Housing the Aged in Urban Renewal (Part 2) 36 Book Reviews 38 Letters 40 Progress at Last

Photograph by courtesy Dunedin City Council. • Aerial photogrammetric mapping • Large scale photo enlargements • Mosaics • Ground control surveys AERO SURVEYS New Zealand)LTD. P.O. Box 444 Tauranga Telephone 88-166 UCAM MIRMEM °TIM-

Editor: J. R. Dart Number 33 September 1973 Technical Editor: M. H. Pritchard Department of Town Planning, University of Auckland. Layout, Design & Production: D. Vendramini J. Graham

Editorial 4 Reviewing the Act D. R. Hall 6 Casebook 1: Conditional Uses and Bulk and Location Requirements D. R. Hall 8 Casebook 2: Building and Uses 9 Employment D. D. Millar 12 Urewera National Park Ivan Boileau 20 Thoughts Upon Venice Rosemary Eades 21 Shopping Mall at Onehunga R. C. MacPherson 27 Economic Units related to Horticultural Production R. Gilmore and 30 Practice Notes: Systematic Data Handling for Wellington S. Shaw City and RegiOn M. J. Foster 32 Housing the Aged in Urban Renewal (Part 2) 36 Book Reviews 38 Letters 40 Progress at Last

Town Planning Quarterly is the official journal Address all correspondence to the Editor: of the New Zealand Planning Institute Town Planning Quarterly, P.O. Box 8789, Incorporated, P.O. Box 5131, Wellington. Symonds St, Auckland I. Telephone/Telegrams: 74-740 The Institute does not accept responsibility for statements made or opinions expressed in this Journal unless this responsibility is expressly acknowledged. Published March, June, September, December. Annual Subscription: $3 (New Zealand and Printed by Acme Printing Works Ltd, Australia) post free, elsewhere SNZ4.50. 137 Great North Road, Auckland 2. E1N

The editorial columns are not the place to examine at length the findings of the Town and Country Planning Act Review Committee whose published report was recently submitted to the Minister of Works and Development. Nevertheless, the event is one that demands space for contemporary debate and posterity's records. The Committee was under the nominal chairmanship of the Office Solicitor of the Ministry of Works and consisted of eight members ranging from the senior chairman of the Town and-Country Planning Appeal Boards, through officers of regional and local authorities, to the Director of the Town and Country Planning Division of the Ministry of Works. Altogether, there was three central government officers, two regional government officers, two local authority officers, one lawyer in private practice and one Appeal Board Chairman. No elected person: no member from any of the country's many planning committees; no planner from the private sector; no representative from the traditional professional triumvirate of architects, engineers and surveyors; no spokesman for the subdividers' associations or the developers; no one from the many amenity societies; not even, let it be whispered, anyone from the universities. It was a loaded committee just like the British Planning Advisory Group which published its findings in 1965 under the title of, "The Future of Development Plans". And Yet somehow, whether by instinct, or design or simply because it was more modest in its intent and more aware of the realities of planning practice, the N.Z. committee has avoided the mistakes of its counterpart. The Committee offers further support to the claim that the democratic process is not the most efficient of systems, by producing its findings in a mere fifteen pages of text and ten pages of appendix. It has confounded its critics by failing to give priority to ways and means of streamlining administrative procedures under the Town and Country Planning Act for the benefit of the administrators. It has resisted the temptation to produce a planners' creed or to pursue the twin tar babies of structure plans and environment impact studies; and it has avoided the black hole of national planning. It has quietly gone about its appointed task of coming up with suggestions for improving the Act in the light of experience in working with it and to bring it into line with current attitudes and current practice. The result is a gentle entry into the cold waters of regional planning, setting up a few ripples but no splashes; a firm conclusion that the time has now come for the Crown to be bound by the REVIEWING THE ACT

provisions of the Act; a call for an extension of third party participation with the statement that: " . . . N.Z. is now unique in the extent to which its planning legislation confers upon third parties such full opportunities of objection and appeal. The community now greatly values these rights and accepts them as positive tools of planning." It has passed on the message that not all local authorities need to adopt the full regalia of an operative district planning scheme; it has called for clearer directives concerning coastal, lake, river and bush conservation; it has pointed out that inflation has gnawed away at the penalty provisions; and it has indulged in the minor luxury of offering a new label for the legislation by seeking to truncate it to "Planning Act", an unhappy choice compensated in part by the proffered "Planning Tribunal" in place of the existing clumsy "Town and Country Planning Appeal Board". The report is by no stretch of the imagination a manifesto for even a minor revolution. It is a working document by people who have sifted representations made to the committee by numerous groups, measuring them against the light of its own experience. In its introduction the committee said; "In presenting this report on our review of the Act we must say that neither the present Act, nor any new or amended Act, can of itself guarantee good town planning or provide well-founded solutions to the problems which arise from the physical development of our country. So much depends upon the skill and imagination of the technical officers responsible for the preparation and administration of district planning schemes, the technical resources at their disposal and the local government structure within which they must work. So much also depends on the extent of the commitment of the elected members of local government to the concept of seeking the best environment for all sections of the community which they govern." The committee has confirmed that there is nothing basically wrong with the Act, but that it must be constantly re-examined with a view to substituting new for obsolete parts. Political commitment and technical competence are the areas that need the closest scrutiny, but a discussion of those and Latham's recently published research paper, "Planning Objectives in Local Government" must wait for a later issue. It is to be hoped that the Government will not waste time in issuing instructions for the committee's proposals to be woven into a draft Bill for debate during the first, 1974, session of the House. —J. R. Dart.

Derek Hall, LLB(NZ), DipTP (Hons) (Auck), (M), is a Senior Lecturer in Town Planning at the University of Auckland.

8CCI in the Ordinance relating to the stringent standards also. That does D. R. Hall Licensed Hotel Zone are determinative not arise for decision because the of the relevant conditions under only part of the decision under Conditional Uses and Bulk and which a development proposal for attack said to be less stringent, Location Requirements the site might be approved as a relates to height, in which connection conditional use." the Board relied both on the specified Smeaton and Others v. Queenstown Beattie J. said:— departure application and the s. 30B Borough Council and Another (to be "It is quite clear that in giving its application." reported: Beattie J., Supreme Court consent to a conditional use applica- Apart from a further determination (Administrative Division) Wellington, tion, the Council can impose on the question of whether less 27 October, 8 November 1972) was conditions as to height, such as stringent standards may be allowed an appeal by way of case stated, stipulated in the Ordinance. The in a conditional use consent, which pursuant to s. 42A of the Town and fact that the Ordinance for the hotel His Honour indicated did not have to Country Planning Act 1953, from a zone had a restricted height of 35 be decided in his decision, the ruling decision of the Number One Town feet must be viewed against the wide is clear enough. It has already been and Country Planning Appeal Board. power vested in the Council under applied by the Number One Town and An applicant was seeking approval its own Code in giving consent to Country Planning Appeal Board in of Council under ss. 28C and 35 of conditional use to alter that condition. Williams v. Bay of Islands County the Act, and of the Appeal Board All-embracing applications were filed Council (unreported, 5 April 1973, under s. 30B, for the erection of a to meet this position, but even if it Decisions P. 9839. hotel and three ancillary shops in was treated only for conditional use, This decision should be an effective Queenstown. "Licensed hotels" were then, in my opinion, s. 28C (3) lead, then, to solving the problem of a conditional use (the only permitted applies so that, despite the restrictive trying to draft bulk and location use) in the relevant zone, and the nature of the Ordinance, there was requirements for a conditional use proposal did not comply with the a wide power both in the Statute ordinance for a miscellany of uses, existing scheme or a proposed change and the District Scheme to consent. many of which may be of the "one- as to the height of the building. The To summarise on questions (a) and off" variety; that is, they should be relevant ordinance included typical (b), in my opinion, the Board was treated as a guide only. yard, coverage, and height require- plainly right in finding the standards As a preliminary point, though, it is ments. in the Ordinance were not determ- respectfully suggested that "alter that The ss. 28C and 35 applications inative because the very concept of condition" in the first part of the were granted by the Council subject conditional use zoning is that there quotation from the judgement would to conditions. On appeal to the is no development as of right and be better reading "alter that standard" Board, the consents were confirmed, the matter ultimately becomes to bring it into line with the but some of the conditions were discretionary under s. 28C (3). The terminology of the second part of varied. The s. 30B application was standards in the particular Ordinance the quotation, and to distinguish granted. The appeal was dismissed by are a general guide to be taken into between the standard, and the the Court. account when that discretion comes condition which varies the standard. One of the questions for the opinion to be exercised Under an application With respect, the principle of the of the Court was:— for conditional use consent. At that decision on this point seems eminently (b) "Whether the standards as to time, certainly more stringent suited to the purposes of s. 28C bulk, location and height contained standards could be laid down or less which intends that proposals should

6 be considered ad hoc, the only section solely to dispense with or and then sets out what sort of certainty being as to the type of use waive a bulk and location, or the scheme provisions may be dispensed permitted. If considerations of the like requirement. with or waived, and certain minimun matters set forth in s. 28C (3A) show In this connection, the decision of requirements to be observed in doinE that any bulk and location require- Cooke J. in Locke and Another v. so. It is submitted that this is the ments should, in the particular Avon Motor Lodge Ltd and exclusive provision in the Act for circumstances, be either relaxed or Christchurch City Council (Supreme dealing with dispensations and tightened, it is desirable that that Court (Administrative Division), 3 waivers, and that any dispensation can be done. Whether the former May 1973, to be reported) must be or waiver provision in a scheme, and should be done under this procedure referred to. It was held there that its administration, must comply is, however, questioned below. As because the Council's code of with that subsection. It is respectfull: with any ad hoc procedure, it could, ordinances provided that: "any pre- suggested that the decision in Locke': of course, be open to abuse. Whether dominant use which does not comply case was per incuriam in so far as no the Council could, in special circum- in respect of the bulk and location, reference was made to s. 21 (1A), if stances, refuse consent because (say), parking, loading and access require- it is accepted that the clause at issue a building is not tall enough to ments laid down for such use, shall there was essentially a dispensation maintain.a uniform skyline, is an be deemed to be a conditional use", or waiver clause. That clause may interesting possible extension of the and because the applicant's proposed comply with the provision of the principle. building did not comply with the Act (s. 2 (1) ) which defines a Any criticism that an ad hoc decision Council's side yard requirement on conditional use as a " . use should not be able to alter a firm one boundary, the whole proposal specified in the operative district requirement of a scheme can be became a conditional use and fell to scheme as a use that is permitted answered by the comment that in be dealt with in terms of s. 28C of only if the Council consents .... terms of this decision, the standard the statute. Christchurch City is apparently should not have been firm in the On the basis of this decision, an specifying as a conditional use any first place. Lack of firmness does, option open to a developer when proposed predominant use which however, create another need. Unless such a clause is included in a code is involves' non compliance with the Councils support standards shown in to treat the bulk and location etc. bulk and location etc. requirements. their codes with statements of their requirements as a guide only and to But the clause does not comply with particular purposes, it is likely that have his whole proposal dealt with s. 21 (1A). It may comply to the the standards will be altered without in a discretionary way as a conditional extent that it provides for "a manner proper consideration being given to use. The principles in Smeaton's case in which.. . the Council may grant their basis. If the basis is stated, a and Locke's case thus tie is neatly an application for dispensation . .", standard imposed for any particularly together. Assuming the use is a but does not comply in so far as the compelling reason will be less likely predominant use, and the developer minimum requirements of paragraphs to be relaxed. In may cases, perhaps does not wish to comply with the (f), (g) and (h) of s. 21 (1A) are not only a statement of particular bulk and location etc. requirements, built into the provisions in the code. purposes, or a performance standard, this would be an alternative to the will be necessary. use being permitted as of right One problem, though, does seem to subject to a dispensation or waiver be a possible conflict with s. 21 (1A), being granted under s. 21(1A), or In summary: or s. 35, in the laying down of a less an exception being granted under 1. Properly applied, this decision stringent standard. While making the s. 35. provides the basis for a useful suggestion, His Honour has carefully A technical difficulty in the way of discretionary planning tool. excluded that possibility from the applying the principle in Locke's 2. In view of the inevitble tentative binding part of his decision, so any case, though appears to be the nature of any stated bulk and extension of the decision should, provisions of s. 21 (1A). This location requirement in a perhaps be effected with care. Also, subsection commences:— conditional use ordinance, it is it should be noted that the decision "Any district scheme may provide most desirable that the particular concerns a case where a conditional for the circumstances under which, purposes of the standard be also use application was clearly necessary. the manner in which, and the stated to guide future discretionary There is nothing in the decision, conditions subject to which, the decisions. apart from general statements as to Council may grant an application for 3. It seems preferable for ss. 21 (1A) the discretionary nature of s. 28C the dispensation wholly or partly and 35 to still be used, directly or decisions, that supports the possibly from or waiver of any provision of indirectly, for allowing less incorrect practice of using that the district scheme. . . . stringent standards. 7 BUILDINGS AND USES

ordinances is to implement the The idea of buildings as an integral 1. Any stack or heap of materials policy in the scheme statement as part of the use concept has been or articles. far as is reasonably possible. Section illustrated in two recent unreported 2. Any underground tanks or 21(2) of the Act was referred to. Supreme Court decisions. other types of underground In Leilds v. Napier Providoring Co. Robinson v. One Tree Hill Borough structure. Ltd (Wild C.J., Supreme Court, Council (Beattie, J., Supreme Court, 3. A fence or boundary or Napier, 19, 20 June 1973) two Auckland, 17, 30 July 1973) was an retaining wall " informations laid by the town planning appeal from a conviction by a Open-air car sales were specifically officer of Napier City Council were Magistrate under s. 36 of the Town provided for elsewhere in the scheme. dismissed and he appealed to the and Country Planning Act 1953 for It was agreed that for the purposes Supreme Court. using land and a building thereon in of the scheme a shop must be a Respondent had existing use rights a manner not in conformity with building. It was also agreed that to carry on a butchery and providoring the operative district scheme. some shops, properly so-called under business on certain land within the Appellant was using a property for these definitions, have outdoor residential zone of the operative an open air car sales yard. The cars displays of goods, but that in other district scheme. On occasions, were displayed in the front of this circumstances the building may be respondent parked a refrigerated property in front of an old house ancillary to the outdoor display, vehicle on the land for up to 5 days. which was the business office for the and the use of the land is not a shop. During such periods an electrical sales. The building was not suitable It is a matter of emphasis, but if refrigeration unit in the vehicle was for the display of cars. the ordinances require a shop to be kept running through a lead plugged The predominant uses for the relevant a building, the substantial part of into a building. In operation the zone of the scheme included "Retail the particular activity should take unit emitted a humming sound which and wholesale shops and auction place in that building for the use to was an annoyance to a neighbour. rooms." be a shop. It was held that the Ordinances as a The first charge laid under s. 36 (1) "Shop" was defined in the scheme as: whole intended to confine shops to (a) of the Act alleges that the "Any building or part of a buildings, and that as the building in respondent "did construct a building building on or in which goods question was not performing a real on the land that was not in are sold, exposed or offered for function as a shop but was used in conformity with the Town Planning sale by retail and includes a an ancillary function linked to the Scheme." No amount of ingenuity lending library, a restaurant, a main function of displaying and could convince His Honour that a hairdresser's premises, an auction offering for sale of cars in the open, refrigerated vehicle was a building or mart and a depot for the receipt the use was not within the ordinance. that a man constructs a building and delivery only of articles to The appeal was dismissed. when he plugs a refrigerated vehicle be cleaned, laundered or dyed, Incidentally, it was stated in the into an electric supply. (In this but does not include premises for judgement that when considering case it was the word "building" in the sale of fuel for motor vehicles" the meaning of the word "shop" the Act that was in issue.) The first "Building" was defined as:— and whether the appellant's activities appeal was therefore dismissed. "Any structure whether temporary are those of a shop, the Magistrate The second information, also laid or permanent, movable or had rightly looked at the scheme under s.36(1)(a), charged the immovable and includes — statement. The purpose of the respondent that he "did use the

8 land in a manner not in conformity with the scheme by establishing a new storeroom on the land". The question here was whether the NEED3Y1 NEU existing use rights covered the refrigerated van. Firstly, it was held that putting a mobile refrigerated vehicle on land and plugging it in to an adjacent building did not amount to a substantial reconstruction or GOVERNMENT OF HONG KONG alteration or addition to the land. Secondly, His Honour was sympathetic to the view that until the humming sound was eliminated, the new use, because of the construction of Planning Officers "character" required by s.2(4), could Applications are invited for the following new not be said to be of the same or posts in the Public Works Department:— similar character as the existing use. CHIEF PLANNING OFFICER. $NZ.13,700 However, as this argument had not To take charge of a Division of the Planning been put to the Magistrate, the Office. Comparable salary in New Zealand latter's original finding that the would be about $16,800. purpdses of the use were the same SENIOR PLANNING OFFICER $NZ.11,500- as they had always been, could not $NZ.12,500 be disturbed. The second appeal To assist the Principal Government Town was dismissed too. Planner, Government Town Planner and/or All attempts to make the van a Chief Planning Officer in the administration building therefore failed, but of the Planning Office, and, in particular, to appellant might have succeeded if be in charge of either a District Planning from the start he had concentrated Section or of the Colony Outline Planning on the fact that the operation of Team. the van on the site was not a use for Salary rises by two increments each of about a purpose the same as or similar to $NZ.500. Comparable scale in New Zealand that of the existing use. would be about $ 14,200-$15,500. Perhaps not surprisingly, the first of Candidates for either post should be Associate these cases shows that if you have Members of the Town Planning Institute, with to carry out a use in a building, you an additional qualification of: have to carry it out in a building; (a) M.I.C.E., M.N.Z.I.E. (Civil) or M.I.Mun.E. the second that "building" in the (first preference), Act is likely to continue to mean (b) A.R.L.C.S. (second preference), or "building". (c) A.R.I.B.A., or A.N.Z.I.A. (third preference), Not surprisingly, these decisions and have had considerable appropriate show that we are not yet geared to experience in an administrative capacity. life under geodesic domes or in Gratuity of 25% on total earnings payable on wheeled, plug-in, building units, satisfactory completion of each agreement. and that describing uses by Appointment on agreement for up to three reference to traditional terms like linked contracts of 21/2 years each. "building" does not cater for novel situations. Free passages, subsidized accommodation, low income tax, paid leave. For further information, • • • • • • • • • • • • please write to the Hong Kong Appointments Officer, British High Commission, P.O. Box 1047, Wellington, giving brief details of qualifications and experience.

9 EDYMENTff TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING DIVISION MINISTRY OF WORKS Government has decided on a substantial The division is also involved in the consideration increase in the staffing of the Town and or regional growth strategies for urban centres Country Planning Division. The responsibilities in many parts of the country. Regional planners of the division are expanding rapidly and a wide and graduates with experience in social and field of work is being undertaken. Enquiries economic policy formulation, resource are invited from those who have the requisite allocation, demography, or urban studies are experience and qualifications and a keen required. interest in one or more of the following Research activities of the division. It is hoped to build up the long term research capability of the division. Graduates with District Planning qualifications in a field related to town and The department's seven district offices are country planning and with actual research responsible for the direct implementation experience are required. of Government planning policies, for liaison Environmental Service with planning authorities within each district The division is fully engaged in assisting in the and the provision of advice and assistance to preparation of environmental impact reports them as required, and for the co-ordination of relating to Government works proposals, and all Government activity under the town and also maintains a permanent consultant service country planning and associated legislation. to Government departments on the environ- Professional qualification, together with previous mental treatment of specific works. Architects,. experience with a local authority and/or engineers, landscape architects and planners consultants preferred. with a strongly developed design interest are Regional Planning and Development required as are graduates in the natural sciences. The programme of studies relating to many Statutory Administration aspects of national development policy is now There are increasingly attractive opportunities underway. Specific regional surveys and the available both at Head Office and districts in examination of major Government development town and country planning administration. A proposals in terms of their regional effects are good secondary education, combined with being accorded high priority. Direct assistance administrative or legal experience, are the basic to Regional Development Councils is planned. qualifications required. Further information is available from The Director, Town and Country Planning Division, Ministry of Works, P.O. Box 12-041, Wellington. 00000 0 00 0 0 0 0 ewe WELLINGTON REGIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY

REGIONAL PLANNER The Authority is currently engaged in a number Salary of fundamental studies basic to regional The position is a senior one carrying responsibilities development policy formulation. A vacancy for important sectors of the Authority's work. exists for a person to participate in this work, Salary in accordance with qualifications and which involves systems analysis, information experience will be negotiated with the success- systems and model building. ful applicant. Qualifications Details regarding the position and conditions A recognised professional planning qualification of appointment may be obtained from the is necessary, together with previous experience Secretary, P.O. Box 11-248, Wellington in urban or regional planning. (telephone 554-162).

10 THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP Applications are invited for a Full-time Research Fellowship tenable in the Depart- ment of Town Planning during the 1974 acaaemic year. The Fellowship is sponsored by the Ministry of Works and has a total value Most back numbers may of up to $6,500 for a full year. Proposals that be obtained by writing to: will take less than a year are also welcomed. This may involve some reduction in the value T.P. Q., P.O. Box 8789, of the fellowship but this will be subject to Symonds St., Auckland I. negotiation. The successful applicant will be required to undertake an approved programme of research relating to one of the following' sociological implications of current town planning practice, industrial location decisions, alternative land planning, the visual environment and landscape practice, planning administration or any other relevant aspects of town and country planning in which the applicant has a special interest, knowledge and experience. Candidates must be university graduates or members of the planning or associated professional institutes and those with some years of active work experience would be particularly welcomed. Apply in writing to the undersigned by 21 December, 1973, giving full name and address, age, marital status, qualifications, present position and other relevant experience, and suitability for undertaking advanced research. The names, addresses and present occupations of two confidential referees should also be provided. The successful applicant will be appointed on the recommendation of the Professor of Town Planning and the Director of Town and Country Planning, Ministry of Works, from either of whom, if required, further information may be obtained. B. A. Crimp, Acting Registrar, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland.

11 UREWERA NATIONAL PARK

Lake Waikaremoana and the Bluff from Ngamoko, Auckland Province.

12 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGE- MENT POLICIES. D. D. Millar

The nucleus of New Zealand's first national park, The Lands and Survey Department acts as the Tongariro, was established in 1894 as a result of a executive agency for the National Parks Authority and generous gift from the Tuwharetoa people of Taupo. for Park Boards with officers of the Department This was followed in 1900 by the creation of Egmont serving as chairmen, planning officers, secretaries, National Park. treasurers, and park rangers. The use of these parks by trampers and mountaineers The growth of the national park system can be gradually resulted in pressure for the creation of measured from the fact that in 1952 there were four additional parks, particularly in the mountainous parks receiving a total Government appropriation for regions of the South Island. As a result, Arthur's Pass administration and development of $24,658 now there National Park was established in 1929 and Abel are ten parks which in 1973 received a total allocation Tasman in 1942. of $514,194. The allocation of Government finance Although these first four parks which had been for the period 1962-1973 being: — established under separate legislation and which were Year Grants Subsidies administered by individual and autonomous boards 1962 $ 158,830 made a very significant contribution towards the 1963 162,172 preservation of unique New Zealand fauna and flora 1964 198,108 and provided recreational opportunities for a large 1965 280,692 number of visitors, it became apparent that there 1966 311,774 $ 27,172 were grave weaknesses in the administration systems. 1967 356,068 23,068 Following representations by the Federated Mountain 1968 353,980 29,952 Clubs and the Royal Forest and Bird Society the 1969 378,780 39,988 attempt was made to rectify this and in 1952 the 1970 312,932 50,627 National Parks Act became law. This legislation 1971 365,756 45,318 established the National Parks Authority as a national 1972 436,229 42,050 co-ordinating body under which six more parks were 1973 456,604 57,590 constituted. The National Parks Act 1952 also establishes, in general Today there are ten national parks — terms, the appropriate uses of national parks. Section 3 (1) of the Act states: National Park Area (hectares) Constituted "It is hereby declared that the provisions of this Act Tongariro 69,168 1894 shall have effect for the purpose of preserving in Egmont 33,527 1900 perpetuity as National Parks for the benefit and Arthur's Pass 98,398 1929 enjoyment of the public areas of New Zealand that Abel Tasman 19,171 1942 contain scenery of such distinctive quality or natural Fiordland 1,224,220 1953 features so beautiful or unique that their preservation Mount Cook 69,905 1953 is in the national interest". Urewera 200,117 1954 Sub-Section (2) is more specific and contains directions Nelson Lakes 57,112 1956 for the administration and maintenance of Parks. It Westland 88,608 1960 states:— Mount Aspiring 275,226 1964 "It is hereby further declared that, having regard to

13 the general purposes specified in subsection one of Environmental capacity: this section National Parks shall be so administered Initially the general statement of intent as contained in and maintained under the provisions of this Act the Act was sufficient to ensure the management of that — the parks proceeded along the intended lines. However, (a) They shall be preserved as far as possible in in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the their natural state. total number of visitors to all parks, as illustrated by (b) Except where the Authority otherwise the estimated totals for the ten year period 1963-1972. determines, the native flora and fauna of the Parks shall as far as possible be preserved and the introduced flora and fauna shall as far as Visitors to National Parks possible be exterminated. 31.3.63 345,000 (c) Their value as soil, water and forest conserva- 31.3.64 445,000 tion areas shall be maintained. 31.3.65 500,000 (d) Subject to the provisions of this Act and to 31.3.66 833,000 the imposition of such conditions and restric- 31.3.67 1,051,000 tions as may be necessary for the preservation 31.3.68 1,081,000 of the native flora and fauna or for the 31.3.69 1,356,000 welfare in general of the Parks, the public 31.3.70 1,555,600 shall have freedom of entry and access to the 31.3.71 1,600.000 Parks so that they may receive in full measure 31.3.72 1,900.000 the inspiration, enjoyment, recreation and other benefits that may be derived from mountains, forests, sounds, lakes and rivers". This represents percentage increases many times the This sub-section is a clear expression of the intention increase in population for the same periods. This of the legislature and governs every aspect of park spectacular growth has created new problems and has administration. illustrated the need for planned land use and specific management policies designed to ensure the permanent protection of the unique qualities of individual parks. A developing tourist industry has also become aware that although New Zealand has an infinite variety of scenery, many of the principal scenic attractions are located in national parks. This has lod to these key areas being subject to unprecedented development pressures from commercial interests and entrepreneurs involved in tourist promotion. As a result there has been considerable controversy over the literal interpretation of Section 3 of the Act. Conservation interests argue that the emphasis must be placed on preservation in perpetuity, while others claim that the Act states that parks are "for the benefit and enjoyment of the public" and then place the widest possible interpretation on "enjoyment". This apparent conflict as to the primary purpose of national parks has caused some confusion in the past. However, in my opinion, there is no such conflict, sub-section 2 (d) of the Act being clearly subject to the provisions of 2 (a), (b) and (c) which place the entire emphasis on preservation and conservation. While it would undoubtedly be absurd to pursue either point or view to the extreme it is necessary to recognise that national parks are only part of the total open space and recreation system and as such they are 'special areas where the emphasis can legitimately be placed on preservation. "Wilderness" is a limited and fragile resource and in Lake Waikare-iti.

14 the future it is possible, in fact probable, that national parks will provide the only opportunity for outdoor recreation in a natural environment in the whole of New Zealand. In these circumstances, public use and enjoyment of national parks must not only be appropriate but must be limited to a degree that ensures no environmental or ecological damage to the resource itself. It can, therefore, be stated that the public's right of freedom and entry and access to a national park is at all times subject in every way to whatever may be necessary to protect the native fauna and flora and the unique characteristics of individual national parks. To ensure the attainment of this objective without imposing unnecessary restrictions, the National Parks Authority now requires every park board to produce a management plan containing therein the policies by which it is anticipated the correct balance between preservation and public use will be achieved.

TO WELLINGTON Te Urewera:

Situated in a comparatively remote locality between with historic places and Maori legends in that the area Wairoa and Gisborne and served by a single through- has seen much fighting through the centuries. In more highway, the Urewera National Park which contains modern times Te Kooti was pursued by Government nearly 200,000 hectares of primaeval forest is the forces in the fighting which concluded the Maori Wars largest such area still remaining in virgin condition in in 1871. This was the last area in New Zealand to feel the entire North Island. the full impact of colonization and European The park is about 90 per cent forest-clad and ranges civilization. Even today the park contains numerous in altitude from 150-1400 metres above sea level, enclaves of Maori-owned land which help to strengthen reaching its highest point at Mt. Manuoha. The terrain the Maori association and make the visitors aware of is steep to precipitous but has some easier country the links with an important past. It can, therefore, be along the eastern boundary. The Huiarau Range said that the Urewera is the largest remaining wilderness running east and west across the park divides it into area in the North Island and much of its attraction two principal river systems. lies in its size and almost complete freedom from North of the Huiarau the three main rivers, the commercial development. The fact that most visitors Waimana, Whakatane and Rangitailci run roughly to Wailcaremoana have to travel around the park and parallel before discharging into the Bay of Plenty. that, because of the nature of the roads, this journey South of the Huiarau the Hopuruahine River, Mokau is of necessity slow, adds to this feeling of vastness and Aniwaniwa flow into Lake Waikaremoana while and much would be lost if the park were bisected by the Waiau and Ruakituri Rivers emerge from the new or improved highways. The Urewera's value lies forest tract and join to form the Wairoa River which not only in terms of conservation, scientific and enters the sea at Wairoa. botanical interest but in Maori history and culture, Because of their outstanding scenic qualities, freedom together with a tremendous recreational potential. from development and commercialism, Lake Waikare- The Urewera Management Plan: moana and Waikareiti are the Park's principal visitor This plan was prepared for the Urewera Park Board in attractions. Wailcareiti, in particular, is of interest May 1970 by a planning team comprising central because access has been limited to a foot track and government employees and private consultants having boating limited to small dinghys, the number of which skills and professional qualifications considered relevant is being very carefully controlled. to efficient park management. The Urewera is also the traditional home of the Briefly, the plan was an attempt to reflect current Tuhoe people and is rich in Maori history and culture planning thought and to observe the logical sequence dating as far back as 1150 A.D. The park abounds of the planning process. This resulted in the plan

15 being a statement of objectives together with the stage in some areas and the need for a definite policy policies necessary to ensure the attainment of those was very apparent at the time. objectives. No attempt; was made to provide detailed The principal object of management developed in the design solutions, these being left until the need arose. plan being — In this respect the exercise was unique to New Zealand To ensure the ecological well-being and to protect national parks at that time and was to some extent an the wilderness character of the Urewera National experimental approach. Park. The actual working procedure adopted was for members Subject to this, the park to be managed so as to — of the planning team to produce individual reports I. Retain the watershed protection value of the park. dealing with aspects of the park associated with their 2. Interpret and explain the park and its Maori history specialist skills and professional qualifications, with in such a way as to make the significance of the the team convener acting as project co-ordinator and park most meaningful to the visitor. director. A degree of public participation was achieved 3. Provide facilities for the public without causing by inviting written submissions and by allowing those significant ecological and environmental damage persons or organisations doing so to comment while to the resource itself. the plan was in draft form. In general this proved very The policies necessary to achieve these objectives satisfactory and the project was completed in being both numerous and complex, covering a wide approximately six months, this being an important field which includes aircraft and airspace, horses and consideration as development had reached a critical domestic animals, noxious weeds and mineral prospecting. The policy on boundaries for example, called for new boundaries to be established on ecological consideration Pa korito Falls rather than the historical pattern of previous land holdings. The criteria being —

(a)Additions to the park should be made only if the To remain undeveloped to protect land concerned contains scenery of such distinctive view from Papakorito Falls quality or natural features so beautiful or unique that its reservation is in the national interest, or if the additions are necessary to ensure the ecological well-being of resource or if they are desirable to form a more convenient or more easily administered Picnic Area boundary or provide better ascess. (b) If by reason of considerations in (a) is is obviously desirable for contiguous areas or enclaves or re- Visitor Centre and entrants to be added to the park. Park Heackivarters (c) Land within a national park which does not contain scenery of such distinctive quality or 1/4\ natural features so beautiful or unique that its 0 reservation is in the national interest and otherwise does not comply with the principles set out in (a) and could be administered more easily by another No authority may be considered for exclusion from the park. (d) Wherever possible boundaries sould be such as will Visitor Facilities allow the maximum possible right of access by the e Boat Harbour public and will be convenient not only for the Home Bay efficient administration of the national park but Lake Walkaremoana also for the occupier of the adjoining land. (e) Unless the considerations in (a) above are of over- Vantage Point riding importance land with an economic productive Scenic Lookout potential should not be added to the park. This productive potential could take the form of Aniwaniwa Planning Proposals either pasture or forests or minerals. t-- t — 040 KLYRILI (0 Other things being equal, ridge boundaries are to 16 be preferred to either valley bottoms or to straight tramping tracks. In these areas man will be on his own line boundaries cutting across the country. against the elements and nature and it is hoped that it will be possible to feel completely remote from all As a result of this policy the plan contains nine specific the pressures of modern civilisation. The difficulty of proposals for major boundary changes. access will ensure that the character of the wilderness Policies have also been aimed at providing recreational areas is retained. The tranquil beauty and serenity alternatives outside the park where the opportunity of Lake Waikareiti with its freedom from high speed exists and the need to keep planning options open boats and commercial development is ensured by has been stressed. restricting access to a foot track. However, perhaps the policies having the greatest In the case of Lake Waikaremoana, considered the interest are those concerned with the physical most beautiful lake in the North Island, boating will development of the park itself and while it is be controlled by limiting the size and speed of boats acknowledged that with careful planning it may be using the waterway. It was considered that high speed possible to permit some development, this can only boating and water skiing is not appropriate on this be done after detailed site investigations. lake and that it has already been well provided for on other waterways throughout the region. Should it prove necessary in the future, the lake will be zoned on an activity basis but it was hoped that the use of Access: this type of artificial management technique can be Control of access, both vehicle and pedestrian, has avoided. been considered a useful and effective management tool. The control of access both on the macro-and micro scale has been employed to limit public use where this was considered necessary. Visitor Facilities: In order to reinforce the feeling of remoteness and One of the principal functions of a national park is to that of a vast unspoiled wilderness the use of aircraft act as a retreat from modern society and this is is discouraged and the provision of road access has particularly true in the Urewera where the wilderness been restricted to the existing network. It is proposed character of the park is one of its major attractions. that upgrading of that section of State Highway 38 Since the whole of the Urewera cannot be wilderness that passes through the park and which has a traffic and some development is necessary for public safety volume of 340 vehicles per day will be limited to and convenience and to act as a staging point to the what is necessary to ensure reasonable standards of true wilderness beyond, the basic problem becomes one .safety. At the present time this highway has an average of limiting the extent of development to what is speed value of about 50 kilometres per hour and it is appropriate in terms of the management objectives. hoped that the standard of alignment will not be It is, therefore, proposed to enstde development does improved and that the width of the carriageway will not sprawl along any road or highway or along the not exceed eight metres. However, sealing of the road perimeter of any lake or waterway. Instead, facilities surface may eventually prove necessary to eliminate will be concentrated and restricted to only those areas the dust nuisance and increase visitor appreciation. It where it is considered possible to solve the aesthetic, is expected the comparatively low speed value of this technical and ecological problems normally resulting highway will encourage commercial and non-recreational from physical development. traffic to use an alternative route. In a similar manner, the siting and capacity of car parks will be designed to suit the capacity of the visitor attractions they serve. By this means it is possible to protect the resource and ensure that neither the ecological nor the physical carrying capacity Facilities Areas: of the visitor-attraction or point of interest is exceeded. An area in which facilities for park users may be Provision is made for an extensive system of walking developed with the minimum interference to the tracks and tramping trails varying in standards of natural environment. Places may be specified within construction for a two metre track, graded and levelled, such an area where accommodation and other essential and suitable for use by a visitor wearing normal city services may be provided. clothes to a blazed route suitable only for use by Since there are no known areas in the Urewera of such experienced trampers. scientific importance as to justify the exclusion of Designated wilderness areas are left entirely in a natural park visitors, the proposed Scientific Zoning is not state and will not be served by tramping huts or applicable. 17 It is also considered that although some development will be permitted, its extent and location will be most carefully controlled, Under these circumstances zoning and delineating specific areas for development is both unnecessary and undesirable. Instead it is proposed to control development and ensure the attainment of management objectives by — I. A clearly stated policy on the nature of the resource and its future development. Against this, all future development proposals can be measured. 2. Constant research into the effects of various activities on the ecology and character of the park to ensure that permitted development is consistent with policy. 3. Investigations of methods that can be used to Papakorito Falls, Auckland Provin measure effects and then predict possible results. 4. Periodic and regular reviews of policy. The approach has been to regard the park in its entirety as a "natural environment area", however, there are real advantages in keeping parts of the park free of tracks and huts so that people entering these areas will have to rely entirely on their own resources. Two areas of 7,500 hectares and 23,000 hectares respectively have, therefore, been zoned as "Wilderness Areas" in terms of the National Parks Authorities definition. The primary purpose of these areas is to provide areas where the visitor can feel completely removed from the pressures of modern civilisation and to ensure the retention of places where ecological systems of plants and animals can survive with minimum human interference. An important function of these areas will be to act as scientific control areas against which changes in the more modified areas of the park can be measured. This information will become the basis on which the degree of development with respect to the balance of the park will be permitted and will provide reliable data for the formulation of future policy.

Typical park board hut on the Lake Track Implementation: Prior to production of the Urewera Plan the approach to national park planning had been less flexible. In Tongariro, for example, the emphasis was on plans as a definition of actions that were expected to take place in the future exactly as predicted and there was a tendency to insist on the detailed implementation of these plans even after the circumstances pertaining at the date of their preparation had changed. The Urewera approach was in part an attempt to overcome this difficulty. Initially this was treated with considerable misgiving by Park Board members who had come to place great reliance on the Tongariro-type plan which was more easily understood and interpreted by them.

18 However, in the three years since its preparation, the with the minimum of human interference and Urewera Plan has received a reasonable degree of to which, therefore, access must be by permit acceptance to the extent that it is now National only. Park Authority policy that all park boards adopt a (b) Wilderness Area: An area whose predominant similar approach. character is the result of the interplay of purely It is also gratifying to note that although the plan natural processes, large enough and so situated has only been in use a comparatively short time it has as to be unaffected, except in minor ways, by none the less adequately met the circumstances as what takes place in the non-wilderness around it. they have arisen over this period and given intelligent In order that the enjoyment of a completely interpretation and with adequate reviews there is no natural unspoilt environment may be experienced, reason to assume that it will not continue to do so in access to and within a wilderness area will be by the foreseeable future. foot only and the sole permanent development Because Lake Waikaremoana is the principal visitor will be foot tracks. attraction and because the area has intrinsic park (c) Natural Environment Area: An area which is to qualities, together with a unique concentration of be maintained predominantly in its natural state natural features, Aniwaniwa was selected as the site but where tracks, bridges and outlying huts for the park headquarters and main visitor centre. may be provided for the use and enjoyment of The immediate environment of the visitor centre is the natural environment and for public safety. to be kept completely free of all but essential service facilities and will be developed for day use in the form of bush walks and picnic areas. The aim is as far as possible to retain the true character of the Urewera and reflect the botanical and historical aspects of the park in any development. This concept allows for the development of adjoining Home Bay to its maximum capacity, consistent with its status as a national park. Because it is the only all weather harbour and is located in a small unobtrusive Lake Waikaremoana Urewera National Park arm of the lake and is in close proximity to the highway, Home Bay is the centre of all boating activity. Additional facilities to be provided include boat ramps, jetty, boat and trailer parks, petrol and servicing facilities, public toilets and refreshments, together with a motel complex and fishermen's cabins. The aim is to concentrate development in an area where its extent can be controlled by natural constraints and its impact on the park as a whole will be only minimal. The site is such that the scale of the building in relation to the topography is such that there will be little difficulty in integrating development into the natural landscape. The high bush-clad ridge which acts as a natural limit to development will at all times remain the dominant feature.

Classification: It is the policy of the National Parks Authority to have all national park boards undertake land use classification as part of their management plans and it has adopted the following standard definitions for use by park boards: (a)Scientific Area: An area possessing geological features or indigenous plant or animal life of such scientific interest and significance that it should, as far as possible, be preserved intact THOUGHTS UPON VE MCT EA Ivan Boileau

Another object lesson could be that the separation of The late Monsieur Le Corbusier described Venice as pedestrian from other urban traffic is both possible an object lesson for town planners. A week's and desirable. It confers substantial benefits in terms contemplation of this most beautiful city suggests of safety and pleasantness and at the same time some alternative and conflicting conclusions as to the discourages atrophy of the legs — a real danger to a nature of the lesson. car-borne population. Noise is a separate problem. Venice is built upon soggy mud banks into which she The resident population of Venice is declining in is slowly sinking. It has always been thus, and the numbers. It has fallen from 175,000 in 1951 to Venetian chronicles are full of collapses of bridges, 105,000 in 1971, a drop of 40% in 20 years and churches and campaniles. Campaniles are particularly largely in the younger age-groups. The outflow of susceptible to collapse. Three of the largest surviving residents, at a time when job opportunities in Venice ones can now be seen to lean at alarming angles. remain numerous, indicates dissatisfaction with the The present rate at which Venice is sinking into her cramped and congested housing of the city despite the lagoon is said to be one inch in every five years. Whilst attractiveness of its architecture. The Lido and the this is a source of widespread international concern, mainland suburb of Mestre offer spaciousness there is nothing new about it. There is evidence of unattainable in Venice itself, and hence many residents continuous subsidence over the centuries. Beside the are seeking villas and apartments in these other places Doge's Palace in the grand Piazza there are said to be whence they can commute by steamer to St Marks. five older layers of pavement beneath the present one, There are two opposing schools of thought about the giving a somewhat stumpy appearance to the columns future of Venice — the conservationists and the men supporting the Palace. Flooding of the Piazza at high of change — we are familiar with their kind in other tides appears to have been the reason for the successive cities too. Venice poses nicely the alternatives of raising of its level. preservation in artistic inutility and modernisation. The object lesson could have something to do with The dangers of the former policy lie in social building cities upon swampy ground, or not building stagnation, and consequent neglect of the physical them there, or taking the consequences of building heritage of palazzi. This may in turn lead to such them there. Donations, please, to Venice of Peril degradation of the environment as will discourage the Fund, Fondamenta Bonlini 1113, Dorsoduro, 20123, flow of tourists, who now contribute so much to the Venezia. economic viability of the city. Except for the porter's rubber-tyred trolleys, there The dangers of modernisation lie in that loss of are no wheeled vehicles in the greater part of Venice. character which seems so often to accompany Her traffic is pedestrian on land; her goods and reconstruction, for example the further penetration passengers travel also be water in gondolas, motor of road traffic from the Paizzale Roma, which must launches, diesel-engined ferries and barges. There is itself already be one of the nastiest piazzas in Italy, much attendant noise, and levels of sound recorded via filled-in canals for roads to other parts of the city. in buildings fronting the Grand Canal differ little Modernisation has already brought this and the from those recorded in buildings fronting London's creation of new artificial islands to accommodate arterial roads. housing and industry. The larger scale housing In the streets and lesser canals there is a predominance projects for workers are disappointing in their of noise of human rather than mechanical origin. bleakness and blankness. Footfalls, arguments, songs and music liven the day and much of the night. Whether or not such sounds The new buildings in Venice are most successful are welcome depends upon the state of mind of the where they are least obtrusive and respect the scale listener, or his need for sleep. The nightly processions and bulk of their older neighbours. of tourists in gondolas carry with them accordionists Venice provides an object lesson in illustration of the and singers. On first hearing, the sounds are pleasing advantages and perils of modernisation and the and romantic. Repeated nightly, the listener in the difficulties of conservation. Where better can one palazzo window recognises the same fruity tenor ponder the inescapably compromised nature of singing about Sorrento and the same powerful soprano planning policies designed to deal with such problems and at the same time enjoy some of the supreme with an unfortunate cough. sights of urban civilization?

20 SHOPPING MALL AT ONEHUNGA Rosemary Eagles

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Onehunga is a borough on the south of the planning and a major step forward in a process Auckland isthmus. Its settlement started in of development which is by no means complete 1847 when it developed as an independent yet. township with its own shopping centre. As The Origin Auckland has grown so Onehunga has been The concept of the pedestrian shopping mall engulfed in the suburban development and the originated' from a study undertaken in 1961 role of its commercial area changed to that of by Professor Harold Mayer of the University a major centre. Modern requirements for of Chicago who at the time was a Fullbright shopping have acted as a stimulus and con- Professor lecturing at Auckland University. siderable expansion and redevelopment has Professor Mayer expressed concern at the taken place. A further improvement to the effect, on Onehunga of the tremendous centre took place recently when a pedestrian population and traffic growths which would mall was established. Queen Street, Onehunga be generated by the residential development was closed to traffic in April of this year and of Mangere and of the Auckland international a quick change made to convert it into a mall. airport. He emphasised the the prosperity of a This was the culmination of about 10 years' business centre was of major concern to the 21 whole community and recommended that The Problem modern facilities be made available to induce an attractive business environment and a new There is a great deal of traffic across Onehunga cycle of growth to rejuvenate the heart of the to Auckland City from the Mangere township local community. and airport, from the wharves at Onehunga Since those observations were made, it has and from the industrial area, and because Queen become increasingly obvious that this rejuvena- Street provided the best grades and the most tion was necessary not only for the centre it- direct route it consequently attracted the self as the heart of the area but also as a greater portion of traffic. The traffic volumes commercial area in competition with other in question were in excess of 16,000 vehicles commercial areas. New planned Auckland per day and a high proportion (about 25%) of shopping centres such as Pakuranga (16,000 those were heavy vehicles. sq. m.) and St Luke's Square (24,000 sq.m.) The central business district in Onehunga lies have been designed to give the most pleasant on either side of Queen Street and Grey Street. environment possible to attract the shopper to Queen Street over this length had two principal do business there rather than in the more old functions — firstly that of a major traffic established areas. This is likely to happen through-route, and secondly that of a regional because of the deteriorating environment unless commercial centre. These two functions had positive action is taken to improve and become increasingly incompatible. High modernise the centres. volumes of heavy traffic diminished the

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22 attractiveness of the area for shopping because of the generation of noise and fumes; the danger created — particularly to young children; and the restriction on the freedom of movement within the centre. The pedestrian traffic reduced the effectiveness of Queen Street as an arterial route in that special provisions such as pedestrian crossings interrupted the free flow of traffic. Similarly, the goods vehicles servicing shops reduced the available carriageway width. The solution was to separate these two functions. This was done by closing Queen Street over the central part of the shopping area and giving that over exclusively to pedestrian usage. Vehicular traffic was diverted to alternative routes. A major change of this sort could not be accomplished without the active support of the retailers who would be mainly affected

by the conversion of the street to a shopping mall. The borough did have the support of sections of the business community and therefore, proceeded with plans for the establishment of the shopping mall, associated offstreet carparking and alternative traffic routes. These plans were incorporated in the district planning scheme which was placed before the public at its review in 1967. Timing These plans included the re-routing of traffic out of Church Street and onto a new east- west route along Neilson Street, and the diversion of traffic out of Queen Street on to a ring road around the commercial area including Selwyn and Galway Streets. A considerable amount of roading work has been necessary to do this, involving a new railway overbridge, the construction of a kilo- A.U.U. NATIONAL meter of new arterial roading, and the widening BANK and reconstruction of a kilometer of arterial routes. At the same time it was necessary to ensure that there was adequate parking, both as an alternative to that provided in Queen Street and also the extra required to provide sufficient at contemporary standards associated with the commercial area of from 5-7 per 100 sq. meters of retail floor space. 2.5 hectares of car parking have been formed and sealed by the Council within easy walking distance of Queen Street to contribute towards a total off-street public and private parking of 1750 cars. A further 400 parking places are available at the kerbside. 23 It was also necessary to re-route the public on and find a park elsewhere. transport system by removing the buses from Thirdly, was the need to ensure that there Queen Street and Church Street and yet were adequate parking facilities at convenient providing setting down and picking up points locations. These had to be as close as sufficiently close to the central area to provide possible to the shops and spread around the a good service to shoppers. Nowhere in the shopping area so that no one group of shops mall area is further than half a kilometer from was at a disadvantage. Retailers could see a a bus stop. good business collapsing once the 'main Environment street' parking and access was eliminated if These measures were considered necessary there was inadequate access and alternative to remove the vehicles from the mall area parking was not available. and thus provide the background in which a pedestrian-oriented environment could be Fourthly, there had to be adequate access created. Before a start could be made there from the parking areas to the shops for the were certain pre-conditions that it was shoppers once they had left the car. This can considered would have to be met. be quite difficult to achieve initially when First among these was the enthusiastic co- there is a long row of shops with no access- operation of the merchants. It would have way through, but I think it wouldn't be long been impossible for the council to impose a before the shop owners see the advantage of development of this sort on a business putting in rear access to the shops and community. The impetus needs to come thereby attracting customers in by the from the business community with the necessity of getting to the main shopping council acting as the catalyst and providing area. the skills required in the prosecution of the Fifthly, there was the need to have a good project. bus service centring a number of routes on Secondly, it was necessary that there should the area, with handy bus stops. be good vehicular access to the centre. Finally, was the need for an attractive Queen Street is the main street in Onehunga shopping environment. Little will be but the basic grid system of roading made achieved by taking out the vehicles from possible fairly easy modification to ensure an area if all that remains is a shopping street continued access by both passenger and with no vehicles. The movement of the service vehicles. Vehicle access was needed vehicles makes for interest and business about not only to the centre, but within the centre, an area even if it brings with it noise and to allow service to the shops and also to fumes. Some new character needs to be make it possible for a car driver who cannot injected to give renewed life, interest and find a park in the immediate area to move colour into what was formerly a multi- 24 functional street. took place. This provided finance for gradual The 200 metre length of street which was to land acquisition and development over the be converted had its surface marked out in years. a bold pattern with liberal areas painted in It has been suggested that a property bold colours. This is an interim measure of acquisition loan may have been a preferable surface treatment until the whole area can way of proceeding because, as the land was be paved. Several features have been acquired and developed for parking, so it introduced to break up the area: covered stimulated development. Consequently, links across the road of steel frame roofed land values and subsequent land purchases with French awning; extensive planting of had to be made at high value. By raising a trees some four metres high in large timber loan the land could have been purchased containers; timber seats arranged in an when it came on to the market rather than informal manner. A community pavilion when finance for the purchase became will also be incorporated to be used for available. exhibitions, displays, stalls or band-playing, Development of the area as it is today has etc. At the same time a more open atmos- been effected by considerable negotiation - phere will be created by the removal of the on behalf of the Council. Where back land trolley bus wires, and of other obsolete could become available for parking an street furniture. exchange was made to give increased It is hoped that all this will create a gay and accessibility for servicing in exchange. attractive atmosphere with pleasing open- Property exchanges were also negotiated to ness and quietness instead of the congested provide building development all together footpaths and roadway of the existing at one location, and parking all together at highway. another, rather than intermittent develop- Administration and Finance ment. Up until recently, the acquisition The whole project has involved considerable and development had been accomplished organisation and financial planning. When it without using the provisions of the Public was first inaugurated ten years ago, the Works Act, which allows the taking of central four blocks were zoned Commercial land for better utilisation. It was only at a and it was proposed that areas of parking be late stage when it had become obvious that developed in successive blocks. To provide land purchase could not be achieved by other these additional car-parking facilities the means, that the Public Works Act had to be local business community levied itself an used to acquire land that had become vital additional rate. Money was also received in to the whole development. lieu of car-parking places when development More recently, the additional rate was or redevelopment of the existing buildings increased to provide funds for the alterations 25 and construction in the mall. There is not With those various changes occurring in sufficient finance available at present for early April, the Council, with the agreement the long-term environment planned and the of other authorities, set 2nd April 1973 as initial measures carried out were designed the date for the opening of the pedestrian by the architect to give the best environment mall, the rerouting of passenger transport, possible within the money available. As and the diversion of vehicular traffic from more money becomes available over the the central business area. years it is intended that all of the overhead The whole development, however, did not services will be placed underground and that stop with the opening of the mall. As I the kerb and channelling will be removed mentioned before, over the next few years and the whole area from shop front to shop the street will be paved and overhead services front paved and planted as in Vulcan Lane, will be put underground, but the impetus Auckland. provided by the development of the mall is The acquisition and development has been expected to stimulate further shop develop- effected over the last few years and adequate ment in the area. A further 3,500 sq. metres parking provision has now been made for is already being built. It is also hoped that the vehicular traffic whicb will be generated some redevelopment of old properties will by the shopping mall. Traffic bypass routes take place and that these will either be built were completed by the, beginning of April to take advantage of the new shopping this year. However, the final date was set pattern with arcades through Queen Street for the closing of Queen Street for the mall to the parking areas at the rear, or as single by two other factors. The new Mangere shops with shop fronts opening to the back Bridge was commenced last year and the and front. As the retail floor space increases Ministry of Works, as part of Stage 1 for and more parking is required, it is proposed the construction, proposed to close the to build extra parking floors over some of lower portion of Queen Street at the bridge the existing parking areas. The particular entrance, to enable the construction of the topography of the commercial area, with northern abutment to be started. In addition, its different levels, makes this a real possibility. the transport division of the Auckland It is still a matter for speculation as to Regional Authority was to consolidate and whether or not the mall will be successful in reorganise its bus service at that time. That providing an improved shopping environ- meant that not only the trolley buses and ment and in maintaining retail sales in the the wires be taken out of Queen Street, but existing shops. also that the bus routes and timetables could be adapted to take account of the mall.

26 RI C. Macpherson, BA (VIC) is a Farm Advisory Officer (Economics) with the Economics Section of ECONOMIC UNITS RELATED TO HORTICULTURAL the Advisory Services Division in the Ministry of PRODUCTION Agriculture and Fisheries. He has been involved in a R. C. MacPherson wide range of farm costing, farm management analysis projects and feasibility studies since 1946.

It's probably true to say that far more work has been costs or our weather, it is most important to ensure done in this country on the general economics of that a property is large enough to enable it to remain pastoral products than on horticultural products. a viable "economic unit" for the foreseeable future. However, when a horticultural project is looked into, There is no doubt that this type of situation applies to among the first problems encountered are the many of the horticultural crop enterprises, and while variability of yields and prices, which can occur so it is not suggested that each one should have far more quickly. land than it immediately needs, they should be sure It is therefore, most necessary to ensure that the land that they have enough, plus a little extra to allow for being considered for a horticultural enterprise is changing circumgtances. suitable both in type and size. It is quite essential to Compared with horticultural enterprises, the variations have a sufficiently large cropping or planting area in pastoral farms are not so large , and once the basic which can absorb the seasonal fluctuations of prices facts are known it is not hard to make a reasonable and yields and also can cope with the probable assessment of how large a particular property would narrowing of the costs-to-receipts ratio, in future need to be to make it economically viable. years. Glasshouse production During the last decade we have seen many examples of this type of problem amongst the pastoral farms, where the size of both sheep and dairy farms often proved too small to remain as viable "economic farm units". We used to say that given reasonable management and not too large a mortgage level, a dairy farmer could get by as an "economic unit" on about 7000 kg of milkfat, and this could often be got from about 30 effective hectares. With the continued rise of costs however, and returns which until 1972 were declining, the small dairy farmer found that he The horticultural industry however, may vary from could only maintain his previous economic standard by an intensive enterprise such as glasshouse production increasing his production to a level of 11,000 to and nurseries, which can be economically run from 14,000 kg of milkfat. To do this the size of a farm small blocks, through to specialised market garden had to be increased to 48 to 60 hectares. types of cropping, and filially on to the orchard crops If a prospective dairy farmer is considering the which may need 8 to 10 hectares to ensure an purchase of a farm which is under 48 hectares it is economically sound unit. For some of the field crop likely to be too small and therefore not a safe vegetables such as potatoes and cabbages, areas of proposition. Even if it can be proved that he could around 16 to 20 hectares would be needed, without get by on current milkfat prices, he would have too allowing for rotation. little elbow room to face a significalit drop in prices, From work which has been done on glasshouses it was or a continuing rise in costs. found that an owner operator would probably need Approximately the same situation occurred ?along about 1,400 square metres under glass to get by the smaller sheep and cattle farmers, who found it properly on prices as they've been in recent years. necessary to increase the livestock units carried on The glasshouses and their immediate surroundings their properties from about 1,600 to 2,600 in order would take up at least two decares of land and the to maintain their previous economic standards. In grower would also require an area for his packing most cases this would necessitate an increase in size and grading shed and for an implement shed. As well of farms by upwards to 120 hectares. Even with the as this a good-sized area would be needed for currently better prices for beef, wool, and other sheep handling and storing soil and some of the grower's products it would not be economically safe to buy land will be occupied by his residence and its back to the smaller sized property unless there were surrounds and entrance. As some reserve should be very exceptional circumstances. It might squeeze by included if possible for expansion or growing open today, but because we can't control our prices, our air crops, the production area of this type of intensive 27 block should probably be at least one hectare. per hectare. It can be easily seen therefore that its If the glasshouse grower was specialising in tomatoes, not easy to assess how an individual grower will fare he would have about 5,500 plants in the 1,400 square unless accurate details are known regarding the metres of glasshouses. The production costs, excluding varieties of grapes being grown and the yields being interest or management reward, would be just over $1 obtained. per plant, and the net return might well work out at Work which has been done to obtain guidelines on about $1 per plant, assuming prices at 55 cents per costs have shown that a vineyard, growing standard kilogram and yields at 314 to 4 kilograms per plant. varieties, should gross about $1,850 per hectare and Average prices however,,can be a somewhat mythical the production costs will be about $1,000 per hectare. term, particularly when applied to a crop like The surplus which is left after the costs have been tomatoes. For example during off season months the deducted is therefore $850 per hectare and to obtain market price may be about $1.30 per kilogram a $6,000 level income to cover interest and manage- whereas after Christmas it can be as low as 10 or 11 ment charges, approximately 7 hectares of grapes cents per kilogram. would need to be in production. As has already been While it cannot be said with certainty what the mentioned another hectare would be used for the future price movements may be, it is known that not owner's residence, buildings and some reserve for new so many years ago it was possible for a glasshouse plantings. grower to make a reasonable living from about 900 The capital input for such a property cannot be stated square metres of glass; today he needs 1,400 square accurately, but a rough assessment which takes three metres. years of development into account could approximate What he may need for the future is not known but he $50,000 or more. Before moving to the next type of should be sure that he can expand if it becomes horticulture enterprise it should be made clear that necessary. The capital input for a unit of this nature the figures given for the costs were only guidelines. with one hectare of productive land would probably What the individual grower achieves during the season range from $40,000 to $45,000, i.e. $23,000 for the will depend on the varieties of his grapes, the market glasshouses and $20,000 for the house, land and other prices, and his individual skill in handling his crop. buildings, and the net returns under present Conditions should approximate $5,500—$6,000 per annum. Citrus orchards

In the Northland district there is quite an important section of our citrus growers. Like most other horticultural enterprises in New Zealand the citrus orchards form a relatively small but useful industry concerned, primarily, with producing fruit for the home market. Vineyards With strong competition from other countries more favourably suited and closer to the world markets, the prospects for developing a significant export trade would seem questionable. Lemons, New Zealand grapefruit, sweet oranges and tangelos are the main kinds of citrus fruits grown commercially and during recent years there has been an increasing demand for sweet oranges and mandarins It is now possible to compare the glasshouse property and also for New Zealand grapefruit for juice with, say, a vineyard. To be assured of the same sort production. This demand has resulted in a rapid of income level the man who decides to go in for a expansion in plantings which could considerably vineyard will need about 7 hectares planted in grapes. narrow the gap between supply and demand when all Extra area will be needed for shelter belts, sheds, the the new trees come into full bearing. This in turn owner's residence plus some reserve if possible, and could also have an influence on future prices. hence a total area of 8 hectares would probably be As for the size of a citrus orchard supplying fresh needed. fruit to the market, it seems that 8 hectares would The prices and yields of various types of grapes differ probably be the minimum requirement for today with quite markedly with some of the classical varieties at least 6 hectares in full bearing trees. It must be grossing around $185 per tonne but only yielding 6 to remembered that it takes 12 years for citrus to become 7% tonnes per hectare. Other grape varieties such as fully bearing and also that many orchards will have Baco 22A or Seibel 5455 may gross $125 to $130 perhaps five different varieties. As each of the varieties per tonne and yield approximately 12 to 17 tonnes will have a different yield and will market at a

28 different price, they are factors which can greatly This is considerably larger than the minimum 7 to 8 influence the returns of individual growers. hectares already stated as necessary. However, the To obtain a comparative guideline on costs and minimum was given as an area considered necessary to returns for a citrus orchard, a hypothetical property ensure a specific level of return, whereas Mr Fletcher was used upon which it was assumed that the is advising for the future and safety of newly following productive varieties were being grown. established orchards. New Zealand Grapefruit 17% of area Sweet Oranges 40% of area Mandarins 10% of area Tangelos 25% of area Lemons 8% of area Conclusion The gross returns which were assessed for this type of property amounted to $2,650 per hectare and the expenses excluding interest on capital and management reward, were calculated at approximately $1,650 per hectare. Thus, there is a surplus of $1,000 per hectare to cover the interest and management charges and other personal expenses. In order to obtain a It is hoped that the examples which have been $6,000 surplus which is similar to the other two discussed will emphasise some of the variations which enterprises already outlined, this orchard would need can be encountered when dealing with farming and 6 hectares in full bearing trees. To allow for shelter especially horticultural enterprises. The figures given belts, implement and grading sheds, the owners should be treated as indicators only, as it is most residence, and some land for young trees, a total of 7 unlikely that they will fit exactly any individual or 8 hectares would seem to be the minimum area garden or orchard. The main point to remember is required if this level or income is to be assured. that it may be possible to show that a grower will be The capital input for this type of property could be economically viable when growing particular crops in about the $50,000 level, but there would be considerable a particular season, but if the property is a small one, variations for individual orchards, depending upon this situation could change very quickly. Therefore, their general condition, their location and aspect, and in view of the general rising trend in costs and no the value of their buildings and residence. guarantee that prices can be kept in strict relation to To emphasise the economic importance of size, an them, it is imperative that a grower should have enough extract has been taken from a Ministry of Agriculture land to increase production if necessary. Also, the and Fisheries' Bulletin entitled "Establishing a Citrus orchardist who may have a crop which takes many Orchard", by W. A. Fletcher which states: years to reach maturity, should have enough land for "A major weakness of the citrus industry in New planting young trees to replace those which are past Zealand is that many of the orchards are too small full production. to be economic. If the industry is to expand Because the horticultural grower can do little to towards a sounder economy, larger units are control his future prices and has little control over necessary. weather conditions, it is unwise to have a marginal- Costs of production are rising continually, but sized property, which will tend to make him inflexible returns for New Zealand grown citrus fruits seem and unable to cope with the results of variations in unlikely to keep pace with these increased costs prices and yields. One other factor which is also worthy as the industry grows and expected larger increases of mention is the weight of overheads. For example, in total production are achieved. Although a net smaller enterprises will usually be forced to have a area of about 4 hectares of bearing orchard has minimum range of equipment and buildings, which generally been regarded as sufficient to provide a will demand a heavier input per hectare than would reasonable income, new subdivisions should be be the case for a larger cropping area. somewhat larger than this to allow a good margin In an exercise which was done on equipment require- for economic safety in the future. The area needed ments for mixed vegetable cropping, it was found that will vary depending on the locality, land productivity, an area of about 4 hectares required a capital input kinds and varieties of fruit grown etc., bat in general of $1,700 per hectare for equipment and buildings, it should be no less than about 8 bearing hectares. whereas a larger cropping area of 36 hectares had a Allowing for an additional area to accommodate capital input of approximately $550 per hectare for house, sheds, access roads, shelter belts or for the equipment and buildings. replacement of fruit trees for old age etc., a total of about 12 hectares may be required." • • II • • • • 29

SYSTEMATIC DATA HANDLING F0,4 WELLINGTON CITY AN REGION

R. T. Gilmore S. A. Shaw

As a result of an increasing interest in structure planning, the need to overcome data storage The physical structure of the system being problems, and to constantly monitor changes developed at Wellington is shown in the and growth occurring in Wellington, the Town accompanying figure, which outlines the types Planning Department of Wellington City of data collected and the relationship of the Council has implemented the initial phases of SPF to the PIF. The PIF is planned to be the the establishment of a computer-based, spatially basis for a collection of a wide range of oriented planning information system or data information on every establishment and piece bank. To function both as an efficient and of land in Wellington, for all levels of plan- speedy mean ; of data storage and retrieval, making and control. Its primary purpose will and as an effective support for all aspects of be the answering of day-to-day management planning, thus it is hoped strengthening and needs, and it is at this level that the earliest deepening the Council's decision-making returns on investment in the system will appear. processes and daily providing information for User needs are likely to be quite straightforward: planning control. data that are relevant to the problems to be The "traditional" style of planning of the last solved, and an accurate description of facts two decades, with its district scheme basis, still which are reliably and regularly updated. The serves an essential purpose ma majority of most important aspect of the file will be the cases where decisions are to be made on policy structuring of it in such a way as to ensure matters relating to applications for planning that the user requirements are at the worst permission. There is, however, a growing only rarely frustrated. awareness of the need for a more flexible However, this work can only be carried on approach to planning, with policy decisions within the overall computer work of the embodied in a structure (or strategic) plan Corporation and it is intended that PIF file which in turn provides a framework for district will become a part of an extensive manage- or local plans. A data bank for urban or ment information system. regional planning must therefore have two Inter-departmental co-operation has been purposes and these are assumed in this essential to gain the regular supply of informa- development. These are the satisfying of tion needed to keep the file current. information needs for development control The formation of the SPF is the first step and local planning, in the form of a Planning towards a system of data generalisation from Information File (PIF) and the provision of local authority operating systems, and storage data of a "strategic" nature in a Strategic of data from Central Government and other Planning File (SPF) which will also contain agencies. Co-ordinated activity for this file data from the PIF aggregated to a suitable seeks to inaugurate four things: comparability level. 1. The provision of financial and technical

30 PLANNING INFORMATION FILE Strategic (On Magnetic Tape) Input Planning File 1

DESCRIPTIVE BASIC ADDITIONAL 1. Buildings number on site ownership type Valuation tenancy type Roll Data age condition construction Property Location materials valuation R/A No. ground floor street address area geo-code (grid) number of mesh block storeys Building 2. Uses: update use code by Permit Descriptive: as type Data site area required unimproved number of value units in each capital value use total building total floor area space attributed to each use 3. Approved Development Proposals: Control Data proposed use floor area for each use code compliance date of permit issue

Specific Survey

Diagrammatic Layout of File

assistance towards the establishment of Wellington Region: a decision to implement a information systems by other local unified land use classification based on the authorities in the Region, with further aims two-digit code used by the Valuation Depart- of data comparability and metropolitan ment, and a decision to establish an integrated co-operation. SPF having the mesh block as its primary 2. Compatibility in definitions and classifications areal address unit. in the planning schemes of these authorities. A system such as that envisaged above is of 3. The development of a mechanism for the course not self-gemerql-ing or self-regulatory. It periodic feeding of selected and updated therefore requires of any authority or group information from these authorities and of authorities establishing it, a recognition of other agencies into a unified metropolitan the need for a firm commitment to the data system. establishment of a permanent staff complement 4. The utilization of these local data to help for data handling and liaison with management solve metropolitan problems. services, and for the precise definition and Two steps have been made toward compatibility organisation of channels for data collection, of systems and data management in the storage and retrieval. • • • • • • • • • " •

31 Part 2 of a two part article 1. Legal Aspects The first alternative has few problems HOUSING THE AGED attached to it. Those people who wish to pay IN URBAN RENEWAL rentals based on the proposed incremental scale or rentals fixed in agreement with the deceased's death; the relations between government may or may not decide to have the deceased and the claimant in the past; the their assets held in trust. Those who do character and conduct of the claimant; the not decide to have their assets held in trust extent of the estate; and the strength of other would pay rentals on a regular basis similar claims. to operations in the free market between A way round the problem would appear to be landlord and tenant. that the property owner gifts his property to Those who decide to have their assets held in the local authority by legal document containing trust can do so under the provisions of the written declarations by his beneficiaries Trustee Act 1956. The type of trust used would renouncing all rights to the estate after a period be an express one, one created for a particular of ten years. However, this is not entirely purpose. Special conditions that would be satisfactory as one of the beneficiaries, for necessary for such an operation would be: example, could refuse to sign such a declaration. (i) that a participant can cancel the contract at There is no legal way of compelling him to do any time subject to notification of the trustee so. As well as this, a beneficiary could later and signing of documents to nullify the claim that he was misled and thus take the agreement; appropriate action. (ii) subject to completion of (i) a person shall The only alternative method that will success- be refunded the balance of his estate remaining fully overcome the problem is to have a joint after the final settlement of rentals that have tenancy agreement where land is conveyed or been paid up to and including the last day of devised to two or more persons without any residential occupation in the unit; words to show that they are to take distinct (iii) upon the person's death all of the remaining and separate shares. The local authority as a estate, subject to the provisions of (ii) but not corporate body can become a joint-tenant (i), shall be refunded, that is the trustee shall under Section 32 of the Property Law Act 1952. become an executor on trust and pay all debts The essential attributes of a joint tenancy are using the estate residue. Following payment of that there are: all debts incurred the remainder shall be (a) 'four unities' distributed to the beneficiaries as directed by (i) Unity of possession where each co-owner a person's will. is as much entitled to possession of any part of The second alternative on the other hand has a the land as the others. number of legal problems attached to it, none (ii) Unity of interest where the interest of each more important than the question of disposal joint tenant is the same in extent, nature and of assets at the termination of life. The duration, for in theory of law they hold one Wanganui City Council investigated the life- estate. occupancy in 1971 in connection with people (iii) Unity of title where each joint tenant must wanting to gift their houses in return for more claim his title to the land under the same act or satisfactory accommodation and found it would document. not work partly because the situation was (iv) Unity of time where the interest of each looked at in terms of the pensioner housing tenant must vest at the same time, and scheme. Money must actually change hands (b) The right of survivorship or 'jus accrescendi' (visible transaction) before a subsidy from the where on the death of one joint tenant, his government becomes available. The other part interest in the land passes to the other joint of the reason was that there appeared to be no tenant(s) by the right of survivorship, and this way of circumnavigating the Family Protection process continues until there is but one survivor, Act. This Act enables claims to be made against who then holds the land as sole owner. the estate of a deceased person, whether there "This right of survivorship takes precedence is a will or not, for the maintenance and over any disposition made by a joint tenant's support of specified relatives. It appears that will. . . . The same principle applies if a joint the question for determination is whether the tenant dies ihtestate; a joint tenancy cannot pass deceased has failed to fulfill his moral obligations under a will or intestacy".4 to the claimant's circumstances at the date of I interpret this to mean that when land is under 32

the Land Transfer Act 1952 and the joint Capital Value $ Unimproved Value $ tenants have notified in writing, the Registra. 4,500 2,900 to enter the word 'Survivorship' upon their 7,500 2,900 Certificate of Title, the beneficiaries cannot 5,400 1,650 claim against it until the contract is completely 5,500 1,650 annulled in some way. Therefore, from a legal 8,000 3,600 viewpoint, the life-occupancy method will work. Total 30,900 Total 14,700 2. Economic aspects Ave. Value $6,018 (a) Ave. Value $2,980 (b) Testing this part of the solution involved a Using the criteria indicated by the Housing series of six steps: Division (a) An assessment of available finance; (a) $6,018 (b) Selection of a typical unit for costing and (b) -$2,980 analysis; $3,038 difference between capital & (c) Testing unit cost/loan repayment with unimproved. varying asset levels, assessment of viability 75% of (c) = $2,280 amount of subsidy of incremental scale; available from government (d) Revision of incremental scale; therefore Council has to find: $6,018 (e) Assessment of elderly persons' ability to -2,280 meet the increased rentals or equivalent; (f) Final assessment. $3,738 Money presently is available on the open This amount has to be raised in loan form in market and from government sources, but conjunction with the cost of building. Because because this study concerns itself with problems of the increase in property values since the last of the elderly in urban renewal areas, the valuation it is reasonable to increase the figure potential solution is tested only in terms of to $3,900. money available under a `CURA' (Comprehensive Using the above, to finance the cost of these Urban Renewal Area) designation. four unit blocks (one of the least expensive The Housing Division has indicated, for CURAs, ways to build these sorts of units) at an that subsidies on net cost of reclamation for estimated development cost, the following land acquired by the local authority for clear- assumption has been made: 'that ALL cash is ance and subsequent rebuilding either by available at 31/2% per annum for 40 year terms Council or private developers - currently 75% and that the flat rate advanced is to be repaid of the difference between cost of acquisition at the end of 40 years by an Accumulated and clearance and residual value of cleared Sinking Fund with 5% compound interest'. land for its planned re-use-are available. Also, Calculations that loans from the Government for local (4 Units) TYPE A authorities for rebuilding in CURAs up to Total estimated cost: $24,120 + $3,900 = $28,020 100% of cost, 75% on table and 25% on flat (A) 75% loan money table mortgage at 31/2% mortgage for a period of 40 years at a concessional (B) 25% loan money flat mortgage at 31/2% interest rate (currently 31/2%), are available. (A) 75% of $28,020= $21,015 to be raised on Two typical units were selected: Type A T.M. at 31/2% (dec. 2.33209) x 2 = $980.18 costing $6,020 at $14.00/sq. ft. ($156/sq. m.) Total loan charges per annum (includes and Type B at $7,000 also at $14.00/sq. ft. principal and interest repaid with Y2 yearly ($156/sq. m.) For blocks of four units each, an rests). economical form of erection, plus an average (B) 25% of $28,020 = $7,005 land cost for a 22p, (550m2) site the cost would Interest at 31/2 flat p.a. = $245.18 be $24,120 + $3,900 = ($7,000/unit) for Type A Sinking Fund Contribution at 0.85% p.a. and $27,600 + $3,900 = $31,500 (7,890/unit) (40 year term) = $59.54 for Type B. Total annual repayment = $304.72 The land cost, a very desirable and necessary TOTAL (A) AND (B) = $1,284.90 p.a. for four cost to include, was arrived at in the following units of this type. Therefore requires $321.2 way. Five properties owned by elderly people per unit which requires a rental per week of were selected from the Wanganui Renewal Area. $6.10 OR All of these sections are about 20 to 22 perches (500m2 to 550m2) and represent a reasonable (4 units) TYPE B cross section. Total estimated cost: $27,600 + $3,900 = $31,500 (A) 75% loan money table mortgage at 3'h% above. After 10 years, if the person decides to (B) 25% loan money flat mortgage at 31/2% enter into a life occupancy in tenancy free (A) 75% of $31,500 = $23,625 with the Council, some small subsidy may be Therefore Annual loan charges = $1,101.91 required towards the end of say a 20 year (B) 25% of $31,500 = $7,675 period, but this is a small price to pay by a Interest at 31/2% p.a. flat = $275.62 Council which has effectively operated a social Sinking Fund Contribution = $6694 at welfare project of tremendous benefit. 0.85% p.a. Thus, in conclusion, the rentals required to Total Annual Loan Charges = $342.56 cover costs of such a project are well able to TOTAL (A) AND (B) = $1,444.47 p.a. for four be met by the elderly and from an economic units of this type. point of view the solution, rental and free This therefore means $361.21 per unit p.a. which occupancy, will work.

An aerial view of area where elderly tend to congregate.

requires a rental per week of $6.92. 3. Social Aspects Applying the above, we find that the incremental In the Urban Renewal area of Wanganui a report scale devised and based on the pensioner flat compiled in February 1971 included a number rentals is more than adequate in terms of of questions on the subject of relocation. In present building costs. Any substantial increase this report a questionnaire was devised to in cost will mean that the incremental rentals canvas people's opinions on renewal. People will have to be revised. It would be fair to say were asked whether they would move for any that a pensioner with an asset level over and reason. From the results obtained two broad above $6,000 and receiving a pension, could categories of people resided in this area, those stand a rental payment of least $10 per week that would stay until they died, and those who without hardship. Some elderly people will would leave when they could find a better always subsidise the less fortunate in this house. 46.2% of those interviewed would not scheme. move for any reason while 23.1% were unsure For a person participating in a life occupancy and 30.8% had other reasons e.g. expecting method the situation is slightly different. Where better accommodation. the Council may have to pay money back to Almost all the old people said they would not the participant or his estate upon life termination move for any reason. before the 10 year period is up there is no The results of the above could be considered problem because the system would operate in an emotional one because of the results obtained the same way as the rental method described from the next question in the 1971 survey. 34 People were asked whether they would consider may well be that to allow an urban renewal being relocated if: (a) Another house was scheme to affectively operate the local authority provided in the same area or (b) Another has no choice but to subsidise the elderly into house was provided in another area. The results these units. The social ramifications of doing were as follows: 55.0% said 'yes' to being so far outweigh any economic drawbacks. An relocated within the suburb, 17.6% said 'no' essential aim of any renewal project must be to and 24.2% were non committal as well as 3.0% rehouse the inhabitants in better accommodation 'other' (those living in new flat units). In the than they are in now. second part of the question 33.7% were willing The life occupancy aspect of the solution has to live in another suburb while 46.0% said 'no', a number of problems none more important 18.0% were non committal and 2.2% other. than the legal aspects. However, if my inter- The important points that emerged were that pretation of the law is correct then these can people like living in the present area and were be overcome. The people may themselves not only favourably disposed towards rebuilding or want to participate in such a project but the relocating within the existing area. Only 17.6% indications from past experience in Wanganui positively said 'no' to relocating within the are that there should not be too much difficulty same area. in overcoming this aspect. The above surveys suggest elderly people would I believe finally that the solution as proposed like to move to more suitable accommodation will work successfully but there are enough but no indication was given as to whether they unknowns within the solution to make an would favour the proposed solution. unequivocal statement to the affilinative point- To find out whether the elderly people would less. The only way to find out whether the favour the solution requires a questionnaire but solution will definitely work is to try it out in unfortunately this was not possible to implement practice. The Wanganui City Council with its because the Wanganui City Council is planning Urban Renewal Project almost ready for formal to publicise its Urban Renewal Programme and approval by the Minister and the people con- it was felt that the implementation of a cerned, has no choice but to follow a similar questionnaire covering some of the basic points course of action to that set out in this paper, surrounding relocation would be premature and otherwise a large number of people are going might prejudice a carefully constructed to have to find alternative housing themselves advertising campaign. in areas where their level of assets allows them It is perhaps unfortunate for the creditibility of to do so and where their standard of the solution that this avenue of testing was not accommodation will not improve. Such an available but the conclusion will thus have to action would immediately mean that the be conditioned by the fact that the people renewal problem develops in another area. In may not accept my solution in some form. the United States it was found that people However, from previous experience by the affected by urban renewal programmes which Council with people wanting to gift their houses did not find them better alternative accommoda- it would seem that careful explanation would tion moved to areas adjacent to the renewal make the solution acceptable. area and perpetuated the problem. In Auckland, the Freemans Bay renewal area is also a case in point. After most of the area was cleared the Conclusion people affected either went to Otara or to The solution proposed to solve the means Ponsonby and Grey Lynn where the problem discrimination suffered by many elderly people was perpetuated. in urban renewal areas generally will work. An important reason for the potential success The rental aspect of the solution has few of this solution is that loan monies are available problems facing its effective operation. The through the Renewal Legislation at a very low major problem that will be encountered is rate of interest. Money raised on the open building units at a cost that the elderly can market would probably make this solution afford tp pay for in rent. If the rentals required untenable in economic terms. The course of to make the proposed buildings pay for them- action to be followed now is that the solution selves are higher than the elderly can afford will have to be tested in practice and this is very then some form of rent subsidy will be required. likely in the next few months. However, this is not to say that such units necessarily have to meet all costs incurred. It • • • • • • M. J. Foster 35

the areas where research is lacking. Kissling and Sinclair take more than NWEEN half the chapter Some Components of the New Zealand Transport System, discussing internal movements of apples and pears. In a very useful summary of regional develop- Urbanisation in New Zealand: these essays, no attempt has been ment patterns Cant and Johnston Geographical Essays. Edited by R.J. made to fit them into the framework make extensive use of the literature Johnston, Wellington: Reed Education, outlined in the present chapter, but no attempt to bring up to date 1973, pp. 328. $6.95 though the authors were made earlier studies, such as those of aware of it'. This is both misleading GoHedge or King. There has been an hiatus in the and unfortunate, for the most Wider dissemination of important publication of comprehensive books successfully integrated chapters are literature must be welcomed but one on New Zealand geography since those in which earlier published suspects that the volume will be the pioneering efforts of the 1950s material has been substantially most useful to university students in and several collections of readings in reworked to fit the theme (e.g. geography and allied disciplines. the early 1960s. It was inevitable Chapter 7, The Urbanisation of New Those planners who need reminding that local publishers would finally Zealand's Population, by L.D.B. of the wide-ranging empirical and climb aboard the world-wide 'soft- Heenan) or those apparently written theoretical work being carried out cover collection of readings band- specially for this publication, such by geographers will find this waggon' and almost inevitable that as Johnston's own Chapter 10 New collection helpful. Practical applica- the prolific pen of R.J. Johnston Zealand's Urban System in the Late tions will be limited by the historical should edit and be responsible for 1960s. Others, such as Rimmer's emphasis in several papers and the the writing of a substantial portion The Changing Status of New Zealand lack of really recent data — a of this first example. Seaports 1853-1968 (Chapter 3), and problem of which planners are This is more than a grouping of Rowland's Maoris and Pacific well aware. Compensating for these previously published papers, because Islanders in Auckland (Chapter 14), is the consistent orientation to about one-third of the material is although updated and modified understanding processes that may presented here for the first time; from the original papers and useful in suggest solutions to current and most of the articles which are re- themselves, are more isolated future problems. appearing have been modified, up- statements. This lack of a consistant —Warren Moran. dated or combined from more than theme detracts from the volume's one original. Nevertheless, the volume unity and suitability for secondary reflects its multiple authorship and schools, one of its stated intentions. origin in recent or current research. The systems framework that is Urbanisation is widely defined; there invoked in the Preface has proved The Commuter, The Car and is a chapter on regional development sufficiently difficult for teachers and Metropolitan Wellington, by patterns, three on transport (seaports, senior high school students to Laurence Evans. Victoria University the transport system and coastal interpret that more precise identifica- of Wellington, 1972. 143 pp. shipping), chapters on the retail tion of the manner in which all the $5.00 system and demographic patterns, chapters fit the general framework This book,true to its title, deals with three on intra-urban patterns and would have been well worth the the car, the commuter and the linkages and two on Maoris, Pacific extra effort. It is unfortunate also Wellington metropolitan area, but Islanders and other immigrants in that the commendable closer what the title does not reveal is the cities. Nine of the chapters are affinity of geography with other high standard achieved, the fact that written by authors with current or social sciences, that is noted in the the book contains a well researched past affiliations with the Department introduction, has meant that in some historical account of the developmen of Geography, University of chapters principles, generalisations, of the transport facilities in the Canterbury. and possible insights are hidden in Wellington region, and the excellent In his introduction, Johnston sets up a morass of convoluted and jargon- critique of the recently produced a conceptual framework for the ridden prose. Carter Committee report on Urban book by identifying the structural, Sometimes the detailed original Public Transport in New Zealand. demographic and behavioural research and more general material In the first five chapters, Mr Evans dimensions of urbanisation but later written specifically for the volume, has described the development of states that, 'In the preparation of lie rather uneasily together emphasising the Wellington City and region from

36 its founding to its present day state, of the Wellington region have reacted bibliography is given and the book building as he goes a picture of the to the report. It makes for depressing is well organised into an author stage by stage development of the reading about narrow-minded, small- index and a subject index. transport System and network now town politicians, and leaves one to I would not disagree with the author's serving the region. His style of wonder how long before local feeling that the knowledge of the writing makes for easy reading of government loses its remaining working of economic forces within historical detail, and the detailed powers to statutory boards. The the urban system contributes to the records of conflict and bias in the appendix to this chapter, titled understanding of the evolution and decision making of those responsible "The Genesis of Statutory and other operation of that system. Nor would for the planning and operation of Regional Planning in New Zealand" I disagree with his assertion that the transport system shows up some is an interesting view of the regional economic analysis needs to be of the weaknesses that one always planning process from the transport introduced to planners and other suspected existed in our local govern- economist/historian viewpoint. non-economists concerned with the ments. It is a pity that Wellington A comprehensive bibliography study of urban areas. But I disagree administrators, planners and engineers completes the work. with the author's assumption that cannot start all over again with the This enjoyable and excellent book, this book requires little or no benefit of the hindsight and analysis the first to be published by the prior knowledge of economics, available in this book. Of particular Victoria University of Wellington, being intended primarily for the interest to the more rational sets a very high standard and if all non-economist. The author mentions, advocates of a rapid rail system for future publications match this one without adequate explanation, such Auckland will be the Appendix to in quality then success for the basic economic concepts as marginal Chapter 4, "Mass Transit and its venture is assured. The book should cost, demand and supply, elasticity, Catchment Area" as the information be essential reading for all students marginal utility, indifference surfaces, given therein shows that no New of government, planning and tran- multipliers and production possibility Zealand city could support a rapid sport in New Zealand, and should curves. Any non-economist may find transit system on a user pays basis. find its way to the bookshelves of it difficult to follow the analyses It is a pity that Mr Evans did not go all those concerned with transport based on these concepts. The author into methods of deficit financing for planning and administration in the also introduced two powerful the benefit of the Auckland rate- Wellington region. operations research techniques — payers. R. Smyth input output analysis and linear In the sixth chapter Mr Evans takes programming, an apixeciation of ounimmommuor a good but rather hard look at the mowmummur , • which, definitely requires some NM= 110•=.1111111 "Carter Committee" of Inquiry economic knowledge. and its Report. First is a short SOMMIMUMHUMM1 The book can be read for its planning historical background to the setting content by planners without any up of the Carter Committee The Economics of Urban Areas, economic training, but if they want followed by a commentary and Brian Goodall, Pergamon, Oxford, to appreciate the economic content criticism of the main contents, 1972. 379 pp. £3.75. they should bone up first on some findings and recommendations of preliminary text like Robert Heller's the report. This is interspersed with The author intends this book to "The economic system". The reader illustrate how the application of without any basic economic know- comments and quotations of relevant general principles of economic ledge will be unable to appreciate and recent over seas experience linked analysis can aid the understanding the real contribution to economics together and appropriately related of the internal structure and to urban area analysis and the to the Wellington region. "Traffic operation of urban areas. The book whole point of the book will be lost. restraint and Modal Split", eovered discusses the economic basis of Armed with some economic know- in a technical appendix to the urban areas, the urban real property ledge the reader will be able to chapter, are well treated and must market, urban land-use patterns, discern some wooly economic be of use at least as an introduction urban location decisions of businesses analysis and be left with the feeling to those interested in regulating the and households, urban growth both that the author's objectives could use of the motor car in the interests in terms of outward expansion and be achieved in a more precise and of humanity. internal reorganisation, the level of clearer manner. The seventh and final chapter urban activity, urban economic —Brian Murphy. reviews the short term impact of the growth, the size and spacing of Carter Committee report with urban areas, and government and special emphasis on how the authorities the urban system. An extensive • • • • • • 37 Sir, Of course I noticed your references FaTEd to the GNP in your editorial in TPQ 32. On the face of it I am inclined to agree; that is that economists only tend to think in terms of economic growth. I said on the face of it, because when looking below the face, a different picture emerges. Indeed the GNP measures growth, but that is one facet only of the GNP. A much more important aspect of the GNP is that it is a tool which allocates the factors of Disturbing the Status Quo production, land, labour, minerals and machinery, through the medium of capital in the form of credit, to the different sectors of our Sir, economic growth had lead to a community. For that it uses the so I have more respect for economists reduction in working hours, a more called national.accounts, which form than is shown in your editorial. No equitable distribution of incomes, a part and parcel of the gross national economist since Ricardo has believed more effective range of opportunities product together with the mathe- that economic growth should be the and political and economic stability. matical formulas of the credit sole objective of economic policy. His main misgiving was that many multiplier, the aggregate and dis- For example, one economist who wants in an affluent society were aggregate economic models. These Galbraith chose not to quote opined, created (not satisfied) and there was national accounts and the associated "I am inclined to believe that it a bias against expenditure in the mathematical models, are used as (zero economic growth) would be, public sector; a "social imbalance monetary and fiscal tools to guide on the whole, a considerable improve- that imperils the prospects for long- the economic development of New ment on our present condition . run economic growth" (page 282, Zealand by the Reserve Bank and Those who do not accept the 1969). His remedies would have the Treasury in conjunction with present, very early stage of human encouraged faster economic growth, the social and economic objectives improvement as its ultimate type, as they did not deal with the "want- set, through Parliament, by the may be excused for being comparatively creating mechanisms" (advertising Government of New Zealand. I am indifferent to the kind of economical and status). E. J. Mishan's "The so impressed by the techniques used progress which excites the congratula- Costs of Economic Growth" contains that the notion of brilliance cannot tions of ordinary politicians: the "no such sign of any optimism about be denied to them; they are ingenious mere increase of production and the potential value of economic in the pursuit of a planned economy accumulation" (John S. Mill, 1848, growth". through the notion of planned savings Principles of Political Economy, The Both Toffler and Galbraith are and planned investments; hence a Stationary Economy.) In this section, popular because they have played planned land-use. If given the good he expresses concern about the ("Future Shock", "Conventional will of all sections of the community effect of economic growth on the Wisdom") on the very real fears in New Zealand the economic models environment, and advocates a people have, that they are not abreast could be as impressive in the 1970's "stricter restraint on population" with the times. Their rather facile as the social legislation in the 1930's; and on more equal distribution of endorsements of the "status quo", certainly as land use planners we incomes. show how abject this concern to be should not, we could not, ignore In the"Affluent Society", Galbraith "with it" can be. that part of economic science. made the dubious claims that H. W. Smith E. F. Schwarz 38 Sir, politicians to think again about major city like Auckland work and The so-called critical review of objectives and turn to measures of school trips have a significant effect transportation studies in TPQ 32 is traffic restraint, through parking on the demands on the transport hardly more than a disappointing controls, supplementary licensing or system in the morning peak hour. commentary. The fact that a large road pricing. If Mr Smith reads the The real value of New Zealand part was rewritten "after" reading London Study reports for example, transportation studies has been the two almost standard transportation he will find that the consultants introduction of numbers into the course texts is a rather sad reflection were recommending traffic restraint planning scheme, of forcing the on the quality of the M.Eng.Sci. that as well as motorways as early as planners to quantify their predictions Mr Smith is completing. Having read 1966, and had actually simulated and put numbers into the "zoned" his Professor's views (Traffic restraint in the transportation model, areas. Most of the smaller local Engineering, November 1972, but using or perhaps mis-using a mathe- authorities had operative planning see also Louis E. Keefer's letter in matical technique. schemes long before the transportation the January 1973 issue) one should The second line of a critical review study was thought of and so the not be too surprised at the line would be to look at the techniques study was generally confined to a taken. Mr Smith should draw his used in the studies compared to selected land use plan. This was more good Professor's attention to the what else was available at the time, a reflection on the weaknesses in existence of Mishan's and Plowden's remembering that the New Zealand the planning procedures rather than books, as well as other recent texts studies were in the main completed in the transportation study as such. for the benefit of next year's students. by 1967 and are really first generation On reflection it is a pity that Mr To my mind, a critical review of studies. The Christchurch study was Smith did not do his reading earlier transportation studies will first completed before the advent of and read more widely, as even I am examine the historical scene and either the gravity model or the modcrn aware of the case for the London political climate at the time of the computer on the New Zealand scene. motorways as well as the case against. studies, because first and foremost It correctly had a planning bias and They were not scrapped on technical the study is a planning tool designed all factors considered, it was a very grounds, although the Layfield to assist the professional in his role good effort. Unfortunately, the Inquiry whilst accepting the concept, as adviser to the elected representatives • same cannot be said for the other reduced the number of "rings" but It is they, the politicians, who, major city studies, and GB's review not the number of radials. The inner although perhaps not directly, shape of the Auckland study (TPQ 3) says motorway rings, have, at least for the objectives of the study and, to a nearly all that needs to be said. the time being, been mostly fair extent, determine the balance The Auckland study, in its failure abandoned — according to the Times, of the plan package at the end of the to provide real evidence for (or but the planners never suggested day. So we should examine the against) a rapid rail transit system, motorways were the only answer objectives of the studies, the plans must convince most cynics that as they recommended "restraint" produced, and now after a period of transportation planning is not through parking control, and a form some years, the results of building worthwhile. If only the job had been of road pricing to regulate the the recommended system if it ever done to a reasonable standard in the traffic. (See letter from the U.K., got off the ground, and see if the first instance! The remaining studies TPQ 33). predictions of the studies are borne examined by Mr Smith used techniques The real difficulty in any place, and out. Christchurch is the original more than adequate for city size where a good transportation study New Zealand study, so Christchurch and were generally designed to deal can be of use, is in achieving a is a good place to look at what has with the planning situation and fore- balance between public and private been achieved so far. From memory seen at the time the study started. The transport, between level of service the study advocated a motorway energy crisis and the anti-motor car of all modes and standards of scheme supported by maximum lobby did not really exist at that achievement. Previous economic utilisation and minor improvements time. Examination of the plans justification for transport schemes of the existing street system — and produced by the studies does not is not now enough, there must be gave some indication of the traffic reveal anything that would be better shown to be a real gain and no loss volumes likely to occur. Some of the justified or designed using any of in social and environmental terms. motorways have been built, the Mr Smith's suggested methods such New or updated transportation available capacity in the street as a peak rather than a 24 hour studies must be designed to assist system is being utilised, and as model. Perhaps Mr Smith can quote the professional adivse his masters Christchurch is following world- some specific cases. However I agree in at least the current and rather wide trands, the increase in traffic, that the "time of day" modelling is difficult climate of public opinion. motorways or not, is causing a desirable and now accepted feature R. Smyth. adverse public reaction, forcing of a transportation study and in a • • • • 39 Sir, A Critical Review of Transportation Studies by Harry Smith ERMENTUR MEM No! No! Harry Smith your "brick bats" may be well intended and also contain some good value but they are poorly shaped and their aim is not good. Your analysis of previous studies and the table do not appear to coincide with earlier summaries. I New Student Members D.A.C. Dodds, DipArch, DipTP(Auck) refer you to tables in the paper "A The following were recently elected AMZIA, (M), from Babbage and Comparison of New Zealand Tran- to student membership of the Partners to David Dodds/Associates, sport Patterns" pages 101411 of Institute. Auckland. Proceedings N.Z. Roading Symposium I.T. Brownlee, BA(Cant). J.G. Dryden, DipTP(Auck), MNZIS, 1967. J.W. Edwards, BA(Auck). (S), from Head Office, Ministry of There the modal split is also set out G.H. Elferink, BSC(Witwatersrand), Works, Wellington, to private practice, and a growth factor range of RICS Royds and Sutherland, Christchurch. vehicle trips/per person from 1.25 M.S. Hanif, BA(Auck). I.G. Dudding, MRTPI, (M), from to 1.5 emerges in different cities. S.F. Havill, BA,DipTP(Auck). Assistant Director, to Director of These aspects aside from your real RD. Hayles, BA(VUW). Housing, Wellington. complaint appears to be lack of C.M. Moore, BA(Hons)(0tago). R.H.J. Eagles, ARIBA, ANZIA, (S), testing of alternative land use K.W. Morris, BA(Auck). From Planning Officer Onehunga patterns, networks, and policy M.R. Simister, BA(Auck). Borough to Waitemata County. assumptions. These shortcomings in B.W. Somerville, DipUrbVal(Auck). D.M.L. Francombe, DipTP(Auck), the first generation studies have W.J. Willis. (M), is now Government Town been admitted since 1958 to my R.F. Wyber, MA(Otago). Planner, Botswana. knowledge. The second generation Retirements C.M. Moore, BA(Hons)(0tago), from review studies are correcting the C.R. Edwards has retired from Planning Assistant, Hamilton City matter in some degree. To be realistic Membership, and A. Sarniak-Thomson Council to Auckland Regional the National Roads Board's has withdrawn from Student Authority. obligation is to seek a network Membership. G.N. Prattley, BA(Auck), (S), from investment answer only. While Recent Movements Planning Assistant, Manukau City, to agreeing with Mr Smith's desire; his D.M. Brown, BA(Otago), to Tse Planning Officer, Melbourne Metro- list of references and the need for Group Consultants, Auckland. politan Board of Works. wider urban planning objectives as I.T. Brownlee, tA(Cant), Planning B.W. Putt, BA(Auck), to Planning the input for any future studies, Assistant Hamilton City to Manukau Assistant, Auckland City. this requires local initiative of a City. G.C.C. Steedman, DipUrbVal, from higher order than has been forth- J.R.P. Clarke, BA(Capetown), Building Inspector, Devonport coming to date. DipTP(Lond), MRTPI, (M), from Borough to Planning Assistant Don't forget that transportation Town and Country Planning Division, Waitemata County surveys have been the only major Wellington, to private practice, J.C. Stewart, MA(Hons), DipTP urban studies undertaken in this JASMAD, Auckland. (Auck), (S), from Planning Assistant, country. D.D. Cockburn, MSc(Edin), DipArch Nottingham City, to Planning Officer, Inspite of their shortcomings, as (Auck), ANZIA, ARIBA, (S), from Auckland Regional Authority inferred by Harry Smith, these Planning Officer, Glasgow City to A.L. Withy, DipTP(Auck), MNZIS, studies have been well within the private practice, Calder, Fowler and (M), from Murray-North and accuracy required for their purposes. Styles, Wellington. Partners, Auckland to their branch Lets build on what we have, don't J.L. Crawford, BA(Auck) to Planning at Rotorua. throw the baby out with the bath- Assistant, Auckland City Council. W.R.F. Wyber, MA(Otago), to water. Remember, if the National D. Devine, BA(Cant), to Planning planning Assistant, Invercargill. Roads Board had not subsidised Assistant, Auckland City. Refresher Course such studies our cities would not AG. Dibble DipTP(Auck), MNZIS, The summer school that the Institute yet have these planning files. (M), from Planning Officer, to Manager, had expected to introduce in Malcolm Douglass. Regional Water Board, Auckland January, 1974, has now been Christchurch Regional Planning Regional Authority. postponed a year. Authority 40

NEW ZEALAND PLANNING INSTITUTE Professional Cards These notices are inserted for the general information and guidance of the public. The consultant firms listed have one or more Members of the New Zealand Planning Institute amongst their partners.

James Beard & Co., Davie, Lovell-Smith & Partners, Kingston Reynolds, Thom & Allardice, P.O. Box 5050, P.O. Box 679, 44 Wakefield Street, Wellington. Christchurch. Auckland 1.

Alex Bowman, Russell Dickson, 320 Trafalgar Square, 17 Peter Terrace, Murray-North Partners, Nelson. Auckland 9. Murray-North House, 9 Gore Street, Auckland 1, John Watson Cox, David Dodds/Associates, P.O. Box 9041, Hamilton, 41 Ngaio Road, P.O. Box 37-223, Kel burn, P.O. Box 553, Rotorua. Wellington. Auckland 1. Earnest N. New & Associates, Fraser, Thomas, Gunman, P.O. Box 93, Shaw & Partners, Invercargill. Curtis & Simmons, 152 Kolmar Road, Auckland, and 10 Takutai Avenue, P.O. Box 17, Kaikohe. Maurice B. Patience, Bucklands Beach, and P.O. Box 3548, 152 Hobson Street, Gabites, Alington, & Edmondson, Wellington. Auckland 1. P.O. Box 5136, Wellington. Porter & Martin, P.O. Box 5029, Jelicich, Austin, Smith, Wellington. Mercep & Davies, P.O. Box 6648, Auckland 1.

PRGG IISS AT LAST

NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATE IN TOWN AND The New Course COUNTRY PLANNING A very brief resume of the new course is given below. Under Authority policy details of the syllabuses and notes for the guidance of teachers and students cannot be made available to the public generally. However, readers may be assured that every effort has been made W. D. Ross to make the course as interesting and as relevant as possible. It has been impossible to incorporate (or reconcile) everything requested by ,a comprehensive For some years now the Planning Institute has been cross-section of planning agencies to whom it was negotiating with the Technicians' Certification Authority referred in draft form, but there is now general agree- in an attempt to devise a New Zealand Certificate ment that it will go a very long way towards meeting Course for planners to replace the Town and Country the needs of planning assistants. To ease the Planning option of the New Zealand Certificate in difficulties of introducing a new course it was also Draughting which is being phased out. After very necessary to adopt a substantial number of subjects lengthy negotiations a new course has been worked from existing technician certification courses. In time out and this has now been approved by the Institute it is hoped that these can be replaced or adapted to Council and the Technicians Certification Authority. suit better planners' needs. 41

Tutor Required Year III Introduction to Planning and two of The only obstacle preventing the introduction of the Introduction to the Legal System new course is the lack of a tutor to prepare assign- General Economics ments for the new planning subjects and to teach Drawing II(Survey) (Pre-requisite — Drawing I) these with the Technical Correspondence Institute. Year IV It is hoped that the Authority will be able to have Statutory Planning and Administration parts of the new course taught at technical institutes (Pre-requisite — Introduction to Planning) and secondary schools but it is anticipated that the Planning Techniques I main burden of the teaching will fall on the T.C.I., so and one of that a well qualified and experienced planner is Statistics for Commerce essential for the inauguration and continuation of the Planning Technology new course. Year V The Institute is currently advertising the position, Planning Techniques II which could be a particularly attractive one, given the (Pre-requisite — Planning Techniques I) revised salary scale and the opportunities and and two of encouragement to be given tutors to remain in contact * Local Authority Administration with their profession. Enquiries should be made to: * Draughting Technology The Principal, * Land Classification and Utilisation Technical Correspondence Institute, * Photograrrunetry (Pre-requisite — Drawing II P.O. Box 30-335, — Survey) LOWER HUTT. * These are subjects from existing Technician Support of Planning Profession Essential Authority courses. The support of planning officers and others responsible These are new subjects specifically designed for the for the supervision of planning assistants is absolutely certificate in Town and Country Planning. essential to ensure that the course receives appropriate The Technicians Certification Authority Handbook salary and status recognition within each organisation. (issued yearly) contains essential information about Only in this way will planning assistants become certification courses and should be consulted by aware of the course and the advantages in completing intending students. The following three clauses are it. quoted to give a guide on exemptions applicable to The planning profession as a whole must maintain a subjects at first and second year level, but it must be continuing interest in the course to ensure that in its emphasised that many factors are involved in structure and standard it fulfils its appropriate role in exemptions both in respect of these years and educating planning assistants in what is bound to be subsequent years, and prospective students should changing circumstances within the urban planning contact the Authority directly: world. Exemptions — First two years As noted above, the introduction of the new course 6.2 There is no exemption for any reason from is wholly dependent on the recruitment of a tutor but English. if this is accomplished shortly the course could be 6.4 A 50% mark in a School Certificate subject introduced in 1974. For general enquiries on the gives exemption from Stage 1 of the corresponding course contact the Institute's Technician Training subject of the first two years. Liason Councillor, Mr W. D. Ross, P.O. Box 5131, 6.5 A 50% mark, or accrediting, in a University Wellington. Entrance subject gives exemption from both The Course Structure Stage I and Stage II of the corresponding Years I and H subject of the first two years. A 40% mark English exempts from Stage I only. Mathematics I Further enquiries on this and all other matters Drawing I concerning Authority courses should be made to: Geography I The Executive Officer, plus any three of the following, at least two to be at Technicians Certification Authority, stage II level 222 Lambton Quay, Mathematics II Building Construction I and II Wellington. Geography II Biology I and II History I and II Science I and II Art (Sixth Form Certificate) •••••000.

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