GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES & CIVICS

NUNAVUT

Part 1 The Land Claim Part 2 The Government GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES & CIVICS

NUNAVUT

WRITTEN & EDITED BY NICK NEWBERY

Publication of this unit was made possible by funding from the Qikiqtaaluk Corporation P.O.Box 1228, Iqaluit, Nunavut XOA OHO

Copyright by Nick Newbery, Qikiqtaaluk Corporation & GN Dept. of Education Iqaluit, Nunavut XOA OHO

All rights reserved

Printed in Canada ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Arctic College Nunatta Campus: Unit on Nunavut

Jim Bell: Nunatsiaq News

Canadian Geographic Magazine Map of 3 National Parks

Miro Cernetig: The Globe & Mail

Department of Indian & Northern Affairs: Film: Changing the Map of Canada

Gage Publishing: Indians, Inuit & Metis

Government of Nunavut : Film: Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory

Hancock House Publishers: Eskimo Life Yesterday

Inuit Broadcasting Corporation: Film: The Signing of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement

Gordon Mackay: GN Dept. of Sustainable Development

Gavin Nesbitt

Nunavut Implementation Commission

Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. Map: Inuit Owned Lands Nunavut Land Claim Agreement

Office of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly

Sutton Boys’ School: Inuit, Learning Through Action

Whit Fraser Productions Teacher Reference

This ready-to-photocopy unit attempts to outline the theme of Nunavut for Grade 9 ESL students in two parts: (i) The Land Claim and (ii) The Government. It can be seen as self-contained or as a starter kit for teachers wishing to go further. The project tries to provide opportunities for reading, writing, research & discussion coupled with regular review exercises.

Some suggestions:

1. Comprehension: -teacher to read passage twice, explain text -do exercises orally then written -same procedure next day, students reading -assign as homework -test next day 2. Review sheets: -these occur every 1-2 pages -complete together & assign as homework -test next day (answer sheets provided) 3. Videos: -teacher to preview film -view together -complete question sheet,give as homework -test next day 4. Trivia Test: -after completing this in Part 1, refer the group to the 3 questions on page1 that they had posed and have them answer them themselves.

Whenever possible, relate the theme to the students’ own lives. Nunavut is all about their world so draw on local events and individuals when possible. Young people here face cultural enigmas daily, so getting them to think about some of the issues concerning the land claim and how their government operates would definitely help them to prepare for their future. When this project is over, display the students’ work in the school so that others can learn from it.

Nick Newbery Inuksuk High School Iqaluit Nunavut January 2000 NUNAVUT

Part 1: The Land Claim

Objective To provide an introduction to: -the history of the land claim -the 41 articles of the agreement -the implications of the land claim

Components 1. What is Nunavut? 2-7. The Road to Nunavut 8. Land Claims North of 60 9-10. A Guide to Inuit Organisations 11-12. Nunatsiaq: The Good Land 13-20. The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement 21-22. Government Bodies 23. Video: Nunavut: Changing the Map of Canada 24-25. Comprehension Passage & Exercises 26-30. Mapping the Communities 31. Video: Signing the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement 32. The Resources 33. The Economy 34. The Pros & Cons 35-36. Giving Inuit Back Control 37. Trivia Test 38. Related Activities 39-40. Review 41. Wordsearch 42. Display

Resource Kit Video: Nunavut: Changing the Map of Canada Video: The Signing of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Map: The Nunavut Land Claims Area Text: The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement NUNAVUT 1

What Is Nunavut?

Before starting out on this unit on Nunavut, why not see what you know or what you would like to know and then we can go from there. Try these two exercises:

A. Brainstorm everything you know about Nunavut. (This can be done in various ways:)

1. Have someone be the secretary & write all suggestions on the board or 2. -Form groups of 3-4 people -Write down as many facts as possible in 10 minutes -Have one person from each group then write these facts on the board or 3. -Have each person write down as many facts as possible in 15 minutes -Then have each student write his/her facts on the board then 4. Have everyone copy all the information onto a sheet of paper & give it a title.

B. Write down three questions about Nunavut that you would like answered:

1. ______2. ______3. ______

(See if you can answer these questions at the end of part 1 of this unit on Nunavut.) NUNAVUT 2

An Overview To The Road To Nunavut

Here is a quick look at the major events that brought change for Inuit in their homeland.

Date Overview Details

3000BC-1000AD Inuit occupied & used Different northern peoples entered & spread the land. throughout the Canadian Arctic. 1576-78 English explorer Martin Frobisher visited Baffin & was followed by many others looking for Northwest Passage to Asia. 1670 English claimed Nunavut English king Charles II gave Hudson’s but never lived there. Bay Co. a monopoly of all land around Hudson Bay (called ‘Rupertsland’). 1867 Confederation of Canada 1871-1880 Canada was ‘given’ the land Rupertsland & all Arctic islands ‘became’ by England. Canadian. 1960 Canadian native people allowed to vote in elections. 1973 Beginning of the road to the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada began a land use Nunavut Final Agreement. study which showed Inuit ownership of the land and formed the basis for the shape of the Nunavut Territory. 1993 Nunavut Final Agreement 1999 Creation of Nunavut Territory

(Adapted from ‘Footprints in New Snow’ published by NIC.) NUNAVUT 3

The Road To Nunavut (1)

From the 1800’s on, Inuit came in contact more and more with Europeans, all of whom brought change in different ways, whether they were whalers, traders, missionaries, police or other government officials. By the 1960’s, Inuit leaders had realised that 3 factors were seriously threatening their cultural survival:

1. the move by Inuit into permanent communities 2. the search for oil and gas in the North by southern companies 3. the creation of a remote, non-aboriginal style of government in Yellowknife.

Without asking them, the Government of Canada had always included Inuit and their land as part of Canada’s Northwest Territories. The shape of the NWT changed a lot over the years. At one time it included Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon, the NWT and Nunavut. So when Inuit asked that their own Nunavut Territory be carved off the eastern part of the then NWT, it was not something the government could refuse to look at. In fact, Ottawa had talked of dividing the NWT into two territories in the 1960’s but nothing had happened. Division only came about because Inuit pushed Ottawa to do it over many years.

From the late 1800’s until the 1950’s, the North was ruled by an NWT Commissioner & Territorial Council, made up of non-Inuit, and based in Ottawa. From the 1950’s on, northerners began to be included, but the first NWT Council (or territorial government) was not fully elected until 1975, the year when there was also a majority of native people as MLA’s for the first time.

For many years, Ottawa was never very interested in the North and described it as ‘empty’! But things changed once oil was discovered there and people realised that a lot of money could be made North of 60. NUNAVUT 4

Review : Road to Nunavut (pages 2 & 3)

Use your notes to answer the following: questions 1-5 are on Nunavut 2, 6-10 are on Nunavut 3.

1. What brought many explorers like Martin Frobisher to the North? ______2. What did the English king give the HBC in 1670? ______3. What happened to Rupertsland in 1870? ______4. In which year were Canadian native people allowed to vote in elections? ______5. What did the ITC land use study show? ______6. Name one factor that threatened Inuit culture by the 1960’s. ______7. Inuit land was always included as what part of Canada? ______8. In which decade had Ottawa thought of dividing the Northwest Territories? ______9. Until the 1950’s, the NWT Council had no meaning for Inuit. Give one reason why. ______10. What made southerners suddenly become so interested in Canada’s North? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 5

The Road To Nunavut (2)

The next two pages will outline more details of important events that led to the creation of Nunavut.

1960’s Oil was discovered in the North & a lot of exploration by southern companies began. Resolute Bay was the third busiest airport in Canada. Ottawa told all native people that they had no special rights. Inuit became seriously concerned about losing control of their land and culture.

1971 The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) was formed to speak for all Inuit. It wanted a separate Eastern Arctic territory which Inuit could control.

1973 An Indian lawyer, Calder, asked the courts if native people had aboriginal title. The courts were divided on the issue, so Ottawa felt pressure to talk to native leaders.

1975 In Quebec the govt. wanted to build huge hydro-electric dams which would flood Cree & Inuit lands. Native people took the Quebec Govt. to court. This led to a treaty called The James Bay Agreement. It showed native people had power.

In the Western Arctic, there was a plan to build a pipeline down the Mackenzie River Valley. The Inuvialuit and Dene began to fight it.

Nunavut Inuit began to get organised. A huge study was made of all land occupied by Inuit called The Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project.This was to show that because Inuit used Nunavut land, they therefore owned it.

1976 ITC did two things: 1. It made a land claim proposal 2. It asked Ottawa for a new Nunavut Territory (by dividing the NWT along the tree line).

1980 The Government of the NWT voted to divide the territory.

1982 In a public NWT vote, a majority of people said ‘yes’ to dividing the territory. 80% said ‘yes’ in the Eastern Arctic. The Tungavik Federation of Nunavut was created to take over negotiations for Inuit.

1984 The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic decided to settle their own land claim with Ottawa.

1987 Because the Dene & Metis would not sign on a boundary line to divide the NWT, Inuit decided to make their own boundary agreement with Ottawa. NUNAVUT 6

The Road To Nunavut (3)

1990 TFN signed an agreement-in-principle with Ottawa, supporting the creation of Nunavut as soon as possible.

1992 There were two plebiscites (votes) in the NWT: 1. a majority of NWT voters said ‘yes’ to the boundary for dividing the NWT. 2. Inuit ratified (said ‘yes’) to the their new land claim agreement.

1993 The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed in Iqaluit by: Brian Mulroney Prime Minister of Canada Paul Quassa President of TFN Nellie Cournoyea NWT Premier.

The Nunavut Act & the Nunavut Land Claim Settlement Act were passed in the Parliament of Canada, thereby making them part of the laws of all Canada.

1994 The Nunavut Implementation Commission was set up to advise Ottawa on the creation of the new government of Nunavut.

1995 The NIC published Footprints in New Snow (followed later by Footprints 2), a plan for the shape of the new government of Nunavut. Nunavut voters chose Iqaluit over Rankin Inlet to be the future capital of Nunavut.

1997 Jack Anawak was appointed Interim Commissioner with the job of finishing the work of preparing for Nunavut.

1999 February 15. Election of the first 19 members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. April 1. The new Government of Nunavut took power. Paul Okalik became the first premier. NUNAVUT 7

Review: The Road to Nunavut (pages 5 & 6)

Use your notes to answer the following: questions 1-5 are on Nunavut 5, 6-10 are on Nunavut 6.

1. Why was the I.T.C. formed in 1971? ______2. What forced Ottawa to deal with native leaders in 1973? ______3. What did the James Bay Agreement of 1975 show Ottawa? ______4. What was the purpose of the Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project? ______5. What was the Tungavik Federation of Nunavut? ______6. Explain why one of the two plebiscites was held in 1992. ______7. What was passed in Ottawa in 1993 making the agreements with Inuit part of the laws of all Canada? ______

8. What was the job of the N.I.C? ______9. Name its 2 major publications. a) ______b) ______10. What was the job of the Interim Commissioner in 1997? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 8

Land Claims North of 60

All native people in the North have been trying to settle land claims with the Government of Canada over many years. Progress is currently as follows:

1. The Inuvialuit claim: Settled in 1984 2. The Dene/Metis claim: Gwich’in claim settled in1992 Sahtu claim settled in 1993 Others still unsettled 3. The Inuit claim (TFN): settled in 1993 4. The Yukon Indian claim: settled in 1993 NUNAVUT 9

A Guide To Inuit Organisations Since 1971, several Inuit organisations have been set up to achieve different things. Some have ceased to exist, having done what they set out to do, others continue. Here is an outline of what they have done or are continuing to do.

1. Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) It was set up in 1971 to speak for all Inuit concerning development of the Canadian North and the preservation of Inuit culture and language. As early as 1972 it said that land claims were its highest priority. In 1976 it published the ‘Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project’ and in 1976 it proposed: a) division of the then NWT and b) the creation of a new territory called Nunavut.

2. Tungavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN) It was established in 1982 to represent Inuit for land claims and political development purposes. It was closed down in 1993 after the land claim was signed with Ottawa and was replaced by Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. In 1984 it signed an agreement with Inuvialuit separating Eastern & Western land claims areas. In 1986 it signed a boundary/overlap agreement with the Dene & Metis for the Keewatin/Kivalliq regions (although the agreement fell through in 1987). In 1993 it signed the Final Agreement with the Government of Canada.

3. Committee for Aboriginal People’s Entitlement (COPE) It was established in 1976 to negotiate a separate land claims agreement for the Inuvialuit in the Western Arctic. In 1984 it signed a final agreement with Ottawa.

4. Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI) It was set up in 1993 to take over from TFN. It is an Inuit land claim corporation ensuring government promises made in the 1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement are carried out and equally distributed throughout Nunavut. It manages Inuit compensation money and lands that Inuit have title to. It has worked hard in ensuring Inuit get their share of government contracts, in promoting Inuit businesses and has set up programs to help elders, hunters, trappers etc.

5. Nunavut Implementation Commission (NIC) It was created to advise government & NTI on how the future Nunavut public government should work, what training needs it would have and where the capital should be. It represented both Inuit and non-Inuit because the Nunavut Government is a public government. NIC published two major documents laying out its suggestions: Footprints In New Snow and Footprints 2. It completed its work when Nunavut was established in 1999.

6. International Circumpolar Conference (ICC) It is an international organisation bringing together people from all Arctic countries to discuss issues particularly important to inhabitants of the North, such as pollution, culture, health etc. NUNAVUT 10

Review: Inuit Organisations

Use your notes on page 9 to name the correct organisation: use their abbreviations (e.g. ITC).

1. It advised Ottawa on the make-up of the Nunavut government. ______2. From the 1970’s it represented Inuit & defended their culture & land claim. ______3. It negotiated the land claim agreement for the Inuvialuit. ______4. It gets all Arctic peoples to meet and discuss common problems. ______5. It negotiated the Canadian Inuit land claim with Ottawa. ______6. It checks that Ottawa carries out its promises in the 1993 Nunavut Land Claim Agreement. ______7. It wrote Footprints in New Snow. ______8. It wrote The Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project. ______9. It signed a final land claim agreement in 1984. ______10. It signed a final land claim agreement in 1993. ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 11

Nunatsiaq: The Good Land

This passage is spoken by a person who is sharing her feelings, her hopes and her fears about the changes in Nunavut. She knows that Inuit face an uncertain future in becoming Canadians and feels strongly that they must hold onto the important things in their culture if they are to keep their identity.

“This is our land and we have lived here all our lives. We, the Inuit, were here before Martin Frobisher and before the Vikings. Our memories go back to the beginning of all things. We don’t want to forget the way we have lived here for centuries. I wish you could understand how it is that sometimes we long for the old days of living off the land. It was a hard life, but people had pride and independence.

So many changes have taken place in our land. They have come over many years, but somehow it seems to us that they came so quickly that we didn’t really know what was happening. No-one ever consulted us about them. So we dream of those old days. We know we can’t turn back the clock and I don’t think that we really want to. But you must realise that in spite of all these changes that have left us bewildered in many ways, we have our own culture and identity and we are determined to preserve it or at least preserve the best parts of what is left of it.

We are caught in the middle between our culture and yours. It would be so easy for us to give up, to lose ourselves in your culture, to become second class citizens in your society, to never find our own identity again. I want to make my contribution to Canadian society but I want to be an equal partner. I want to preserve my way of life or I’m nothing. We must find ways to govern ourselves so we can be allowed to determine our own destiny.

We have shown our willingness to be good Canadians by offering to share our land with you. But you must understand that we cannot give it away and we cannot sell it. The land is something that is there for everyone to use but it must be used carefully and protected for future generations of Canadians.”

Inuit Tapirisat of Canada NUNAVUT 12

Nunatsiaq: The Good Land

To think more about what the speaker is saying, the class could break up into pairs or small groups to each tackle one of the following questions. After each answer, the rest of the group could add their comments.

1. Who do you think the speaker is addressing? 2. Who does she feel owns Nunatsiaq? 3. Why does she feel Inuit sometimes long for the old days? 4. How does she feel about all the changes in the North? 5. What does she mean by ‘we are caught in the middle’? 6. How do Inuit hope to become ‘an equal partner in Canada’? 7. Why is it so important for Inuit to find ways to govern themselves? 8. In what way does she feel Inuit have tried ‘to be good Canadians’? 9. Why does she feel Inuit cannot sell their land? 10. What does ‘the land’ mean to you personally? NUNAVUT 13

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (1)

A. The Documents

Have a look at your copies of 2 documents and think about a few questions:

1. The Land Claim Agreement: -Why did it take so many years to agree on everything? -Why did it have to get written down & in such detail? 2. The Land Claim area map: -What do the red, pink & white areas represent? -What is ‘Crown land’?

B. The Major Guaranteed Rights for Inuit in the Agreement

The Land Claim Agreement is a modern-day treaty between Canadian Inuit and the Government of Canada. It includes 41 articles whereby Inuit agreed to give up aboriginal title to all lands & waters in exchange for defined rights in the Canadian Constitution. (Inuit retain all other aboriginal rights.) These 41 articles were what Inuit leaders thought essential if Inuit were to be able to re-take control of their lives as Canadians.

The major guaranteed rights are:

1. Title to about 350,000 km2 of land, of which 36,000 km2 includes mineral rights. 2. The right to harvest wildlife throughout Nunavut. 3. A guarantee of the creation of 3 National Parks. 4. Equal membership with Ottawa on new government bodies set up to manage the land, water, offshore & wildlife in Nunavut & to evaluate the effect of projects on the environment. These include:

NWMB The Nunavut Wildlife Management Board NWB The Nunavut Water Board NIRB The Nunavut Implementation Review Board NPC The Nunavut Planning Commission

5. Payments to Inuit of $1.148 billion over 14 years by Ottawa, beginning in 1993. 6. A share of royalties that government gets from oil & mineral development on Crown lands. 7. Where Inuit own surface title to the land, they have the right to negotiate with industry for economic and social benefits for their people. 8. Measures to increase Inuit employment & better opportunities for Inuit to get government contracts. 9. $13 million for a Training Trust Fund. NUNAVUT 14

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (2)

Review: The Major Guaranteed Rights

Use your notes from page 13 to answer the following:

1. How much money are Inuit getting from Ottawa and over what period of time? ______2. What are the NWMB, NWB, NIRB & NPC trying to protect? ______3. Inuit now share royalties with Ottawa from what? ______4. What are Inuit now able to negotiate with industry? ______5. From where do Inuit hope to get more jobs? a)______b)______6. Why are national parks created? ______7. How much of Inuit-owned land includes mineral rights? ______8. What does ‘to harvest wildlife’ mean? ______9. What does ‘the environment’ mean? ______10. Who owns ‘Crown lands’? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 15

The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement (3)

The Articles of the Agreement (Part 1)

To make things easier, the 41articles have been divided up into 2 groups in this unit. Each article is listed and a brief outline given.

1. Definitions -terms used

2. General Provisions -how the agreement is to take place

3. Nunavut Settlement Area -map of area boundaries

4. Nunavut Political -how & when the new government is to be set up Development

5. Wildlife -all decisions to be made by NWMB (although Ottawa can veto) -Inuit to have preferential hunting rights -all planning subject to needs of conservation -5-year harvesting study to count animals to see if limits needed

6. Wildlife Compensation -compensation for Inuit for damage/loss from developers when out hunting

7. Outpost Camps -can be set up anywhere people hunt

8. Parks -at least 3 to be set up -Auyuittuq, Ellesmere, North Baffin -Inuit & Ottawa to share decisions

9. Conservation Areas -same rules as with parks

10. Land & Resource -4 groups to decide how lands & resources to be used Management Institutions -i.e. the SRT, NIRB, NPC & NWB NUNAVUT 16

The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement (4)

The Articles of the Agreement (Part 1)

11. Land Use Planning -to decide on how land to be used -decisions by NPC

12. Development Impact -to decide if projects need reviewing before start-up -decisions by NIRB -Inuit & Ottawa to share management

13. Water Management -to check on water use in Nunavut -decisions by NWB

14. Municipal Lands -to decide on how municipal lands are run in all areas

15. Marine Areas -gives Inuit shared control in the offshore (waters off Nunavut) over development, wildlife etc.

16. East Baffin Coast -Nunavut to include 19 km of waters around it -to include all ice beyond 19 km frozen to shore in East Baffin

17. Purpose of Inuit-Owned -reasons for having Inuit-owned lands Lands

18. Principals of the above -definition of what lands Inuit can own

19. Title to Inuit-Owned -defines Inuit-owned lands as -including mineral rights Lands -excluding mineral rights -guarantees special access to soapstone areas

20. Inuit Water Rights -covers use of water by Inuit -decisions by NWB -Inuit to be compensated if developers spoil/change the flow of waters. NUNAVUT 17

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (5)

Review: The Articles of the Agreement (Part 1)

Use your notes from pages 15 & 16 to answer the following:

1. What board makes all decisions about wildlife? ______2. If Inuit suffer from ‘development’ while out hunting, what happens? ______3. Name the 3 parks that will be established in Nunavut. ______4. The SRT, NIRB, NPC & NWB are all ______management institutions. 5. What does the Nunavut Planning Commission do? ______6. Who runs the NIRB? ______7. What is the off-shore? ______8. What ocean water does Nunavut include? ______9. Name the 2 types of Inuit-owned land. (a) ______(b) ______10. Who controls Inuit water rights in Nunavut? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 18

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (6)

The Articles of the Agreement (Part 2)

21. Entry & Access -who enters/uses Inuit lands -decisions by Surface Rights Tribunal -normal entry except for developers -Ottawa can expropriate up to 12% of Inuit land but must compensate

22. Real Property -Inuit lands only taxable if improved (i.e.no tax on outpost Taxation camps)

23. Inuit Employment -plans to increase Inuit employment through training/promotion in Government

24. Government Contracts -Inuit companies to get more contracts

25. Resource Royalty Sharing -Inuit to be paid 5% for resources from Nunavut

26. Inuit Impact & Benefit -to help Inuit negotiate jobs & benefits with large developers Agreements

27. Natural Resources -government to consult Inuit before exploring for minerals Development

28. Nunavut Energy and -guarantees Inuit place on any boards negotiating development Mineral Accords with Ottawa

29. Capital Transfer -$1.14 billion payment by Ottawa over 14 yrs. to Nunavut Trust

30. General Taxation -$1.14 billion not taxable. NUNAVUT 19

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (7)

The Articles of the Agreement (Part 2)

31. Nunavut Trust -to control/protect the money from Ottawa

32. Nunavut Social -sharing social/cultural program delivery Development Council -NSDC is an advisory not a decision-making body

33. Archeology and -creation of trust to protect old sites 34. Ethnography -decisions by Inuit Heritage Trust -government agencies to respect its decisions

35. Enrolment -to define who is an Inuk -Community Enrolment Committees to decide who beneficiaries can be -appeal board available

36. Ratification -TFN-Ottawa agreement had to be approved by majority of Inuit in all 3 regions and signed by TFN

37. Implementation -plan for carrying out the Agreement -decisions by Implementation Commission -Implementation Training Plan of $13 million to train Inuit to implement Agreement

38. Arbitration -Arbitration Board to settle disputes

39. Inuit Organisations -defines roles of Tunngavik Nunavut & all Inuit organisations carrying out the agreement (e.g. QIA)

40. Other Aboriginal Peoples -covers rights of other native people in Nunavut (e.g.hunting)

41. Contwoyto Lake Lands -covers lands outside Nunavut but owned by Inuit. NUNAVUT 20

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (8)

Review: The Articles of the Agreement (Part 2)

Use your notes from pages 18 & 19 to answer the following:

1. Will land with buildings on be taxed in Nunavut? ______2. How will the job market improve for Inuit? ______3. What was the total of the capital transfer? ______4. What is the Nunavut Trust for? ______5. Which institution helps the delivery of Inuit social & cultural programs? ______6. Inuit artifacts & archeological sites are protected by the ______7. Who decides who is eligible for Inuit land claims benefits? ______8. Who had to approve the TFN-Ottawa Agreement? ______9. What was the job of the Implementation Commission? ______10. What fund helped train Inuit to implement this agreement? ______

Total: (10) ______Nunavut 21

Government Bodies

Give the full name of each government body below.

Abbreviation Body Responsibility

NWMB ______Wildlife NWB ______Water use (& damage compensation) NIRB ______To review project impact before start-up NPC ______To plan how land will be used SRT ______To decide on Inuit land use & compensation NT ______To control & protect land claim money NSDC ______To deliver social & cultural programs IHT ______To protect old sites & artifacts CEC’s ______To define who is an Inuk (in each community) NAB ______To settle disputes NIC ______To carry out ’93 agreement in time for ’99 NTI ______To protect the land claim agreement NUNAVUT 22

Review: Government Bodies

Use your notes from page 21 to answer the following:

1. What does NWMB stand for? ______2. What is the role of CEC’s? ______3. Which board protects the $1.148 billion paid to Inuit? ______4. Which board protects the land claim agreement? ______5. Which board protects old campsites & historic places? ______6. Which board would be most concerned with the pollution of lakes & rivers? ______7. Which board settles disputes between groups? ______8. Which board would check on any plans for new mines in Nunavut? ______9. Which board deals with the planning of how land will be used? ______10. Which board is no longer operating? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 23

Video: Nunavut: Changing The Map Of Canada

(DIAND: 25 minutes)

This film provides footage to illustrate the more recent aspects of the land claims movement in Nunavut, covering the people, the places and the events involved. After watching the video choose the correct answer for each sentence from the list below.

1. Because a majority of the people in Nunavut are Inuit, they are in control of what happens and are, in effect, getting ______2. Negotiations between Ottawa and Inuit over the question of Nunavut lasted 15 years. Negotiations means ______3. The land is an important part of Inuit ______4. What did the federal government have to give up in order to reach a deal with Inuit? ______5. What did Inuit have to give up in order to reach a deal with the federal government? ______6. What attracts Inuit to non-native culture? ______7. What helps Inuit to preserve their culture? ______8. What is the hard thing facing younger Inuit nowadays? ______9. Inuit of Nunavut are the ______of the land claim agreement. 10. Through this agreement with Ottawa, Inuit will share ______

Answers: total control going on the land planning for the future talks to settle something culture self-government government services & technology choosing between two cultures beneficiaries aboriginal title

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 24

Comprehension Passage

The map of Canada has been redrawn. In 1993 the Inuit of the Eastern Arctic reached a land claim agreement with the Government of Canada, which was the largest ever achieved in this country, perhaps in the world. The agreement also included the creation of a new territory, born on 1 April 1999, with the working language of its government being Inuktitut, since 85% of its residents are Inuit.

For the first time, a territorial government now speaks largely on behalf of one group of native people which is, in effect, self-government for Inuit because they form the majority of the population. Inuit have taken on responsibility for many social, economic and political problems and will hopefully find better solutions now that they are running the government. “We are very much a distinct society,” said John Amagoalik, who spent the past twenty years of his life negotiating for Inuit with the federal government. “Our Nunavut government has the responsibility for preserving that distinct society.”

The land claims agreement gives Inuit more autonomy than any other native group in Canada. It gives Inuit complete ownership of 18% of the land, with some subsurface rights too. Although the rest of Nunavut belongs to the federal government, Inuit have joint control with Ottawa over land-use planning, wildlife, environmental protection and offshore resources. Inuit will keep forever the right to hunt, fish and trap throughout Nunavut. The agreement with Ottawa also gave them $1.148 billion, which they hope will help develop Inuit businesses and better deal with social and unemployment problems.

It was not a perfect deal for Inuit. To get it, they signed away forever any further claims to their land. But to many people, the agreement was a success because, with the creation of Nunavut, they felt Inuit had regained control over their lives, language and culture. NUNAVUT 25

Comprehension Exercises

Teacher Notes: -Day 1: read passage twice,do questions orally, then in written form. -Day 2: repeat procedure with students reading: assign as homework. -Day 3: assign as test.

A. Pair each word with its meaning:

1. Agreement _____ A. For 2. On behalf of _____ B. Money-related 3. Responsibility _____ C. To keep alive 4. Economic _____ D. Underground 5. Solution _____ E. Settlement 6. Distinct _____ F. Answer 7. To preserve _____ G. Equal 8. Autonomy _____ H. Control 9. Subsurface _____ I. Freedom 10. Joint _____ J. Different

B. Complete with a sensible word from the story:

1. The agreement included the ______of a new territory. 2. The new government now speaks for one group of ______people. 3. Inuit have taken direct ______for dealing with many problems. 4. John Amagoalik spent twenty years ______for Inuit. 5. Inuit have the right to hunt, fish and trap ______Nunavut.

C. Complete with a full sentence:

1. What is special about the Nunavut Agreement? ______2. Why does Nunavut mean self-government for Inuit? ______3. What control of the land do Inuit have? ______4. What did Inuit have to give up? ______5. What does Nunavut mean for Inuit? ______

Total: (25) ______NUNAVUT 26

Mapping the Nunavut Communities (1)

1. Using the maps and list attached, mark in the communities of the new territory. 2. The map should be done twice, in English and in Inuktitut. 3. The capital, Iqaluit, could be written in red. 4. The two regional centres, Rankin Inlet & Cambridge Bay, could be written in blue. 5. Each of the three regions, Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin), Kivalliq and Kitikmeot could be shaded a different colour. NUNAVUT 27 Mapping the Nunavut Communities (2) NUNAVUT 28 Mapping the Nunavut Communities (3) Reference NUNAVUT 29 Mapping the Nunavut Communities (4) Reference NUNAVUT 30

Mapping the Nunavut Communities (5) Reference

The communities in Nunavut:

Iqaluit Kimmirut Cape Dorset Pangnirtung Qikiqtarjuaq Clyde River Pond Inlet Arctic Bay Nanisivik Resolute Bay Grise Fiord Hall Beach Igloolik Sanikiluaq

Arviat Whale Cove Rankin Inlet Chesterfield Inlet Baker Lake Repulse Bay Coral Harbour

Kugaaruk Taloyoak Gjoa Haven Cambridge Bay Kugluktuk Bathurst Inlet Umikmaktuuk NUNAVUT 31

The Signing of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement

It took place in the gym at Inuksuk High School on 25 May 1993. The signing represented a modern treaty between Inuit leaders and the Government of Canada. It spoke of how Inuit and Ottawa would share the managing of the land and waters of Nunavut, while also creating a territorial government for Inuit in the Eastern Arctic.

A. Part of the official text stated:

“The purpose of the agreement is to make clear what rights Inuit will have to the lands & waters in the Nunavut Settlement Area, what rights the Government will have, and to make sure that Inuit will be involved in decisions about using & conserving the land, the offshore and the natural resources throughout the Nunavut Settlement Area.

The agreement makes sure that Inuit will have more control over the way they live and will help to protect the Inuit way of life. It also makes sure that Inuit will be able to benefit from new jobs & businesses in Nunavut. The agreement also commits the federal government to introduce legislation to divide the NWT in order to create a Nunavut Territory with its own territorial government. In exchange for the rights in the Agreement, Inuit will surrender aboriginal rights and claims to lands and waters.”

Summary of the Agreement between the Inuit of the Nunavut Settlement Area & Her Majesty in Right of Canada. pp.2-3.

B. Watch the film of the ceremony of the Signing of the Nunavut land Claim Agreement.

C. Question Period!

Form two groups: Group A is responsible for answering questions 1-3: Group B, questions 4-6. Once a question has been answered by one group, the other group is then entitled to give its opinion on the topic.

1. Why do you think the Prime Minister of Canada chose to sign the Agreement in Iqaluit instead of in Ottawa? 2. Why was it significant that Mr.Mulroney tried to say a few words in Inuktitut? 3. Why were the elders and young people seated at the front? 4. What was significant about Susan Aglukark’s singing “O Canada” in Inuktitut? 5. Why was it important that the agreement be written down? 6. After the signing there was a lot of clapping. What important event in Inuit/Canada relations had just happened? NUNAVUT 32

The Resources

The land has always been one of the main influences on the lives of Inuit. Today, the land’s natural resources still form an important part of our economy. There are 2 types of natural resources:

1. Renewable resources: what can reproduce or be grown again. e.g. seals 2. Non-renewable resources: what cannot be regrown. e.g. minerals.

Get into small groups and brainstorm the names of as many animals, birds and minerals that you know of in Nunavut. Write them down in English or Inuktitut or both.

Birds Animals Minerals

______NUNAVUT 33

The Economy

Every government needs a successful economy to be able to provide services to its citizens. (The successful economy is one where the producing, buying & selling of things is such that there is enough money around for people to live satisfactorily.) In Nunavut, because we don’t have enough people to pay tax to the government to provide all the services we need, we have to get help from the federal government.

Make a list of all the ways people could get jobs or make money in Nunavut and include what may improve with having our own Nunavut government.

1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______7. ______8. ______9. ______10. ______11. ______12. ______13. ______14. ______15. ______NUNAVUT 34

The Pros and Cons of Nunavut

A. Change can bring good and bad. It can make things easier in some ways, harder in others. When Inuit first moved into permanent communities in the 1960’s they liked the new wooden houses that were warm, the help from the nurses & doctors and the cheques from the government that gave them the ability to buy food at all times. But Inuit also lost some of their independence & traditions and felt that outsiders were taking over their lives.

Nunavut should bring many changes that Inuit really want because they are now in control of the government and they can speak to it in Inuktitut. Try & examine the strengths & limitations of the Inuit plan for their future. The pros are the benefits: the cons are the problems that will remain.

B. Ideas could be listed on the board. Afterwards, students could write down the 10 pros & cons that they think are the most important.

The Pros:

1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______7. ______8. ______9. ______10. ______

The Cons:

1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______7. ______8. ______9. ______10. ______NUNAVUT 35

Giving Inuit Back Control Within Canada

Although the Canadian Government has said the North has been part of Canada for over a century, in reality Nunavut only joined this country officially in 1999. Nowadays Inuit do not have the same freedom that they had in the past but they decided to join Canada for two reasons:

1. They felt that through the Government of Nunavut they could control their future. 2. They felt they could benefit by being part of a large, rich and peaceful country.

The territorial Government of Nunavut is a public government, which means it is a government run by all the people in Nunavut, both Inuit & Non-Inuit. But, because 85% of Nunavut’s residents are Inuit, that means they are in the majority and therefore will be able to shape government decisions because most government leaders will be Inuit. Ottawa will provide most of the budget to run Nunavut because the territory’s population is small (25,000 in 1999) & because everything is expensive up North. In addition, until Nunavut has enough offices built & enough people trained, some government services will still be provided from Yellowknife.

Some of the things that will help Inuit to run Nunavut in the way they want are:

1. Inuktitut will be the main language of the government. 2. Most of the government ministers, MLA’s & some civil servants are Inuit. 3. Training will continue to help Inuit to move into government jobs. 4. GN will offer courses that will lead to employment such as tourism, construction, nursing etc. 5. GN work contracts will be offered to Inuit companies whenever possible. 6. GN will be decentralised as much as possible so that GN jobs & buildings will be placed all over Nunavut, not just in Iqaluit. 7. Elders will be consulted on how best to preserve Inuit traditions. 8. Inuit control what happens to the land in 2 ways: a) through the land claim agreement b) by sitting on important boards as equals with the federal government e.g. the NWB.

Both Inuit & the rest of Canada benefit by the creation of Nunavut. Ottawa can now claim the Arctic as part of Canada. Inuit are better off because they are now part of a rich, peaceful country & yet have control of their own territorial government. The future looks better for everyone! NUNAVUT 36

Review: Giving Inuit Back Control Within Canada

Use your notes from page 35 to answer the following:

1. The Nunavut Government is a public government which means it represents both ______2. Inuit will be able to control government decisions because they form the ______3. Give one reason why Inuit decided to join Canada. ______4. Because of Nunavut’s small population, how does Ottawa help out every year? ______5. Until Nunavut has enough offices and trained people, Yellowknife will still offer some ______6. People who work for government are called ______7. Government training courses will offer Inuit more ______8. How will Inuit companies benefit from Nunavut? ______9. The government will be decentralised as much as possible so that ______10. Name one way in which Inuit still now control the land. ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 37

Trivia Test: Sowaddyaknowaboutnunavut?

Answer the following by putting T (True) or F (False).

1. The arctic poppy is the official flower of Nunavut. ______2. There are no siksiks living on Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin). ______3. ‘Tundra’ is a word of Russian origin. ______4. The longest road in Nunavut is between Iqaluit and Apex. ______5. The Aurora Borealis is a small willow-like plant found mostly in valleys. ______6. Nunavut has three official languages. ______7. Baker Lake is the geographical centre of Canada. ______8. There are 26 communities in Nunavut. ______9. More than half of Nunavut’s population is under 25 years old. ______10. The polar bear is the official animal of Nunavut. ______11. Nunavut Day is 1 April. ______12. Syllabic writing was introduced to Inuit by an Anglican missionary. ______13. Grise Fiord is the smallest community in Nunavut ______14. Paul Quassa signed the Land Claim Agreement for Inuit in 1993. ______15. Susan Aglukark grew up in the Kitikmeot region. ______16. The blue star on the Nunavut flag represents the North Star. ______17. Soapstone is only found in Nunavut. ______18. Nunavut has 2 time zones. ______19. There are 19 MLA’s elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. ______20. Nunavut is about one third of Canada’s land mass. ______21. Inuit make up 85% of the population of Nunavut. ______22. The Kivalliq and Kitikmeot regions have the same number of communities. ______23. NTI stands for Nunavut Tunngavik International. ______24. Ottawa agreed to pay Inuit $1.148 billion as part of the land claim agreement. ______25. Nunavut has an area of about 2,000,000 square kilometres. ______26. Nunavut’s most northerly Inuit community is on Cornwallis Island. ______27. The last whaling station to operate in Nunavut was in Pangnirtung. ______28. Print-making first began in Nunavut in Cape Dorset. ______29. Inuit first officially asked Ottawa for a Nunavut Territory in the 1970’s. ______30. Paul Okalik was the first Inuk from Nunavut to become a lawyer. ______

Total: (30) ______NUNAVUT 38

Related Activities: Some Suggestions

A. Interviews & Issues:

With any visitor, it would help to have students prepare some questions before the meeting.

1. Arrange an interview with the local MLA or mayor and discuss a Nunavut-related issue. 2. Write a letter to the local MLA or mayor on a topic of local concern. 3. Interview an elder and ask him/her what the Nunavut government should be emphasising. 4. Choose an article from a local newspaper & discuss it. Write a letter to the editor. 5. Arrange for the class to meet any visiting NTI or Inuit organisation officials. 6. Arrange for the class to attend any public meetings on local or Nunavut-related issues.

B. In Class Discussion & Writing Topics:

1. What the youth of Nunavut want. 2. If I was Premier of Nunavut. 3. How we can do things differently. 4. If I had $1.148 billion! 5. What is an Inuk anyway?

C. Art Projects:

1. Design a different flag for Nunavut. 2. Design a different licence plate for Nunavut. 3. Design a tourism poster for Nunavut. 4. Draw a scene of traditional Inuit life. 5. Draw a scene of Inuit life today. NUNAVUT 39

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following:

1. Which organisation was formed in 1971 to speak for all Inuit? ______5 2. Name the organisation that negotiated the Nunavut land claim with Ottawa. ______5 3. In which year was the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement signed? ______6 4. On which day was the Territory of Nunavut officially born? ______6 5. How much is the capital transfer payment to Inuit? ______13 6. Inuit will get a share of ______from the development of Crown lands. ______13 7. What do the NWMB, NWB, NIRB & NPC try and protect? ______13 8. Which board makes all decisions affecting wildlife? ______15 9. What does the offshore water around Nunavut include & for how far? ______16 10. What is the Nunavut Trust for? ______19

(Continued) NUNAVUT 40

Review Page

Use your notes and the reference pages given to answer the following:

11. What was the job of the Implementation Commission? ______19 12. What is the purpose of the CEC’s? ______21 13. What are non-renewable resources? ______32 14. Name 2 sources of work in the Nunavut economy. ______33 15. Name 2 factors in favour of the creation of Nunavut. ______34 16. In what way will the Nunavut government continue to need help from Ottawa? ______35 17. Why did the Federal Government like this agreement with Inuit? ______35 18. Give one reason why Inuit decided to officially join Canada in 1999. ______35 19. Name one way that Inuit can continue to control what happens to the land. ______35 20. Explain why Inuit wanted a Nunavut Territory & land claim settlement. ______

Total: (20) ______NUNAVUT 41

Wordsearch NUNAVUT

Part 2: The Government

Objective To provide an introduction to the procedures and personnel involved in: -the Territorial Government -the Legislative Assembly -law-making

Components 42-43. The Canadian Government & the North 44-45. Major Features of the Territorial Government 46. Video: Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory 47. The Nunavut Electors 48-49. The Members of the Legislative Assembly 50-51. The Cabinet 52-53. Govt. Departments, the Premier, The Commissioner 54-55. The Speaker,The Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs 56-57. The Legislative Assembly 58-59. How Laws Are Made, Territory or Province? 60-63. Officials of the Assembly, Symbols of Government 64-65. Floorplan of the Assembly 66. Video: The Legislative Assembly, Related Activities 67-73. Practicing Parliamentary Procedure 74. Trivia Test 75-76. Review 77. Display

Resource Kit Video: Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory Video: The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut (to follow) NUNAVUT 42

The Canadian Government & The North

All over the world, for thousands of years, larger countries have attacked or taken over smaller countries and then claimed them as their own. This is known as the colonisation of one people by another. Since the late 1400’s, several European countries had either attacked or slowly occupied other people’s lands in North, Central and South America, eventually taking over and ignoring the culture of the original inhabitants.

In northern Canada, this happened too. In 1660, the King of England gave the Hudson’s Bay Company a monopoly, the right to be the only company to trade with the people living around the vast area of Hudson Bay. In 1867, when Canada decided to break with England and become a separate country, it wanted the Arctic to be part of the new Canada. So, it did two things:

1. It bought Rupertsland, the name given to this land which the HBC claimed to ‘own’around Hudson Bay and 2. It created the Northwest Territories Council, to advise the federal government on what should be done in the Arctic & other parts of the NWT.

This NWT Council was based in Ottawa and made up of qallunaat only. The Canadian government never asked native people if they wanted to be part of Canada, if they wanted to be included in a government of the North, or if they minded outsiders living on their land. This was partly because most qallunaat thought themselves superior to native people and felt that Inuit and other First Nations people needed to become like whites. However, over the next 100 years, Ottawa did become more interested in the North, due mostly to two things:

1. The fear that other countries, like the USA, might want to take over the North. 2. The discovery of oil and gas and the question of who really owned the land, Ottawa or Inuit.

In 1967, the Government of the Northwest Territories moved from Ottawa to Yellowknife, to be closer to the people it was supposed to serve. At that time, the Commissioner had most of the executive power. However, by 1975 all the Members of the NWT Council were elected (not appointed by Ottawa) and by then the majority of MLA’s were also native people. Responsible government (a government responsible to those who elected it) was arriving in the North and it was the NWT Council, not the Commissioner, that was finally beginning to take on the making of government decisions. However, in the eastern NWT, Inuit still wanted their own land claim and territory so that they could better control their own lives and future. After many years of negotiations this finally happened. The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed in 1993 and the Territory of Nunavut was created in 1999, effectively giving Inuit self-government within the federation of Canada. NUNAVUT 43

Review : The Canadian Government & The North

Use your notes from page 42 to answer the following:

1. When one country takes over another, this is known as ______2. The right to be the only company to trade with a certain group of people is known as having a ______3. What was ‘Rupertsland’? ______4. What was the job of the NWT Council? ______5. Name one thing that Ottawa failed to ask native people when it set up the NWT Council. ______6. Give one reason why Ottawa later became more interested in the North. ______7. Why did the Government of the NWT move to Yellowknife in 1967? ______8. What had happened in the NWT Legislative Assembly by 1975? ______9. Why did Inuit still want their own land claim and territory? ______10. What did the land claim agreement & the creation of Nunavut effectively give Inuit by 1999? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 44

Major Features of the Territorial Government of Nunavut

Since Inuit had decided to join Canada when they negotiated a land claim and a separate territorial government in the Eastern Arctic, they decided on a Canadian model, much like what existed in the NWT and Yukon. However, since 85% of the population of Nunavut is Inuit, that meant that native people would be in the majority and would thus have effective control of decisions made in the new territory since most of the MLA’s would also be Inuit.

Some of the major features of the new territorial government are as follows:

1. Every 4 years or less, elections are held in Nunavut so that voters can choose a new government by going to the polls & electing their Members of the Legislative Assembly. 2. These 19 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA’s) together form the Government of Nunavut, based in Iqaluit. 3. The MLA’s elect a Premier from among themselves. 4. They also elect 7 Cabinet Ministers or The Executive. 5. The Premier assigns the Ministers their departments (e.g.education, transportation). It is the Ministers & their Departments who run the day-to-day affairs of the government. 6. A Commissioner is appointed by Ottawa to represent the Queen who, as the head of the government, has to sign all laws, meet with important people etc. 7. Because most of the Nunavut budget of about $600 million comes from Ottawa, the federal government Minister responsible for the North, the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs, can influence what happens in Nunavut. 8. There are at least two major sessions lasting about 6 weeks (usually starting in October and February) when all members of the government get together to make decisions & pass laws. 9. The parliament building in the capital, Iqaluit, is called the Legislative Assembly and is where all territorial laws in Nunavut are passed. 10. The Government of Nunavut is decentralised as much as possible so that government (and the power & the jobs that go with it) are spread out around the territory. 11. Inuktitut is the working language of the Nunavut government, although English, French and Inuinnaqtun are also official languages in the territory. NUNAVUT 45

Review: Major Features of the Territorial Government of Nunavut

Use your notes from page 44 to answer the following:

1. Why are elections held every four years or less in Nunavut? ______2. What does MLA stand for? M______L______A______3. Give the official title of the government leader. ______4. Give the name for the group of government ministers. ______5. Each minister is in charge of a government ______6. Name the title of the Queen’s representative. ______7. Why does the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs still have power in Nunavut? ______8. Why is the government of Nunavut as decentralised as much as possible? ______9. Name the four official languages of Nunavut. ______10. What happens at the two major sessions of government in October & February? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 46

Video: ‘Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory’

This film shows what Nunavut and having control of their own territorial government means to Inuit and records some of the major events that took place on that historic day, 1 April 1999, when the new Nunavut Territory was born and Inuit officially took their place in Canada.

Choose answers to complete the sentences from the list provided at the bottom of the page.

1. Paul Okalik said,“We have established a ______government that will serve all people.” 2. 30 years ago young Inuit decided they wanted to make the dream of Nunavut a ______3. Tagak Curley became the first president of the ______4. In 1993 the Nunavut ______was signed. 5. Okalik said that Inuit wanted to manage the land, wildlife and ______6. Nunavut covers one ______of Canada’s land mass. 7. Plans for the shape of the new Nunavut Government were drawn up by the Nunavut ______8. The job of putting the new Nunavut Government in place belonged to Jack Anawak, the ______9. 15 February 1999 was the date of the first ______for a government in Nunavut. 10. In the first Assembly, 15 Inuit & 4 Non-Inuit were elected as ______11. 7 MLA’s were then elected to Nunavut’s first ______12. One of the major problems the government faces is that of high ______13. Government departments will be located not just in Iqaluit but in different ______14. The government workforce is not yet 85% Inuit as they need to get more ______15. However, nearly all the ______-ministers in the government are Inuit. 16. ______is the working language of the Nunavut Government. 17. One hunter explained that it is important for Inuit to keep their links to the ______18. Inuit adapted northern resources like a narwhal tusk & gemstones to make the ______19. The first thing MLA’s did in the new Legislative Assembly was to choose the ______20. The Premier said: “We, the people, have regained ______of our destiny.”

Answers:

Cabinet mace resources public education communities MLA’s Inuktitut fifth Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Speaker election unemployment land control reality Land Claim Agreement Implementation Commission deputy Interim Commissioner

Total: (20) _____ NUNAVUT 47

The Nunavut Electors

An elector is a person who can vote at election time for any candidate (in his/her electoral district or constituency) who is running to get elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. An elector (or voter) has to make sure that his/her name is on the voters’ list and then has to go to the polls on election day to register his/her vote. To be able to vote in Nunavut you must (1) be 18 years or older (2) be a Canadian citizen and (3) have lived in Nunavut for at least 12 months. NUNAVUT 48

The Members of the Legislative Assembly

There are 19 MLA’s elected every four years or less to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. Each MLA represents an electoral district or constituency, usually consisting of 1 or 2 smaller communities, although Iqaluit is large enough to be divided up into several electoral districts. MLA’s have to come to the capital, Iqaluit, at least twice a year to take part in the 6-week sessions of the Legislative Assembly, when all major decisions are made & laws passed. They also have to sit on committees to study different issues & work on proposals for new laws so from time to time they have to leave their constituencies to be in the capital. Only the Cabinet Ministers and the Premier have to live in Iqaluit for a lot of the year because they are involved in the day-to-day running of the government.

The main job of MLA’s is to help make decisions and laws that make Nunavut a good place to live in. Their main duties are:

1. to be well-informed about what is going on in Nunavut 2. to listen to and represent the views of their constituents 3. to take part in Legislative Assembly duties 4. to serve on government committees.

The members represent the 19 electoral districts or constituencies of Nunavut. These are:

Iqaluit West Iqaluit Centre Iqaluit East Pangnirtung Uqqurmiut Amittuq Tununiq South Baffin Hudson Bay Nanulik Akulliq Quttiktuq Nattilik Baker Lake Kugluktuk Arviat Cambridge Bay Rankin Inlet North Rankin Inlet South and Whale Cove

Can you find these constituencies on the map on page 47? NUNAVUT 49

Review: The Members of the Legislative Assembly

Use your notes on pages 47 & 48 to answer the following:

1. Each MLA represents an ______2. How long do each of the two major sessions of the Legislative Assembly usually last? ______3. What takes place at these sessions? ______4. Why do MLA’s sit on committees? ______5. Why do the Premier & Cabinet have to spend much of the year in the capital? ______6. Name one duty of an MLA. ______7. How many MLA’s are there in the Nunavut Government? ______8. Name Nunavut’s most northerly electoral district. ______9. Why does Whale Cove not have its own electoral district? ______10. Name 2 requirements to be able to vote in a Nunavut election. a) ______b)______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 50

The Cabinet

Members of the Cabinet or the Executive are the 7 MLA’s chosen by their colleagues to head major government departments or ministries. When possible, there is an attempt made to ensure a balance between the 3 regions of Nunavut, between men & women, between Inuit & Non-Inuit. After they have been chosen, it is the Premier’s job to assign each minister one or more government departments to run. Being a minister is a full-time job, so they have to spend much of the year in the capital, Iqaluit, since the Cabinet is responsible for managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. However, ministers also have to travel a fair amount, visiting Nunavut communities, going to meetings in the South with other provincial & federal ministers and, when they can, getting back to their home constituencies. The following were the ten Nunavut government department groupings as created on 1 April 1999:

Department Responsibilities

Executive & Intergovernmental Affairs -matters concerning the office of the Premier -hiring of deputy-ministers -dealings with other govts.in Canada & abroad Finance -government budget & taxation Justice & Regulatory Affairs -justice, courts,policing & jail system Human Resources -hiring,training & supporting govt. employees Education & Employment -schools,Arctic College,job creation & training Health & Social Services -health care & social-service related needs Sustainable Development -renewable & non-renewable resources -fisheries, wildlife,mining and tourism Public Works & Govt.Services -construction & maintenance of govt.buildings -telecommunications & fuel/oil supplies Culture,Language,Elders & Youth -support for Inuit culture & language -special needs of elders & young people Community Govt.,Housing & -support for all municipalities Transportation -public housing -airports,major roads,sealift NUNAVUT 51

Review: The Cabinet

Which government department would deal with the following situations? Use your notes from page 50 to find the answers.

1. A new course is needed to train dental therapists in Nunavut. ______2. Several communities have a shortage of public housing. ______3. The Premier of Greenland is coming to visit Nunavut. ______4. A women’s jail is needed in Nunavut. ______5. A health centre needs replacing. ______6. Several airport runways need upgrading. ______7. Alterations need doing to the Legislative Assembly. ______8. A municipality needs help to plan where to put new houses in the next five years. ______9. Funding is needed to record elders’ stories about traditional medicine. ______10. A company wants to build a diamond mine in the Kivalliq region. ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 52

Government Departments

Each department (or ministry) is run by an elected cabinet minister. The minister is advised by government workers called civil servants who help do the daily work of that department and who have often worked there for some time. The most senior civil servants who help the minister are the deputy minister and the assistant deputy minister. Each department has to decide: 1. how it will run things 2. how it will spend its budget 3. how much each region of Nunavut will get.

Not all government departments are the same size and their budgets can vary. For example, Health & Social Services is very large, while the Executive is quite small. Usually each minister will be given more than one department to run. Each department is structured as follows:

Minister (elected) Deputy Minister (appointed) Assistant Deputy Minister (appointed) Civil Servants

The Premier

The Premier is chosen by the newly-elected MLA’s shortly after an election. The Premier is the leader of the government, the person who strongly influences what the government will decide on doing during its 4 years in office. It is the Premier who decides which department each minister will manage & can change their responsibilities whenever he/she wishes. He/she also has the power to hire & fire the deputy & assistant deputy ministers. The Premier represents the Nunavut Government at meetings with other governments in Canada & elsewhere in the world. Nunavut’s first premier was also its first Inuk lawyer, Paul Okalik.

The Commissioner

Officially, the Queen of England is also the Queen of Canada and is therefore the nominal head of all governments in Canada. However, because she lives in England, she appoints a representative in each province & territory to do her work there. Her representative in Nunavut is called the Commissioner and is appointed to a 4-year term of office by the federal government. The Commissioner has no real power because that person is not elected by the people of Nunavut. The job involves activities such as reading the Speech from the Throne, signing new laws, greeting important visitors to Nunavut, opening new buildings and handing out awards to people. The first Nunavut Commissioner was Helen Maksagak, from Cambridge Bay. NUNAVUT 53

Review: Government Departments, The Premier, The Commissioner:

Use your notes from page 52 to answer the following:

1. Who is in charge of a government department? ______2. What is the name given to people who work in government departments? ______3. Name one thing that each department has to decide. ______Name 3 things that make the Premier’s job important. 4. ______5. ______6. ______7. Why does the Queen have to appoint a representative in each province and territory? ______8. How long is the Commissioner’s term of office? ______9. Why does the Commissioner have no real power? ______10. Name one job that the Commissioner might have to do. ______

Total: (10) ______Nunavut 54

The Speaker

The Speaker is the chief officer of the Assembly and his/her election is the first order of business when the MLA’s meet after an election. The Speaker is chosen to speak for the Assembly, not the government itself, and the post of Speaker is to make sure that the Legislative Assembly is fairly & properly run. There are 2 main duties:

1. to preside over the Assembly when it is sitting 2. to manage the administration & the employees of the Assembly.

This involves him/her in formal duties during sessions of the Legislative Assembly, deciding who may speak, applying the rules, making rulings and generally being fair and patient so that things go as smoothly as possible. On the less formal side, he/she is responsible for the day-to- day behind-the-scenes running of the Assembly (the building & its employees) and for ensuring that everything that needs to get done to make the Assembly run properly, does get done. When entering & leaving the Assembly, the Speaker is preceded by the mace (a symbol of his/her authority) carried by the Sergeant-at-Arms. The Speaker is assisted by a Deputy Speaker and the Clerk of the House. Overall, the Speaker has to act as chairman, referee and manager of the Nunavut Legislative Assembly.

The Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs

Because Nunavut does not have a large enough population to raise the taxes to run its own affairs, the government has to get most of its budget from Ottawa. The federal government minister responsible for the North and native people is involved in making this happen every year, so this minister (the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs) can influence how much money Nunavut gets and where it is spent.

However, Ottawa allows the three territorial governments (Nunavut, NWT & Yukon) to make most of their own decisions while providing them with adequate funding to run their own affairs. Nunavut receives about $600 million from Ottawa annually. NUNAVUT 55

Review: The Speaker & The Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs

Use your notes on page 54 to answer the following:

1. Who does the Speaker speak for? ______2. Why is there a Speaker? ______3. Name one of the Speaker’s main duties. ______4. Name one of the Speaker’s formal duties in the Assembly. ______5. Name one of the Speaker’s less formal duties. ______6. Which two people help the Speaker in his/her job? ______7. Why do you think the Speaker has to act as a ‘referee’ sometimes? ______8. Why does the Nunavut government have to get most of its money from Ottawa? ______9. Why is the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs still able to influence the budget? ______10. How much is the annual budget that Nunavut receives from the federal government? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 56

The Legislative Assembly

The Government of Nunavut is run in many ways like other Canadian governments. It has three branches: the executive, the legislative & the judiciary. The executive branch proposes laws, the legislative branch approves laws & the judiciary applies them through the courts. So, in reality, it is the Cabinet which usually proposes laws, the Assembly which approves (or disapproves) of the proposed laws & the judges & courts which apply them. The elected representatives, called MLA’s, are the ones who, when they sit together as the Legislative Assembly, have the power to make laws to govern the territory and who are responsible to the electors in their home constituencies. One major difference with the Nunavut Government however is that it operates by consensus, whereby all MLA’s try to work together as one group, rather than in 2 or 3 different groups called political parties, which is the practice in most parts of Canada.

There are two major legislative sessions each year, each lasting about six weeks. The most important is the budget session when the government decides how it will spend its money for the coming year. Because of its small population, Nunavut can only raise about 10% of its budget through taxes and so about 90% of its funding comes from the federal government in transfer payments.

When the Assembly meets, the session begins with the Commissioner reading an address, explaining what the government plans to do. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker whose duty is to sure that the sessions run as smoothly as possible. When the Assembly is in session, the mace (which represents the power of the Assembly & its Speaker) is placed on the table in front of the Speaker by the Sergeant-at-Arms. During a session, new bills (proposed laws) are discussed and can be passed by the MLA’s. Any new laws have to be signed by the Commissioner before they become official.

The Nunavut Legislative Assembly operates in 4 official languages, Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, French and English, although its working language is Inuktitut. Everything spoken during sessions of the Assembly are written down in Hansard, the official government record of what is said.

Page 57 is an example of a typical agenda of a session of the Nunavut Legislative Assembly. NUNAVUT 57 NUNAVUT 58

How Laws Are Made

Usually it is the ministers of the government who present proposals for new laws, called bills, but ordinary MLA’s can also introduce new legislation. It’s easier for ministers because they can get help from the civil servants in their departments to prepare the bills and because the cabinet will have already discussed it & will have agreed to support the bill in the Assembly.

Each bill has to go through three readings, when it is discussed by all the MLA’s and then a vote of support is taken. Having three readings gives the members time to think about the bill and to suggest improvements if they want to. After the second reading the bill goes to the Committee Stage where it is reviewed to see if changes are needed. At all three readings, the Assembly can decide to debate the bill as the Committee as a Whole, which is when the MLA’s are allowed to discuss a bill in a less formal way. Finally, if a majority of MLA’s vote in favour of the bill at all three readings, then it is given royal assent (it is signed by the Commissioner on behalf of the Queen) and it becomes law some time after that.

Nunavut: Territory or Province?

The federal government collects taxes from everyone who works in Canada. It then spends the money on providing services to its citizens, such as the CBC, the postal system, pension cheques etc. Each province does the same thing. It collects taxes, sells its resources (e.g.minerals, trees) and then uses the money to provide other services to the citizens in that province.

Territories, however, are places with small populations which do not have enough tax money to run their governments & provide services for their people without getting help from the federal government. So, they have to ask Ottawa for most of the money they need. There are 2 ways a territory can get enough money to become independent enough to become a province:

1. It can produce enough mineral resources to sell to other governments or 2. It can increase its population so there is a large enough tax base.

At the moment, Nunavut has little chance of becoming a province. It has too small a population (25,000 in 1999) to bring in enough tax money and its resources are hard to get & are non- renewable so they won’t last forever. But then, as they say, Rome wasn’t built in a day! NUNAVUT 59

Review: The Legislative Assembly, How Laws Are Made, Territory or Province?

Use your notes from page 56 to answer questions 1-5 & from page 58 for questions 6-10.

1. How does consensus government work? ______2. What happens at the budget session of the Assembly? ______3. What are transfer payments? ______4. What does the mace represent? ______5. What is Hansard? ______6. What is a ‘bill’ in the Legislative Assembly? ______7. Why does a ‘bill’ require three readings? ______8. When the Commissioner signs a ‘bill’ into law, this is called giving it ______9. Why do territories need to go to the federal government for most of their budgets? ______10. Suggest one way that a territory can get enough money to become a province. ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 60

The Officials of the Legislative Assembly

A. The Clerk

Also known as the Secretary of the Assembly, he is an expert on procedure (how to go about things properly) and supplies the Speaker & MLA’s with advice & information. The Clerk is also the Speaker’s chief assistant in staffing and running the Assembly and is responsible for Hansard (the official record of debates) and all paperwork relating to the legislature. The Clerk is aided by a Deputy Clerk and a staff of assistants.

B. The Sergeant-at-Arms

Whenever the Speaker enters or leaves the Assembly, he is preceded by the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace, a decorative club which at one time was used to protect the king and which has now become the symbol of the authority of the Speaker and the Assembly. The Sergeant-at- Arms occupies a special chair inside the Assembly chamber, ready to escort the Speaker whenever necessary.

C. The Pages

There 6 pages on duty at any one time during sessions of the legislature. Dressed in traditional clothing, they are high school students who are given the chance to see & take part in the work of the Assembly. Their role is to convey messages and run errands for the MLA’s while the house is in session.

D. The Interpreters

During sessions of the Legislative Assembly, interpreters are available to provide translation in the 4 official languages of Nunavut; Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, French & English. The government also hires people to translate Hansard and all important documents into these four languages. NUNAVUT 61

The Symbols of the Nunavut Government

A. The Flag

Flags always hold special meaning for people. The flag of Nunavut depicts a red inuksuk on a divided background of yellow & white, with a blue star in the upper right corner. The inuksuk represents a monument to guide people on the land & to mark special places. The star is the Nikitsuittuq, the North Star, also a guide for travellers. The colours of blue & gold represent the riches of the land, sea & sky, while red is a reference to Canada. The flag is usually flown on all Nunavut government buildings.

B. The Coat-of-Arms

The coat-of-arms is really the government’s crest that it puts on all official documents. The Nunavut coat-of-arms shares some of the colours of the flag and two symbols, the inuksuk and the Nikitsuittuq. The qulliq represents light & the warmth of family. The five gold circles represent the sun in summer & winter. The igloo represents traditional life, a way of survival and the MLA’s meeting for the benefit of Nunavut. The crown represents the fact that the Government of Nunavut is a public government for all people. The caribou & narwhal represent the animals while the base is made up of land & sea and features three Nunavut wildflowers. The motto ‘Nunavut Sanginivut’ means ‘Nunavut, Our Strength’.

C. The Mace

The mace, which originally was a weapon used to protect the king and then became a decorative club to represent his power, now symbolises the authority of the Speaker & the Assembly. It consists of a narwhal tusk attached to a silver crown made of 4 loons with outstretched wings. On the tusk are attached 3 different types of seal and an avataq. The entire mace is studded with gems (semi-precious stones) from Nunavut. The crown represents the link with Canada, the tusk represents Nature and the gemstones represent the natural wealth of Nunavut. The crown is joined to the tusk by 4 black ribs, representing the whalebone framework of a qammaq. The mace rests on 4 soapstone family figures, an elder, father, mother & child, all helping to hold it up. When in the Legislative Assembly, the mace is supported by 2 different figures, a man and a woman, representing the equality of the sexes. NUNAVUT 62

The Coat-of-Arms of Nunavut NUNAVUT 63

Review: Officials & Symbols

Use your notes on page 60 to answer questions 1-5 and page 61 for questions 6-10.

1. Name one duty of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. ______2. What is Hansard? ______3. Who does the Sergeant-at-Arms always escort & what does he carry? ______4. What are the duties of the pages? ______5. Why does the Assembly need interpreters? ______6. Why do you think the inuksuk was chosen as the main symbol for the Nunavut flag? ______7. Where are flags usually flown? ______8. What is the coat-of-arms and what is it used for? ______9. Why do you think things like the igloo, qulliq & inuksuk are on the coat-of-arms? ______10. What does the mace symbolise? ______

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 64

Floorplan of the Assembly

Using the list below, decide where the following would be likely to be found in the Legislative Assembly and then place them on the floorplan provided on page 65. In some cases there is more than one place where they can be located, so this is indicated by a number [e.g. pages (4)].

1. Cabinet 2. Ordinary MLA’s 3. Speaker 4. Witness Table 5. Deputy Clerk 6. Pages (4) 7. Interpreters (4) 8. Public Gallery (2) 9. Clerk 10. Mace 11. Technician 12. Sergeant-at-Arms 13. Clerk of Committees 14. Elders (2) 15. Press Room NUNAVUT 65

Floorplan of the Assembly (Map)

This page is a map of the legislative assembly for completion with names provided on page 65. NUNAVUT 66 Teacher Reference

A. Video: The Legislative Assembly (to follow)

Use the film as an opportunity to discuss and review the Nunavut territorial government and the legislative assembly.

B. Related Activities

(1) Artwork -design a new flag for Nunavut -design a new coat-of-arms for Nunavut -design a new mace for the Legislative Assembly

(2) Interview -invite your local MLA to talk about -a day in his/her life at the legislature -the pros and cons of the job as MLA -what it was like on the very first day

(3) Discussion/Writing Topics -If I was an MLA today -Which Cabinet Minister I’d like to be & why -My first day as an MLA in the Assembly -What will be different about Nunavut in 20 years’ time NUNAVUT 67

Practicing Parliamentary Procedure Teacher Reference

Three exercises are attached to help students get a feel for what working in a legislature is like:

1. Ministerial Responsibilities (see page 68)

-Aim: for students to start to get a feel for the different ministerial portfolios -page 50 may serve as a reference point -prior to the project, make up signs with the names of all government departments -ask the students to choose ministerial portfolios (have them display the signs) -the remainder can chose the roles of Speaker, Commissioner & Deputy-Ministers -the teacher may wish to act as Speaker to chair the session -go around the table asking each Minister to explain briefly what his/her department does -using page 68, the Speaker (or student Deputy Speaker) could read out each situation -if a Minister thinks that it is a matter for his/her department, he/she should say so -if incorrect, others could give their views.

2. The Budget (see page 69)

-Aim: for students to get an introduction to the budget & the size of departmental quotas -distribute a copy of the budget allocation sheet to the students -have the class decide how to allocate funding using the quotas given: encourage discussion! -have them write the final decision on their budget sheet -have a student list the departments & their individual budgets on the board -give them a copy of the real budget of the first Nunavut Government -go through the items & ask if they agree with how the government allocated the figures.

3. Introducing a Bill (see pages 70-73)

-Aim: for students to understand the basic process of how a bill goes through the legislature -use the 3 sheets attached (one at a time) or come up with different topics for bills -have the minister responsible propose the bill outlined -have discussion of the pros & cons: explain the basics of legislative manners and procedure -hold a vote -if supported by a majority, arrange for the Commissioner to sign & date the new law -this project could either be done in two ways: a) in brief format: simply have one reading & vote, but explain the 3 reading procedure or b) in full format: extend the 3 readings over 3 days (did people’s views change?).

4. Option

To hold a full Mock Parliament, involving more than one class. NUNAVUT 68

Ministerial Responsibilities

Which Cabinet Ministers would be responsible for dealing with each of the following situations?

1. Funding for a new tourism program in Gjoa Haven. ______2. More staff for government offices in Cambridge Bay. ______3. Too many sick caribou near Cape Dorset. ______4. Repairs to the roads in Repulse Bay. ______5. Larger breakwater in Qikiqtarjuaq. ______6. Not enough student jobs in Whale Cove. ______7. Need for a new health centre in Sanikiluaq. ______8. Funding for elders to travel to a conference in Alaska. ______9. Pollution concerns in the Coppermine River. ______10. Tuberculosis outbreak in Igloolik. ______11. The museum in Iqaluit is getting run down. ______12. Freeze-up problems at the school in Kugluktuk. ______13. Dead whales washed up on the beach near Pangnirtung. ______14. Nunavut government laws need translating into Inuktitut. ______15. Need for better housing plan for Coral Harbour. ______16. Request from voters in Kimmirut to remove the mayor. ______17. Not enough teacher housing in Taloyoak. ______18. Too many tourists going into Auyuittuq Park in summer. ______19. Need for more dentists’ visits to the Kivalliq communities. ______20. School in Hall Beach burnt down. ______21. Help needed for elders with food prices in Grise Fiord. ______22. Not enough RCMP officers in Nanisivik. ______23. Illegal hunting of bears near Clyde River. ______24. Request from Kugaaruk for a new library. ______25. Need for more doctor’s visits to Arctic Bay. ______26. The Premier of Greenland is to visit Nunavut shortly. ______27. Request for more outpost camps to help young offenders. ______28. Not enough job training for young adults in Baker Lake. ______29. Petition for a road from The Pas, Manitoba, to Rankin Inlet. ______30. Damage to the airstrip in Arviat. ______NUNAVUT 69

The Budget

Allocate funding to each department as you think best, using the government’s own figures in its first budget. Funding for Operations / Maintenance & Capital Expenditures and for the Legislative Assembly are already given.

Departmental budget figures (in millions): $6, $8, $11, $28, $32, $37, $67, $97, $117, $132.

Government of Nunavut Budget

Department Budget $ (millions)

Executive & Intergovernmental Affairs ______Justice & Regulatory Affairs ______Education & Employment ______Health & Social Services ______Culture, Language, Elders & Youth ______Community Government, Housing & Transportation ______Public Works, Technical Services & Telecommunications ______Sustainable Development ______Human Resources ______Finance & Administration ______

Legislative Assembly 10 Operations & Maintenance and Capital Expenditures 55

Total budget for the year $600,000,000 NUNAVUT 70

Introducing a Bill (see page 67)

Government of Nunavut Legislative Assembly

Title of Bill ______

Bill No. ______

Proposal ______Proposer ______

Date ______

Budget ______

Vote Results For ______Against ______

Signed ______Commissioner of Nunavut NUNAVUT 74

Trivia Test: Sowaddyaknowaboutgovernment?

Answer the following by putting T (True) or F (False).

1. ‘Colonisation’ means one group of people helping another. _____ 2. The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed in 1991. _____ 3. Inuit form the majority in Nunavut so they effectively have self-government. _____ 4. The Nunavut Government is decentralised as much as possible to save money. _____ 5. MLA’s each represent one community. _____ 6. Nunavut’s most northerly constituency is Quttiktuq. _____ 7. The government budget is prepared by the Department of Finance. _____ 8. All government departments have a Deputy-Minister. _____ 9. The Queen’s representative in Nunavut is the Premier. _____ 10. The Speaker’s job is to make sure the Assembly runs smoothly. _____ 11. The mace is carried by the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. _____ 12. Working ‘by consensus’ means trying to work together as one group. _____ 13. The Nunavut Government raises about 90% of its own budget. _____ 14. A proposed law is called a ‘bill’. _____ 15. ‘Royal assent’ is a time when the Queen visits. _____ 16. Nunavut has too few people to bring in enough tax money to be a province. _____ 17. English is the working language of the Nunavut government. _____ 18. ‘Nunavut’ is the motto on the government coat-of-arms. _____ 19. An avataq is one of the symbols on the mace. _____ 20. The Commissioner of Nunavut is elected every four years. _____

Total: (20) _____ NUNAVUT 75

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following.

1. Give one reason why Ottawa became more interested in the North after 1900. ______42 2. What did the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement and the creation of Nunavut effectively give Inuit? ______42 3. Give the name for the group of ministers that run the government’s daily affairs. ______44 4. Why is the Nunavut Government as decentralised as much as possible? ______44 5. Plans for the shape of the Nunavut Government were drawn up by the ______46 6. One of the major problems that the government faces is that of dealing with high ______46 7. Each MLA represents one ______48 8. Name one duty of an MLA. ______48 9. Cabinet ministers are chosen to head government ______50 10. Which minister is responsible for fisheries and wildlife? ______50

(Continued) NUNAVUT 76

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following.

11. Name one role that makes the Premier’s job important. ______52 12. Why does the Commissioner have no real power? ______52 13. Name one of the Speaker’s main duties. ______54 14. Why does the Nunavut Government have to get most of its money from Ottawa? ______54 15. How does ‘consensus’ government work? ______56 16. What does the mace represent? ______56 17. Why does a bill require three readings? ______58 18. Name one duty of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. ______60 19. What is Hansard? ______60 20. Where are Nunavut flags officially flown? ______61

Total: (20) ______NUNAVUT 4

Review : Road to Nunavut (pages 2 & 3)

Use your notes to answer the following: questions 1-5 are on Nunavut 2, 6-10 are on Nunavut 3.

1. What brought many explorers like Martin Frobisher to the North? The search for the Northwest Passage to Asia. 2. What did the English king give the HBC in 1670? A monopoly of all land around Hudson Bay called ‘Rupertsland’. 3. What happened to Rupertsland in 1870? It was ‘given’ to Canada by England. 4. In which year were Canadian native people allowed to vote in elections? 1960. 5. What did the ITC land use study show? It showed Inuit ownership of the land. 6. Name one factor that threatened Inuit culture by the 1960’s. Move by Inuit into permanent communities, the search for oil & gas, creation of YK Govt. 7. Inuit land was always included as what part of Canada? Northwest Territories. 8. In which decade had Ottawa thought of dividing the Northwest Territories? 1960’s. 9. Until the 1950’s, the NWT Council had no meaning for Inuit. Give one reason why. (1) Made up of Non-Inuit (2) Based in Ottawa. 10. What made southerners suddenly become so interested in Canada’s North? When oil was discovered North of 60.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 7

Review: The Road to Nunavut (pages 5 & 6)

Use your notes to answer the following: questions 1-5 are on Nunavut 5, 6-10 are on Nunavut 6.

1. Why was the I.T.C. formed in 1971? To speak for all Inuit. 2. What forced Ottawa to deal with native leaders in 1973? The Canadian courts said that native people had aboriginal title. 3. What did the James Bay Agreement of 1975 show Ottawa? It showed that native people had power. 4. What was the purpose of the Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project? To show that because Inuit used Nunavut, they therefore owned it. 5. What was the Tungavik Federation of Nunavut? The Inuit negotiating team with Ottawa. 6. Explain why one of the two plebiscites was held in 1992. To vote on the boundary & for Inuit to vote on their land claim agreement. 7. What was passed in Ottawa in 1993 making the agreements with Inuit part of the laws of all Canada? The Nunavut Act & The Nunavut Land Claim Settlement Act. 8. What was the job of the N.I.C? To advise Ottawa on the creation of the Nunavut government. 9. Name its 2 major publications. a)Footprints in New Snow b) Footprints 2. 10. What was the job of the Interim Commissioner in 1997? Finishing the work of preparing for Nunavut.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 10

Review: Inuit Organisations

Use your notes on page 9 to name the correct organisation: use their abbreviations (e.g. ITC).

1. It advised Ottawa on the make-up of the Nunavut government. NIC 2. From the 1970’s on it represented Inuit culture & their land claim. ITC 3. It negotiated the land claim agreement for the Inuvialuit. COPE 4. It gets all Arctic peoples to meet and discuss common problems. ICC 5. It negotiated the Canadian Inuit land claim with Ottawa. TFN 6. It checks that Ottawa carries out its promises in the 1993 Nunavut Land Claim Agreement. NTI 7. It wrote Footprints in New Snow. NIC 8. It wrote The Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project. ITC 9. It signed a final land claim agreement in 1984. COPE 10. It signed a final land claim agreement in 1993. TFN

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 14

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (2)

Review: The Major Guaranteed Rights

Use your notes from page 13 to answer the following:

1. How much money are Inuit getting from Ottawa and over what period of time? $1.148 billion over 14 years. 2. What are the NWMB, NWB, NIRB & NPC trying to protect? The environment. 3. Inuit now share royalties with Ottawa from what? From oil and mineral development on Crown lands. 4. What are Inuit now able to negotiate with industry? For economic and social benefits for their people. 5. From where do Inuit hope to get more jobs? a) Measures to increase Inuit employment b) more government contracts for Inuit. 6. Why are national parks created? To protect the environment (and cultural heritage). 7. How much of Inuit-owned land includes mineral rights? 36,000 km2. 8. What does ‘to harvest wildlife’ mean? To fish and to hunt and trap wildlife. 9. What does ‘the environment’ mean? The land, water and air of Nunavut. 10. Who owns ‘Crown lands’? The Government (and people) of Canada.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 17

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (5)

Review: The Articles of the Agreement (Part 1)

Use your notes from pages 15 & 16 to answer the following:

1. What board makes all decisions about wildlife? NWMB 2. If Inuit suffer from ‘development’ while out hunting, what happens? Compensation is available. 3. Name the 3 parks that will be established in Nunavut. Auyuittuq, Ellesmere and North Baffin 4. The SRT, NIRB, NPC & NWB are all land and resources management institutions. 5. What does the Nunavut Planning Commission do? Decides on how land will be used. 6. Who runs the NIRB? Shared management by Inuit & Ottawa. 7. What is the off-shore? Water and ice off the coast of Nunavut. 8. What ocean water does Nunavut include? 19 km of water surrounding the Nunavut coast and all ice frozen to the shoreline. 9. Name the 2 types of Inuit-owned land. (a) including mineral rights (b) excluding mineral rights. 10. Who controls Inuit water rights in Nunavut? NWB

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 20

The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (8)

Review: The Articles of the Agreement (Part 2)

Use your notes from pages 18 & 19 to answer the following:

1. Will land with buildings on be taxed in Nunavut? Only if improved. 2. How will the job market improve for Inuit? Through training and promotion. 3. What was the total of the capital transfer? $1.148 billion. 4. What is the Nunavut Trust for? To control and protect the money from Ottawa. 5. Which institution helps the delivery of Inuit social & cultural programs? NSDC 6. Inuit artifacts & archeological sites are protected by the Inuit Heritage Trust. 7. Who decides who is eligible for Inuit land claims benefits? Community Enrolment Committees. 8. Who had to approve the TFN-Ottawa Agreement? A majority of Inuit in all 3 regions and signed by TFN. 9. What was the job of the Implementation Commission? To plan for carrying out the Agreement. 10. What fund helped train Inuit to implement this agreement? The Implementation Training Plan.

Total: (10) ______

Nunavut 21

Government Bodies

Give the full name of each government body below.

Abbreviation Body Responsibility

NWMB Nunavut Wildlife Management Board Wildlife NWB Nunavut Water Board Water use (& damage compensation) NIRB Nunavut Implementation Review Board To review project impact before start-up NPC Nunavut Planning Commission To plan how land will be used SRT Surface Rights Tribunal To decide on Inuit land use & compensation NT Nunavut Trust To control & protect land claim money. NSDC Nunavut Social Development Council To deliver social & cultural programs IHT Inuit Heritage Trust To protect old sites & artifacts CEC’s Community Enrolment Committees To define who is an Inuk (in each community) NAB Nunavut Arbitration Board To settle disputes NIC Nunavut Implementation Commission To carry out ’93 agreement in time for ‘99 NTI Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated To protect the land claim agreement NUNAVUT 22

Review: Government Bodies

Use your notes from page 21 to answer the following:

1. What does NWMB stand for? Nunavut Wildlife Management Board. 2. What is the role of CEC’s? To define who is an Inuk (in each community). 3. Which board protects the $1.148 billion paid to Inuit? Nunavut Trust. 4. Which board protects the land claim agreement? Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 5. Which board protects old campsites & historic places? Inuit Heritage Trust. 6. Which board would be most concerned with the pollution of lakes & rivers? Nunavut Water Board. 7. Which board settles disputes between groups? Nunavut Arbitration Board. 8. Which board would check on any plans for new mines in Nunavut? Nunavut Implementation Review Board. 9. Which board deals with the planning of how land will be used? Nunavut Planning Commission. 10. Which board is no longer operating? Nunavut Implementation Commission.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 23

Video: Nunavut: Changing The Map Of Canada

(DIAND: 25 minutes)

This film provides footage to illustrate the more recent aspects of the land claims movement in Nunavut, covering the people, the places and the events involved. After watching the video choose the correct answer for each sentence from the list below.

1. Because a majority of the people in Nunavut are Inuit, they are in control of what happens and are, in effect, getting self-government. 2. Negotiations between Ottawa and Inuit over the question of Nunavut lasted 15 years. Negotiations means talks to settle something. 3. The land is an important part of Inuit culture. 4. What did the federal government have to give up in order to reach a deal with Inuit? Total control. 5. What did Inuit have to give up in order to reach a deal with the federal government? Aboriginal title. 6. What attracts Inuit to non-native culture? Government services and technology. 7. What helps Inuit to preserve their culture? Going on the land. 8. What is the hard thing facing younger Inuit nowadays? Choosing between two cultures. 9. Inuit of Nunavut are the beneficiaries of the land claim agreement. 10. Through this agreement with Ottawa, Inuit will share planning for the future.

Answers: total control going on the land planning for the future talks to settle something culture self-government government services & technology choosing between two cultures beneficiaries aboriginal title

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 25

Comprehension Exercises

Teacher Notes: -Day 1: read passage twice,do questions orally, then in written form. -Day 2: repeat procedure with students reading: assign as homework. -Day 3: assign as test.

D. Pair each word with its meaning:

1. Agreement E A. For 2. On behalf of A B. Money-related 3. Responsibility H C. To keep alive 4. Economic B D. Underground 5. Solution F E. Settlement 6. Distinct J F. Answer 7. To preserve C G. Equal 8. Autonomy I H. Control 9. Subsurface D I. Freedom 10. Joint G J. Different

E. Complete with a sensible word from the story:

1. The agreement included the creation of a new territory. 2. The new government now speaks for one group of native people. 3. Inuit have taken direct responsibility for many problems. 4. John Amagoalik spent twenty years negotiating for Inuit. 5. Inuit have the right to hunt, fish and trap throughout Nunavut.

F. Complete with a full sentence:

1. What is special about the Nunavut Agreement? The Agreement is the largest land claim ever granted by a government. 2. Why does Nunavut mean self-government for Inuit? It means self-government because most of the residents are Inuit. 3. What control of the land do Inuit have? Inuit own 18% of the land and some subsurface mineral rights too. 4. What did Inuit have to give up? Inuit had to sign away any further claims to the land. 5. What does Nunavut mean for Inuit? Nunavut means that Inuit have regained control of their lives and culture.

Total: (25) ______NUNAVUT 33

The Economy

Every government needs a successful economy to be able to provide services to its citizens. (The successful economy is one where the producing, buying & selling of things is such that there is enough money around for people to live satisfactorily.) In Nunavut, because we don’t have enough people to pay tax to the government to provide all the services we need, we have to get help from the federal government.

Make a list of all the ways people could get jobs or make money in Nunavut and include what may improve with having our own Nunavut government.

1. Employment in government and other jobs. 2. An increase in government jobs for Inuit & particularly unilingual Inuit. 3. An increase in construction jobs. 4. Mineral development. 5. Fur sales. 6. Sales of fish and land food. 7. Transportation. 8. Big game hunting for tourists. 9. Guiding and tourism. 10. Visitors to the 3 parks. 11. Northern clothing sales. 12. Carving sales. 13. Sales of crafts and jewelry. 14. Sales of northern souvenirs. 15. More stores (and more jobs) as the population increases. NUNAVUT 34

The Pros and Cons of Nunavut

C. Change can bring good and bad. It can make things easier in some ways, harder in others. When Inuit first moved into permanent communities in the 1960’s they liked the new wooden houses that were warm, the help from the nurses & doctors and the cheques from the government that gave them the ability to buy food at all times. But Inuit also lost some of their independence & traditions and felt that outsiders were taking over their lives.

Nunavut should bring many changes that Inuit really want because they are now in control of the government and they can speak to it in Inuktitut. Try & examine the strengths & limitations of the Inuit plan for their future. The pros are the benefits: the cons are the problems that will remain.

D. Ideas could be listed on the board. Afterwards, students could write down the 10 pros & cons that they think are the most important.

The Pros:

1. Aboriginal (Inuit)-run government. 2. Inuktitut-speaking government. 3. Government which supports Inuit culture. 4. Government will prioritise protection of environment over development. 5. More jobs for Inuit 6. Government closer to Inuit, culturally and physically. 7. Freedom to spend budget as wish. 8. More pride because in control of own destiny. 9. Decentralised government model shares jobs, wealth and influence. 10. Stronger influence in circumpolar politics.

The Cons:

1. Still dependent on Ottawa for most of budget. 2. Ottawa still shares royalties from most resources. 3. English language will still be strong. 4. Qallunaat will still hold many jobs because of education levels. 5. Inuit could become a minority in Nunavut one day. 6. Drug and alcohol abuse will continue. 7. High unemployment likely to continue. 8. Inuit cannot make any further land claims. 9. Inuit only own 18% of surface land and 2% of land with subsurface rights. 10. Inuit only get 5% from mineral development on Crown land in Nunavut. NUNAVUT 36

Review: Giving Inuit Back Control Within Canada

Use your notes from page 35 to answer the following:

1. The Nunavut Government is a public government which means it represents both Inuit and Non-Inuit. 2. Inuit will be able to control government decisions because they form the majority. 3. Give one reason why Inuit decided to join Canada. 1) The GN gave them control of their future 2) Beneficial to join rich, peaceful country. 4. Because of Nunavut’s small population, how does Ottawa help out every year? It provides most of the budget. 5. Until Nunavut has enough offices and trained people, Yellowknife will still offer some government services. 6. People who work for government are called civil servants. 7. Government training courses will offer Inuit more government jobs. 8. How will Inuit companies benefit from Nunavut? Government contracts will be offered to Inuit companies whenever possible. 9. The government will be decentralised as much as possible so that Government jobs & buildings will be placed all over Nunavut, not just in Iqaluit. 10. Name one way in which Inuit still now control the land. a) Through the land claim agreement b) by sitting on boards with Ottawa.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 37

Trivia Test: Sowaddyaknowaboutnunavut?

Answer the following by putting T (True) or F (False).

1. The arctic poppy is the official flower of Nunavut. T 2. There are no siksiks living on Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin). T 3. ‘Tundra’ is a word of Russian origin. T 4. The longest road in Nunavut is between Iqaluit and Apex. F 5. The Aurora Borealis is a small willow-like plant found mostly in valleys. F 6. Nunavut has three official languages. F 7. Baker Lake is the geographical centre of Canada. T 8. There are 26 communities in Nunavut. F 9. More than half of Nunavut’s population is under 25 years old. T 10. The polar bear is the official animal of Nunavut. F 11. Nunavut Day is 1 April. F 12. Syllabic writing was introduced to Inuit by an Anglican missionary. T 13. Grise Fiord is the smallest community in Nunavut F 14. Paul Quassa signed the Land Claim Agreement for Inuit in 1993. T 15. Susan Aglukark grew up in the Kitikmeot region. F 16. The blue star on the Nunavut flag represents the North Star. T 17. Soapstone is only found in Nunavut. F 18. Nunavut has 2 time zones. F 19. There are 19 MLA’s elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. T 20. Nunavut is about one third of Canada’s land mass. F 21. Inuit make up 85% of the population of Nunavut. T 22. The Kivalliq and Kitikmeot regions have the same number of communities. T 23. NTI stands for Nunavut Tunngavik International. F 24. Ottawa agreed to pay Inuit $1.148 billion as part of the land claim agreement. T 25. Nunavut has an area of about 2,000,000 square kilometres. T 26. Nunavut’s most northerly Inuit community is on Cornwallis Island. F 27. The last whaling station to operate in Nunavut was in Pangnirtung. T 28. Print-making first began in Nunavut in Cape Dorset. T 29. Inuit first officially asked Ottawa for a Nunavut Territory in the 1970’s. T 30. Paul Okalik was the first Inuk from Nunavut to become a lawyer. T

Total: (30) ______NUNAVUT 39

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following:

1. Which organisation was formed in 1971 to speak for all Inuit? Inuit Tapirisat of Canada. 5 2. Name the organisation that negotiated the Nunavut land claim with Ottawa. Tungavik Federation of Nunavut. 5 3. In which year was the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement signed? 1993. 6 4. On which day was the Territory of Nunavut officially born? 1 April 1999 6 5. How much is the capital transfer payment to Inuit? $1.148 billion. 13 6. Inuit will get a share of royalties from the development of Crown lands. 13 7. What do the NWMB, NWB, NIRB & NPC try and protect? The environment. 13 8. Which board makes all decisions affecting wildlife? NWMB. 15 9. What does the offshore water around Nunavut include & for how far? 19 km of water around Nunavut and all landfast ice. 16 10. What is the Nunavut Trust for? To protect and control the capital transfer payment. 19

(Continued) NUNAVUT 40

Review Page

Use your notes and the reference pages given to answer the following:

11. What was the job of the Implementation Commission? To plan for the carrying out of the Agreement. 19 12. What is the purpose of the CEC’s? To define who is an Inuk (in each community). 21 13. What are non-renewable resources? Resources that cannot be reproduced or regrown. 32 14. Name 2 sources of work in the Nunavut economy. e.g. Government jobs, carving, tourism, construction, mineral development. 33 15. Name 2 factors in favour of the creation of Nunavut. e.g. Aboriginal-run government, Inuktitut- speaking govt., pro Inuit culture. 34 16. In what way will the Nunavut government continue to need help from Ottawa? Ottawa will provide most of the Nunavut budget. 35 17. Why did the Federal Government like this agreement with Inuit? It can now claim the Arctic as part of Canada. 35 18. Give one reason why Inuit decided to officially join Canada in 1999. a) Via the GN they could control own future. b) Beneficial to join rich country. 35 19. Name one way that Inuit can continue to control what happens to the land. a) Through the land claim agreement. B) By sitting on boards with Ottawa. 35 20. Explain why Inuit wanted a Nunavut Territory & land claim settlement. ______

Total: (20) ______NUNAVUT 43

Review : The Canadian Government & The North

Use your notes from page 42 to answer the following:

1. When one country takes over another, this is known as colonisation. 2. The right to be the only company to trade with a certain group of people is known as having a monopoly. 3. What was ‘Rupertsland’? Land ‘owned’ by the HBC around Hudson Bay. 4. What was the job of the NWT Council? To advise the federal government on what should be done in the Arctic & NWT. 5. Name one thing that Ottawa failed to ask native people when it set up the NWT Council. If they wanted to be part of Canada; or of the government; or if outsiders could settle there. 6. Give one reason why Ottawa later became more interested in the North. (i) Fear of other countries taking over the north (ii) Discovery of oil & gas. 7. Why did the Government of the NWT move to Yellowknife in 1967? To be closer to the people it was supposed to serve. 8. What had happened in the NWT Legislative Assembly by 1975? The majority of MLA’s were native people ( & the Assembly was now making the decisions). 9. Why did Inuit still want their own land claim and territory? So they could better control their own lives and future. 10. What did the land claim agreement & the creation of Nunavut effectively give Inuit by 1999? Self-government.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 45

Review: Major Features of the Territorial Government of Nunavut

Use your notes from page 44 to answer the following:

1. Why are elections held every four years or less in Nunavut? So that voters can choose a new government. 2. What does MLA stand for? Member of the Legislative Assembly. 3. Give the official title of the government leader. Premier. 4. Give the name for the group of government ministers. Cabinet or Executive. 5. Each minister is in charge of a government department. 6. Name the title of the Queen’s representative. Commissioner. 7. Why does the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs still have power in Nunavut? Because most of the Nunavut budget comes from the federal government. 8. Why is the government of Nunavut as decentralised as much as possible? So that the power & government jobs are spread out around the territory. 9. Name the four official languages of Nunavut. Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, French and English. 10. What happens at the two major sessions of government in October & February? All the MLA’s get together to make decisions and pass laws.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 46

Video: ‘Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory’

This film shows what Nunavut and having control of their own territorial government means to Inuit and records some of the major events that took place on that historic day, 1 April 1999, when the new Nunavut Territory was born and Inuit officially took their place in Canada.

Choose answers to complete the sentences from the list provided at the bottom of the page.

1. Paul Okalik said, “We have established a public government that will serve all people.” 2. 30 years ago young Inuit decided they wanted to make the dream of Nunavut a reality. 3. Tagak Curley became the first president of the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada. 4. In 1993 the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed. 5. Okalik said that Inuit wanted to manage the land, wildlife and resources. 6. Nunavut covers one fifth of Canada’s land mass. 7. Plans for the shape of the new Nunavut Government were drawn up by the Nunavut Implementation Commission. 8. The job of putting the new Nunavut Government in place belonged to Jack Anawak, the Interim Commissioner. 9. 15 February 1999 was the date of the first election for a government in Nunavut. 10. In the first Assembly, 15 Inuit & 4 Non-Inuit were elected as MLA’s. 11. 7 MLA’s were then elected to Nunavut’s first Cabinet or Executive. 12. One of the major problems the government faces is that of high unemployment. 13. Government departments will be located not just in Iqaluit but in different communities. 14. The government workforce is not yet 85% Inuit as they need to get more education. 15. However, nearly all the deputy-ministers in the government are Inuit. 16. Inuktitut is the working language of the Nunavut Government. 17. One hunter explained that it is important for Inuit to keep their links to the land. 18. Inuit adapted northern resources like a narwhal tusk & gemstones to make the mace. 19. The first thing MLA’s did in the new Legislative Assembly was to choose the Speaker. 20. The Premier said: “We, the people, have regained control of our destiny.”

Answers:

Cabinet mace resources public education communities MLA’s Inuktitut fifth Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Speaker election unemployment land control reality Land Claim Agreement Implementation Commission deputy Interim Commissioner

Total: (20) _____ NUNAVUT 49

Review: The Members of the Legislative Assembly

Use your notes on pages 47 & 48 to answer the following:

1. Each MLA represents an electoral district. 2. How long do each of the two major sessions of the Legislative Assembly usually last? Six weeks. 3. What takes place at these sessions? Major decisions are made and laws passed. 4. Why do MLA’s sit on committees? To study different issues & work on proposals for new laws. 5. Why do the Premier & Cabinet have to spend much of the year in the capital? Because they are involved in the day-to-day running of the government. 6. Name one duty of an MLA. Be well-informed, represent constituents, take part in Assembly duties, committee work. 7. How many MLA’s are there in the Nunavut Government? 19. 8. Name Nunavut’s most northerly electoral district. Quttiktuq. 9. Why does Whale Cove not have its own electoral district? Population too small. 10. Name 2 requirements to be able to vote in a Nunavut election. Be 18, be a Canadian citizen, have lived in Nunavut for at least 12 months.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 51

Review: The Cabinet

Which government department would deal with the following situations? Use your notes from page 50 to find the answers.

1. A new course is needed to train dental therapists in Nunavut. Education (with Health & Social Services) 2. Several communities have a shortage of public housing. Community Government & Housing 3. The Premier of Greenland is coming to visit Nunavut. Executive & Intergovernmental Affairs 4. A women’s jail is needed in Nunavut. Justice & Regulatory Affairs 5. A health centre needs replacing. Health & Social Services 6. Several airport runways need upgrading. Community Government & Transportation 7. Alterations need doing to the Legislative Assembly. Public Works & Government Services 8. A municipality needs help to plan where to put new houses in the next five years. Community Government & Housing 9. Funding is needed to record elders’ stories about traditional medicine. Culture, Language, Elders & Youth 10. A company wants to build a diamond mine in the Kivalliq region. Sustainable Development

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 53

Review: Government Departments, The Premier, The Commissioner:

Use your notes from page 52 to answer the following:

1. Who is in charge of a government department? An elected cabinet minister. 2. What is the name given to people who work in government departments? Civil servants. 3. Name one thing that each department has to decide. How it will run things, how it will spend its budget, how much each region will get. Name 3 things that make the Premier’s job important. 4. He/she is the leader of the government. 5. He/she decides which department each minister will manage. 6. He/she represents the Nunavut government at meetings with all other governments. 7. Why does the Queen have to appoint a representative in each province and territory? Because she lives in England. 8. How long is the Commissioner’s term of office? 4 years. 9. Why does the Commissioner have no real power? Because he/she is not elected. 10. Name one job that the Commissioner might have to do. Signing new laws, greeting important visitors, opening new buildings, handing out awards.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 55

Review: The Speaker & The Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs

Use your notes on page 54 to answer the following:

1. Who does the Speaker speak for? The Assembly. 2. Why is there a Speaker? To make sure that the Assembly is properly and fairly run. 3. Name one of the Speaker’s main duties. (i) To preside over a sitting Assembly (ii) To manage the Assembly’s admin/employees. 4. Name one of the Speaker’s formal duties in the Assembly. Deciding who may speak, applying the rules, making rulings. 5. Name one of the Speaker’s less formal duties. Responsible for day-to-day running of Assembly, ensuring that everything gets done. 6. Which two people help the Speaker in his/her job? Deputy Speaker & Clerk of the Assembly. 7. Why do you think the Speaker has to act as a ‘referee’ sometimes? Debates can get heated, disagreements between MLA’s. 8. Why does the Nunavut government have to get most of its money from Ottawa? Population too small to raise enough taxes to run its own affairs. 9. Why is the Minister of Indian & Northern Affairs still able to influence the budget? Because Ottawa provides most of the Nunavut Government’s budget. 10. How much is the annual budget that Nunavut receives from the federal government? $600,000,000.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 59

Review: The Legislative Assembly, How Laws Are Made, Territory or Province?

Use your notes from page 56 to answer questions 1-5 & from page 58 for questions 6-10.

1. How does consensus government work? All MLA’s try to work together as one group rather than in political parties. 2. What happens at the budget session of the Assembly? The government decides how it will spend its money for the coming year. 3. What are transfer payments? Funding that comes from the federal government. 4. What does the mace represent? The power of the Assembly and its Speaker. 5. What is Hansard? The official government record of what is said in the Assembly. 6. What is a ‘bill’ in the Legislative Assembly? A proposal for a new law. 7. Why does a ‘bill’ require three readings? To give MLA’s the time to think about it & to suggest improvements. 8. When the Commissioner signs a ‘bill’ into law, this is called giving it Royal assent. 9. Why do territories need to go to the federal government for most of their budgets? The population is too small for enough tax money to be raised to run the government. 10. Suggest one way a territory can get enough money to become a province. (i) Produce enough mineral resources to sell (ii) Get large enough population/tax base.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 63

Review: Officials & Symbols

Use your notes on page 60 to answer questions 1-5 and page 61 for questions 6-10.

1. Name one duty of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. Supplies Speaker & MLA’s with advice/info., chief assistant to Speaker, i/c paperwork. 2. What is Hansard? The official record of debates. 3. Who does the Sergeant-at-Arms always escort & what does he carry? He/she always escorts the Speaker & carries the mace. 4. What are the duties of the pages? To convey messages & run errands for the MLA’s while the Assembly is in session. 5. Why does the Assembly need interpreters? Because there are four official languages. 6. Why do you think the inuksuk was chosen as the main symbol for the Nunavut flag? It represents a guide to the future and the traditions of the past. 7. Where are flags usually flown? On all Nunavut government buildings. 8. What is the coat-of-arms and what is it used for? A government crest put on all official documents. 9. Why do you think things like the igloo, qulliq & inuksuk are on the coat-of-arms? Inuit traditions. 10. What does the mace symbolise? The authority of the Speaker and the Assembly.

Total: (10) ______NUNAVUT 64

Floorplan of the Assembly

Using the list below, decide where the following would be likely to be found in the Legislative Assembly and then place them on the floorplan provided on page 66. In some cases there is more than one place where they can be located, so this is indicated by a number [e.g. pages (4)].

Answers in italics.

(5) 1. Cabinet (6) 2. Ordinary MLA’s (1) 3. Speaker (8) 4. Witness Table (3) 5. Deputy Clerk (10) 6. Pages (4) (13) 7. Interpreters (4) (11) 8. Public Gallery (2) (2) 9. Clerk (7) 10. Mace (14) 11. Technician (9) 12. Sergeant-at-Arms (4) 13. Clerk of Committees (12) 14. Elders (2) (15) 15. Press Room NUNAVUT 68

Ministerial Responsibilities

Which Cabinet Ministers would be responsible for dealing with each of the following situations?

1. Funding for a new tourism program in Gjoa Haven. Sustainable Development 2. More staff for government offices in Cambridge Bay. Human Resources 3. Too many sick caribou near Cape Dorset. Sustainable Development 4. Repairs to the roads in Repulse Bay. Community Government 5. Larger breakwater in Qikiqtarjuaq. Community Government 6. Not enough student jobs in Whale Cove. Education & Employment 7. Need for a new health centre in Sanikiluaq. Health & Social Services 8. Funding for elders to travel to a conference in Alaska. Culture,Lang.,Elders,Youth 9. Pollution concerns in the Coppermine River. Sustainable Development 10. Tuberculosis outbreak in Igloolik. Health & Social Services 11. The museum in Iqaluit is getting run down. Culture,Lang.,Elders,Youth 12. Freeze-up problems at the school in Kugluktuk. Public Works,Education 13. Dead whales washed up on the beach near Pangnirtung. Sustainable Development 14. Nunavut government laws need translating into Inuktitut. Justice 15. Need for better housing plan for Coral Harbour. Community Dev.,Housing 16. Request from voters in Kimmirut to remove the mayor. Community Development 17. Not enough teacher housing in Taloyoak. Education,Public Works 18. Too many tourists going into Auyuittuq Park in summer. Sustainable Development 19. Need for more dentists’ visits to the Kivalliq communities. Health & Social Services 20. School in Hall Beach burnt down. Education,Public Works 21. Help needed for elders with food prices in Grise Fiord. Social Services ,C.L.E.Y. 22. Not enough RCMP officers in Nanisivik. Justice 23. Illegal hunting of bears near Clyde River. Sustainable Development 24. Request from Kugaaruk for a new library. C.L.E.Y. 25. Need for more doctor’s visits to Arctic Bay. Health & Social Services 26. The Premier of Greenland is to visit Nunavut shortly. Executive 27. Request for more outpost camps to help young offenders. Justice 28. Not enough job training for young adults in Baker Lake. Education & Employment 29. Petition for a road from The Pas, Manitoba, to Rankin Inlet. Executive,Transportation 30. Damage to the airstrip in Arviat. Transportation NUNAVUT 69

The Budget

Allocate funding to each department as you think best, using the government’s own figures in its first budget. Funding for Operations / Maintenance & Capital Expenditures and for the Legislative Assembly are already given.

Departmental budget figures (in millions): $6, $8, $11, $28, $32, $37, $67, $97, $117, $132.

Government of Nunavut Budget

Department Budget $ (millions)

Executive & Intergovernmental Affairs 8 Justice & Regulatory Affairs 37 Education & Employment 132 Health & Social Services 117 Culture, Language, Elders & Youth 6 Community Government, Housing & Transportation 97 Public Works, Technical Services & Telecommunications 67 Sustainable Development 32 Human Resources 11 Finance & Administration 28

Legislative Assembly 10 Operations & Maintenance and Capital Expenditures 55

Total budget for the year $600,000,000 NUNAVUT 74

Trivia Test: Sowaddyaknowaboutgovernment?

Answer the following by putting T (True) or F (False).

1. ‘Colonisation’ means one group of people helping another. F 2. The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed in 1991. F 3. Inuit form the majority in Nunavut so they effectively have self-government. T 4. The Nunavut Government is decentralised as much as possible to save money. F 5. MLA’s each represent one community. F 6. Nunavut’s most northerly constituency is Quttiktuq. T 7. The government budget is prepared by the Department of Finance. T 8. All government departments have a Deputy-Minister. T 9. The Queen’s representative in Nunavut is the Premier. F 10. The Speaker’s job is to make sure the Assembly runs smoothly. T 11. The mace is carried by the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. F 12. Working ‘by consensus’ means trying to work together as one group. T 13. The Nunavut Government raises about 90% of its own budget. F 14. A proposed law is called a ‘bill’. T 15. ‘Royal assent’ is a time when the Queen visits. F 16. Nunavut has too few people to bring in enough tax money to be a province. T 17. English is the working language of the Nunavut government. F 18. ‘Nunavut’ is the motto on the government coat-of-arms. F 19. An avataq is one of the symbols on the mace. T 20. The Commissioner of Nunavut is elected every four years. F

Total: (20) _____ NUNAVUT 75

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following.

1. Give one reason why Ottawa became more interested in the North after 1900. (i) Fear other countries might take over the Arctic (ii) Discovery of oil & gas. 42 2. What did the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement and the creation of Nunavut effectively give Inuit? Self-government. 42 3. Give the name for the group of ministers that run the government’s daily affairs. Cabinet or Executive. 44 4. Why is the Nunavut Government as decentralised as much as possible? So that the power & government jobs are spread out around the territory. 44 5. Plans for the shape of the Nunavut Government were drawn up by the (Nunavut) Implementation Commission. 46 6. One of the major problems that the government faces is that of dealing with high unemployment. 46 7. Each MLA represents one constituency. 48 8. Name one duty of an MLA. Be informed,represent constituents,take part in Assembly duties,committee work. 48 9. Cabinet ministers are chosen to head government departments. 50 10. Which minister is responsible for fisheries and wildlife? Minister of Sustainable Development. 50

(Continued) NUNAVUT 76

Review Page

Use your notes & the reference pages given to answer the following.

11. Name one role that makes the Premier’s job important. Is govt.leader, assigns ministers departments, represents Nunavut abroad. 52 12. Why does the Commissioner have no real power? Not elected. 52 13. Name one of the Speaker’s main duties. To preside over assembly, to manage its administration & employees. 54 14. Why does the Nunavut Government have to get most of its money from Ottawa? Not enough people to raise taxes to run its own affairs. 54 15. How does ‘consensus’ government work? MLA’s try to work together as one group rather than in political parties. 56 16. What does the mace represent? The power of the Assembly and its Speaker. 56 17. Why does a bill require three readings? To give MLA’s time to think about it and to suggest improvements. 58 18. Name one duty of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. Supplies Speaker & MLA’s with advice, chief assist.to Speaker,i/c paperwork. 60 19. What is Hansard? The official record of debates in the Assembly. 60 20. Where are Nunavut flags officially flown? On all Nunavut government buildings. 61

Total: (20) ______NUNAVUT

RESOURCE KIT

1. Videos: Nunavut: Changing the Map of Canada The Signing of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Nunavut Kanatami: Creation of a New Territory

2. Map: Inuit Owned Lands

3. Manual: The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement

For further copies of the videos or teaching text contact:

Department of Education Curriculum Development Government of Nunavut Arviat NU XOC OEO

Tel: 867-857-3054

For further copies of the map or land claim manual contact:

Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. Tel: 867-979-3232