “nec- essary” under Indus Waters Treaty 1960 (“Treaty”) does not require “urgency” and “irreparable injury” as terms developed for provisional measures by International Court of Justice—“necessary” for interim measures equals preservation pendent lite of ability to render a warranted award in legal principles and in remedies. Order—temporary halt to India’s construction of certain elements of the dam. 2. Partial award Bearing on right or claims to sovereignty over territory of Jammu and Kashmir— Treaty extends to use of waters of Indus system exclusively—award to have no bearing on territorial claims. Intended diversion of water from Kish/Neelum River—Treaty restricts use of waters, not products generated by use—Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Project (KHEP) type of scheme envisaged under the Treaty—negotiating history shows purpose of delivery of water determines if action is a necessity—necessity defined in normal usage as “required, needed or essential”—delivery of water is required for designated purpose. Intended diversion of water from Kish/Neelum River—interpretation of “then existing agricultural use or hydro-electric use by Pakistan” as limitation to construc- tion under Treaty—context of such limitation combined with object and purpose of Treaty indicates “critical period” approach, intent coupled with action, followed by examination of “then existing uses”—totality of record supports India’s strong- er claim—right to divert water subject to Treaty constraints and relevant customary international law principles to ensure minimum flow of water—obligation to manage natural resources in line with principle of sustainable development—obligation for large-scale construction to undertake environmental impact assessment (EIA) and duty to prevent or mitigate against significant harm environment—request from Court for further data to determine sufficient minimum flow required. Permissibility of reservoir depletion for “run-of-river plant” under Treaty—chal- lenge to admissibility—no request for “neutral experts” by either Party—not mandato- ry for technical question to be sent to “neutral experts”—sediment accumulation not unforeseen emergency permitting reservoir depletion below designated level—method proposed by India specifically prohibited by Treaty to extent depletes water below des- ignated level. 3. Request for clarification or interpretation Request for interpretation of partial award by India—Court’s finding on reser- voir depletion applies to KHEP and to future construction on relevant rivers—consid- 4 Pakistan/India eration of alternative methods a component of interpretation of Treaty, not a site-spe- cific application of facts—prohibition declared by Court is general, not site-specific. 4. Final award Determination of minimum flow to be discharged downstream of KHEP—deter- mination to balance mitigation of adverse effects against presumed right to operate the plant—in-depth EIA appropriate for project of such magnitude—customary interna- tional law principles cannot circumscribe nor negate express rights in Treaty—inap- propriate to adopt “precautionary approach” or to permit environmental factors to override all other rights and obligations—Court sets designated minimum flow of water—life of Final Award not to be extended into circumstances in which reasoning no longer accords with reality by operation of res judicata—mechanism for review after seven-year period and monitoring to be conducted by standing Permanent Indus Commission and Treaty mechanisms. 1. Mesures provisoires Demande de mesures provisoires – principe de l’action « à ses risques et périls » – le critère de nécessité prévu dans le Traité de 1960 sur les eaux de l’Indus (le « Traité ») n’implique pas les notions d’« urgence » et de « préju- dice irréparable » définies par la Cour internationale de Justice en matière de mesures conservatoires – appliqué aux mesures provisoires, le critère vise à préserver pendente lite la faculté de rendre une sentence justifiée sur le plan des principes de droit et celui des mesures de réparation. Ordonnance : suspension temporaire de la construction de certains élé- ments du barrage par l’Inde 2. Sentence partielle Incidence sur le droit ou les revendications de souveraineté visant le terri- toire du Jammu-et-Cachemire – le Traité se rapporte exclusivement à l’utilisa- tion des eaux du réseau de l’Indus – la sentence ne doit avoir aucune incidence sur les revendications territoriales. Intention de détourner les eaux de la rivière Kish/Neelum – le Traité lim- ite l’utilisation des eaux, mais pas celle des produits résultant de cette utilisa- tion – le Projet hydroélectrique de Kishenganga relève des catégories visées par le Traité – d’après l’historique des négociations, le but de l’approvisionnement en eau détermine si la mesure est nécessaire – dans son sens courant, le mot « nécessaire » se dit d’une chose dont on a besoin, qui est requise ou indispen- sable – l’approvisionnement en eau est requis dans un but précis. Intention de détourner les eaux de la rivière Kish/Neelum – l’utilisation existante par le Pakistan à des fins agricoles ou pour la production d’éner- gie hydroélectrique est interprétée comme une limitation à la construction imposée par le Traité – le contexte entourant cette limitation, combiné aux objet et but du Traité, tend à favoriser la théorie de la « période critique », la Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration—Order on Interim Measures 5 mise à exécution de l’intention, puis l’examen des « utilisations existantes » – l’ensemble du dossier étaye la position plus solide de l’Inde – le droit de détourner les eaux est assujetti aux contraintes définies dans le Traité et aux principes du droit international coutumier visant à assurer un débit d’eau min- imal – obligation de gérer les ressources naturelles conformément au principe du développement durable – obligation, dans le cadre des grands projets de construction, de procéder à une étude d’impact sur l’environnement (EIE) et de prévenir ou d’atténuer les dommages importants causés à l’environnement – demande émise par le Tribunal pour obtenir des informations supplémen- taires en vue de déterminer le débit minimal suffisant. Licéité, au regard du Traité, de l’épuisement des réservoirs pour les beso- ins d’une centrale au fil de l’eau – contestation de la recevabilité : ni l’une ni l’autre des parties n’a demandé l’intervention d’« experts impartiaux » – il n’est pas obligatoire de renvoyer les questions techniques à des « experts impartiaux » – l’accumulation de sédiments n’est pas une situation d’urgence imprévue justifiant que les réservoirs soient vidés en deçà de la limite fixée – la méthode proposée par l’Inde est spécifiquement interdite par le Traité car elle entraîne l’épuisement des réservoirs en deçà de la limite fixée. 3. Demande en précision ou en interprétation Demande en interprétation de la sentence partielle présentée par l’Inde – la conclusion du Tribunal sur l’épuisement des réservoirs s’applique au Projet hydroélectrique de Kishenganga et aux projets de construction à venir sur les rivières concernées – la recherche d’autres méthodes relève de l’interprétation du Traité et non de l’application des faits à tel ou tel lieu – l’interdiction pron- oncée par le Tribunal est de portée générale et non liée à un lieu en particulier. 4. Sentence finale Détermination du débit minimal en aval du Projet hydroélectrique de Kishenganga – le niveau fixé doit permettre d’atténuer les effets dommageables tout en préservant le droit présumé d’exploiter l’usine – il convient d’effec- tuer une EIE approfondie pour les projets d’une telle ampleur – les principes du droit international coutumier ne sauraient limiter les droits expressément énoncés dans le Traité ou en empêcher l’exercice – il n’est pas acceptable de recourir au principe de précaution ou de permettre que les facteurs environ- nementaux fassent obstacle à tous les autres droits et obligations – le Tribunal fixe le débit d’eau minimal – l’application de la sentence finale ne doit pas, au nom du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée, être étendue à des faits devenus incompatibles avec le raisonnement – la Commission permanente de l’Indus et les mécanismes conventionnels pourront procéder à un réexamen après sept ans et assurer le suivi nécessaire. * * * * * 6 Pakistan/India In the matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga arbitration -before- The Court of Arbitration constituted in accordance with the Indus Waters Treaty 1960 between the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan Signed on September 19, 1960 -between- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan -and- The Republic of India Order on the Interim Measures Application of Pakistan dated June 6, 2011 Court of Arbitration: Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (Chairman) Sir Franklin Berman KCMG QC Professor Howard S.
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