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Vol.14, No.1 GLOBAL OCEAN ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS APRIL 2008 Contents Editorial 2. IMBER-GLOBEC TTT Dawn Ashby, GLOBEC IPO, Plymouth, UK ([email protected]) 3. Concepts in biological The next few months are going to be a busy time for GLOBEC, with the Coping with oceanography Global Change and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems symposia being held 8. Coping with global change in the summer, and the GLOBEC SSC meeting at the IGBP Congress in May. Thank symposium you for all of you who have submitted abstracts to the symposia, we have received 9. SAHFOS page a tremendous response to both events and are very much looking forward to what 10. Natural sciences prize promises to be two very exciting meetings. I am also pleased to announce that 11. GLOBEC Norway dates have been set for the 3rd GLOBEC Open Science meeting, which will be held at the Victoria Conference Centre, British Columbia, Canada on 22-26 June 2009. 14. Marine climate change For those of you who were at the ESSAS symposium, you will remember that this is in Irish waters a superb venue and I hope that many of you will be able to attend. 15. US GLOBEC 18. David Cushing It’s all change again in the GLOBEC IPO, we would like to wish Lotty Dunbar well for 19. Japan-China-Korea GLOBEC her maternity leave. Lotty will be away from the IPO for a year from the beginning of April but will be back with us again in time for the OSM next year. We have been 41. METAOCEANS very lucky to find Alice Archer and would like to welcome her to the GLOBEC IPO 44. GOOS in Lotty’s abscence. 47. Atlantic Meridional Transect I look forward to seeing many of you at the forthcoming GLOBEC meetings and 48. KGSMapper hope you enjoy the latest issue of the GLOBEC International Newsletter. 50. IPY 52. CCC workshop 53. CCC to IPCC 54. CCC review 56. Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems symposium 57. ESSAS activities 59. CLIOTOP 66. Fish enzymes as biomarkers rd 70. Plankton in Indian estuaries 3 73. Krill survey in the Ross Sea GLOBEC 75. Anchovy in northern Chile Open Science Meeting 76. Plankton in the NW Mediterranean Victoria, B.C., Canada www.globec.org 78. SST off northern Spain 22 - 26 June 2009 79. 3rd GLOBEC OSM 80. Calendar A CORE PROJECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE PROGRAMME Co-sponsored by: The Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR) and The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC) GLOBEC INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER APRIL 2008 GLOBEC INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER APRIL 2008 IMBER-GLOBEC establish Transition Task Team Francisco Werner1 and Julie Hall2 1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA ([email protected]) 2NIWA, Hamilton, New Zealand ([email protected]) The two ocean projects of IGBP/SCOR (GLOBEC and IMBER) There will be an increasing emphasis on integrating activities each have full 10 year lifetimes. The second 5 years of GLOBEC starting in 2008. The IGBP-SCOR Ocean Vision (Lochte et al., overlap IMBER’s initial 5 years. As such they are complementary, 2003; http://www.igbp.net/obe/FW-Final-2002.pdf) will serve as enabling continued, internationally coordinated studies of oceanic a scientific guide to help facilitate the evolution of GLOBEC and and marine systems for 15 years. The Global Ocean Ecosystem IMBER towards a single integrated project, and to identify important Dynamics (GLOBEC) programme (1999-2009) focuses on scientific interactions between IMBER, GLOBEC, and the interface physical-biological interactions in the ocean, particularly for projects SOLAS and LOICZ. This will help place all IGBP-SCOR upper trophic levels. The Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry ocean projects in the new IGBP Earth System Science context. and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) programme, which focuses on the integration of biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems, In preparing this supplement to the IMBER Science Plan and began in 2004 and will run to 2014. Implementation Strategy the Transition Task Team will consider: The sponsors of both GLOBEC and IMBER (IGBP and SCOR) • New developments in marine ecosystem science, have agreed that preparations should be made for a single ocean • Key new scientific questions arising from GLOBEC, research project in the IGBP structure after 2009. The IMBER • Scientific results of IMBER to date, Science Plan and Implementation Strategy was written with a • Projects currently within GLOBEC that are planned to 10 year lifetime and may need amplification in response to new continue after 2009. scientific developments. Therefore, the programmes and their sponsors agreed that a Transition Task Team (TTT) should prepare The Transition Task Team may include recommendations for a supplement to the IMBER Science Plan and Implementation mechanisms to facilitate the transition, including representation Strategy, to define the additional science to be tackled by IMBER in programmatic structures. beyond the conclusion of GLOBEC. The timetable for this activity is: 30 July - First meeting of the TTT 1 August 2008: September 2008: Report on activities to IGBP and SCOR Officers October/ Second meeting of the TTT with input from November 2008: the Executive Committees January/ Posting of a draft on the programme’s February 2009: websites and broad invitation for public comment May 2009: Presentation and discussion at the GLOBEC 3rd Open Science Meeting October 2009: Discussion/approval by the IGBP and SCOR Officers The IMBER/GLOBEC Transition Task Team was appointed jointly by SCOR and IGBP, and its membership based on scientific and programmatic representation is: John Field (Chair) Food web dynamics Eileen Hofmann Modelling Kathleen Miller Human dimensions Olivier Maury Upper trophic levels Roger Harris Middle trophic levels Mike Roman Lower trophic levels Hugh Ducklow Biogeochemistry Ken Drinkwater Climate dynamics Qisheng Tang Marine resources Reference Lochte K., W. Broadgate and E. Urban. 2003. Ocean biogeochemistry and biology: a vision for the next decade of global change research. Global Change Newsletter 56: 19-23. 2 3 GLOBEC INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER APRIL 2008 GLOBEC INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER APRIL 2008 Reconciling concepts in biological oceanography John H. Steele1, Jeremy S. Collie2 and Dian J. Gifford2 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA ([email protected]) 2Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA The inherent complexities in the structure and dynamics of The former “horizontal” approach emphasises the processes that marine food webs has led to two major simplifying concepts link individual species or single trophic guilds directly to their – species centric, focusing on physical processes affecting physical environment, and benefits from advances in modelling particular pelagic species, including the early life stages of fish the physical dynamics of shelf regions with complex topography – and trophic-centric, emphasising energy flow through broad – such as Georges Bank and the North Sea. The latter “vertical” functional groups, from nutrient input to fish production. These method focuses on the flux of nutrients from inorganic states to the two concepts are complementary. Together they embrace most upper levels in the food web and uses complicated optimisations food web processes and answer different questions. They can with large matrix inversions to resolve fluxes in linear steady state describe features of spatial distribution of individual species, systems (Vezina and Platt, 1988). The issue here is how far these and of food web structure, especially those relevant to fish methods, jointly, can illuminate some of the central problems in communities. But they cannot provide general explanations marine ecosystems. Each approach involves trade-offs. The for the factors determining changes in abundance of individual former has complex physical processes and relatively simple marine species. Nor can they resolve the practical problems in population dynamics; the latter combines complicated food webs managing fish stocks in an ecosystem-based context. These with linear steady state descriptions of processes. We argue that issues remain central theoretical and practical challenges for there are no contradictions between these two sets of simplifying biological oceanography and for the GLOBEC syntheses. assumptions. They are complementary or “orthogonal”, and answer different questions. The problem is whether, together, Introduction they encompass the major issues and problems in biological The close linkage between physical and biological processes oceanography. is a major factor and a dominant theme in the GLOBEC As a case study of these issues we review briefly recent GLOBEC programme. These interactions depend on a wide range work on Georges Bank based on these alternative approaches; of physical dynamics and biological responses but we can we consider the available theoretical concepts to unite them; and categorise them by assuming that the physical processes we relate the results to issues in climate change and fisheries operate in two different ways – directly on individual organisms, management. and indirectly through food-chain interactions at the community scale. Analysis of the former has been very successful in Georges Bank: a case study providing detailed illustrations of spatial dynamics of plankton Recent GLOBEC work on the Georges Bank ecosystem has and fish larvae. However the use of detailed simulations of the focused on the growth and survival of larval cod and haddock in spatial dynamics requires some limitation on the biology and relation to the circulation around the Bank (Werner et al., 1996), leads de Young et al. (2004) to say that “rather than model the and to the supply of calanoid copepods as food (Lynch et al., entire ecosystem we should focus on key target species and 2001). The circulation takes the larvae from spawning sites to develop species-centric models”. The power of this approach is potentially rich food on the southern flank of the Bank (Fig. 1). apparent in recent GLOBEC publications dealing with physically complex shelf ecosystems (Wiebe et al., 2001). The constraints follow from the focus on spatially detailed models for individual 35°N 200 species.
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