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The Case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia

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The Case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia ASIAN JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY Volume 1, Number 1, May 2018 E-ISSN: 2580-4510 Pages: 31-46 DOI: 10.13057/asianjethnobiol/y010104 Incentives and challenges for local institutions in coffee forest management: The case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia BEKALU DIBABA, ABEJE BERHANU Department of Sociology, College of Social Science, Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 18 March 2018. Revision accepted: 27 May 2018. Abstract. Dibaba B, Berhanu A. Incentives and challenges for local institutions in coffee forest management: the case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia. Asian J For 2: 31-46. Because woodland biodiversity is threatened by various anthropogenic factors, the role of institutions in administrating natural provenances in general and woodland provenances in specific increases over time. Therefore, this is the right time to find out the role of institutions in administrating natural provenances. An assessment of the role of local institutions in the management of coffee forests, by taking the case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Illu Abba Bora zone as its object, became the main objective of this study. This study attempts to describe the utilization of regulation attributes, community attributes, and attributes of woodland provenances influencing the management of coffee forests in this study region, using the institutional analysis and development framework (IAD) adopted from Ostrom (2006). This study uses qualitative and quantitative research methods in the form of triangulation. From 16 Kebeles in the study region, the researchers purposively selected 3 Kebeles that were adjacent to the plantation woodland region. Using a systematic random sampling technique, 125 households were selected from three Kebeles for quantitative interviews. In addition to conducting in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and FGDs were conducted to support and strengthen data obtained through household surveys. The results reveal that both official and informal institutions take part in the management of coffee forests at the local level. Rules established by the government to secure coffee woodland areas decrease woodland utilization by local communities and make their ownership rights unsafe. This, in turn, will negatively affect their participation in coffee woodland management activities. Community contributions and forest provenances also influence management activities both positively and negatively. Some of them operate as incentives that increase management activities including compactness, homogeneity and topography, and goods and services derived from forests while others operate as disincentives for management activities including group size, distance, and inadequacy of clear boundaries. In addition to the challenges of administrating coffee forests, lack of ownership, illegal encroachment and inadequacy of coordination between various stakeholders are the main difficulties that must be resolved to preserve coffee forests in the study region. Keywords: Challenges, coffee, Ethiopia, incentives, local institutions INTRODUCTION peripheral attention to the significant role the institutions have come to play. However, empirical evidence available The breadth, fluidity, and power of institutions make shows that institutions form a fundamental link between them hard to comprehend. Some scholars utilize the term people and their environments and that it is through these institution to allude to an organization, such as the USA institutions an individual and collective actions associated congress, a business firm or political party. On the other with access to, control over, and the utilization of natural hand, other scholars utilize the term to allude to the provenances are arranged (Teklu 2006). regulations, norms, and strategies adopted by individuals Zewdie (2009) argued that natural provenance operating within and across organization (Ostrom 1999). management is often formed by a number of overlapping According to Yeraswork (1997) institution is any social institutions, i.e., both official and informal from the social, adjustment that is initiated and managed by the a system of political, economic and cultural spheres. The official social regulations; and social regulation system are shared institutions operate at local, regional and national level to and socially established regulation regimes determining a administrate the woodland and woodland provenances greater or lesser extent of who may or should take part, and while informal/autochthonous institution of the community who is excluded and who should do what, when and how in operates at local level to manage natural provenance in relation to whom. Stellmacher and Mollinga (2009) said general and woodland provenance in specific. Teklu (2006) that beyond modeling human-human interactions, also added the specific significance of local-level institutions institutions could have a substantial role in modeling in securing and administrating natural provenances. There human-nature relationships. In this sense, institutions is a sprouting acknowledgment of the significance of local- indicate the serious role in the relations between humans level institutions and their centrality when exploring and and woodlands as they can specify and manage human developing natural provenance preservation and utilize access to woodland provenances. concepts. The conventional method to natural provenance In Ethiopia, both informal/customary institutions and management has tended to either ignore altogether or give official/state triggered institutions are taken part in coffee 32 ASIAN JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY 1 (1): 31-46, May 2018 woodland provenances management activities at local level. Informal/customary institution take precedence in the management of natural provenance while the involvement of official institutions in the natural provenance management mainly woodland provenance are recent phenomena (Zewdie 2009). Distinctive studies signified that in Ethiopia forests and woodland derived natural provenances are not well administrated, and their existence keeps on being endangered. Coffee woodland together with the genetic provenances of the wild coffee and the associated flora and fauna, are vanishing rapidly as a result of denudation of the ecosystems, especially in the past few decades. The underlying causes of the denudation are social, economic, political, and institutional (Tadesse and Demel 2001; Woods et al. 2012; Amogne 2013). In support of this idea, Mellese and Mohammud (2005) signified that, in Ethiopia, because of the less coordination among several institutions; Figure 3. Map of the study region poor institutional adjustments; deficiency of the indispensable trained manpower, especially at the administrative seat of Iluu Abba Bora zone. The total land grassroots levels; deficiency of political commitment on region of the woreda is 39,000 ha and the woreda the side of officials; inadequacy of the culture of listening comprises of 16 kebele. to expert opinions before decisions are decided by political authorities; mismanagement; overemphasis on brisk economic growth at the expense of the environment Climate (through investment projects), among others, the country is Bilo-Nopha Woreda is situated between 8º2º42ººN and 8º31º18’ North and 35º37º48ºE and 36º05º18ºEast. Agro- suffering from terrible environmental decline. ecological region of the woreda is 95% below high land As signified above, the role played by neighborhood (badda) and the remaining 5% is lowland (Gammoojji). institutions in the management of natural provenance in The mean annual temperature of the woreda is 18-23ºC and general and coffee woodland in specific is high. Therefore the mean annual rainfall is from 1200-2100 mm per year. It is having the aforementioned explanations in mind, the researcher unimodal type of rainfall that escalates in May to October wished to perform a study on assessing the role of local level institutions in coffee woodland management activities and reduces in December. Concerning the topographic the case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Iluu Abba Bora Zone. location, most part of the woreda is Mountains and some The objective of this research was: (i) To investigate the parts of the region are covered by rift valleys. Bilo- Nopha effectiveness of regulations in utilization to administrate Woreda is located in 1700 meter above sea level. coffee woodland in the study region. (ii) To examine the impact of local woodland user attribute in the management Population and economic condition of coffee woodland. (iii) To identify the attributes of According to Woreda Administrative Report of (2013), woodland provenances that influence the management of the total population of Bilo-Nopha Woreda population is coffee woodland in the study region. (iv) To investigate the 30,383 from this the number of male is 16,001 and the primary challenges of coffee woodland management in the number of female is 14,382. Out of the total number of study region. population in the woreda only 3750 peoples are live in the town region and the rest 26,633 of them live in the country regions. Concerning the ethnic composition, most of the MATERIAL AND METHODS respondents of the residents belong to Oromo ethnic groups. Other ethnic groups from Amara and Tigray also Description of the study region exist in the woreda due to re-settlement program and in- Geographical setting migration in the preceding few decades. In the study Iluu Abba Bora is located in southwestern part of region, distinct
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