DOCSLIB.ORG

What Were They Thinking? Samuel A. Stouffer and the American Soldier

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Were They Thinking? Samuel A. Stouffer and the American Soldier WHAT WERE THEY THINKING? SAMUEL A. STOUFFER AND THE AMERICAN SOLDIER BY C2010 Joseph W. Ryan Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Chairperson Dr. Theodore A. Wilson Committee members ______________________ Dr. Victor Bailey ______________________ Dr. Jeffrey P. Moran ______________________ Dr. Janet Sharistanian ______________________ Dr. Roger J. Spiller Date defended: November 18, 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Joseph W. Ryan certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: WHAT WERE THEY THINKING? SAMUEL A. STOUFFER AND THE AMERICAN SOLDIER Committee: ______________________ Chairperson Dr. Theodore A. Wilson ______________________ Dr. Victor Bailey ______________________ Dr. Jeffrey P. Moran ______________________ Dr. Janet Sharistanian ______________________ Dr. Roger J. Spiller Date approved: November 18, 2009 ii Abstract This study considers the life and career of Professor Samuel A. Stouffer (1900-1960) as it relates to the landmark sociological work Studies in Social Psychology in World War II, Volumes I and II, more commonly known as The American Soldier. During the Second World War, Dr. Stouffer served as an expert consultant to the Secretary of War in his capacity as chief social science analyst of the US Army‟s Research Branch, Information and Education Division. Stouffer and his colleagues surveyed approximately half a million soldiers to determine their attitudes, and the information Stouffer provided on attitudes had a profound effect on policy; influencing the content of the military newspaper Stars and Stripes, the awards system, demobilization plans, and scores of other aspects of personnel management, from race to the content of propaganda films. Although Stouffer‟s immediate task was one of social engineering, his study represented the largest sociological survey conducted up to that time, and business, science, government, and a host of other institutions and agencies were quick to recognize the value of both the information he presented and his survey research techniques. In addition to exploring the impulses which gave rise to The American Soldier, how was it perceived, planned, and executed, and how it affected institutions and disciplines, this study also tracks the trajectory of Stouffer‟s life and work and his effect on sociology, government policy, business, and the identity of American soldiers. Stouffer represents the rise of the expert and the growing importance of research over intuition as a basis of knowledge in both the American military and the United States as a whole in the twentieth century. He also represents what the United States was willing to bring to bear, in addition to traditional means, to ensure victory in World War II. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acceptance ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv Acknowledgements v Samuel A. Stouffer Biographical Sketch vii Chapter 1 Introduction: Samuel A. Stouffer 1 Chapter 2 The American Soldier: Structure and Findings 27 Chapter 3 Impulses: World War I and the Interwar Years 71 Chapter 4 Stouffer in the Interwar Years 95 Chapter 5 Stouffer and Research Branch during World War II - Beginnings 117 Chapter 6 Stouffer and Research Branch during World War II - Refinement 150 Chapter 7 Postbellum: Legacy and Relevance of Research Branch and 188 The American Soldier Chapter 8 Reviews and Criticism of The American Soldier 233 Chapter 9 Epilogue 252 Appendix Et. Al: The Co-Authors of The American Soldier 262 Selected Bibliography 282 iv Acknowledgements As one reaches the end of an undertaking such as a dissertation, the vertical pronoun begins to slink unbidden into one‟s thoughts. The author becomes increasingly aware of the thousands of hours he has spent wandering in the wilderness, and a rather sickening element of self-pity sidles up to accompany pride in his brain. He forgets that he has been accompanied throughout his wanderings by scholars both living and dead, long-suffering administrators, patient archivists and librarians, bemused friends, curious students, harried professors, and a host of others who have cajoled, wheedled, directed, guided, listened, provided, suggested, encouraged, and inspired his work. Mesmerized by the sight of his name on the cover of his magnum opus, he is often too quick to pat himself on the back while forgetting those who have challenged and helped him. Before I too am tempted drink from the waters of the Lethe, there are dozens needing thanking. Primacy of place belongs to Professor Roger J. Spiller. When I taught in high school, one of my students defined a mentor as “the one who watches your brain.” That is precisely what Roger has done, lo these long years, with an elegance and skill that defines the words gentleman and scholar. Professor Theodore A. Wilson also had enough faith in me to take me on as a graduate student at the University of Kansas and give me the opportunity to complete this work, and I am in his debt for the many hours he has spent guiding me through the maze of academia. In that maze I met Professors Karl Boyd Brooks, Jonathan Earle, Steven A. Epstein, Sheyda Jahanbani, Paul Kelton, Bill Tuttle, Leslie Tuttle, Jennifer Weber, and others, all of whom deserve my thanks for their wisdom and guidance. I also had the unflagging support of the administrative team in the history department, chief among whom are Ellen Garber and Sandee Kennedy, without whom nothing gets done, and who had more faith in me than I did in myself. While Professors Spiller and Wilson sat on my committee, so too did Professors Victor Bailey, Jeffrey P. Moran, and Janet Sharistanian. I had the privilege of taking several classes with Professor Bailey, who tirelessly and patiently demanded academic rigor, thoughtful analysis, and through his own writings and teachings demonstrated clearly and elegantly what a historian does, and how to do it exceedingly well. Professor Moran, through his sense of humor and gentle guidance helped me to put my work in context and opened up the world of the intellectual historian, and Professor Sharistanian provided additional insight and encouragement. I was also fortunate to have the advice and support of several eminent sociologists - Andrew Abbott, James A. Davis, Otis Dudley Duncan, Tom Pettigrew, Lester J. Perlman, Jennifer Platt, Howard Schuman, Ethel Shanas, Jackson Toby, and Robin M. Williams, Jr. - many of whom are of Samuel Stouffer‟s generation and worked with him. Their help was invaluable. I am also indebted to all the scholars I have read but not met, and a special thank you to Jean M. Converse for her masterful work Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence, 1890-1960. Also critical to this study were Jackson Toby‟s “Samuel A. Stouffer: Research as a Calling,” in Robert K. Merton and Matilda White Riley‟s Sociological Traditions from Generation to Generation: Glimpses of the American Experience, and Herbert Hyman‟s Taking Society‟s Measure: A Personal History of Survey Research. A very special boon was the willingness of Samuel Stouffer‟s daughters - Ann Stouffer Bisconti Dyke, and Jane Williams - to be interviewed for this project. Their insights into their father‟s life and work could have come from nowhere else. Also deserving of my thanks are my graduate student colleagues, all of whom helped make an already great place to work better. Of course I am also indebted to the outstanding v archivists at Harvard (Timothy Driscoll & co.), Princeton (Daniel J. Linke & co.), and the National Archives (Rich Boylan & co.), and to Sara E. Morris and the ever-helpful reference librarians here at the University of Kansas, as well as to the muses, Professors Sam Lewis and Mike Pearlman. And to my other friends - thanks for your patience and understanding during my sojourn in the Ivory Tower. “If the heavens were all parchment, and the trees of the forest all pens, and every human being were a scribe, it would still be impossible for me to record all that I have learned from my teachers.” - Yohanan Ben Zakkai vi Samuel Andrew Stouffer (1900-1960) Photo Courtesy of the American Sociological Association Sociologist Samuel A. Stouffer was born on June 6, 1900 in Sac City, Iowa. The son of Samuel Marcellus Stouffer, a Sac City newspaper owner and editor, Stouffer took his B.A in Latin at Morningside College (1921), followed by an M.A. in English at Harvard (1923). He returned to Sac City from Cambridge to manage and edit his father‟s newspaper until 1926, when he entered the University of Chicago to study sociology. Completing his PhD in 1930, he spent the following year as an instructor of statistics at Chicago and at the University of Wisconsin, and then departed for a postdoctoral year at the University of London for additional study of statistics. Upon his return to the United States in 1932, Stouffer served as a professor of social statistics at the University of Wisconsin. In 1935 he accepted a sociology professorship at the University of Chicago, where he remained until 1946. During the Second World War, Stouffer served as the senior sociologist of the U.S Army‟s Research Branch, Information and Education Division, whose job it was to survey soldiers and recommend personnel policies based on their findings. In 1946, Stouffer became the founding director of the Laboratory of Social Relations at Harvard, where he remained until his death on August 24, 1960. During these years he produced two of the most influential works in American sociology - The American Soldier (1949), a two volume summary of the survey work of the Research Branch during the war, and Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (1955), a study of American attitudes towards communism in the McCarthy era. Stouffer also served as the 42nd president of the American Sociological Association (1953).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Revival of Economic Sociology
    Chapter 1 The Revival of Economic Sociology MAURO F. G UILLEN´ , RANDALL COLLINS, PAULA ENGLAND, AND MARSHALL MEYER conomic sociology is staging a comeback after decades of rela- tive obscurity. Many of the issues explored by scholars today E mirror the original concerns of the discipline: sociology emerged in the first place as a science geared toward providing an institutionally informed and culturally rich understanding of eco- nomic life. Confronted with the profound social transformations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the founders of so- ciological thought—Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel—explored the relationship between the economy and the larger society (Swedberg and Granovetter 1992). They examined the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services through the lenses of domination and power, solidarity and inequal- ity, structure and agency, and ideology and culture. The classics thus planted the seeds for the systematic study of social classes, gender, race, complex organizations, work and occupations, economic devel- opment, and culture as part of a unified sociological approach to eco- nomic life. Subsequent theoretical developments led scholars away from this originally unified approach. In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons rein- terpreted the classical heritage of economic sociology, clearly distin- guishing between economics (focused on the means of economic ac- tion, or what he called “the adaptive subsystem”) and sociology (focused on the value orientations underpinning economic action). Thus, sociologists were theoretically discouraged from participating 1 2 The New Economic Sociology in the economics-sociology dialogue—an exchange that, in any case, was not sought by economists. It was only when Parsons’s theory was challenged by the reality of the contentious 1960s (specifically, its emphasis on value consensus and system equilibration; see Granovet- ter 1990, and Zelizer, ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Hfed?
    The Thomas Theorem and The Matthew Hfed? ROBERT K MERI'ON, Cohmbiu University and Russell Sage Foundation Eponymy in science is the practice of affixing the names of scientists to what they have discovered or are believed to have discovered,’ as with Boyle’s Law, Halley’s comet, Fourier’s transform, Planck’s constant, the Rorschach test, the Gini coefficient, and the Thomas theorem This article can be read from various sociological perspectives? Most specifical- ly, it records an epistolary episode in the sociointellectual history of what has ’ The definition of epw includes the cautionary phrase,“or are belkvedto have discovered,” in order to take due note of “Stigkr’s Law of Eponymy” which in its strongest and “simplest form is this: ‘No scientific discovery is named after its original discovereV (Stigler 1980). Stigler’s study of what is generally known as “the normal distribution” or “the Gaussian distribution” as a case in point of his ixonicaBy self-exemplifyingeponymous law is based in part on its eponymous appearance in 80 textbooks of statistics, from 1816 to 1976. 2 As will become evident, this discursive composite of archival dccuments, biography of a sociological idea, and analysis of social mechanisms involved in the diffusion of that idea departs from the tidy format that has come to be p&bed for the scientific paper. This is by design and with the indulgent consent of the editor of SocialForces. But then, that only speaks for a continuing largeness of spirit of its editorial policy which, back in 1934, allowed the ironic phrase “enlightened Boojum of Positivism” (with its allusion to Lewis Carroll’s immortal The Hunting of the &ark) to appear in my very fist article, published in this journal better than 60 Y- ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Happy Birthday!
    THE THURSDAY, APRIL 1, 2021 Quote of the Day “That’s what I love about dance. It makes you happy, fully happy.” Although quite popular since the ~ Debbie Reynolds 19th century, the day is not a public holiday in any country (no kidding). Happy Birthday! 1998 – Burger King published a full-page advertisement in USA Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016) was Today introducing the “Left-Handed a mega-talented American actress, Whopper.” All the condiments singer, and dancer. The acclaimed were rotated 180 degrees for the entertainer was first noticed at a benefit of left-handed customers. beauty pageant in 1948. Reynolds Thousands of customers requested was soon making movies and the burger. earned a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising 2005 – A zoo in Tokyo announced Newcomer. She became a major force that it had discovered a remarkable in Hollywood musicals, including new species: a giant penguin called Singin’ In the Rain, Bundle of Joy, the Tonosama (Lord) penguin. With and The Unsinkable Molly Brown. much fanfare, the bird was revealed In 1969, The Debbie Reynolds Show to the public. As the cameras rolled, debuted on TV. The the other penguins lifted their beaks iconic star continued and gazed up at the purported Lord, to perform in film, but then walked away disinterested theater, and TV well when he took off his penguin mask into her 80s. Her and revealed himself to be the daughter was actress zoo director. Carrie Fisher. ©ActivityConnection.com – The Daily Chronicles (CAN) HURSDAY PRIL T , A 1, 2021 Today is April Fools’ Day, also known as April fish day in some parts of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Notes on Why American Sociology Abandoned Mass Communication Research
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 12-2008 Further Notes on Why American Sociology Abandoned Mass Communication Research Jefferson Pooley Muhlenberg College Elihu Katz University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Pooley, J., & Katz, E. (2008). Further Notes on Why American Sociology Abandoned Mass Communication Research. Journal of Communication, 58 (4), 767-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00413.x This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/269 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Further Notes on Why American Sociology Abandoned Mass Communication Research Abstract Communication research seems to be flourishing, as vidente in the number of universities offering degrees in communication, number of students enrolled, number of journals, and so on. The field is interdisciplinary and embraces various combinations of former schools of journalism, schools of speech (Midwest for ‘‘rhetoric’’), and programs in sociology and political science. The field is linked to law, to schools of business and health, to cinema studies, and, increasingly, to humanistically oriented programs of so-called cultural studies. All this, in spite of having been prematurely pronounced dead, or bankrupt, by some of its founders. Sociologists once occupied a prominent place in the study of communication— both in pioneering departments of sociology and as founding members of the interdisciplinary teams that constituted departments and schools of communication. In the intervening years, we daresay that media research has attracted rather little attention in mainstream sociology and, as for departments of communication, a generation of scholars brought up on interdisciplinarity has lost touch with the disciplines from which their teachers were recruited.
    [Show full text]
  • PART I the Columbia School 10 Peter Simonson the Columbia and Gabriel School Weimann
    Critical Research at Columbia 9 PART I The Columbia School 10 Peter Simonson The Columbia and Gabriel School Weimann Introduction That canonic texts refuse to stand still applies, a fortiori, to the classics of the Columbia “school.” The pioneering work of Paul Lazarsfeld and associates in the 1940s and 1950s gave communications research its very name and yet, at the same time, evoked devastating criticism. The Chi- cago school decried Columbia’s psychologistic and positivistic bias and denounced its pronouncement of “limited effects”; the Frankfurt school refused to accept that audience likes and dislikes had any bearing on understanding the culture industry; and British cultural studies threw darts at the idea of defining media functions by asking audiences how they “use” them. Todd Gitlin went so far as to accuse Lazarsfeld’s “domin- ant paradigm” of willfully understating the persuasive powers of the media, thereby relieving their owners and managers of the guilt they ought to feel. It is true that the Columbia school – not satisfied to infer effects from content – developed methodologies for studying audience attitudes and behavior; it is true that sample surveys were preferred to ethnographic study or other forms of qualitative analysis; it is true that many studies were commercially sponsored, even if their products were academic; and it is true that media campaigns, like it or not, have only limited effects on the opinions, attitudes, and actions of the mass audience. But it is also true that, in the meantime, some of Columbia’s harshest critics have themselves turned (perhaps too much so) to “reception” studies – that is to say, toward Columbia-like observations of the relative autonomy of audience decodings.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociological Paradigms and Civilizational Studies: Complementary Contributions of E
    Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 36 Article 4 Number 36 Spring 1997 4-1-1997 Sociological Paradigms and Civilizational Studies: Complementary Contributions of E. A. Ross and P. S. Sorokin Lawrence T. Nichols West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Nichols, Lawrence T. (1997) "Sociological Paradigms and Civilizational Studies: Complementary Contributions of E. A. Ross and P. S. Sorokin," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 36 : No. 36 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol36/iss36/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Nichols: Sociological Paradigms and Civilizational Studies: Complementary 16 COMPARATIVE CIVILIZATIONS REVIEW SOCIOLOGICAL PARADIGMS AND CIVILIZATIONAL STUDIES: COMPLEMENTARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF E. A. ROSS AND P. A. SOROKIN* LAWRENCE T. NICHOLS ABSTRACT This paper argues that the theories of Edward A. Ross and Pitirim A. Sorokin have more in common than is generally realized and documents unrecognized reciprocal influences between the two scholars. Ross developed a social-psychological reading of history emphasizing exter- nally induced change; while Sorokin championed a cultural interpreta- tion grounded in the concepts of immanent causation and the principle of limits. Closer examination, however, shows that Sorokin's theory of creative altruism resembles Ross's moral activism, and that his "integral culture" accords well with Ross's linear evolutionism. The complemen- tary emphases of the paradigms are consistent with the contexts in which the theorists trained: Ross expresses youthful American optimism while Sorokin articulates the stoicism of the older Russo-European civiliza- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Copyright 2004 by the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology
    A BRIEF CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY/ASSOCIATION1 Compiled by the Centennial Bibliography Project Committee2 American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology ELEBRATING THE CENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION provides the ritual occasion and reinforces the intellectual rationale for collectively exploring our Cprofessional and organizational roots. To guide us on our way, we have compiled a brief bibliography of relevant materials and exemplars that explicate the early history of the American Sociological Society and – to some degree – its subsequent evolution (the line separating “history” from “current events” is not always easily drawn). Practicing extreme parsimony, we have intentionally excluded literally thousands of otherwise important and instructive published works that focus primarily on specific departments of sociology, the ideas and accomplishments of individual sociologists, the development of sociological theories, the general intellectual history of the discipline as a whole, and myriad other matters of obvious historical and disciplinary interest. We hasten to add, however, that the structure and practical scope of a much more inclusive bibliography is now under consideration and is soon to be implemented. In the interim, we provide here a small down payment: a narrowly defined set of references for selected articles – and still fewer monographs – that specifically address, in various ways, the founding era and subsequent evolution of the American Sociological Society as a professional organization. To these citations, we add lists of relevant journals, abstracts, indexes and databases, and append the locations of archival deposits for the first ten presidents of the American Sociological Society, with the hope of encouraging ever more scholarship on the early history of the ASS/ASA per se.3 Corrections and suggested additions to this bibliography, focused specifically on the history of the ASS/ASA, are welcomed by the committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar).
    [Show full text]
  • Recipients of Asa Awards
    APPENDIX 133 APPENDIX 11: RECIPIENTS OF ASA AWARDS MacIver Award 1956 E. Franklin Frazier, The Black Bourgeoisie (Free Press, 1957) 1957 no award given 1958 Reinhard Bendix, Work and Authority in Industry (Wiley, 1956) 1959 August B. Hollingshead and Frederick C. Redlich, Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study (Wiley, 1958) 1960 no award given 1961 Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Doubleday, 1959) 1962 Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Doubleday, 1960) 1963 Wilbert E. Moore, The Conduct of the Corporation (Random House, 1962) 1964 Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires (Free Press of Glencoe, 1963) 1965 William J. Goode, World Revolution and Family Patterns (Glencoe, 1963) 1966 John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (University of Toronto, 1965) 1967 Kai T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans (Wiley, 1966) 1968 Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Beacon, 1966) Sorokin Award 1968 Peter M. Blau, Otis Dudley Duncan, and Andrea Tyree, The American Occupational Structure (Wiley, 1967) 1969 William A. Gamson, Power and Discontent (Dorsey, 1968) 1970 Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Constructing Social Theories (Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1968) 1971 Robert W. Friedrichs, A Sociology of Sociology; and Harrison C. White, Chains of Opportunity: Systems Models of Mobility in Organization (Free Press, 1970) 1972 Eliot Freidson, Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge (Dodd, Mead, 1970) 1973 no award given 1974 Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (Basic, 1973); and Christopher Jencks, Inequality (Basic, 1972) 1975 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (Academic Press, 1974) 1976 Jeffrey Paige, Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World (Free Press, 1975); and Robert Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Seabury Press, 1975) 1977 Kai T.
    [Show full text]
  • Confederate Soldier-Christians and the Impact of War on Their Faith
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2001 "Soldiers of the Cross": Confederate Soldier-Christians and the Impact of War on Their Faith Kent Toby Dollar University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Dollar, Kent Toby, ""Soldiers of the Cross": Confederate Soldier-Christians and the Impact of War on Their Faith. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3237 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kent Toby Dollar entitled ""Soldiers of the Cross": Confederate Soldier-Christians and the Impact of War on Their Faith." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. Stephen V. Ash, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) c.t To the Graduate Council: I am subinitting herewith a dissertation written by Kent TobyDollar entitled '"Soldiers of the Cross': Confederate Soldier-Christians and the Impact of War on Their Faith." I have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy,f with a major in History.
    [Show full text]
  • NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Soc Forces
    NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Soc Forces. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 June 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Soc Forces. 2011 June ; 89(4): 1287±1313. doi:10.1353/sof.2011.0036. The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging Philippa Clarke, University of Michigan Victor Marshall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill James House, and University of Michigan Paula Lantz University of Michigan Abstract The sociology of aging draws on a broad array of theoretical perspectives from several disciplines, but rarely has it developed its own. We build on past work to advance and empirically test a model of mental health framed in terms of structural theorizing and situated within the life course perspective. Whereas most prior research has been based on cross-sectional data, we utilize four waves of data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Americans' Changing Lives Study) collected prospectively over a 15-year period and find that education, employment and marital status, as well as their consequences for income and health, effectively explain the increase in depressive symptoms after age 65. We also found significant cohort differences in age trajectories of mental health that were partly explained by historical increases in education. We demonstrate that a purely structural theory can take us far in explaining later life mental health. Frame works to Classify Theory Discussions of theory in the sociology of aging have tended to contrast the merit of different theoretical approaches (Bengtson, Burgess and Parrott 1997; Marshall and Clarke 2007; Hendricks 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Emory S. Bogardus Y Los Nuevos Fundamentos De La M Orf Olog·Ía
    Emory S. Bogardus y los Nuevos Fundamentos de la M orfolog·ía Social Por Pinto FERREIRA, Profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de la Uni­ versidad de Recife, Brasil, y miem­ bro de la "lnternational Society far General S emantics" Colaboración especial para la Revista Mexicana de Sociología. Traducci6n del por­ tugués del Lic. Carlos H. Alba. l. Nación generaJ de la morfología social. Las opiniones de Durkheim, Halbwachs, Plenge, Wiese y Gurvitch. La morfología social es, de modo general, la teoría científica de los grupos humanos. Su formulación teó• rica fué bosquejada por el genio clarividente de Durkheim en su obra Les Regles de la Methode Sociologique, vislumbrándola como una de las partes más importantes de la doctrina social. De ella se originó la vulga­ rización del término al aclarar el sociólogo francés, con su estilo cristalino y preciso, que " ... se podría llamar Morfología Social a la parte de la Sociología que tiene por tarea constituir y clasificar los tipos sociales". 1. En Alemania uno de los ilustres representantes de la sociología rela­ cional, Johann Plenge, en su Zur Ontologie der Bcziehung, 2 se refiere a una "Sociosomatología" ( Sozialsomatologie) como "la teoría de los 1 A. Cuvillier. Introduction a la Sociologie, París, 1946, pp. 180 y sig. Emile Durkheim, Les Regles de la M éthode S ociologique, París, 1901, p. 100. 2 Johann Plenge, Zur Gntologie der Beziehung (Allgemeine Relations theorie, Muenster, i, W., 1930, p. 20. 22 Revista Mexicana de Sociología complejos cuerpos existenciales de la sociedad en su estructura general" ( die Lenhre von kaomplexen Daseinskoerper der Gesellschaft in seiner allgemeinen S truktur).
    [Show full text]