Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie Invasive Plant Treatment
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Biological Control of St John's Wort Using Chrysolina Leaf Beetles (DSE
June 1999 Biological control of St John's wort LC0152 with the chrysolina leaf beetles ISSN 1329-833X Keith Turnbull Research Institute (Frankston) Common and scientific names Pupae - in globular cells in the soil at up to 5 cm depth. St John’s wort leaf beetles Life cycle Chrysolina hyperici (Förster) Females lay eggs on the undersides of leaves or leaf buds Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian) in autumn. C. quadrigemina larvae emerge after about 3 Background weeks and overwinter as larvae. C. hyperici overwinters in the egg stage. Larvae consume the young leaves and buds St John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum, was introduced in of procumbent autumn and winter growth. Larger larvae the Ovens Valley of Victoria as a medicinal plant in the leave the plant during the day and return to feed at night. 1860s. It spread rapidly and was well established by the When mature, they pupate in the soil at a depth of a few early 1900s. It is a serious weed of improved pastures, centimetres. The pupal stage lasts 2 to 3 weeks and adults roadsides and neglected areas in north east Victoria and is emerge in the spring. Adult beetles defoliate the erect an increasing problem in dry forests and woodlands. In spring plants and enter a resting stage (aestivation or natural areas it is a serious environmental weed which can diapause) under the bark of trees during summer. out-compete other ground storey plants. St John’s wort is a Regionally Prohibited Weed in the Corangamite and Port Phillip West Catchment and Land Protection Regions, and a Regionally Controlled Weed in all other areas of Victoria except Mallee CaLP Region. -
The Role of a State Insectary in Weed Biocontrol
The Role of a State Insectary in Weed Biocontrol Dan Bean, Director Palisade Insectary Colorado Department of Agriculture Conservation Services Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Plant Industry Brands Inspection and Consumer Services Conservation Services Markets State Fair Animal Industries Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Conservation Districts Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Groundwater Conservation Districts Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Noxious Weeds Groundwater Conservation Districts Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Biological Pest Control Noxious Weeds Groundwater Conservation Districts Commissioner’s Office 7 Divisions Conservation Services 4 Programs Biological Pest Control Palisade Insectary Palisade, Colorado Palisade Insectary . Began in the 1940’s to fight Oriental fruit moth, a project that helped peach farmers and is still going . Moved to new 14,000 sq ft facility in 1992 . Distributes over 30 biocontrol agents for the control of insect pests and weeds . Is a partner in pest management on a local, state, tribal and federal level The Program mission is to provide biological control agents and expertise to the citizens of Colorado in order to assist in achieving their land and resource management objectives Leafy spurge infestation near Pine, CO Eric Lane, Director -
St. John's-Wort
A Guide to Weeds in British Columbia ST. JOHN’S-WORT DISTRIBUTION Hypericum perforatum L. Family: Clusiaceae (St. John’s-wort). Other Scientific Names: None. Other Common Names: Klamath weed, goatweed. Legal Status: Not categorized. Growth form: Perennial forb. Leaves: Leaves are opposite, 1–3 cm long, oval- Flower: Flowers shaped, with prominent veins and covered with are 2 cm in transparent dots. diameter, bright yellow, Stems: Mature plants are numerous in flat-topped 0.1–1.0 m high. The stems are clusters. Flowers have 5 erect, 2-sided, rust coloured, separate petals that are twice with numerous branches. as long as the sepals. Stamens Roots: Short rhizomes. are numerous and paired into Seedling: No information 3 groups. available. Seeds/Fruit: Seed pods are 6 mm long, rust-brown, with 3- Similar Species celled capsules that contain Exotics: None known. numerous seeds (Whitson et al. Natives: None known. 1996). Impacts ____________________________________________ Agricultural: St. John’s-wort invades grazed and irritation and blistering in light-coloured livestock disturbed lands. In dense stands, it displaces native when they are exposed to sunlight (Powell et al. 1994). plant species and reduces livestock and wildlife forage. Ecological: No information available. The plant also contains a toxin that causes skin Human: Commercially available as an antidepressant. Habitat and Ecology __________________________________ General requirements: In BC, St. John’s-wort grows Historical: Introduced from Eurasia. at low- to mid-elevations in coastal, grassland, and Life cycle: St. John’s-wort grows early in spring when open forested regions. It is commonly found on soil moisture is available, and flowers from June to rangeland, pasture, and meadows and along roadsides September, depending on geographic location. -
Milk Thistle
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF EXOTIC T RU E T HISTL E S RACHEL WINSTON , RICH HANSEN , MA R K SCH W A R ZLÄNDE R , ER IC COO M BS , CA R OL BELL RANDALL , AND RODNEY LY M FHTET-2007-05 U.S. Department Forest September 2008 of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ On the cover: Italian thistle. Photo: ©Saint Mary’s College of California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. -
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Age-specific life table studies of potential strains or host races of Calophasia lunula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Hufn.) reared on Dalmation toadflax, Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengen, or yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (Mill.) by Todd Alan Breitenfeldt A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Montana State University © Copyright by Todd Alan Breitenfeldt (1995) Abstract: Although the possible existence of host races in phytophagous biological control agents has only recently come under general consideration when screening and releasing these agents, the implications for successful establishment and impact on the target weed, and for minimizing impacts on nontarget plant species are enormous. The issues of potential host races and strain differences were investigated for different populations of the defoliating moth, Caloohasia lunula, which attacks Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengen, and yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (Mill'.), using age-specific life table studies. Life table studies of the three Calophasia populations (one obtained from Europe on Yellow toadflax, another obtained from yellow toadflax in Europe and established on Dalmatian toadflax in Montana, and the third obtained from Dalmatian toadflax from Yugoslavia) were tested on both Dalmatian toadflax and yellow toadflax. Little evidence of host races was evident. Caloohasia lunula rates of development and weight gain, survivorship, -
Biological Control
KLAMATH WEED (= ST. JOHN'S WORT) Hypericum perforatum L. – Hypericaceae Dr. E. Fred Legner, University of California Retrieved from: http://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biotact/ch-66.htm This weed is of European origin, and was first reported as a pest in northern California near the Klamath River. It increased and spread rapidly and by 1944 had occupied over two million acres of rangeland in thirty counties of California. Not only were food forage plants greatly reduced but cattle and sheep lost weight when eating the weed because of its toxic effect, sensitizing them to sunlight. This resulted in such a great decrease in land values that it became almost impossible for ranchers to borrow money for development (DeBach 1974). Chemical herbicides were available but not practical because of cost and the inaccessibility of most of the infested land. Dr. Harry S. Smith, head of biological control work in California, proposed the importation of insects that attacked the weed as early as 1922, but the thought of deliberately introducing a plant feeding insect was not acceptable at that time. At the same time, in Australia phytophagous insects to control Klamath weed were being introduced from England and Europe beginning in 1929, and Dr. Smith in California followed the progress there with great interest through correspondence with Dr. A. J. Nicholson, Chief Entomologist for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). Authorization was finally obtained in 1944 to import three species of beetles that showed promise against the weed in Australia. It was not possible then to consider importations from Europe because of World War II, but rather simple to bring material from Australia through the cooperation of the United States Army Transport Command. -
Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan: US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area, El Paso County, CO
Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area August 2015 CNHP’s mission is to preserve the natural diversity of life by contributing the essential scientific foundation that leads to lasting conservation of Colorado's biological wealth. Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University 1475 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970) 491-7331 Report Prepared for: United States Air Force Academy Department of Natural Resources Recommended Citation: Smith, P., S. S. Panjabi, and J. Handwerk. 2015. Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan: US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area, El Paso County, CO. Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Front Cover: Documenting weeds at the US Air Force Academy. Photos courtesy of the Colorado Natural Heritage Program © Integrated Noxious Weed Management Plan US Air Force Academy and Farish Recreation Area El Paso County, CO Pam Smith, Susan Spackman Panjabi, and Jill Handwerk Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 August 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Various federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, orders, and policies require land managers to control noxious weeds. The purpose of this plan is to provide a guide to manage, in the most efficient and effective manner, the noxious weeds on the US Air Force Academy (Academy) and Farish Recreation Area (Farish) over the next 10 years (through 2025), in accordance with their respective integrated natural resources management plans. This plan pertains to the “natural” portions of the Academy and excludes highly developed areas, such as around buildings, recreation fields, and lawns. -
Impact of Biological Control on Two Knapweed Species in British Columbia
Impact of Biological Control on Two Knapweed Research Report Species in British Columbia Don Gayton, FORREX & Val Miller, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations Abstract Diffuse and spotted knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa Lam and C. stoebe L.) are two closely re - lated invasives found in many parts of British Columbia’s Southern Interior, causing sub - stantial economic losses in rangelands. Beginning in 1970, the provincial government initiated a long-term biological control effort against the knapweeds, introducing 10 dif - ferent insect agents from 1970 to 1987. In an effort to evaluate the efficacy of the program, archival (1983–2008) data was amassed from 19 vegetation monitoring sites that contained knapweed. In 2010, these sites were relocated and re-monitored and cover values were an - alyzed. Diffuse knapweed showed significant declines at 14 of 15 sites; spotted knapweed declined at three of four sites. Possible alternative explanations for the decline are dis - cussed. Evidence strongly points to a suite of biocontrol agents (seed feeders and root feed - ers) as the primary drivers of knapweed decline in British Columbia’s Southern Interior. KEYWORDS : biological control; British Columbia; Centaurea ; knapweed; monitoring Introduction iffuse knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and spotted knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe L.) are two introduced, closely related invasive forbs. These species are most com - Dmon in the northwestern United States and in western Canada. Centaurea stoebe (also referred to as C. maculosa Lam. and C. biebersteinii DC) is particularly widespread, reported in 45 US states and all provinces of Canada (Marshall 2004; Zouhar 2001). The drought-tolerant C. diffusa has an altitudinal range of 150–900 m, whereas C. -
Ecology and Management of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus Arvensis
United States Department of Agriculture NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-9 February 2007 Ecology and Management of field bindweed [Convolvulus arvensis L.] by Jim Jacobs, NRCS Invasive Species Specialist, Bozeman, Montana Figure 1. Field bindweed forms mats of trailing, twining vines. Abstract Field bindweed is a persistent perennial weed in the Convolvulaceae taxonomic family found on cultivated fields, orchards, plantations, pastures, lawns, gardens, roadsides and along railways. It is listed as one of the ten most serious weed problems worldwide. Its extensive, competitive root system is capable of vegetative reproduction. This combined with long-lived seeds makes it difficult to manage. Dense tangled mats formed from the trailing vines, and vines climbing on crops, reduce crop yields and increase production costs. Over 500 seeds per plant can be produced from the funnel-shaped flowers. Field bindweed is native to the Mediterranean region and was first recorded in the United States in 1739. In Montana, it was first collected in 1891 from Missoula County near the University of Montana, and by 2001 it had been reported from all Montana Counties except Richland and Fallon (http://invader.dbs.umt.edu). Propagules of field bindweed migrate as contaminants of crop seed and hay, when attached to farming equipment, and they have been intentionally introduced as ornamental or medicinal plants. Once established, field bindweed will persist after most control applications. However, the leaves are not shade tolerant and competitive plants will suppress field bindweed and reduce its seed production. On croplands, frequent cultivations will reduce root reserves; however infestations can increase under no-till or reduced till management. -
Montana Knapweeds
Biology, Ecology and Management of Montana Knapweeds EB0204 revised August 2017 Celestine Duncan, Consultant, Weed Management Services, Helena, MT Jim Story, Research Professor, retired, MSU Western Ag Research Center, Corvallis, MT Roger Sheley, former MSU Extension Weed Specialist, Bozeman, MT revised by Hilary Parkinson, former MSU Research Associate, and Jane Mangold, MSU Extension Invasive Plant Specialist Table of Contents Plant Biology . 3 SpeedyWeed ID . 5 Ecology . 4 Habitat . 4 Spread and Establishment Potential . 6 Damage Potential . 7 Origins, Current Status and Distribution . 8 Management Alternatives . 8 Prevention . 8 Mechanical Control . .9 Cultural Control . .10 Biological Control . .11 Chemical Control . .14 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) . 16 Additional Resources . 17 Acknowledgements . .19 COVER PHOTOS large - spotted knapweed by Marisa Williams, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, bugwood.org top inset - diffuse knapweed by Cindy Roche, bugwood.org bottom inset - Russain knapweed by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, bugwood.org Any mention of products in this publication does not constitute a recommendation by Montana State University Extension. It is a violation of Federal law to use herbicides in a manner inconsistent with their labeling. Copyright © 2017 MSU Extension The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Montana State University and Montana State University Extension prohibit discrimination in all of their programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital and family status. Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jeff Bader, Director of Extension, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. -
CHECKLIST of WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea)
WISCONSIN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 6 JUNE 2018 CHECKLIST OF WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea) Leslie A. Ferge,1 George J. Balogh2 and Kyle E. Johnson3 ABSTRACT A total of 1284 species representing the thirteen families comprising the present checklist have been documented in Wisconsin, including 293 species of Geometridae, 252 species of Erebidae and 584 species of Noctuidae. Distributions are summarized using the six major natural divisions of Wisconsin; adult flight periods and statuses within the state are also reported. Examples of Wisconsin’s diverse native habitat types in each of the natural divisions have been systematically inventoried, and species associated with specialized habitats such as peatland, prairie, barrens and dunes are listed. INTRODUCTION This list is an updated version of the Wisconsin moth checklist by Ferge & Balogh (2000). A considerable amount of new information from has been accumulated in the 18 years since that initial publication. Over sixty species have been added, bringing the total to 1284 in the thirteen families comprising this checklist. These families are estimated to comprise approximately one-half of the state’s total moth fauna. Historical records of Wisconsin moths are relatively meager. Checklists including Wisconsin moths were compiled by Hoy (1883), Rauterberg (1900), Fernekes (1906) and Muttkowski (1907). Hoy's list was restricted to Racine County, the others to Milwaukee County. Records from these publications are of historical interest, but unfortunately few verifiable voucher specimens exist. Unverifiable identifications and minimal label data associated with older museum specimens limit the usefulness of this information. Covell (1970) compiled records of 222 Geometridae species, based on his examination of specimens representing at least 30 counties. -
Biological Control of Noxious Weeds in Oregon
Biological Control of What is Biological Weed Control? DALMATIAN TOADFLAX GORSE Linaria dalmatica Ulex europaeus Invasive noxious weeds in Oregon cost millions of dollars It is important to make sure the correct species of biocontrol Key to Biocontrol Agent Status Noxious Weeds in Oregon in economic and environmental damage. Biological agents are released, to use the most effective species, and to Gorse seed weevil control is a tool vegetation managers employ to help The following general information is provided for each document the release and establishment of weed biocontrol Exapion ulicis naturally suppress weed infestations. This pamphlet agents. biocontrol agent. shows many of the common biological agents you may Year: 1956 Distribution: Widespread A guide to common biological Since 1947, 77 species of biocontrol agents have been released Year: Year of introduction. encounter in Oregon. Attack rate: Heavy Control: Good control agents found in Oregon in Oregon against 32 species of targeted weeds. A total of Distribution: Distribution of agent in host infested counties. Collectability: Mass Release No. 100 Classical biological control is the use of selected natural Dalmatian toadflax stem weevil 67 species are established. The majority of the bioagents Widespread >50% Limited <50% Timing: Apr–May Method: Sweep net/ enemies to control targeted weeds. Most of our worst are insects (71), plus three mites, one nematode, and two Mecinus janthiniformis racquet Stage: Adult Comment: No need for Attack rate: noxious weeds originated from other continents. pathogens. Successful projects can generate 15:1 benefit to Percent of plants attacked. Year: 2001 Distribution: Widespread redistribution. Prospective biocontrol agents are thoroughly tested to cost ratios.