Béla Bartók, Eram Vaiadas Em Esua Primeira Apresentação Em Budapeste

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Béla Bartók, Eram Vaiadas Em Esua Primeira Apresentação Em Budapeste MINISTÉRIO DA CULTURA, GOVERNO DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO E SECRETARIA DA CULTURA APRESENTAM 3 4 ENTRE A SÍNTESE E A DESAGREGAÇÃO 2 PAULO SCHILLER CRONOLOGIA 6 OBRAS DE BARTÓK NA TEMPORADA OSESP 2016 8 GRAVAÇÕES RECOMENDADAS 14 PRINCIPAIS OBRAS 16 1 PAULO SCHILLER ENTRE A SÍNTESE E A DESAGREGAÇÃO BARTÓK NA TURQUIA, EM 1936 2 m maio de 1913, A Sagração da Primavera, de Stravinsky, estreou em Paris e provocou es- cândalo. Cerca de três meses antes, as Duas Imagens, de Béla Bartók, eram vaiadas em Esua primeira apresentação em Budapeste. Nascido em 1881, Bartók — tido por muitos como o maior compositor húngaro ao lado de Liszt —, viria a ser, juntamente com Stravinsky, um dos principais representantes da modernidade na música do sé- culo xx. Schoenberg teria afirmado certa vez, sem falsa modéstia, que Bartók era o “segundo” maior com- positor vivo. Professor de maestros como Fritz Reiner e Georg Solti, pianista de talento — cujas interpretações chegaram até nós em gravações históricas —, Bartók deixou uma obra extensa, que inclui composições para orquestra, concertos para piano, violino e viola, obras para coro, mú- sica de câmara, canções, uma ópera, dois balés e peças para piano solo — algumas delas didáticas, explorando virtualmente todos os recursos do instrumento. O conjunto de seus seis quartetos de cordas [que serão interpretados pelo Quarte- to Osesp ao longo de 2016 e 2017] é considerado como a obra mais importante no gênero depois do ciclo legado por Beethoven. artók foi um menino-prodígio. Aos quatro anos, era capaz de tocar cerca de quarenta peças ao piano e, entre os nove e treze, contava com onze composições próprias. BDe início, ele se comprometeu com o estabele- cimento de uma linguagem musical modernista húngara, no contexto da busca de uma identidade nacional própria que mobilizava a Hungria desde 1848, ano da revolução frustrada contra o domínio austríaco. Na passagem do século, a música dita cigana, executada nos centros urbanos, era tida como a verdadeira expressão do espírito magiar. Ela consistia numa mescla entre melodias folclóri- cas domesticadas e uma adaptação do verbunkos, dança criada pelo exército austríaco, cuja fi- nalidade era seduzir jovens para o alistamento militar. Apresentava um movimento lento, em geral um lamento romântico, e uma sequência ritmada veloz, o csárdás, reconhecido popular- mente como a dança tradicional dos húngaros. 3 SUGESTÕES DE LEITURA Foi a partir desses elementos que Brahms e Liszt compuse- Halsey Stevens ram suas obras de inspiração húngara. Nessa linha, e também inspirada na música de Richard THE LIFE AND MUSIC OF BÉLA BARTÓK Strauss, a primeira peça de fôlego de Bartók foi o poema sin- CLARENDON, 1993 fônico Kossuth, composto em 1903, uma exaltação do líder 1848 1802-94 Ernö Lendvai da insurreição fracassada de , Lajos Kossuth ( ). Em 1904, de férias no campo, Bartók ouviu uma canção de BÉLA BARTÓK: AN ANALYSIS OF HIS MUSIC ninar entoada por uma jovem babá nativa da Transilvânia — KAHN & AVERILL, 1971 e o fato foi decisivo para a sua trajetória. Ele escreveu para sua Ernö Lendvai irmã: “Tenho agora o plano de reunir as mais belas canções folclóricas húngaras e elevá-las a um patamar artístico”. O BARTÓK AND KODÁLY compositor rompeu com a ideia de que as melodias ciganas INSTITUTE FOR CULTURE, 1980 tocadas nos cafés de cidades como Budapeste representariam Ernö Lendvai a cultura húngara e decidiu buscar entre os camponeses as “verdadeiras raízes” do que seria uma música nacional. THE WORKSHOP OF BARTÓK AND KODÁLY EDITIO MUSICA, 1983 m 1905, Bartók conheceu Zoltán Kodály, aluno de Elliott Antokoletz composição da Academia de Música de Budapeste, que tinha um interesse especial por folclore. Kodály THE MUSIC OF BÉLA BARTÓK: A STUDY OF TONALITY AND PROGRESSION IN tornou-se seu grande companheiro na missão de re- TWENTIETH-CENTURY MUSIC Eunir as canções camponesas e seria seu amigo até o final da UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1984 vida. Juntos, descobriram que as canções se estruturavam sobre uma determinada escala pentatônica, originária das Elliott Antokoletz estepes da Ásia Central e do norte da Sibéria. BÉLA BARTÓK: A GUIDE TO RESEARCH De 1906 a 1918, Bartók percorreu com um gramofone GARLAND, 1988 primitivo aldeias da bacia dos Cárpatos e, posteriormente, da Moldávia, da Valáquia e até mesmo da Argélia, e reuniu Ernö Lendvai melodias húngaras, eslovacas, romenas, sérvias, croatas, BARTÓK’S STYLE búlgaras, árabes e turcas. Muitas vezes, as aldeias em que AKKORD MUSIC, 1999 realizou as gravações ficavam a dezenas de quilômetros da estação ferroviária mais próxima, acessíveis por carroça, Amanda Bayley (org.) por caminhos precários. Frequentemente, dormia sobre THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO BARTÓK palha ou um estrado de madeira, dividindo o quarto com CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2001 toda uma família. Com milhares de canções registradas, transcritas, cata- Elliott Antokoletz logadas e classificadas com grande sofisticação, Bartók se MUSICAL SYMBOLISM IN THE OPERAS OF tornou um dos principais representantes da nascente etno- DEBUSSY AND BARTÓK: TRAUMA, GENDER, AND THE UNFOLDING musicologia. Ao incluir a produção de outras regiões do les- OF THE UNCONSCIOUS te europeu, do norte da África e de parte da Ásia, deu um OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004 salto para um universo musical que transcendia a cultura húngara, o que desagradou os nacionalistas. Lauro Machado Coelho NELA VIVE A ALMA DE SEU POVO: epois da Primeira Guerra, Bartók estreou sua úni- VIDA E OBRA DE BÉLA BARTÓK ca ópera, O Castelo do Barba-Azul (1911-7), compos- ALGOL, 2010 ta para grande orquestra e apenas dois cantores: INTERNET um baixo ou baixo-barítono e uma soprano ou Dmezzo soprano. Muitos comentadores veem na obra um sen- ZTI.HU4 tido psicanalítico, como se, por meio do personagem princi- pal, Bartók revelasse seu próprio sofrimento diante grande prestígio em seu país natal. Desgostoso de uma mulher que desvenda progressivamente seus com a aliança que a Hungria selara com o regime segredos mais íntimos. nazista, o compositor emigrou para os Estados Na chegada dos anos 1920, Bartók já é reconhe- Unidos em 1940. Passou por dificuldades financei- cido como um dos principais compositores de seu ras, enfrentou a amargura do exílio e deixou de tempo. Deixa de lado suas viagens de pesquisa e per- compor durante os primeiros anos de sua estada corre a Europa e os Estados Unidos apresentando-se na América. Sempre teve uma saúde frágil e, em como pianista. Em seus concertos, tem a oportuni- 1943, estava internado havia três meses com sinto- dade de interpretar suas próprias obras, admiradas mas que se revelariam mais tarde serem fruto de pelos maestros mais expressivos da época, como uma leucemia. Fritz Reiner, Bruno Walter e Wilhelm Furtwängler. Num gesto de solidariedade, dois compatri- Um marco importante de sua evolução como otas célebres, o regente Fritz Reiner e o violin- compositor é a Suíte de Danças, de 1925, em que as ista Joseph Szigeti, instigaram Serge Koussev- tensões da juventude se resolvem e já se anunciam itzky, lendário maestro da Sinfônica de Boston, algumas das características das obras de maturidade. a encomendar um trabalho de grande porte a Bartók se opunha ao racionalismo de Schoenberg, Bartók. Como adiantamento, o maestro deixou que pretendia com o dodecafonismo garantir a su- uma soma considerável junto ao leito do com- premacia futura da música alemã. Junto com nomes positor. A encomenda teve um efeito poderoso: como Stravinsky, o húngaro apontava para outros Bartók deixou o hospital e se retirou numa casa caminhos musicais, sem abrir mão da emoção mes- de repouso, onde o Concerto Para Orquestra foi mo nas empreitadas de maior rigor formal. escrito em pouco menos de oito semanas. Mais Em 1932, insatisfeito com as músicas que seus fi- ou menos na mesma época, compôs outras duas lhos tocavam nas aulas de piano, Bartók deu início à peças importantes: a Sonata Para Violino Solo, a composição de Mikrokosmos, uma coleção de exercícios pedido de Yehudi Menuhin, e o Concerto Para para estudantes. Nessa miríade de pequenas peças Viola, que deixou inacabado. cheias de humor, as dificuldades técnicas são aborda- Com uma liberdade que talvez não tenha das com muita imaginação, municiando até hoje o tra- sido exercida por nenhum outro compositor, balho de professores de música do mundo todo. a música de Bartók resiste a uma classificação Foi por encomenda de Paul Sacher, regente da nítida. Sua obra compreende tanto as formas e Orquestra de Câmara de Basel, que Bartók escreveu as estruturas da música ocidental como o uni- uma das peças mais marcantes do repertório sinfô- verso de sons estilizados que representavam a nico de todos os tempos: Música Para Cordas, Percussão natureza, e ainda o mundo da música folclórica, e Celesta, de 1936. Nela, o compositor indica uma com seus ritmos assimétricos e o parlando-ruba- disposição original dos instrumentos no palco: duas to, “a fala entoada”, por meio da alusão ou da orquestras de cordas separadas por tímpanos, xilo- transcrição literal das texturas dos conjuntos fone, caixas, pratos, tam-tam e bombo, tendo ao instrumentais camponeses. centro o piano, explorado em sua dupla condição de Bartók transitou entre o sistema tonal e as instrumento de cordas e de percussão. O sucesso foi diferentes inovações instituídas pela música do imediato, e a peça rapidamente entrou no repertó- século xx, do politonalismo ao atonalismo (sem rio de grandes maestros como Hermann Scherchen ignorar o serialismo), levando as dissonâncias ao e Sir Thomas Beecham. limite. Sua música é uma expressão do equilíbrio entre a síntese, característica do classicismo, e a o longo da década de 1930, as compo- desagregação. Não buscou harmonizar o confli- sições de Bartók se tornaram cada vez to entre essas duas vertentes, mas sim encontrar mais serenas, em contraste com as ten- uma forma de coexistência entre elas.
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