Topicos Sobre Acarologia Y Aracnologia

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Topicos Sobre Acarologia Y Aracnologia TOPICOS SOBRE ACAROLOGIA Y ARACNOLOGIA ii IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ÁCAROS ASOCIADOS AL ESPÁRRAGO (Asparagus officinalis L.) EN EL MUNICIPIO DE CABORCA, SONORA Identification of acaruses associated to the espárrago (Asparagus officinalis l.) in the municipality of caborca, sonora Benito Reséndiz García y Marisol Monroy Gutiérrez Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 38.5 carretera México-Texcoco. Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México. C. P. 56230. Correo-e:[email protected]. Palabras Clave: Asparagus officinalis L., Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Introducción En México, la producción de hortalizas es una de las actividades económicas más sobresalientes del sector agrícola. Las hortalizas ocupan un lugar importante dentro de la alimentación diaria de la población. Por su gran producción, y variedad han sido agrupadas de acuerdo con la parte comestible de la planta. La mayoría contienen cantidades considerables de agua, carbohidratos, proteínas, lípidos, vitaminas y minerales (Damián, 1996). El espárrago es una hortaliza que se encuentra distribuida en todo el mundo (FAO,2005), los principales países productores son China con aproximadamente el 89% de la producción mundial, le sigue Perú con una participación equivalente al 3% de la producción mundial, estando en continuo aumento, debido a que las condiciones climáticas le permiten producir durante todo el año. Con porcentajes menores, se encuentran Alemania, México, Italia, España y EEUU aportando el 1% cada uno. China constituye el principal competidor mundial, orientado fundamentalmente a la industria del congelado y conserva, accediendo al mercado europeo a menores precios que Perú. La producción de espárragos en el mundo ha aumentado considerablemente pasando de 4.5 millones de toneladas en el 2000 a 6.6 millones de toneladas en el año 2005, registrándose un aumento de 45.6% ocasionado principalmente por mayor demanda del mercado europeo de esta hortaliza.1 En relación a México, se cultivan alrededor de 14,836.50 hectáreas de espárrago; dentro de las hortalizas de importancia participa con una producción de 59,620.80 toneladas. El rendimiento promedio es de 4.18 toneladas por hectárea y el valor de la producción es de 1, 651,483.80 miles de pesos. Los Estados con mayor producción en orden de importancia son Sonora, Guanajuato, Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Querétaro y Coahuila (Anónimo, 2006)2. Aunado al auge que esta hortaliza ha tenido hortaliza ha tenido (expansión del cultivo, producción, consumo, etc.) y considerando que se han observado una serie de problemas fitosanitarios en los cuales se involucran plagas insectiles y enfermedades fungosas. En la zona de Caborca, Sonora una de las principales plagas son los ácaros en espárrago, por ello se plantea el siguiente el objetivo: caracterizar a las especies de ácaros asociados al espárrago en Caborca, Sonora. 2 Materiales y Método La colecta del material biológico se llevó a cabo en plantas de espárrago localizadas en Caborca, Sonora de marzo a junio del 2008, para lo cual se seleccionaron aquellas plantas de espárrago que presentaron los síntomas típicos del ataque de araña roja como son: plantas cloróticas, la presencia de telaraña y especímenes. El material colectado se colocó en bolsas de polietileno previamente humedecidas, las cuales se trasladaron al laboratorio de Acaralogia del Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola de la UACH, para su posterior revisión. El material biológico colectado, se revisó tallo por tallo con la ayuda de un microscopio estereoscópico, los especímenes encontrados se colocaron en un Siracusa que contenía una solución de aclarado (lactófenol), donde permanecieron por un espacio de 10 a 15 minutos. Posteriormente se hicieron los montajes permanentes de la siguiente forma: sobre un portaobjetos de 75 x 25x 1 mm de tamaño, se colocó una gota de liquido de fitoseide en el centro del mismo, y con ayuda de un pescador el ácaro se trasladó de la Siracusa al centro de la gota, procurando que el espécimen quedará perfectamente en posición dorsal o ventral hacia arriba según fuera requerido, en seguida se colocó un cubreobjetos de 6 x 6 mm sobre la gota, lentamente para así evitar la formación de burbujas y que el ejemplar quedara con sus extremidades extendidas, enseguida las preparaciones se colocaron en una plancha eléctrica de calentamiento con el fin de aclarar aun más el ejemplar y eliminar las burbujas que se formaron durante dicho proceso, los especímenes se examinaron en un microscopio compuesto para comprobar que el ejemplar estuviera en perfectas condiciones. Las preparaciones se dejaron por un periodo de cinco días para que se secaran, más tarde se sellaron con barniz transparente, así mismo por medio de un círculo se marcó la ubicación del ejemplar para facilitar su búsqueda; finalmente se procedió a limpiarlas perfectamente y se les colocó etiquetas adheribles con los datos de la colecta y taxonómicos. La identificación de los ejemplares colectados en el espárrago, fue por medio de claves dicotómicas: de Krantz, 1986 para familia, las de Tuttle, Baker y Abbatiello, 1979, para género y especies de tetraniquidos. Resultados y Discusión En base a los resultados se identificó a la araña carmín Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) perteneciente a la familia Tetranychidae como plaga del espárrago (Asparagus officinalis L.) en Caborca, Sonora. Este ácaro tiene diferentes sinonimias, Acarus cinnabarinus Boisduval, 1867, Tetranychus telarius Smith & Baker, 1968; conocido comúnmente como ácaro rojo de los trópicos, arañita roja carmín del clavel, arañita roja del algodonero, araña roja del clavel, araña roja de los cítricos, arañuela roja común, araña roja del algodón, arañuela del frijol, arañuela roja común. Esta especie se ha separado del ácaro de dos manchas T. urticae Koch por las diferencias en morfología, hábitats, preferencias de hospederos, distribución geográfica y reproducción. Ambos son perjudiciales para una amplia variedad de plantas en invernaderos y en el campo. T. (T.) urticae, sin embargo, es con frecuencia una plaga seria de árboles frutales, caducifolios de sombra y arbustos, especialmente en los climas templados, mientras que T. cinnabarinus, es más común en climas semitropicales, pero su distribución coincide en parte (Jeppson, et al 1975). La hembra adulta es de color rojo carmín (Fig. 1) de ahí su nombre de araña carmín, produce una 3 gran cantidad de telaraña que puede llegar a cubrir completamente el espárrago (Fig. 2a, b y c), cuando la densidad de población es alta, es una especie partenogenética arrenotoca, haplodiploide, polífaga y multivoltina, ya que tiene cerca de 100 plantas hospederas y su ciclo de vida es de 10 a 12 días, por lo cual se presentan 20 generaciones por año y la hembra con una longevidad de 20 días durante la cual oviposita 200 huevecillos, que son esféricos y ligeramente rojizos (Fig.3) y requiere una temperatura óptima de 32 °C, no inverna como es el caso de Tetranychus urticae Koch que lo hace como hembra. La hembra adulta mide aproximadamente 0.5 mm de largo, son de forma más o menos elíptica (Fig. 4). Estrías dorsales con lóbulos más altos que anchos (Fig. 5); la seta táctil del tarso I está próxima a las setas dúplex. Empodio dividido en tres pelos (Fig. 6). En la región anal (Fig. 7) presenta un par de setas paranales y dos pares de setas anales. Los machos son ligeramente más pequeños y de forma triangular, con coloración más amarilla (Fig. 8). Su tegumento es finamente más estriado, región anal con setas normales (Fig.9). El edeago tiene una pequeña protuberancia redondeada; los ángulos son similares (normalmente) la angulación anterior es redondeada y la posterior es más aguda (Fig. 10), dichas características concuerdan con las reportadas por Jeppson, et al 1975, Tuttle, Baker y Abbatiello, 1979. Fig. 1 Hembra adulta de Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) de color carmín. Fig. 2a Tallo con telaraña producida por T. c.- Tetranychus cinnabarinus rojo carmín. b.- Tallo con T. cinnabarinus. cinnabarinus. 4 Fig. 3 Huevecillos de Tetranychus Fig. 4 Vista ventral de Tetranychus cinnabarinus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) y orificio genital de la hembra. Fig. 5.- Estrías dorsales con lóbulos más altos que anchos. b a Fig. 6.- Empodio de Tetranychus cinnabarinus Fig. 7.- Setas anales (a) y paranales (b) de (Boisduval) dividido en tres pelos. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), vista ventral. 5 Fig. 8.-Vista ventral del macho de Fig. 9 Región genital del macho de Tetranychus Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). cinnabarinus (Boisduval), vista ventral. Fig. 10.- Edeago de Tetranychus cinnabarinus Conclusión (Boisduval). Los resultados de esta investigación permiten concluir que la especie que ataca al espárrago (Asparagus officinalis L.) en el municipio de Caborca, Sonora, fue identificada como Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), perteneciente a la Familia Tetranychidae, lo cual es de gran importancia ya que con esta identificación puede evitarse el uso desmedido de agroquímicos que se aplican erróneamente para su control, debido a que a menudo es confundido con el ácaro de dos manchas Tetranychus urticae Koch. Literatura Citada Anaya R. S., Romero N. J. et al. 1999. Hortalizas: plagas y enfermedades. Ed. Trillas, México, D.F. Pp. 281–284. Benages, S. S. 1990. El espárrago. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. Madrid. Pp. 36-41. Jeepson, L. R.; Keifer, H. H. and Baker E. W. 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press.UC, Riverside. 218-221 pp. 6 Tuttle,
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