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Eptatretus Burgeri Characterization of Hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri ) Variable Lymphocyte Receptor− Based Antibody and Its Potential Role in the Neutralization of Nervous Necrosis Virus This information is current as of September 23, 2021. Jae Wook Jung, Jung Seok Lee, Jaesung Kim, Se Pyeong Im, Si Won Kim, Jassy Mary S. Lazarte, Young Rim Kim, Jin Hong Chun, Min Woo Ha, Hyeong Su Kim, Kim D. Thompson and Tae Sung Jung J Immunol 2020; 204:718-725; Prepublished online 13 Downloaded from December 2019; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900675 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/204/3/718 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2019/12/12/jimmunol.190067 Material 5.DCSupplemental References This article cites 33 articles, 13 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/204/3/718.full#ref-list-1 by guest on September 23, 2021 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Author Choice Freely available online through The Journal of Immunology Author Choice option Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2020 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Characterization of Hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) Variable Lymphocyte Receptor–Based Antibody and Its Potential Role in the Neutralization of Nervous Necrosis Virus Jae Wook Jung,* Jung Seok Lee,* Jaesung Kim,* Se Pyeong Im,* Si Won Kim,* Jassy Mary S. Lazarte,* Young Rim Kim,* Jin Hong Chun,* Min Woo Ha,† Hyeong Su Kim,‡ Kim D. Thompson,x and Tae Sung Jung*,{ The variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) mediates the humoral immune response in jawless vertebrates, including lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Hagfish VLRBs are composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules, conjugated with a superhydrophobic C-terminal tail, which contributes to low levels of expression in recombinant protein technology. In this study, we screened Ag-specific VLRBs from hagfish immunized with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). The Downloaded from artificially multimerized form of VLRB was constructed using a mammalian expression system. To enhance the level of expression of the Ag-specific VLRB, mutagenesis of the VLRB was achieved in vitro through domain swapping of the LRR C-terminal cap and variable LRR module. The mutant VLRB obtained, with high expression and secretion levels, was able to specifically recognize purified and progeny NNV, and the Ag binding ability of this mutant was increased by at least 250-fold to that of the nonmutant VLRB. Furthermore, preincubation of the Ag-specific VLRB with NNV reduced the infectivity of NNV in E11 cells in vitro, and in vivo experiment. Our results suggest that the newly developed Ag-specific VLRB has the potential http://www.jimmunol.org/ to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for NNV infections in fish. The Journal of Immunology, 2020, 204: 718–725. n jawed vertebrates, the adaptive immune system is generated Mature VLR genes are generated by combinatorial assembly with through the expression of TCRs and BCR belonging to the hundreds of different LRR-encoding cassettes from each germline Ig superfamily (1, 2). In jawless vertebrates, which include VLR gene, and thereafter the repertoire of Ag-binding receptors I 14 lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), the (.10 ) are produced through somatic diversification of LRRs (4, 5). adaptive immune response is mediated by variable lymphocyte Three distinct types of receptors, VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC, receptors (VLRs), composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) (3). have been identified in both lamprey and hagfish. The VLRA and by guest on September 23, 2021 VLRC presented on the surface of lymphocyte-like cells exhibit gene expression and functional resemblance with the ab and gd *Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South subunits of TCRs, respectively. By contrast, the VLRB, similar Korea; †College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-daero, Jinju, to the BCR in mammals, is expressed on the cell membrane and Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea; ‡Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute x is secreted into the serum as humoral agglutinins, and is a key of Fisheries Science, Changwon 645-806, South Korea; Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; and {Centre component of the humoral immune response in lamprey and hagfish for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders with respect to Ag recognition (3, 5, 6). University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia VLRB, like VLRA and VLRC, consists of the following do- ORCIDs: 0000-0001-9383-4917 (J.K.); 0000-0003-3550-4842 (K.D.T.); 0000-0001- mains: a signal peptide, an LRR N-terminal cap (LRRNT), the 6028-0946 (T.S.J.). first LRR, multiple variable LRR modules (LRRVs), an end of Received for publication June 19, 2019. Accepted for publication November 18, 2019. variable LRR, a connecting peptide, an LRR C-terminal cap This research was supported by a Korea Research Foundation grant funded by the (LRRCT), an invariant threonine-proline rich region (stalk), Korean Government (NRF- 2018 R1A2B2005505) and a grant from the National and a hydrophobic tail (2). Many researchers have indicated Institute of Fisheries Science (R2019002). that VLRBs, composed of a single polypeptide chain, could be J.W.J. designed the experiments, performed the research, analyzed the data, and useful for gene modification in vitro, such as redesigning the wrote the manuscript with support from J.S.L., J.K., S.P.I., S.W.K., J.M.S.L., Y.R.K., J.H.C., M.W.H., H.S.K., K.D.T., and T.S.J. T.S.J. supervised the study. N-terminal capping motif by swapping of the LRRCT region and modular evolution of the binding interface (7–9). Through Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Tae Sung Jung, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, crystallographic analysis of the interaction between VLRs and JinJu, South Korea. E-mail address: [email protected] Ags, it has been demonstrated that the LRRVs and LRRCT The online version of this article contains supplemental material. domain can recognize and bind to specific Ags (10–12). Collectively, Abbreviations used in this article: AI, avian influenza; C4bp, C4-binding protein; we hypothesized that modification of the LRRVs and LRRCT CPE, cytopathic effect; dpi, d postinfection; hC4bp, human C4bp; HEK, human module might improve the Ag-binding ability to a specific Ag. embryonic kidney; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; LRRCT, LRR C-terminal cap; LRRNT, LRR N-terminal cap; LRRV, variable LRR module; NNV, nervous necrosis virus; In lamprey, VLRBs, like Igs, are expressed on the lymphocyte- TCID50, 50% of the tissue culture infective dose; VHSV, viral hemorrhagic septicemia like cells through a GPI–anchor domain and secreted to the serum virus; VLR, variable lymphocyte receptor. (5). Secreted VLRBs are present as pentamers or tetramers con- This article is distributed under The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., jugated to a C-terminal cysteine rich tail, which are structurally Reuse Terms and Conditions for Author Choice articles. similar to IgM (13, 14). Several studies have demonstrated that Copyright Ó 2020 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/20/$37.50 Ag-specific VLRB proteins are produced in lamprey in response www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1900675 The Journal of Immunology 719 to particular Ags, such as Brucella abortus, sheep RBCs, Bacillus https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_000715) (14, 27). To construct anthracis, and erythrocytes, and secreted VLRB proteins have a the plasmid encoding the monomeric VLRBs, VLRB genes were similar function to Abs in jawed vertebrates (4, 15–20). It has been amplified with respective primers, LRRNT Sfi I forward and Stalk stop Sfi I reverse, including a stop codon inserted before the C4bp domain shown that Ag-specific agglutinins and immunological memory (LRRNT Sfi I forward, Stalk stop Sfi I Reverse: 59-TGGCCCCA- can be generated by the adaptive immune system of lamprey (15, GAGGCCCTCAGCGTTCATGACACGGCCGA-39). Amplified genes 21, 22). However, only a few studies have been conducted on were cloned into the Sfi I sites of pKINGeo/ccdB. All underlined se- hagfish VLRB with respect to its structure and functional simi- quences represent the restriction enzyme sites mentioned in the primer names. larities with lamprey. Recently, hagfish monoclonal VLRBs have been developed against viruses such as avian influenza (AI) virus Transfection and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (13, 23). The constructed plasmids were purified using DNA spin mini-prep kits Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), also known as Betanodavirus, (iNtRON Biotechnology) and quantified using a NanoDrop spectro- causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, which is an infectious photometer. For transfection, HEK 293F cells were seeded into 96-well disease responsible for high levels of mortality in more than 40 or 24-well plates, grown to 90% confluence, and transfected with the plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) accord- species of marine and freshwater fish. Infection by this virus leads ing to the manufacturer’s instruction. After 4 h, the DNA–lipofectamine to abnormal behavior and visual dysfunction, such as spiral complexes were replaced with DMEM containing 2% FBS.
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