APPENDIX D

CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT

Page intentionally left blank CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT

MOONLITE LANES APARTMENTS PROJECT 2780 EL CAMINO REAL CITY OF SANTA CLARA, SANTA CLARA COUNTY

FOR

CIRCLEPOINT 40 A/B South First Street San Jose, CA 95113

ATTN: Ms. Audrey M. Zagazeta Project Director

BY

BASIN RESEARCH ASSOCIATES 1933 Davis Street, Suite 210 San Leandro, CA 94577

AUGUST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION 1-2 2.1 LOCATION 1 2.2 DESCRIPTION 1-2 2.3 AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS (APE) 2

3.0 REGULATORY CONTEXT 2-7 3.1 STATE OF CALIFORNIA 2-3 3.2 CITY OF SANTA CLARA 3-7

4.0 METHDOLOGY 7-8 5.0 BACKGROUND CONTEXT 8-18 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 8-9 5.2 NATIVE AMERICAN 10-13 5.2A Prehistoric 10-12 5.2B Ethnographic 13 5.3 HISTORIC ERA 13-18 5.3A Hispanic Period 14 5.3B American Period 15-17 5.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY 17-18

6.0 PRE-FIELD IDENTIFICATION EFFORT 18 6.1 RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS 18 6.1A Recorded Sites and/or Reported Sites 18 6.1B Compliance Reports 18 6.2 LISTED HISTORIC PROPERTIES 18

7.0 INDIVIDUALS, GROUP AND AGENCY PARTICIPATION 18-19 8.0 FIELD INVENTORY 19 9.0 BUILT ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 19-21 10.0 FINDINGS 21-22 11.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 22-25 11.1 DEFINITION OF IMPACTS 29-24 11.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 24-25

12.0 REFERENCES CITED AND CONSULTED 26-35 ATTACHMENTS

FIGURES

FIGURE 1 General Project Location FIGURE 2 Project Location (USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980) FIGURE 3 Aerial View of Project Area

FORMS

FORM 1 DPR 523 Primary Form with Building, Structure and Object Record - AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling, 2780 El Camino Real, Santa Clara by Ward Hill. August 2015.

CORRESPONDENCE

LETTER Request to Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) for Review of Sacred Lands Inventory LETTER NAHC Response LETTERS Request to Native Americans Identified by the NAHC

CHRIS/NWIC SEARCH RESULTS

SEARCH 1 File No. 14-1747 dated 7/02/2015 (No Confidential Information)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Cultural Resources Assessment Report (CRAR) for the proposed Moonlite Lanes Apartments, 2780 El Camino Real, City of Santa Clara, Santa Clara County provides the results of a records search conducted by the California Historical Resources Information System, Northwest Information Center (CHRIS/NWIC); a limited literature review; Native American Heritage Commission consultation; an architectural field review of the existing building; and, a discussion of potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures. An archaeological field review was not undertaken due to the developed nature of the parcel and the lack of native soil exposures.

The intent of this CRAR was to determine if significant cultural resources under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) could be affected by the proposed project.

2.0 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION 2.1 LOCATION [Figs. 1-3]

The approximate 2.88 acre project is occupied by the AMF Moonlite Lanes, a bowling alley located at 2780 El Camino Real approximately 540 feet south of the southeast corner of the intersection of El Camino Real and Kiely Boulevard, City of Santa Clara (APN 290-16-018).

The project parcel is separated by a driveway/alley from the Moonlite Shopping Center to the north, residential development to the south and east, and Kiely Boulevard to the west. The west side of the project parcel is about opposite between Butte Street and Fresno Avenue as they terminate on the west side of Kiely Boulevard. The eastern boundary of the project parcel is formed by Hampton Knoll Drive, a private street, and the west end of Moonlite Place. The northern end of Crowley Avenue terminates about mid-way along the southern boundary of the project parcel (Google Earth 2015; PII Environmental 2015:4, 31-32 [APN map]; United States Geological Survey [hereafter USGS], San Jose West, Calif. 1980, 7.5' quadrangle topographic map, Township 7 South, Range 1 West (T 7S R 1W), NW ¼ of SE ¼ of Section 4).

2.2 DESCRIPTION

The site is currently occupied by the AMF Moonlite Lanes complex, surrounding asphalt concrete parking lots and landscaped areas with primarily small shrubs and mature trees (Cornerstone Earth Group [CEG] 2015:3).

The Prometheus Real Estate Group, Inc. plans to redevelop the approximate 2.88 acre site with an apartment complex with a total of 158 units consisting of 4-story, at-grade residential structures with a central 5-level parking structure with a total of 260 spaces with one level of parking below grade. Main access would be from Kiely Boulevard at the northwest corner of the project with fire access at the northeast corner from the alley along the north side of the parcel. The project also includes landscaping and other improvements necessary for site development (CEG 2015:1)

The 2010-2015 Land Use Diagram in the City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan designates the project site for Regional Mixed Use in Phase I: 2010-2015 and Phase II: 2015- 2025, and Phase III: 2025-2035. The construction of the proposed project will implement Phase 2

III of the General Plan within the El Camino Real Focus Area (2035) (SC/PD 2010:5-21, Fig. 5.2-1, 5-23, Fig. 5.2-3, 2010:5-43, Fig. 5.4-1).

2.3 AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS (APE)

The Area of Potential Effects (APE) includes all areas where direct or indirect impacts may occur within the development parcels. The horizontal and vertical Area of Potential Effects (APE) consists of the maximum area of surface and subsurface disturbance with anticipated excavation depths of at least 15 feet below the present ground surface for the one level of subterranean parking and existing and project-related utilities.

3.0 REGULATORY CONTEXT

Cultural resources include prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, districts, and objects; standing historic structures, buildings, districts, and objects; and locations of important historic events or sites of traditional and/or cultural importance to various groups. The analysis of cultural resources can provide valuable information on the cultural heritage of both local and regional populations.

Cultural resources may be determined significant or potentially significant in terms of national, state, or local criteria either individually or in combination. Resource evaluation criteria are determined by the compliance requirements of a specific project.

3.1 STATE OF CALIFORNIA

This report has been prepared to meet applicable California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the Historic Preservation Goals and Policies of the City of Santa Clara’s General Plan for historic properties (cultural resources) which require the identification and evaluation of cultural resources that could be affected by the project.

The California Register of Historical Resources (Public Resources Code Section 5024.1) is a listing of those properties that are to be protected from substantial adverse change, and it includes properties that are listed, or have been formally determined to be eligible for listing in, the National Register of Historic Places, State Historical Landmarks, and eligible Points of Historical Interest. A historical resource may be listed in the California Register of Historical Resources if it meets one or more of the following criteria:

 It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States;  It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history;  It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or,  It has yielded or has the potential to yield information important in the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation. 3

Historical Resources Public Resources Code Section 21084.1 stipulates that any resource listed in, or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, is presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Resources listed in a local historic register or deemed significant in a historical resource survey (as provided under Public Resources Code Section 5024.1g) are presumed historically or culturally significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates they are not. A resource that is not listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in the Public Resources Code, not included in a local register or historic resources, or not deemed significant in a historical resource survey may nonetheless be historically significant (Public Resources Code Section 21084.1). This provision is intended to give the Lead Agency discretion to determine that a resource of historic significance exists where none had been identified before and to apply the requirements of Public Resources Code Section 21084.1 to properties that have not previously been formally recognized as historic.

The California Environmental Quality Act equates a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource with a significant effect on the environment (Public Resources Code Section 21084.1) and defines substantial adverse change as demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration that would impair historical significance (Public Resources Code Section 5020.1).

Archaeological Resources Where a project may adversely affect a unique archaeological resource, Public Resources Code Section 21083.2 requires the Lead Agency to treat that effect as a significant environmental effect. When an archaeological resource is listed in or is eligible to be listed in the California Register of Historical Resources, Public Resources Code Section 21084.1 requires that any substantial adverse effect to that resource be considered a significant environmental effect. Public Resources Code Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1 operate independently to ensure that potential effects on archaeological resources are considered as part of a project's environmental analysis. Either of these benchmarks may indicate that a project may have a potential adverse effect on archaeological resources.

Other California Laws and Regulations Other state-level requirements for cultural resources management appear in the California Public Resources Code Chapter 1.7, Section 5097.5 "Archaeological, Paleontological, and Historical Sites," and Chapter 1.75 beginning at Section 5097.9 "Native American Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Sites" for lands owned by the state or a state agency.

The disposition of Native American burials is governed by Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code and Public Resources Code Sections 5097.94 and 5097.98, and falls within the jurisdiction of the Native American Heritage Commission.

3.2 CITY OF SANTA CLARA

The City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan (hereafter General Plan) Section 5.6 Historic Preservation provides the local regulatory context for the proposed project. The City has established a Historical and Landmarks Commission and obtained recognition by the State 4

Office of Historic Preservation of the City as a Certified Local Government (CLG). Historic preservation policies support the two Major Strategies of the General Plan to enhance the City’s identity and to preserve existing neighborhoods. The City currently uses the following tools to evaluate historic resources:

 The Historical and Landmarks Commission advises the City Council on all matters related to historical sites and issues. As required by the State Certified Local Government program, the City has established a list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties which is included in Appendix 8.9 of the General Plan, and is one of the tools used for the Commission’s recommendations.

 The Criteria for Local Significance (General Plan Appendix 8.9), establishes evaluation measures, to ensure that the resource is at least 50 years old and that the property is associated with an important individual or event, an architectural innovation, and/or an archaeological contribution in order to be deemed significant. The City maintains a list of qualified historic consultants for these evaluations.

Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties refer to prehistoric and historic features, structures, sites or properties that represent important aspects of the City’s heritage. Historic Preservation policies strengthen the City’s Historic Preservation Goals, providing direction for changes to historic resources and new development proposed within 100 feet of historic properties in order to evaluate any potential effects on the historic context for the resource. A 100–foot radius, defined as the Area of Historic Sensitivity, is approximately equal to all properties abutting, across the street, and adjacent to abutting properties from a historic resource. This would comprise a little less than a typical City block. Preservation of Santa Clara’s long history is also supported by policies that protect archaeological resources, such as relics found in burial sites.

General Plan - Section 5.6.1 Historic Preservation Goals and Policies

Historic Preservation Goals and policies are applicable to the City’s historic resources in order to provide the basis for their protection, reuse and identification in the City. These resources include historic structures, like the Berryessa Adobe, the Harris-Lass Historic Preserve and the Santa Clara Railroad Depot, as well as some of the City’s historic homes in areas like the Old Quad. General Plan Appendix 8.9 includes the City’s list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties.

Historic Preservation Goals

5.6.1-G1 Preservation of historic resources and neighborhoods. 5.6.1-G2 Public awareness of the City’s historic preservation programs. 5.6.1-G3 Changes and maintenance of historic resources that retain the integrity of the property and its historic value. 5

Historic Preservation Policies

5.6.1-P1 Discourage the demolition or inappropriate alterations of historic buildings and ensure the protection of historic resources through the continued enforcement of codes and design guidelines. 5.6.1-P2 Protect the historic integrity of designated historic properties and encourage adaptive reuse when necessary to promote preservation. 5.6.1-P3 Protect historic resources from demolition, inappropriate alterations and incompatible development. 5.6.1-P4 Use the City’s Criteria for Local Significance as the basis for designating historic resources and review proposed changes to these resources for consistency with the Secretary of Interior Standards and California Historic Building Code. 5.6.1-P5 Promote the use of the preservation standards outlined in the current Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, for properties listed, or eligible for listing, on the City’s list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties. 5.6.1-P6 Promote an active program to identify, interpret and designate the City’s historic properties, including the evaluation of resources over 50 years old to determine eligibility for the City’s list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties. 5.6.1-P7 Encourage programs that provide incentives and leverage public and private resources, to promote historic preservation, maintenance and adaptive reuse by property owners, such as Mills Act Contracts for tax benefits, tax credits and zero or low-interest loans for income-qualified residents. 5.6.1-P8 Coordinate historic preservation efforts with other agencies and organizations, including the Chamber of Commerce, Santa Clara County Historical and Genealogical Society, and other historical organizations. 5.6.1-P9 Facilitate public outreach, education and information regarding historic preservation through the City’s Historical and Landmarks Commission. 5.6.1-P10 Update and maintain the City’s list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties, and associated State Department of Parks and Recreation forms, as an Appendix to the General Plan.

General Plan - Section 5.6.2 Areas of Historic Sensitivity Goals and Policies

The area immediately surrounding historic resources contributes to the setting for the resource.

Areas of Historic Sensitivity Goals

5.6.2-G1 New development that is compatible with nearby historic resources. 5.6.2-G2 Preservation of the neighborhood context for historic resources. 6

Areas of Historic Sensitivity Policies

5.6.2-P1 Evaluate any proposed changes to properties within 100 feet of historic resources on the City’s list of Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties for potential negative effects on the historic integrity of the resource or its historic context. 5.6.2-P2 Require that changes to properties that contribute to the context of a historic resource are compatible in scale, materials, design, height, mass and use with the historic resource or its context. 5.6.2-P3 Strengthen the character and historic context of the Old Quad historic neighborhood through streetscape design, amenities and street tree planting. 5.6.2-P4 Work with Santa Clara University to improve compatibility between University- owned properties and nearby historic resources. 5.6.2-P5 Work with off-campus housing providers to ensure that maintenance and operational provisions that protect nearby historic resources are implemented. 5.6.2-P6 Provide notification and information to owners and developers of properties near historic resources in order to increase awareness of potential constraints on new development and/or uses. General Plan – Section 5.6.3 Archaeological and Cultural Resources Goals and Policies

Section 5.6.3 applies to archaeological resources. No standing historic buildings and/or structures are present within the bounds of the project area due to previous development. The following Goals and Policies ensure that these resources are protected, now and into the future, and that appropriate mitigation measures to unforeseen impacts are enforced.

Archaeological and Cultural Resources Goals

5.6.3-G1 Protection and preservation of cultural resources, as well as archaeological and paleontological sites. 5.6.3-G2 Appropriate mitigation in the event that human remains, archaeological resources or paleontological resources are discovered during construction activities.

Archaeological and Cultural Resources Policies

5.6.3-P1 Require that new development avoid or reduce potential impacts to archaeological, paleontological and cultural resources. 5.6.3-P2 Encourage salvage and preservation of scientifically valuable paleontological or archaeological materials. 5.6.3-P3 Consult with California Native American tribes prior to considering amendments to the City’s General Plan. 5.6.3-P4 Require that a qualified paleontologist/archaeologist monitor all grading and/or excavation if there is a potential to affect archeological or paleontological resources, including sites within 500 feet of natural water courses and in the Old Quad neighborhood. 7

5.6.3-P5 In the event that archaeological/paleontological resources are discovered, require that work be suspended until the significance of the find and recommended actions are determined by a qualified archaeologist/paleontologist. 5.6.3-P6 In the event that human remains are discovered, work with the appropriate Native American representative and follow the procedures set forth in State law.

General Plan - Section 5.4.1 El Camino Real Focus Area

The project site is within the El Camino Real Focus Area (SC/PD 2010). The Focus Area design and land use policies are in addition to the City‐wide land use policies (e.g., General Plan Section 5.2). Implementation of the El Camino Real Focus Area vision will transform the existing series of automobile-oriented strip malls into a tree lined, pedestrian and transit oriented corridor with a mix of residential and retail uses.

4.0 METHODOLOGY

A prehistoric and historic site record and literature search for the project site and a 0.25-mile radius was completed by the California Historical Resources Information System, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park (CHRIS/NWIC File No. 14-1747 by Mikulik). In addition, reference material from the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley and material on file at Basin Research Associates, San Leandro was also consulted. Other specialized listings for cultural resources consulted include:

 National Register of Historic Places listings for Santa Clara County, California (USNPS 2015a-b).  Historic Properties Directory for Santa Clara County with the most recent updates of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR); California Historical Landmarks; and, California Points of Historical Interest (CAL/OHP 2012a).  Archeological Determinations of Eligibility for Santa Clara County (CAL/OHP 2012b).  California History Plan (CAL/OHP 1973).  California Inventory of Historic Resources (CAL/OHP 1976).  Five Views: An Ethnic Sites Survey for California (CAL/OHP 1988).  California Historical Resources – Santa Clara County [including National Register, State Landmark, California Register, and Point of Interest] (CAL/OHP 2015).  Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks of San Francisco and Northern California (ASCE/SF 1977);  Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks (ASCE 2015)  County lists (Pace 1975; SClCoHHC 1979, 1999).  Potential cultural resources in the City of Santa Clara (e.g., Hendry and Bowman 1940; Duval 1999; Garcia 1997) including City of Santa Clara Sensitivity Maps: Archeologically Sensitive Boundaries (1997) and Boundaries of Identified 8

Archaeological Sensitive Area (1999 and City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan tables and figures (SC/PD 2010:5-21, Fig. 5.2-1, 5-23, Fig. 5.2-3, 2010:5-43, Fig. 5.4-1).  Historic topographic and plan view maps (US/BLM) [GLO or General Land Office] 1851-1866, 1870; Bowen 1866; Healey 1866; Whitney 1873; Thompson and West 1876; Hendry and Bowman 1940; Givler and Sowers 2005; USDA 1958; Milliken 1995:33, Map 3; Milliken 2006:27, Fig. 5; USNPS 1995 [Anza]; USGS v.d.; US War Dept 1943). In addition, the project Phase I Environmental Site Assessment [ESA] by PII Environmental (PIIE 2015) and Preliminary Geotechnical Investigation by Cornerstone Earth Group (CEG 2015) were consulted.

The Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted for a search of the Sacred Lands Inventory (Busby 2015a) for the project site with contact initiated with nine Native American individuals/groups recommended by the NAHC (Busby 2015b-j).

No other agencies, departments or local historical societies were contacted regarding landmarks, potential historic sites or structures.

Mr. Ward Hill, consulting architectural historian conducted an architectural field review of the project site in August, 2015. An archaeological field inventory was not undertaken due to the lack of native soil exposures.

5.0 BACKGROUND CONTEXT 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The City of Santa Clara is located within the Santa Clara Valley defined as an approximately northwest-southeast trending very gently sloped geostructural trough about 105 km (65 miles) long, stretching in the north from about the present Santa Clara County line, south to a point about 10 km (6.2 miles) south of the town of Hollister, where the San Benito River meets a widening alluvial plain. The trough is bounded on the east by the Mt. Hamilton and San Carlos ranges, both segments of the Diablo Range, which separates the Santa Clara Valley from the Great Interior or Central Valley. On the west, the boundary coincides with the Santa Cruz Mountains, in the north, and the Gabilan Range, to the south. These two ranges are separated by an impressive wide canyon or valley.

A number of major land cover types were present in the valley prior to Euro-American development. The types included freshwater marshes, wet and alkali meadows, willow groves, and valley oak savanna in addition to riparian habitat, grasslands and tidal flats along the bay. These all experienced significant declines over the past 150 years with impacts on both the native plant and animal communities. In addition, water and flood control projects have resulted in significant vegetation and channel changes along the major water courses including Coyote Creek and the Guadalupe River to the east as well as Saratoga and Calabazas creeks in the near vicinity of the project.

The valley climate is Mediterranean and is characterized with warm summers, and wet winters although the surrounding mountains and proximity to the Pacific Ocean moderate the weather (Broek 1932). In addition, there is at least three times as much rainfall in the wettest month as 9 during the driest summer month with an average of 10-20 inches per year. During the summer, winds from the usual high pressure area off the coast flow into the valley from the direction of San Francisco Bay, as well as through a relatively low part of the Santa Cruz Mountains west of Los Gatos and through the Pajaro Gap.

The valley has experienced a number of climatological and physiographical changes over the past 10,000 years due to climatic change and earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault system, including the Monte Vista-Shannon Fault, within the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Hayward and Calaveras Fault systems within the Diablo Range.

Sea levels began to rise due to glacial melting until about 6000 years ago and then started to decline although land subsidence probably continued. By about 4000 years ago, San Francisco Bay had almost attained its present outline and marshes were forming, for example, at the mouths of the present-day Coyote Creek and Guadalupe River. Alluvial soil thicknesses in the area of the site range from 200 to 400 feet (CEG 2015:2 after Rogers & Williams 1974).

Local Geology/Soils

The 1958 USDA Santa Clara Area, California Soil Survey shows no kitchen middens (culturally affected prehistoric soils; Ka) in or adjacent to the project (USDA 1958: Soil Map Northern Sheet). The soils in the project and adjacent areas are mapped as Mocho clay loam over basin clays, 0 to one percent slopes (Mi) and Sunnyvale clay, 0 to one percent slopes (Sx) (USDA 1958:54-55, Northern Sheet).

Recent mapping by Witter et al. (2006) shows the project area within latest Holocene (less than 11,800 years) alluvial fan deposits (Qhf). The alignment of Saratoga Creek 0.20 miles east of the project is mapped as artificial stream channel (ac) with modern stream channel deposits (Qhc; less than 150 years) south of Benton Street along the creek (e.g., ca. 0.25 mile south of the APE). The older alluvial fan deposits suggest deposition prior to the potential Native American occupation of the Santa Clara area. These deposits generally have been reworked by frequent flooding and do not exhibit any soil development. The current nature of the creeks in the general area strongly suggests that water actions (and/or channelization) have removed any Holocene prehistoric cultural deposits from the channel. Overbank flooding and sediment deposition resulting in site burial do not appear likely and the lack of Holocene stream terrace deposits along the creek banks (e.g., the former Saratoga Creek) in the general study area offers some support for this interpretation.

Contemporary

The site is currently occupied by the AMF Moonlite Lanes bowling alley and bordered by parking lots and landscaping (CEG 2015:3). The project site is relatively flat but generally slopes from approximately Elevation 84 feet in the southwest corner to approximately Elevation 81 feet in the northeast corner (CEG 2015:3; PII 2015:4, 31-32) 10

5.2 NATIVE AMERICAN 5.2A Prehistoric

Cultural resources are traces of human occupation and activity. In northern California, cultural resources extend back in time for at least 9,000-11,500 years with Native American occupation and use of the Santa Clara Valley extending over 5,000-8,000 years and possibly longer.

The area would have provided a favorable environment during the prehistoric period with riparian and inland resources readily available and the bayshore in relative close proximity. Native American occupation sites appear to have been selected for accessibility, protection from seasonal flooding, and the availability of resources for both food and industrial use.

Archaeological information for the general Bay Area suggests a slow steady increase in the prehistoric population over time with an increasing focus on permanent settlements with large populations in later periods. This change from hunter-collectors to an increased sedentary lifestyle is due to more efficient resource procurement as well as a focus on staple food exploitation, the increased ability to store food at village locations, and the development of increasing complex social and political systems including long-distance trade networks.

Prehistoric site types recorded in the valley include habitation sites ranging from villages to temporary campsites, stone tool and other manufacturing areas, quarries for tool stone procurement, cemeteries usually associated with large villages, isolated burial sites, rock art locations, bedrock mortars or other milling feature sites, and trails (Elsasser 1986:32).

Archaeological research in the region has been interpreted using several chronological schemes based on stratigraphic differences and the presence of various cultural traits. A three-part cultural chronological sequence, the Central California Taxonomic System (CCTS) was developed by archaeologists to explain local and regional cultural change in prehistoric central California from about 4,500 years ago to the time of European contact (Lillard et al. 1939; Beardsley 1948, 1954). This classification scheme, consisting of three horizons - Early, Transitional and Late, has been revised although the prior nomenclature (Early, Middle, Late Horizon) is still in common use (see Fredrickson 1994). Moratto (1984) suggests the Early Horizon dated to ca. 4,500 to 3,500/3,000 years ago with the Middle Horizon dating to circa 3,500 to 1,500 years ago and the Late Horizon dating to circa 1,500 to 250 years ago [see Table 1]. Allen (1999) has presented a four-period chronological framework for the Northern Santa Clara Valley/Southern San Francisco Bay region using the Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987) taxonomy as revised by Milliken and Bennyhoff (1993) and Fredrickson (1994) [see Table 2].

The Early Horizon is the most poorly known of the periods. Basic Early Horizon traits include hunting and fishing for subsistence and the presence of milling stones for vegetal food processing, use of the atlatl (i.e., throwing board and spear), and a relative absence of fire-altered rock, greasy midden, organic soil, charcoal, and ash in the middens (culturally affected soils). Early Horizon cultures practiced elaborate burial rituals and placed a wealth of goods in graves of the dead. Well-developed trade networks with other areas of the Pacific Coast and Sierra Nevada were also developed by this time. It is believed that the initial occupation of central California was by Hokan-speaking peoples. 11

Middle Horizon sites are more common and are relatively better known than Early Horizon sites. These sites usually have deep, stratified deposits that contain large quantities of ash and charcoal, fire-altered rock, and fish, bird, and mammal faunal remains. The presence of significant numbers of mortars and pestles is suggestive of a growing reliance upon gathered plant foods as opposed to hunted animal foods. The aboriginal populations were unchanged from Early Horizon peoples. Burials were usually flexed and only a small proportion of the graves contained artifacts, which were usually utilitarian. An increase in violence is suggested by the number of Middle Horizon burials found with projectile points embedded in the bones or with other marks of violence. The Late Horizon emerges from the Middle Horizon with the continued use of many early traits and the introduction of several new traits. Late Horizon sites are the most numerous and are composed of rich, greasy midden with bone and fire-altered rocks. Use of the bow and arrow, flexed interments, deliberately damaged ("killed") grave offerings, and occasional cremation of the dead are among the known traits of this horizon. Dietary emphasis on acorns and seeds is evident in this horizon. Trade with surrounding and other areas was well established for various raw materials. Compared to earlier peoples, Late Horizon groups were short in stature with finer bone structure, evidence perhaps of the replacement of original Hokan-speaking settlers by Penutian-speaking groups by circa 1,500 years ago.

Table 1 – Hypothesized Characteristics of Cultural Periods in California 1800 A.D. Clam disk bead money economy appears. More and more goods moving farther Upper Emergent Period and farther. Growth of local specializations relative to production and exchange. Phase 2, Late Horizon Interpenetration of south and central exchange systems. 1500 A.D. Bow and arrow introduced replace atlatl and dart; south coast maritime Lower Emergent Period adaptation flowers. Territorial boundaries well established. Evidence of Phase 1, Late Horizon distinctions in social status linked to wealth increasingly common. Regularized exchanges between groups continue with more material put into the network of exchanges. 1000 A.D. Growth of sociopolitical complexity; development of status distinctions based on Upper Archaic Period wealth. Shell beads gain importance, possibly indicators of both exchange and Middle Horizon status. Emergence of group-oriented religious organizations; possible origins of Intermediate Cultures Kuksu religious system at end of period. Greater complexity of exchange systems; evidence of regular, sustained exchanges between groups; territorial boundaries not firmly established. 500 B.C. Climate more benign during this interval. Mortars and pestles and inferred acorn Middle Archaic Period economy introduced. Hunting important. Diversification of economy; sedentism Middle Horizon begins to develop, accompanied by population growth and expansion. Intermediate Cultures Technological and environmental factors provide dominant themes. Changes in exchange or in social relations appear to have little impact. 3000 B.C. Ancient lakes dry up as a result of climatic changes; milling stones found in Lower Archaic Period abundance; plant food emphasis, little hunting. Most artifacts manufactured of Early Horizon local materials; exchange similar to previous period. Little emphasis on wealth. Early San Francisco Bay Social unit remains the extended family. Early Milling Stone Cultures 6000 B.C. First demonstrated entry and spread of humans into California; lakeside sites Upper Paleo-Indian Period with a probable but not clearly demonstrated hunting emphasis. No evidence for San Dieguito a developed milling technology, although cultures with such technology may Western Clovis exist in the state at this time depth. Exchange probably ad hoc on one-to-one 8000 B.C. basis. Social unit (the extended family) not heavily dependent on exchange; resources acquired by changing habitat. 12

General overviews and perspectives on the regional prehistory including chronological sequences can be found in Wallace (1978) C. King (1978a), Moratto (1984), Elsasser (1978, 1986), Allen (1999), Jones and Klar (2007), and Milliken, et al. (2007). In addition, Hylkema (2002) provides detail regarding environment and chronology for selected archaeological sites from the southern San Francisco Bay and the peninsula coast.

TABLE 2 Comparison of California Cultural Period with Temporal Phases of Central California (Allen 1999) Cultural Periods Dating Scheme B1 (Fredrickson 1994) (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987) Year Time Period EMERGENT Historic Period PERIOD AD 1800 Late Period Phase 2-B AD 1700 Late Period Phase 2-A AD 1500 Late Period Phase 1-C AD 1300 Late Period Phase 1-B AD 1100 Late Period Phase 1-A UPPER ARCHAIC AD 900 PERIOD Middle/Late Period Transition AD 700 Middle Period Terminal Phase AD 500 Middle Period Late Phase AD 300 Middle Period Intermediate Phase AD 100 Middle Period Early Phase 200 BC Early/Middle Period Transition MIDDLE ARCHAIC 500 BC PERIOD

Early Period

3000 BC LOWER ARCHAIC PERIOD

6000 BC PALEOINDIAN PERIOD

8000 BC 13

5.2B Ethnographic

The aboriginal inhabitants of the Santa Clara Valley belonged to a group known as the "Costanoan", derived from the Spanish word Costanos ("coast people" or "coastal dwellers") who occupied the central California coast as far east as the Diablo Range (Kroeber 1925:462; Hart 1987:112-113). The descendants of these Native Americans now prefer to be called Ohlone. In 1770 the Ohlone lived in approximately 50 separate and politically autonomous tribelets with each group having one or more permanent villages surrounded by a number of temporary camps. Physiographic features usually defined the territory of each group which generally supported a population of approximately 200 persons with a range of between 50-500 individuals (Levy 1978:485, 487).

The project area is situated within the Tamyen (Tamien) tribelet territory of the Ohlone in the San Bernardino District (the area located west of Mission Santa Clara) (Kroeber 1925:465, Fig. 42; Levy 1978:485, Fig. 1; Milliken 1995:229, Map 5, 256; Milliken 2006:27, Fig. 5).

Mission Santa Clara, founded in 1777 and variously relocated and rebuilt, was a major focus of Native American residency and conversion in the overall study area. However, no ethnographic settlements were located in, adjacent or near the project with the exception of the Native Americans associated with the relocated Mission Santa Clara approximately 2.5 miles to the southeast. Reportedly, Mission Santa Clara had the largest Native American population of the missions established in Alta California (CAL/OHP 1990:231, SHL #338; see Hylkema 1995).

No known Native American ethnographic settlements (villages), trails, traditional use areas or contemporary use areas have been identified in, adjacent or near the project (e.g., Elsasser 1986:48, Table 4, Fig. 10; CAL/OHP 1988; Shoup and Milliken 1999:Fig. 2).

Extensive ethnographic data for the San Francisco Bay Region are lacking, and the aboriginal lifeway apparently disappeared by approximately 1810 due to introduced diseases, a declining birthrate, the cataclysmic impact of the mission system and the later secularization of the missions by the Mexican government. The aboriginal inhabitants of the San Francisco Bay Region were transformed from hunters and gatherers into agricultural laborers who lived at the missions and worked with former neighboring groups (e.g., Ohlone, Bay Miwok, Esselen, and Yokuts). Later, because of the secularization of the Missions by Mexico in 1834, most of the aboriginal population gradually moved to ranchos to work as manual laborers. The resulting multi-ethnic Indian communities provided the ethnological data collected from 1878 to 1933 (Cook 1957:143; Levy 1978:486) that was used to develop the initial cultural history of the Native Californians.

For a more extensive review of the Native American inhabitants see Kroeber (1925), Harrington (1942), Galvan (1967/1968), King and Hickman (1973), C. King (1974, 1977, 1978b, 1994), Levy (1978), Margolin (1978), Mayfield et al. (1981), Bean (1994), and Milliken (1995, 2006, 2008).

5.3 HISTORIC ERA

The history of the Santa Clara Valley can be divided into the Age of Exploration, the Hispanic Period (Spanish Period 1769-1821 and the Mexican Period (1822-1848), and the American 14

Period (1848-onward). During the Hispanic Period, Spanish government policy in northwestern New Spain was directed at the founding of presidios (forts), missions, and pueblos (secular towns) with the land held by the Crown whereas later Mexican policy (1822-1846) stressed individual ownership of the land with grants of vast tracts of land to individuals. The American Period focused on development and growth - a pattern that continues into the 21st Century.

5.3A Hispanic Period (1769 to 1848)

The Spanish philosophy of government in northwestern New Spain was directed at the founding of presidios, missions, and secular towns with the land held by the Crown (1769-1821). The later Mexican policy stressed individual ownership of the land. After the secularization of the missions was declared by Mexico in 1833, vast tracts of the mission lands were granted to individual citizens (Hart 1987).

Spanish explorers in the late 1760s and 1770s were the first Europeans to traverse the Santa Clara Valley. Expedition parties likely followed Native American trails through the study area. The first party, led by Gaspar de Portola and Father Juan Crespi, arrived in the Alviso area in the fall of 1769. Sergeant Jose Francisco Ortega of their party explored the eastern portion of San Francisco Bay and likely forded both the mouth of the Guadalupe River and Coyote Creek. The following year, Pedro Fages led another party through the Santa Clara Valley and in 1772 Fages returned with Crespi and in 1774, Fr. Francisco Palou. Hickman (1974:7/S-4391) notes that Palou likely crossed San Tomas Aquinas and Saratoga "arroyos" on November 27, 1774 and that following Bolton (1926:410), Palou's camp was on Calabasas Creek. A few years later, in 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Pedro Font traveled through the region and their favorable reports led to the establishment of both Mission Santa Clara and the Pueblo San Jose de Guadalupe in 1777.

The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail [1776] authorized by Congress in 1990 is mapped north of the project. Mission Santa Clara de Asis, the eighth of the 21 missions founded in California and one of seven missions located within Ohlone territory, would have been the mission with the greatest impact on the aboriginal population living in the project vicinity (Beck and Haase 1974:#16-17; James and McMurry 1933:8; Hart 1987:112-113, 324; Brown 1994; USNPS 1995).

No known Hispanic Period resources - dwellings or features (e.g., corrals, orchards, etc.) - have been identified in or adjacent the project. The project is within ungranted lands approximately 2000 feet east of the Rancho Quito boundary, 2000 feet south of the Enright Tract, 3200 feet north of the Bennett Tract, and two miles west of the Third (1781/1784-1818/1825) and Fourth (1818-1825) Mission Santa Clara.(e.g., vicinity of The Alameda and Franklin Street). The project area was probably used for grazing cattle as the export of tallow and hides was a major economic pursuit of the Santa Clara Valley and California during the Hispanic Period (US/BLM [GLO] 1851-1866; Hendry and Bowman 1940:Map of Santa Clara County; USGS, San Jose West, Calif. 1980; Hylkema 1995:97; Skowronek. and Wizorek 1997:55). 15

5.3B American Period (1848-Contemporary)

California became a United States territory in 1848 through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican War of 1846-1847. California was not formally admitted as a state until 1850. In the mid-19th century, the majority of the rancho and pueblo lands and some of the ungranted land in California were subdivided as the result of the American takeover, population growth, and the confirmation of Mexican Period property titles. Growth can be attributed to the Gold Rush (1848), followed by the completion of the transcontinental railroad (1869) and local railroads. Still later, the development of the refrigerator railroad car (ca. 1880s) used for the transport of agricultural produce to distant markets, had a major impact on the Santa Clara Valley. During the later American Period and into the Contemporary Period (ca. 1876-1940s), fruit production became a major industry. This predominance of fruit production/processing held steady until after World War II. In recent decades this agrarian land-use pattern has been gradually displaced by residential housing, commercial centers, and the development of research and development and manufacturing associated with the electronics industry leading to the designation of the general region as the "Silicon Valley." Within the Santa Clara Valley, the City of San Jose served as a County seat as well as a financial and social center (Broek 1932:76-83; Hart 1987).

The Town of Santa Clara was surveyed by William Campbell in 1847 adjacent to the east side of Mission Santa Clara (founded in 1777 and variously relocated). and incorporated in 1852. The westernmost boundary of the town, Lincoln Street, was located approximately 1.3 miles east of the project in 1866 though at least 1870.

The first EuroAmerican American (non-Hispanic) settlers arrived in 1846 and 1847. Prior to 1846 almost all of the buildings had been built for the Mission; after 1846 buildings were erected by Americans or under American influence including an adobe tannery in 1849. The secular town of Santa Clara was surveyed by William Campbell in 1847. The town government was organized and its first duly elected officials took office in 1852 at which time approximately 200 individuals resided in the town. Incorporation did not take place until 1872. The Santa Clara post office was established prior to July 28, 1851. Early American Era buildings included a hotel and 23 pre-fabricated houses imported from New England. In addition to Roman Catholic services at the Mission, other Churches were built for Presbyterian, Methodist, and Episcopal denominations. Early educational institutions consisted of Santa Clara College chartered in 1855; California Wesleyan College, later known as University of Pacific in 1851; and, The Female Institute in 1853. The town was a fruit packing center in 1870s through World War II. The arrival and expansion of the railroad and later road system facilitated the growth of heavy industry. Post World War II infill subdivisions and tract housing were built with concomitant increases in population and expanded geographically. Thus from 8000 inhabitants by 1940, the City of Santa Clara by the early 1980s increased to 88,200 residents (Bowen 1866; US/BLM [GLO or General Land Office] 1870; Munro-Fraser 1881:550-552; San Jose Mercury 1896:64, 70; Hendry and Bowman 1940:731-732; Thompson and West 1876:15 1/2-3/4, 36, 43; Sawyer 1922:277-279; Wyatt and Arbuckle 1948:37; Hart 1987:453; Patera 1991:191; Garcia 1997:8, 54, 58, 61, 97; USGS 1980:San Jose West). 16

Limited Historic Map Review

The project is located in T 7S R 1W, NW ¼ of SE ¼ of Section 4. A limited selection of historic topographic and plan view maps including the General Land Office (GLOs) and USGS topographic maps was reviewed to determine previous and existing natural and cultural features and any changes over time within and adjacent to the proposed project.

The Creek & Watershed Map of West Santa Clara Valley shows the alignment of channelized Saratoga Creek passing through the approximate alignment of present-day Bowe Avenue about 700-1000 feet east of the project parcel (Gilver and Sowers 2005 with APN Map 290-16-18). Hendry and Bowman's 1940 manuscript and maps of The Spanish and Mexican Adobe and Other Buildings in the Nine San Francisco Bay Counties, 1776 to about 1850 shows no known adobe dwellings and/or other features (e.g., roads corrals, embarcadero, acequias [ditches], mills) in or adjacent to the project. The 1851 General Land Office (GLO) survey plat for Township 7 South Range 1 West updated to 1866 (US/BLM 1851-1866) shows a number of cultural features in the general study area. but none in or adjacent to the project. “Campell’s Creek”, unchannelized present-day Saratoga Creek is shown flowing east of the project through the east ½ of the east ½ of Section 4. The 1870 GLO is similar. Both show a “Road” that conforms to the approximate alignment of present-day El Camino Real along with the “James Enright’s Tract of Land”, “Mary S. Bennett’s Tract No 1”, and the City of “Santa Clara”. Healey's 1866 Official Map of the County of Santa Clara shows various rancho boundaries, major roads, railroad routes, as well as the locations of isolated farms/ranches, and schematic city grids throughout the county. None are located in/adjacent to the project. Whitney's 1873 Map of the Region Adjacent to the Bay of Bay Francisco shows "Campbell's Creek" to the south as “Arroyo Quito” and further north as “Zanjon Creek” and the outline of various ranchos/tracts, major roads, and railroad routes. With the exception of the creek, no "Indian Mound"[s] or other features are shown in the vicinity of the project. Thompson and West's 1876 Historical Atlas of Santa Clara County maps “San Francisco Road”, present-day El Camino Real. In addition to features shown on earlier maps, this map shows the “W. Trenonth [?spelling] as owner of the SE ¼ of T7S R1W of Section 4. His farmstead (small orchard and residence) were located on the east side of “Campell’s Creek” (op cit.:36). The USGS topographic quadrangle map series indicates notable changes in the study and project area (USGS 1899 [surveyed 1895], 1953, 1961, 1973, 1980; US War Dept 1943 [photography 1939, topography 1942]; Google 2015). The 1899 USGS San Jose topographic quadrangle map shows roads in the general study area as well as the boundaries of ranchos and City of “Santa Clara” as well as “Campbell Creek. The 1943 War Dept. topographic map, is similar, but shows El Camino Real as US Highway 101. Orchards occupied the project and vicinity. At the time, the south end of Kiely Boulevard terminated at El Camino Real 17

The 7.5-minute 1953 San Jose West topographic map shows a channelized “Saratoga Creek” (former Campbell’s Creek) west of the project and encroaching urbanization with the extension of Kiely Boulevard as far south as Humboldt Avenue and the removal of the former orchard within the W ½ of the SE ¼ of Section 4 including the project parcel. At the time, two buildings were still present south/southeast of the project in the SW ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 4. The smaller scale 1961 USGS San Jose topographic map shows the project parcel as part of a “Drive-In Theater” surrounded by urban City of Santa Clara including streets adjacent to the parcel. By 1973 a building - AMF Moonlite Lanes bowling alley at 2780 El Camino Real – had been constructed on the project parcel (e.g., PIIE 2015). The 1980 USGS San Jose West topographic quadrangle is similar

5.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

Archaeological sensitivity zones are qualitative and based on the general presence and/or absence of Native American occupation sites, isolated prehistoric Native American artifacts and burials as well as historic archival and archaeological materials exposed during various construction projects.

The project site is situated located approximately 1.4 miles west of the City of Santa Clara Archeologically Sensitive Boundaries (e.g., Jackson Street; City of Santa Clara Planning Division (SC/PD) 1997) and/or the Boundaries of Identified Archaeological Sensitive Area (SC/PD 1999) including outliers and/or Architecturally or Historically Significant Properties in the City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan (SC/PD 2010:Table 8.9-1, Figures 8.9-1 and - 2).

Geoarchaeological studies regarding the potential for buried archaeological sites are not specifically available for the general project area although some studies are available for the nearby Guadalupe River alignment (e.g., Meyer 2000). Research by Bergthold (1982) has noted a high density of prehistoric sites within 0.25 miles of flowing water sources in the Santa Clara Valley. The project site is within an alluvial plain away from the high sensitivity bay shore and marsh areas with the Guadalupe River located approximately 3.3 miles northeast of the project. The channelized Saratoga Creek is 0.20 miles to the east while the Calabazas Creek flood control channel is 0.4 miles to the east. However, the project site and surrounding area appear to have a low sensitivity for prehistoric archaeological resources based on the absence of late 19th and/or 20th century shell mound sites, “Indian Villages” and the general absence of recorded and/or reported archaeological sites within 0.25 miles of the project site. No prehistoric archaeological sites have been recorded within or immediately adjacent to the project site Historic archaeological resources from either the Hispanic and/or American periods have also not been reported for the project site.

Both the archaeological and geoarchaeological data suggest a low potential for exposing subsurface archaeological materials within the project site during the proposed construction. This conclusion is based on the general absence of recorded prehistoric and historic archaeological sites within and/or adjacent to the project site; the location of the project site 18

outside of the City’s recognized sensitive area for archaeological resources; the lack of any unexpected archaeological discoveries for the past 50+ years within or adjacent to the project site; and most importantly prior disturbance of the native sediments within the general project area by development activities since 1973 (including numerous utilities at depth). These factors strongly suggest a low potential for the discovery of significant subsurface archaeological materials during construction within the project.

6.0 PRE-FIELD IDENTIFICATION EFFORT 6.1 RECORD SEARCH RESULTS (CHRIS/NWIC File No. 14-1747) 6.1A Recorded Sites and/or Reported Sites

No prehistoric, combined prehistoric/historic or historic sites have been recorded or reported in or adjacent the project

One archaeological site, P-43-000333 (CA-SCl-326) has been recorded within 0.25 miles of the project.

 P-43-000333 (CA-SCl-326) consists of a burial found along the west bank of Saratoga Creek approximately 610 feet downstream from the Benton Street bridge between present-day Phillips Avenue and Encina Way. The burial was placed in a tightly flexed position in a pit. Charcoal under the burial suggested possible pre-interment burning. In addition, a glass trade bead was found about 4 inches above the burial (Kerr 1978/form; Hickman 1974:3, 8).

6.1B Compliance Reports

None of the reports on file at the CHRIS/NWIC include or are adjacent to the project site.

6.2 LISTED HISTORIC PROPERTIES

No listed local, state or federal historically or architecturally significant structures, landmarks or points of interest have been identified in or adjacent to the proposed project site.1

7.0 INDIVIDUALS, GROUP AND AGENCY PARTICIPATION

The Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted for a search of the Sacred Lands Inventory for the Moonlite Lanes Apartments (Project) (Busby 2015a).

The NAHC record search was negative for Native American resources in or adjacent to the project location (Pilas-Treadway 2015). Letters soliciting additional information were sent to nine Native American individuals/groups recommended by the NAHC (Busby 2015b-j). No responses were received.

1. Note the project site is not adjacent to El Camino Real, a contemporary alignment of the historic road that has been designated California State Landmark #784 El Camino Real (As Father Serra Knew It and Helped Blaze It (e.g., CAL/OHP 1990:204 [listed under San Francisco County]) and also listed in The California History Plan (CAL/OHP 1973:173) or California Inventory of Historic Resources (CAL/OHP 1976:257). 19

No local historical societies, planning departments, etc. were contacted regarding landmarks, potential historic sites or structures in or adjacent to the project.

Mr. Ward Hill, consulting architectural historian conducted archival research which included the Pacific Coast Architecture Database; the American Institute of Architects Historical Directory of American Architects; The American Architects Directory 1956, 1962, and 1970 (http:/public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa); historic context statements on mid-century architecture in San Francisco and San Jose (both include appendices on architects active in this period); and building records on file with the City of Santa Clara.

8.0 FIELD INVENTORY

An archaeological field review was not undertaken due to the developed nature of the parcel and the lack of native soil exposures. An architectural field review of building(s) within the project area was conducted by Ward Hill in August, 2015.

9.0 BUILT ENVIRONMENT REVIEW (see Attachments, DPR 523 form for detail)

One commercial building used for a bowling alley with associated hardscape and introduced landscaping is present on the project site.

Historic Background

The sport of bowling has its origins in the game of Kegelspiel, a nine pin game played by Germans and Dutch over four centuries ago. Early Dutch settlers brought the game over to America. The British variation of lawn bowling incited further interest in the sport with the first dedicated facility established in New York in 1733.

By the late 1800s, the popularity of bowling had spread from the East to the Midwest. In 1875, in an effort to standardize the game, the National Bowling Association was formed in New York. While the sport existed in private gentlemen’s clubs for the wealthy, for the masses it was more commonly linked with the bowling saloon. During the 20th century, Prohibition and the Great Depression both increased the popularity of bowling. With the ban on alcohol during Prohibition, bowling became associated with wholesome establishments like ice cream parlors rather than drinking. Bowling was also popular as a relatively inexpensive form of entertainment for the working class during the 1930s. During World War II and the post war years the military built over 4,500 bowling facilities on American bases for the recreation of service men and woman.2

The twentieth century brought two inventions that increased the sport’s popularity – the rubber ball (1914) and the automatic pin spotter (1952). The rubber ball, replacing its wooden predecessor, not only knocked down the pins, it reduced the bothersome noise in the alleys. The automatic pin spotter eliminated the need for pin boys to reset the pins. Other Post World War II

2. Carey & Company, Historic Resource Evaluation – Mel’s Bowl, Redwood City, CA, April 15, 2011. 20 innovations include the “Pindicator” which illustrated on a screen the number of pins left standing; hand driers; and automatic under-lane ball return devises.

Post-World War II economic prosperity transformed the sport of bowling into a national pastime. Suburbanization, especially in the 1950s, contributed to the popularity of bowling as a family activity. An aggressive marketing campaign was launched to transform bowling, previously viewed as a sport of working-class men, into a preferred leisure activity for middle-class men, women, and children. Bowling alleys transformed into a symbol of mainstream consumer culture. The buildings evolved into full-service recreational centers, including coffee shops, cocktail lounges, and nurseries. Some of the more elaborate centers offered fitness rooms, swimming pools, and beauty parlors. From 1946 to 1964, over 50 new bowling centers were built in Santa Clara County.

Moonlite Lanes, Santa Clara

The City of Santa Clara “Application for Building Permit” (Permit No. 20744) to erect Moonlite Bowling Alley was issued September 28, 1960 to United California Theater, Inc., 172 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco. When the bowling alley opened it included a day care center, a restaurant, and a lounge (Cal’s Roaring Twenties Lounge). The bowling alley was open 24 hours a day. The Moonlite Lanes received local publicity for hosting a number of bowling tournaments in the 1960s.

Description

The large, rectangular plan (154 feet x 208 feet), single-story Moonlite Lanes Bowling Alley building is located at 2780 El Camino Real, Santa Clara. A two-lane access road connecting to the street is along the north side of the building separating the bowling alley from the Moonlight Shopping Center. The building is surrounded on the other three sides by an asphalt paved parking lot. Residential development surrounds the parcel on the north, south and east. A row of small trees is planted adjacent to Kiely Boulevard west of the building; other rather minimal landscaping is primarily near the buildings side (north and south) facades. The landscaping includes planters with low trimmed hedges and a number of small trees (including palm trees).

The building is constructed of concrete brick/block with a fascia of bolted vertical metal panels. The interior has 35,418 square feet and the building is 20 feet tall. The southern wing (housing mechanical equipment) projects out about 11 feet. The front façade is painted in horizontal bands of red, white and dark gray. The painted sign “Bowling” is below the attached sign “AMG Moonlite Lanes” above on the front façade. The rear façade on the east has a similar paint scheme of horizontal bands of red, white and gray. The side facades are painted white.

The front façade has an area enclosed by decorative concrete block approximately 20 by 20 feet projecting out from the north side (this was originally an outdoor play area adjacent to the day care center inside). Adjacent to this enclosed area on the right is the main entrance door to the bowling alley. Set below a flat projecting roof, the single aluminum frame hinged entrance door has a vertical side light. The north façade (adjacent to the access road) has four aluminum frame doors opening into the series of rooms along the north side of the interior. The door on the east is a sliding glass door (below a projecting flat porch roof). On the west side of the north façade 21

are seven small square windows. Rear east façade is a solid blank wall except for a double door on the south and a single aluminum frame door on the north.

The interior is divided between the 40 bowling lanes on the south and a series of rooms on the north: a day care center (now storage) on the west, then continuing to the east – a pro shop, a lounge bar area, a snack bar, restrooms and offices. A long carpeted walkway running the length of the building provides access to this series of rooms and restaurant/bar areas and to the bowling lanes on a lower level on the south. The bowling lanes are accessed by a series of stairways from the main walkway.

Moonlite Lanes has not had any substantial alterations or remodeling since originally constructed. The subsequent permits issued by the City of Santa Clara for Moonlite Bowling are associated with upgrading mechanical systems and not for major alterations. The later alterations included installing a scoring system; remodeling restrooms; installing 2000 A electrical; ADA compliance; adding plumbing; new light fixtures; re-roofing; adding fire sprinklers; and a review of landscape improvements.

Evaluation

The Moonlite Lanes building retains a good level of historic integrity. The only alterations are minor changes to the interior; the exterior has not been remodeled.

Moonlite Lanes is a typical bowling alley constructed in Santa Clara County during the 1950s to 1970s, a period when over 50 bowling alleys were built in this area. Although bowling was popular in the post World War II period, this bowling alley is not notable for its significant associations with the history of recreation in Santa Clara, thus the building is not eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 1. The building is not associated with a company significant in local history. The building also is not associated with people significant in local history, thus it does not appear to be significant under Criterion 2. The building is an unexceptional example of mid-century architecture in Santa Clara, thus it does not appear to be eligible under Criterion 3. The architects, Skidmore & McWilliams, Associates, also were not significant designers of mid-century architecture in the Santa Clara area.

In conclusion, Moonlite Lanes is not eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources because it is not significant under Criteria 1, 2, or 3. The building is not a contributing resource to a California Register eligible historic district. The building also does not appear to be eligible under the City of Santa Clara “Criteria for Local Significance” because it is not culturally, historically, or architecturally significant.

10.0 FINDINGS

This CRAR was prepared to identify cultural resources which may be listed, determined or potentially eligible for inclusion on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) within or immediately adjacent to the project site. The following findings apply:

 The project site is located west of the defined archaeologically sensitive zones within the City of Santa Clara as identified by the city (SC/PD 1997, 1999). 22

 The records search completed by the CHRIS/NWIC (File No. 14-1747) for the proposed project was negative for recorded and/or reported resources in or adjacent to the proposed project site.  None of compliance reports on file with the CHRIS/NWIC include the project site and/or adjacent area.  No known ethnographic, traditional or contemporary Native American use areas and/or other features of cultural significance have been identified in or adjacent to the project site.  No known Hispanic Period expeditions, adobe dwellings, or other structures, features, etc. have been reported in or adjacent to the proposed project site.  No known American Period archaeological sites have been identified in or adjacent to the project site.  An archaeological field review was not undertaken for the proposed project due to the developed nature of the parcel and the lack of native soil exposures.  The architectural field review conducted for the proposed project found no potentially significant architectural resources(s) as the Moonlite Lanes building constructed in the early 1960s is not eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources under Criteria 1, 2, or 3.  No listed, determined or pending CRHR have been identified in or adjacent to the project site.  No local, state or federal historically or architecturally significant structures, landmarks, or points of interest have been identified within or adjacent to the project site.  The project site is located in an area of low to low-moderate potential for both prehistoric and historic archaeological resources although the channelized Saratoga Creek is 0.20 miles east of the project site. Previous subsurface impacts associated with infrastructure improvements and development over the past 50 years appear to have reduced the potential for significant subsurface cultural resources.

11.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

No recorded archaeological resources are present within the project site. Two potential cultural resources impacts are identified. Two mitigation measures are recommended to mitigate to less- than-significant impacts associated with unexpected cultural resource discoveries, including Native American burials, during future ground-disturbing activities. No mitigation measures are recommended for the built environment.

11.1 DEFINITION OF IMPACTS

The California Environmental Quality Act states that a project that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a cultural resource may have a significant effect on the environment. Substantial adverse change in the significance of a cultural resource means physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate 23

surroundings such that the significance of the resource would be materially impaired. The significance of a cultural resource is materially impaired when a project:

Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of a cultural resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources; or, Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of cultural resources pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5020.1(k) or its identification in a cultural resources survey meeting the requirements of Public Resources Code 5024.1(g), unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically or culturally significant; or, Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical characteristics of a cultural resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources as determined by a lead agency for purposes of the California Environmental Quality Act.

Impacts

The project could potentially affect as yet unknown prehistoric cultural resources within the project site. Potential impacts include:

Impact CR-1: The potential to cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of archeological resources. Construction operations could result in the inadvertent exposure of buried prehistoric or historic archaeological materials that could be eligible for inclusion on the California Register of Historical Resources (Public Resources Code Section 5024.1) and/or meet the definition of a unique archeological resource as defined in Section 21083.2 of the Public Resources Code. This significant impact would be reduced to a less-than-significant impact with implementation of Mitigation Measure CM-1 which requires the review, identification, evaluation and treatment of any significant archaeological finds by a Professional Archaeologist at the time of discovery. This measure will be implemented in accordance with state law and the City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan (Section 5.6.3 Archaeological and Cultural Resources Goals and Policies).

Impact CR-2: The potential to disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries. Previously unknown Native American human remains could be exposed during ground disturbing construction operations associated with soil removal. Construction operations could result in the inadvertent exposure of buried prehistoric or protohistoric (ethnographic) Native American human remains. This significant impact would be reduced to a less-than-significant impact with implementation of Mitigation Measure CM-2 which requires that the treatment of human remains and or associated or unassociated funerary objects during any soil-disturbing 24

activity must comply with applicable state law. This measure will be implemented in accordance with the City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan (Section 5.6.3 Archaeological and Cultural Resources Goals and Policies).

11.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures shall be implemented in concert with the specific requirements of the City of Santa Clara 2010-2035 General Plan (Section 5.6.3 Archaeological and Cultural Resources Goals and Policies).

Mitigation Measure CM-1

(a) The project proponent shall note on any plans that require ground disturbing excavation that there is a potential for exposing buried cultural resources including prehistoric Native American burials. (b) The project proponent shall retain a Professional Archaeologist to provide pre- construction briefing(s) to supervisory personnel of any excavation contractor to alert them to the possibility of exposing significant prehistoric archaeological resources within the project area. The briefing shall discuss any archaeological objects that could be exposed, the need to stop excavation at the discovery, and the procedures to follow regarding discovery protection and notification of the project proponent and archaeological team. An "Alert Sheet" shall be posted in conspicuous locations at the project location to alert personnel to the procedures and protocols to follow for the discovery of potentially significant prehistoric archaeological resources.3 (c) The project proponent shall retain a Professional Archaeologist on an “on-call” basis during ground disturbing construction for the project to review, identify and evaluate cultural resources that may be inadvertently exposed during construction. The archaeologist shall review and evaluate any discoveries to determine if they are historical resource(s) and/or unique archaeological resources under the California Environmental Quality Act. (d) If the Professional Archaeologist determines that any cultural resources exposed during construction constitute a historical resource and/or unique archaeological resource, he/she shall notify the project proponent and other appropriate parties of the evaluation and recommended mitigation measures to mitigate to a less-than

3. Significant prehistoric cultural resources may include: a. Human bone - either isolated or intact burials. b. Habitation (occupation or ceremonial structures as interpreted from rock rings/features, distinct ground depressions, differences in compaction (e.g., house floors). c. Artifacts including chipped stone objects such as projectile points and bifaces; groundstone artifacts such as manos, metates, mortars, pestles, grinding stones, pitted hammerstones; and, shell and bone artifacts including ornaments and beads. d. Various features and samples including hearths (fire-cracked rock; baked and vitrified clay), artifact caches, faunal and shellfish remains (which permit dietary reconstruction), distinctive changes in soil stratigraphy indicative of prehistoric activities. e. Isolated prehistoric artifacts 25

significant impact in accordance with California Public Resources Code Section 15064.5. Mitigation measures may include avoidance, preservation in-place, recordation, additional archaeological testing and data recovery among other options. The completion of a formal Archaeological Monitoring Plan (AMP) may be recommended by the Project Archaeologist if significant archaeological deposits are exposed during ground disturbing construction. Development and implementation of the AMP will be determined by the City of Santa Clara. Treatment of any significant cultural resources shall be undertaken with the approval of the project proponent and the City of Santa Clara. (e) A Monitoring Closure Report shall be filed with the City of Santa Clara at the conclusion of ground disturbing construction if archaeological and Native American monitoring of excavation was undertaken.

Mitigation Measure CM-2

The treatment of human remains and of associated or unassociated funerary objects discovered during any soil-disturbing activity within the project shall comply with applicable State laws. This shall include immediate notification of the Santa Clara County Medical Examiner and the City of Santa Clara.

In the event of the coroner's determination that the human remains are Native American, notification of the Native American Heritage Commission, is required who shall appoint a Most Likely Descendant (MLD) (Public Resources Code Section 5097.98).

The project sponsor, archaeological consultant, and MLD shall make all reasonable efforts to develop an agreement for the treatment, with appropriate dignity, of human remains and associated or unassociated funerary objects (CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(d)). The agreement should take into consideration the appropriate excavation, removal, recordation, analysis, custodianship, curation, and final disposition of the human remains and associated or unassociated funerary objects. The California Public Resources Code allows 48 hours to reach agreement on these matters. If the MLD and the other parties do not agree on the reburial method, the project will follow Public Resources Code Section 5097.98(b) which states that ". . . the landowner or his or her authorized representative shall reinter the human remains and items associated with Native American burials with appropriate dignity on the property in a location not subject to further subsurface disturbance." 26

12.0 REFERENCES CITED AND CONSULTED

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Busby, Colin I. (Basin Research Associates, San Leandro) 2015a Native American Heritage Commission Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request: Moonlite Lanes Apartment Complex [2780 El Camino Real], City of Santa Clara, Santa Clara County. Via email [email protected] on June 17, 2015. 2015b-j Letters to Jakki Kehl, Patterson; Linda G. Yamane, Seaside; Irenne Zwierlein, Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band of Mission San Juan Bautista, Woodside; Michelle Zimmer, Amah Mutsun Tribal Band of Mission San Juan Bautista, Woodside; Tony Cerda, Chairperson Rumsen Carmel Tribe, Pomona; Ann Marie Sayers, Indian Canyon Mutsun Band of Costanoan, Hollister; Rosemary Cambra, Muwekma Ohlone Indian Tribe of the SF Bay Area, Milpitas; Andrew Galvan, The Ohlone Indian Tribe, Fremont; Ramona Garibay, Representative, Trina Marine Ruano Family, Union City. Regarding: Request for Information: Moonlite Lanes Apartment Complex [2780 El Camino Real], City of Santa Clara, Santa Clara County. Dated July 8, 2015.

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Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar (editors) 2007 California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altamira Press, a division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., New York with the Society for California Archaeology.

Kerr, D. 1978 Archaeological Site Record form, P-43-000333 (CA-SCl-326 [Native American burial]). On file, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park.

King, Chester D. 1974 Modern Santa Clara Ethno-Geography. In Archaeological Element Environmental Impact Report on the San Felipe Water Distribution System, edited by T.F. King and G. Berg, Appendix I. MS on file, E-108/S-4248, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park. 1977 Matalan Ethnohistory. In Final Report of Archaeological Test Excavations of Freeway 04-SCl-101, Post Mile 17.2/29.4, Cochrane Road to Ford Road, edited by S.A. Dietz. MS on file, S-4395, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park. 31

1978a Protohistoric and Historic Archaeology. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, Volume 8. Handbook of North American Indians, W.G. Sturtevant, general editor, pp. 58-68. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1978b Historic Indian Settlements in the Vicinity of the Holiday Inn Site. In Archaeological Investigations at CA-SCl-128, the Holiday Inn Site, edited by J.C. Winter. MS on file, E-756/S-5281, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park. 1994 Central Ohlone Ethnohistory. In The Ohlone Past and Present: Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region, pp. 203-228, compiled and edited by Lowell John Bean. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers 42, Menlo Park.

King, T.F. and P.P. Hickman 1973 Archaeological Impact Evaluation: San Felipe Division, Central Valley Project. Part I The Southern Santa Clara Valley, California: A General Plan for Archaeology. MS on file, S-5222, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park.

Kroeber, A.L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

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Levy, R. 1978 Costanoan. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, Volume 8. Handbook of North American Indians, W.G. Sturtevant, general editor, pp. 485-497. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Lillard, J.B., Robert F. Heizer and Franklin Fenenga 1939 An Introduction to the Archaeology of Central California. Sacramento Junior College, Department of Anthropology, Bulletin 2.

Margolin, Malcom 1978 The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco - Monterey Bay Area. Heyday Books, Berkeley.

Mayfield, D.W., M. Buss, and J.C. Bingham 1981 Archaeological Survey Report for an Improvement/Realignment of Route 82 in the City of Santa Clara, Santa Clara County 04-SCl-82 P.M. 9.9/12.4 04220 - 151141 - 3FEIS. MS on file, S-4952, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park. 32

Meyer, Jack (Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University Academic Foundation) 2000 A Geoarchaeological Study of the Guadalupe Parkway Corridor, State Route 87, San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. MS on file, S-23575, CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park.

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Abbreviations n.d. no date v.d. various dates N.P. no publisher noted n.p. no place of publisher noted

The abbreviated phrase "CHRIS/NWIC, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park" is used for material on file at the California Historical Resources Information System, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park.

ATTACHMENTS

FIGURES

FIGURE 1 General Project Location FIGURE 2 Project Location (USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980) FIGURE 3 Aerial View of Project Area

FORMS

FORM 1 DPR 523 Primary Form with Building, Structure and Object Record - AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling, 2780 El Camino Real, Santa Clara by Ward Hill. August 2015.

CORRESPONDENCE

LETTER Request to Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) for Review of Sacred Lands Inventory LETTER NAHC Response LETTERS Request to Native Americans Identified by the NAHC

CHRIS/NWIC SEARCH RESULTS

SEARCH 1 File No. 14-1747 dated 7/02/2015 (No Confidential Information) 780+ SOLANO ¤£101 «¬4 «¬160 +80 MARIN «¬242

CONTRA COSTA «¬24

980+ «¬13 «¬80 SAN FRANCISCO 580+

580+

380+ 680+ «¬92

880+ ALAMEDA «¬1 «¬84 ¤£101 280+

«¬237

Project Location «¬87 «¬85 SAN MATEO

«¬17 SANTA CLARA

SANTA CRUZ

«¬1

MONTEREY

Sources: USGS, ESRI, TANA Figure 1: General Project Location Project Location

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 ± Miles

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

Figure 2: Project Location (USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980) Project Location

Figure 3: Aerial View of Project Area State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date Page 1 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling

P1. Other Identifier: P2. Location: Not for Publication Unrestricted a. County Santa Clara b. USGS 7.5’ Quad, San Jose West, Calif. Date 1980 T7S R1W; - ¼ of - ¼ of Sec. _____; Mount Diablo B.M. c. Address 2780 El Camino Real City Santa Clara Zip 95051 d. UTM: Zone 10 ; mE / mN e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc.) APN 290-16-018

P3a. Description The large, rectangular plan (154 feet by 208 feet), single-story Moonlite Lanes Bowling Alley building at 2780 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, is located on the east side of Keily Boulevard, near the southeast corner of El Camino Real. The flat 2.88 acre lot (APN 290- 016-018) measures 540 feet deep with 175 feet of frontage on Kiely Boulevard. The parcel’s southern boundary curves out to the south. A two-lane access road connecting to the street is along the north side of the building separating the bowling alley from the Moonlight Shopping Center. The building is surrounded on the other three sides by an asphalt paved parking lot. Residential development surrounds the parcel on the north, south and east. A row of small trees is planted adjacent to Kiely Boulevard west of the building; other rather minimal landscaping is primarily near the buildings side (north and south) facades. The landscaping includes planters with low trimmed hedges and a number of small trees (including palm trees). The building is constructed of concrete brick with a fascia of bolted vertical metal panels. According to Santa Clara Building Department records, the bowling alley interior has 35,418 square feet and the building is twenty feet tall (lower dependencies are on the south and north). The southern wing (housing mechanical equipment) projects out about eleven feet. (see continuation sheet)

P3b. Resource Attributes: HP6 — 1-3 story commercial building P4. Resources present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other P5b. Description of Photo: View of front façade from the northwest

P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both 1960-61

P7. Owner and Address

iStar Bowling Centers I LP 3480 Preston Ridge Road, Suite 575 Alpharetta, GA 30005

P8. Recorded by:

Ward Hill, M.A. Basin Research Associates, Inc. 1933 Davis Street, Suite 210 San Leandro, CA 94577

P9. Date Recorded August 2015 P10. Survey Type: Intensive

P11. Report Citation: Cultural Resources Assessment – Moonlite Lanes, Santa Clara County, California, August 2015

Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record Other (List)

DPR 523A (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # BUILDING, STRUCTURE AND OBJECT RECORD NRHP Status Code Page 2 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling

B1. Historic Name: None B2. Common Name: Moonlite Lanes B3. Original Use: Bowling Alley B4. Present Use: Bowling Alley (closed) B5. Architectural Style: Modern B6. Construction History: Moonlite Lanes has not had any substantial alterations or remodeling since originally constructed in 1960-61. The subsequent permits issued by the City of Santa Clara for Moonlite Bowling are associated with upgrading mechanical systems and not for major alterations. B7. Moved? No Yes Unknown Date: Original Location: B8. Related Features: B9a. Architect: Skidmore & McWilliams Associates B9b. Builder: Pete Hendricks B10. Significance: Theme N/A Area N/A Period of Significance N/A Property Type N/A Applicable Criteria N/A Historic Background

The sport of bowling has its origins in the game of Kegelspiel, a nine pin game played by Germans and Dutch over four centuries ago. Early Dutch settlers brought the game over to America. The British variation of lawn bowling incited further interest in the sport with the first dedicated facility established in New York in 1733 - Bowling Green Park.1 By the late 1800s, the popularity of bowling had spread from the East to the Midwest. In 1875, in an effort to standardize the game, the National Bowling Association was formed in New York. While the sport existed in private gentlemen’s clubs for the wealthy, for the masses it was more commonly linked with the bowling saloon. During the 20th century, Prohibition and the Great Depression both increased the popularity of bowling. With the ban on alcohol during Prohibition, bowling became associated with wholesome establishments like ice cream parlors rather than drinking. Bowling was also popular as a relatively inexpensive form of entertainment for the working class during the 1930s. During World War II and the post war years the military built over 4,500 bowling facilities on American bases for the recreation of service men and woman.2 (see continuation sheet) B11. Additional Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) B12. References: PII Environmental, Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, Moonlite Lanes, Santa Clara. March 19, 2015 (see footnotes for additional references) B13. Remarks: B14. Evaluator Ward Hill, Architectural Historian Date of Evaluation: August 2015

1. David, Heather, “San Jose’s Last Great Bowls,” Continuity, Spring, 2009, pg 15. 2. Carey & Company, Historic Resource Evaluation – Mel’s Bowl, Redwood City, CA, April 15, 2011, pg. 14.

(This space reserved for official comments)

Moonlite Lanes

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 3 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling Recorded by Ward Hill Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

P3a. Continued The front façade is painted in horizontal bands of red, white and dark gray. The painted sign “Bowling” is below the attached sign “AMG Moonlite Lanes” above on the front façade. The rear façade on the east has a similar paint scheme of horizontal bands of red, white and gray. The side facades are painted white. The front façade has an area enclosed by decorative concrete block approximately 20 by 20 feet projecting out from the north side (this was originally an outdoor play area adjacent to the day care center inside). Adjacent to this enclosed area on the right is the main entrance door to the bowling alley. Set below a flat projecting roof, the single aluminum frame hinged entrance door has a vertical side light. The north façade (adjacent to the access road) has four aluminum frame doors opening into the series of rooms along the north side of the interior. The door on the east is a sliding glass door (below a projecting flat porch roof). On the west side of the north façade are seven small square windows. Rear east façade is a solid blank wall except for a double door on the south and a single aluminum frame door on the north.

The interior is divided between the forty bowling lanes on the south and a series of rooms on the north: a day care center (now storage) on the west, then continuing to the east – a pro shop, a lounge bar area, a snack bar, restrooms and offices. A long carpeted walkway running the length of the building provides access to this series of rooms and restaurant/bar areas and to the bowling lanes on a lower level on the south. The bowling lanes are accessed by a series of stairways from the main walkway.

B10. Continued The twentieth century brought two inventions that increased the sport’s popularity – the rubber ball (1914) and the automatic pin spotter (1952). The rubber ball, replacing its wooden predecessor, not only knocked down the pins, it reduced the bothersome noise in the alleys. The automatic pin spotter eliminated the need for pin boys to reset the pins. Other Post World War II innovations include the “Pindicator” which illustrated on a screen the number of pins left standing; hand driers; and automatic under-lane ball return devises. Post-World War II economic prosperity transformed the sport of bowling into a national pastime. Suburbanization, especially in the 1950s, contributed to the popularity of bowling as a family activity. An aggressive marketing campaign was launched to transform bowling, previously viewed as a sport of working-class men, into a preferred leisure activity for middle-class men, women, and children. Bowling alleys transformed into a symbol of mainstream consumer culture. The buildings evolved into full-service recreational centers, including coffee shops, cocktail lounges, and nurseries. Some of the more elaborate centers offered fitness rooms, swimming pools, and beauty parlors. From 1946 to 1964, over fifty new bowling centers were built in Santa Clara County.3

Moonlite Lanes, Santa Clara The City of Santa Clara “Application for Building Permit” (Permit No. 20744) to erect Moonlite Bowling Alley was issued September 28, 1960 to United California Theater, Inc., 172 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco. The estimated construction cost was $275,000. The City of Santa Clara “Certificate of Occupancy” (#862) for “Moonlite Bowl”, 2780 El Camino Real, dated October 11, 1961 lists Skidmore & McWilliams Associates4 as the building’s architects; Pete Hendricks, Contractor; and Ira S. Kessey, Engineer. When the bowling alley opened it included a day care center, a restaurant, and a lounge (Cal’s Roaring Twenties Lounge). The bowling alley was open 24 hours a day. The Moonlite Lanes received local publicity for hosting a number of bowling tournaments in the 1960s. The tournaments included Bay Area professional and amateur bowlers. The third Professional Central California Bowlers Association pro- am tournament in 1968, in particular, was covered by the local newspapers.5 The Greater Santa Clara Valley Junior Bowling Association tournament was also held at Moonlite Lanes in 1968.6 Moonlite Lanes has not had any substantial alterations or remodeling since originally constructed. The subsequent permits issued by the City of Santa Clara for Moonlite Bowling are associated with upgrading mechanical systems and not for major alterations. The later alterations included installing a scoring system; remodeling restrooms; installing 2000 A electrical; ADA compliance; adding plumbing; new light fixtures; re-roofing; adding fire sprinklers; and a review of landscape improvements.

3. David, Heather. Mid-Century by the Bay: A Celebration of the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1950s and 1960s. Cal Mod books, 2010. pg. 35. 4. Archival research did not uncover any background information about the architectural firm Skidmore & McWilliams, Associates. Sources consulted included the Pacific Coast Architecture Database; the AIA Historical Directory of American Architects; The American Architects Directory 1956, 1962, and 1970 (http:/public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/); historic context statements on mid-century architecture in San Francisco and San Jose (both include appendices on architects active in this period). 5. “Pro Kegler Tourney at Moonlite,” San Jose Mercury News, August 22, 1968; “Moonlite Pro-Am Shoots Tonight”, San Jose Mercury News, August 23, 1968.

6. “Classics, Moonglows Win,” San Jose Mercury News, March 22, 1968.

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 4 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling Recorded by Ward Hill Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

Evaluation The Moonlite Lanes at 2780 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, retains a good level of historic integrity. The only alterations are minor changes to the interior; the exterior has not been remodeled.

Moonlite Lanes is a typical bowling alley constructed in Santa Clara County during the 1950s to 1970s, a period when over fifty bowling alleys were built in this area. Although bowling was popular in the post World War II period, this bowling alley is not notable for its significant associations with the history of recreation in Santa Clara, thus the building is not eligible for the California Register under Criterion 1. The building is not associated with a company significant in local history. The building also is not associated with people significant in local history, thus it does not appear to be significant under California Register Criterion 2. The building at 2780 El Camino Real is an unexceptional example of mid century architecture in Santa Clara, thus it does not appear to be eligible under California Register Criterion 3. The architects also were not significant designers of mid-century architecture in the Santa Clara area

In conclusion, Moonlite Lanes at 2780 El Camino Real is not eligible for the California Register because it is not significant under California Register Criteria 1, 2, or 3. The building is not a contributing resource to a California Register eligible historic district. The building also does not appear to be eligible under the City of Santa Clara “Criteria for Local Significance” because it is not culturally, historically, or architecturally significant.

Pacific Telephone 1962 Yellow Pages

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 5 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling Recorded by Ward Hill Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

P5. Photos

Front façade from the southwest

East and north facades from the northeast

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 6 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling Recorded by Ward Hill Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

P5. Photos

East façade from the southeast

Interior – bowling lanes

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 7 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling Recorded by Ward Hill Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

P5. Photos

Interior – circulation area between lanes and rooms on the north

Interior – lounge area

DPR 523L (1/95) State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 8 of 8 Resource Name or #: AMF Moonlite Lanes Bowling USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980 Date: August 2015 Continuation Update

Moonlite Lanes

DPR 523L (1/95) Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION 1556 Harbor Boulevard, STE 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 (916) 373-3710 (916) 373-5471 – Fax [email protected]

Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search

Project: Moonlite Lanes Apartment Complex, City of Santa Clara County: San Mateo USGS Quadrangle Name: USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980 Address: Southern End of Clarke Avenue at US 101, City of East Palo, San Mateo County Township: 7 South, Range: 1 West Section(s): Unsectioned. Company/Firm/Agency: Basin Research Associates Contact Person: Colin I. Busby, PhD, RPA Street Address: 1933 Davis Street, STE 210 City/Zip: San Leandro, CA 94577 Phone: (510) 430-8441 x202 Fax: (510) 430-8443 Email: [email protected] Project Description:

The project site is located at 2780 El Camino Real, City of Santa Clara. The proposed project consists of redeveloping an approximate 2.88 acre site with an apartment complex consisting of 4-story, at-grade residential structures in a wraparound configuration of a central 5-level parking structure. The parking structure is planned to have one level below grade. Appurtenant parking, utilities, landscaping and other improvements necessary for site development are also planned. The site is bounded by Moonlite Shopping Center to the north, residential development to the south and east, and Kiely Boulevard to the west. The site is currently occupied by the AMF Moonlite Lanes bowling alley and surrounding asphalt concrete parking lots and landscaping areas; all structures appear to have been constructed at-grade. Landscaping areas primarily contain small shrubs and mature trees. Information will be used for a CEQA study to be submitted to the City of Santa Clara.

June 17, 2015 Project Location

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 ± Miles

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

Figure 1: Project Location T7S R1W (USGS San Jose West, Calif. 1980)

7/2/2015 NWIC File No.: 14-1747 Donna M. Garaventa Basin Research Associates 1933 Davis Street, Suite 210 San Leandro, CA 94577

Re: Moonlite Santa Clara

The Northwest Information Center received your record search request for the project area referenced above, located on the San Jose West USGS 7.5’ quad(s). The following reflects the results of the records search for the project area and a .25 mile radius:

Resources within project area: None listed.

Resources within .25 mile radius: P-43-000333.

Reports within project area: None listed.

Reports within .25 mile radius: Not requested.

Other Reports within records search S-000848, S-005260, S-007483, S-008554, S-009462, radius: S-009583, S-013200, S-016394, S-017852, S-018217, S-018290, S-019068, S-020395, S-021166, S-024967, S-025173, S-026045, S-032596, S-033600, S-044023, S-046375. These reports are classified as Other Reports; reports with little or no field work or missing maps. The electronic maps do not depict study areas for these reports, however a list of these reports has been provided. In addition, you have not been charged any fees associated with these studies.

Resource Database Printout (list): ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Database Printout (details): ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Digital Database Records: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Database Printout (list): ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed Report Database Printout (details): ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed Report Digital Database Records: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☒ nothing listed Resource Record Copies: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Copies: ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed OHP Historic Properties Directory: ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility: ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed CA Inventory of Historic Resources (1976): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Caltrans Bridge Survey: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Ethnographic Information: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Historical Literature: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Historical Maps: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Local Inventories: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed GLO and/or Rancho Plat Maps: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Shipwreck Inventory: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed

Please forward a copy of any resulting reports from this project to the office as soon as possible. Due to the sensitive nature of archaeological site location data, we ask that you do not include resource location maps and resource location descriptions in your report if the report is for public distribution. If you have any questions regarding the results presented herein, please contact the office at the phone number listed above.

The provision of CHRIS Data via this records search response does not in any way constitute public disclosure of records otherwise exempt from disclosure under the California Public Records Act or any other law, including, but not limited to, records related to archeological site information maintained by or on behalf of, or in the possession of, the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, State Historic Preservation Officer, Office of Historic Preservation, or the State Historical Resources Commission.

Due to processing delays and other factors, not all of the historical resource reports and resource records that have been submitted to the Office of Historic Preservation are available via this records search. Additional information may be available through the federal, state, and local agencies that produced or paid for historical resource management work in the search area. Additionally, Native American tribes have historical resource information not in the CHRIS Inventory, and you should contact the California Native American Heritage Commission for information on local/regional tribal contacts.

Should you require any additional information for the above referenced project, reference the record search number listed above when making inquiries. Requests made after initial invoicing will result in the preparation of a separate invoice.

Thank you for using the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS).

Sincerely,

Charles Mikulik Researcher