DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of a Design System in the Eastern Part of the Carpathian Basin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of a Design System in the Eastern Part of the Carpathian Basin Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1e15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Evolution of a design system in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. Transformations of the vessel-based human representations of the Middle Neolithic Szakalh at culture and the genesis of the Late Neolithic Tisza culture's ‘textile’ decoration* Katalin Sebok} Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eotv€ os€ Lorand University, Múzeum krt. 4/b, Budapest H-1088, Hungary article info abstract Article history: It is a rare opportunity, at least in the research of the Neolithic, when one gets the possibility to look Received 31 May 2016 ‘behind’ ceramic decorations and see a concept at work. It is even more rare to be in the position to watch Received in revised form how these concepts and ideas, related customs, designs and decorations change together through 4 January 2017 consecutive periods and cultures as part of an interlinked system, creating very diverse phenomena but Accepted 16 January 2017 always preserving something, thus maintaining a continuity of the whole. Beside using carefully selected Available online xxx questions and analytic methods the find material in focus must also meet several criteria to provide a suitable source material, involving the constitution of the ceramic sets, the complexity and structure of Keywords: Ceramic style the decorations, the technological background and its social implications, and perhaps a relatively un- Social signaling disturbed cultural development. The present paper attempts to describe the emergence, transformations Middle and Late Neolithic and decline of such a system, focusing on changes of practical, social and possible cognitive functions of Eastern Carpathian Basin certain vessel types, incorporating diversified archaeological observations, and utilising concepts from Cultural identity the field of social signaling. Cognitive function © 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Background major transformation took place in several Szakalh at settlements in a smaller area, resulting in fundamental social and ecological The study covers Middle and Late Neolithic archaeological cul- changes and leading, eventually, to the emergence of the Late tures from the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, more precisely Neolithic Tisza Culture that persisted until the dawn of the Copper from the territory of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alfold€ in Hungar- Age (Kalicz and Raczky,1987, 25; Raczky and Anders, 2009, 32). This ian) in the first place. During the Middle Neolithic this area was turn was only a peak of a lasting and extended process concerning occupied by the easternmost variant of the Linear Pottery Culture the whole of the Carpathian Basin, starting around the emergence (LPC), the so-called Alfold€ Linear Pottery Culture (ALPC). In a of the LPC groups in the area. Due to a subsistence pattern different younger period of the ALPC (phases IIIeIV), around 5300e5200 cal from that of the preceding period the importance of territoriality BC several independent groups evolved from the previously quite gradually increased throughout the Middle Neolithic. This brought homogenous cultural unit, with the Szakalh at Culture (Fig. 1.) about a significant, continuous emergence of stress, answered in amongst them (Kalicz and Makkay, 1977,106e107, 1982, 54e62; the material culture by a pronounced raise in material signaling, as Raczky and Anders, 2009,31e32). Around 5100e5000 cal BC a reflected by the ever growing complexity of ceramic decorations, the appearance of multilevel settlement patterns with central places marked by large enclosure systems (by the Late Neolithic: * e e The current paper is based on the author's oral presentation titled ‘Memory, Makkay, 1982,110 111; Raczky and Anders, 2006,18 19; 2009, identity, possibility: a symbolic decorational system as a medium of cultural re- 39e43; Raczky and Sebok,} 2014, 338), and a gradual increase in membrance and social signaling in the Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin’ presented both the amount and the complexity of expensive personal orna- in the section A11f d The Role of Art in Prehistoric Societies, UISPP 2014 Confer- ments, funerary equipment and funerary symbols (for a thorough ence, Burgos, 05. 09. 2014. The research was subsidized by the National Research, fi survey on the causes, incentives and phenomena of representations Development and Innovation Of ce project ID: NK 101024. E-mail address: [email protected]. of social inequality in the period under study see Siklosi, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.020 1040-6182/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Sebok,} K., Evolution of a design system in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. Transformations of the vessel-based human representations of the Middle Neolithic Szakalh at culture and the genesis of the Late Neolithic Tisza culture's ‘textile’ decoration, Quaternary International (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.020 2 K. Sebok} / Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1e15 Fig. 1. Distribution of the settlements of the Szakalh at Culture and the transitional period. Black dots: sites with jar-shaped face pots; black and white dots: occurrence of both the jar-shaped and the cylindrical type variants. Sites mentioned in the study: 1: Abony-Serkeszek-d ul} o;} 2: Battonya-Godr€ os€ ok;€ 3: Battonya-Parazs-tanya; 4: Csanytelek-Újhalasto; 5: } Csongrad-Bokros; 6: Gyoma-Ozed; 7: Koml€ o-Birka-j} ar o-legel o;} 8: Kunszentmarton-Kett oshalom;} 9: Rak oczifalva-Bagi-f oldek€ 8A. After Sebok,} 2009, Appendix, Fig. 1. 28e38). This course seems to have progressed throughout the Late observed between the three groups, providing a greatly inhomog- Neolithic as well, ending in a crash-like change of lifestyle due to enous inventory with only a few dedicated ‘signal’ types. When the joint effect of social processes and climatic-environmental looking at ceramic vessels as signals, their ‘signal value’ usually factors resulting in fundamental economical changes approxi- consists less of the applied materials and more of immaterial in- mately around 4500 BCE (Gyucha et al., 2014, 286e287; Gyucha gredients like the appearing technological and cultural knowledge and Parkinson, 2013, 523; Kalicz and Raczky, 1987,26e27; Link, (the latter represented by the correct use of the culture's design and 2006, 43; Yerkes et al., 2009, 1087). decoration rules), and the amount of invested labour (Bliege Bird The evolution of the (material) culture in the study area can be and Smith, 2005, 230e231). It must be noted that by the evalua- said to be unbroken (i.e. undisturbed by major infiltrations, immi- tion of the value of applied materials the ingredients with symbolic grations or decisive influences from the neighbouring cultures) value, i.e. characteristics that add to the total value of an object but between the Middle Neolithic and the end of the Middle Copper are undetectable for anyone outside the maker/user community, Age. As a result, the ceramic inventories of the consecutive cultures are obviously not accounted for (therefore any estimation of value share a basic composition and characteristics as well as a common is necessarily inaccurate to some extent). It follows from this that technological and probably basic production background, all root- high economical and/or symbolic value is not necessarily accom- ing in the socio-cultural and stylistic traditions of the LPC. panied by clearly visible traits and thus only a part of the objects The ceramic inventories of all cultures under study basically with high symbolic, social and/or signal value is identifiable by consist of three large clusters (or four, including miniature vessels, using archaeological methods. The total of this labour adds up of which but cannot be interpreted as obviously regular types in a two types: beside the amount the investment of which is un- household's inventory). The first cluster, embracing the over- avoidable by the making of a vessel (or any object) there can be an whelming majority of the ceramic finds and including a wide range amount of extra work invested to enhance the elaboration and/or of vessel forms is that of the probably primarily or exclusively symbolic qualities of the end product. The amount of work repre- utilitarian ceramics. The vessels in this group may be smaller, sented by these ‘extra’ choices was named ‘aesthetic labour’ by D. middle-sized or larger, of medium or good quality. Excellent finish Wengrow (Wengrow, 2001,169e170). Aesthetic labour can be (polish or varnish) appears only on smaller liquid containers like manifested by choices of shape (e.g. by symbolic forms), by the less closed cups and bowls. The applied decorations are simple, quality of finish, and most certainly by decorations, especially by scarce, moderate and basically functional like knobs, bosses or those without an utilitarian aspect (or downright against func- applied cordons to enhance grip, finger impressions, or mainly tionality). The proportion of basic and aesthetic labour varies by rough barbotine decorations to raise surface. This basic set is vessel. When the amount of aesthetic labour in an object (in rela- completed in each culture by a small cluster of vessel forms tion to that of basic work) is unproportionally high, it may be incorporating only a few types which are usually small, less presumed that its primary function is partially or wholly non- frequently medium sized, of good or excellent quality, and utilitarian (in terms of social signaling: even if there is an actual completed by a more or less elaborate decoration. The third group utilitarian element in the primary function, the object's context and is that of the large, immobile or built-in containers (or bins). The estimated economical/symbolic value must be interpreted in the quality and design of these varies greatly by culture, but as a rule light of all detected elements of value.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Original File Was Neolithicadmixture4.Tex
    Supplementary Information: Parallel ancient genomic transects reveal complex population history of early European farmers Table of Contents Supplementary note 1: Archaeological summary of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in the region of today’s Hungary………………………………………………………………………....2 Supplementary note 2: Description of archaeological sites………………………………………..8 Supplementary note 3: Y chromosomal data……………………………………………………...45 Supplementary note 4: Neolithic Anatolians as a surrogate for first European farmers..………...65 Supplementary note 5: WHG genetic structure and admixture……………………………….......68 Supplementary note 6: f-statistics and admixture graphs………………………………………....72 Supplementary note 7: ALDER.....……..…………………………………………………...........79 Supplementary note 8: Simulations……………………………………………….…...................83 1 Supplementary note 1: Archaeological summary of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in the region of today’s Hungary The Carpathian Basin (including the reagion of today’s Hungary) played a prominent role in all prehistoric periods: it was the core territory of one cultural complex and, at the same time, the periphery of another, and it also acted as a mediating or contact zone. The archaeological record thus preserves evidence of contacts with diverse regions, whose vestiges can be found on settlements and in the cemeteries (grave inventories) as well. The earliest farmers arrived in the Carpathian Basin from southeastern Europe ca. 6000–5800 BCE and they culturally belonged to the Körös-Çris (east) and Starčevo (west) archaeological formations [1, 2, 3, 4]. They probably encountered some hunter-gatherer groups in the Carpathian Basin, whose archaeological traces are still scarce [5], and bioarchaeological remains are almost unknown from Hungary. The farmer communities east (Alföld) and west (Transdanubia) of the Danube River developed in parallel, giving rise around 5600/5400 BCE to a number of cultural groups of the Linearband Ceramic (LBK) culture [6, 7, 8].
    [Show full text]
  • Editors RICHARD FOSTER FLINT GORDON
    editors EDWARD S RICHARD FOSTER FLINT GORDON EN, III ---IRKING ROUSE YALE U IVE, R T ' HAVEN, _ONNEC. ICUT RADIOCARBON Editors: EDWARD S. DEEVEY-RICHARD FOSTER FLINT-J. GORDON OG1 EN, III-IRVING ROUSE Managing Editor: RENEE S. KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Editors: JOHN RODGERS AND JOHN H. OSTROI7 Published semi-annually, in Winter and Summer, at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Subscription rate $30.00 (for institutions), $20.00 (for individuals), available only by volume. All correspondence and manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor, RADIOCARBON, Box 2161, Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers should follow the recommendations in Sugges- tions to Authors, 5th ed. All copy must be typewritten in double space (including the bibliography): manuscripts for vol. 13, no. 1 must be submitted in duplicate by February 1, 1971, and for vol. 13, no. 2 by August 1, 1971. Description of samples, in date lists, should follow as closely as possible the style shown in this volume. Each separate entry (date or series) in a date list should be considered an abstract, prepared in such a way that descriptive material is distinguished from geologic or archaeologic interpretation, but description and interpretation must be both brief and informative. Date lists should therefore not be preceded by abstracts, but abstracts of the more usual form should accompany all papers (e.g. geochemical contributions) that are directed to specific problems. Each description should include the following data, if possible in the order given: 1. Laboratory number, descriptive name (ordinarily that of the locality of collec- tion), and the date expressed in years B.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal • 2019 Autumn
    HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2019 AUTUMN www.hungarianarchaeology.hu INTERACTION BETWEEN LANDSCAPES AND COMMUNITIES IN THE NEOLITHIC: MODELING SOCIOECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN NORTHEAST-HUNGARY BETWEEN 6000–4500 BC András Füzesi Hungarian Archaeology Vol. 8 (2019), Issue 3, pp. 1–11, https://doi.org/10.36338/ha.2019.3.1 During the millennia, the relationship of man and environment was constantly transformed. Due to sedentary lifestyle and food production, the impact of human communities on the environment was multiplied exponen- tially since the Neolithic period. This activity created a new phenomenon, the cultural landscape, which was, however, not simply a product of human agency, but became an „independent” agent, affecting its creator. The complexity of this relationship can be recognized all the time, not only in our everyday lives—thinking for example, on the global economic and social consequences of climate change—but also in archaeological assemblages. The project outlined in this paper explores the impact of Neolithic communities in Northeast- ern Hungary on the landscape. It focuses on three research themes—settlement (settlement network), econ- omy (land-use) and communication (interactions among communities)—covering different aspects of the same problem: the interaction and mutual transformation of human communities and landscapes. Landscape archaeology has moved to the forefront of the international and Hungarian research as well, owing its success to two trends. First, environmental awareness and protection of the environment are increasingly appreciated globally, turning both public opinion and experts towards this topic. Second, this field of study allows a great deal of latitude for interdisciplinarity, as it needs cooperation between natural and life sciences and humanities (MÜLLER, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Cultic Finds from the Middle Copper Age of Western Hungary
    CULTIC FINDS FROM THE MIDDLE COPPER AGE OF WESTERN HUNGARY-­ CONNECTIONS WITH SOUTH EAST EUROPE Eszter Banffy Until recently prehistoric objects considered to be cultic ones were mostly interpreted in two different ways: using the typological method on archaeological material, or on the basis of speculative anthropology, working from recent ethnographic parallels or from parallels to ancient religions. In recent times the analysis of the pure archaeological context provides a third method of increasing popularity. It is in fact very important to study to what extent archaeology can help to solve problems of the history of art and religions, that is, to what extent archaeology can be a source of the history of religions (Bimffy, in print). To apply the method of contextual study to the Carpathian Basin and South East Europe, a collection of human figurines with well-observed contexts, as well as anthropomorphic vessels, house models and other finds having a cultic character is in progress (Banffy 1986). Hopefully this work will provide useful data for a better knowledge concerning N eo lithic and Cha1colithic cultural groups that lived in the study area (Fig. 7). Nevertheless, even in this region there are periods where the above-mentioned three models could be used with difficulty, for no cultic finds have COJ,l1e to light yet. Such a period is the Early and Middle Copper Age of the Western Carpathian Basin, i.e. Transdanubia. The Late Neolithic of this area, that is the Lengyel Culture is fairly well researched. It is a close relative of the Moravian Painted Ware found in Lower Austria and Czechoslovakia; not only its ceramics, but its whole material culture and way oflife fit the South East European Painted Pottery group very well.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronze Age Tell Communities in Context: an Exploration Into Culture
    Bronze Age Tell Kienlin This study challenges current modelling of Bronze Age tell communities in the Carpathian Basin in terms of the evolution of functionally-differentiated, hierarchical or ‘proto-urban’ society Communities in Context under the influence of Mediterranean palatial centres. It is argued that the narrative strategies employed in mainstream theorising of the ‘Bronze Age’ in terms of inevitable social ‘progress’ sets up an artificial dichotomy with earlier Neolithic groups. The result is a reductionist vision An exploration into culture, society, of the Bronze Age past which denies continuity evident in many aspects of life and reduces our understanding of European Bronze Age communities to some weak reflection of foreign-derived and the study of social types – be they notorious Hawaiian chiefdoms or Mycenaean palatial rule. In order to justify this view, this study looks broadly in two directions: temporal and spatial. First, it is asked European prehistory – Part 1 how Late Neolithic tell sites of the Carpathian Basin compare to Bronze Age ones, and if we are entitled to assume structural difference or rather ‘progress’ between both epochs. Second, it is examined if a Mediterranean ‘centre’ in any way can contribute to our understanding of Bronze Age tell communities on the ‘periphery’. It is argued that current Neo-Diffusionism has us essentialise from much richer and diverse evidence of past social and cultural realities. Tobias L. Kienlin Instead, archaeology is called on to contribute to an understanding of the historically specific expressions of the human condition and human agency, not to reduce past lives to abstract stages on the teleological ladder of social evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Neolithic Multicomponent Sites of the Tisza Region and The
    Praehistorische Zeitschrift 2019; aop Abhandlung Robert Hofmann*, Aleksandar Medović, Martin Furholt, Ildiko Medović, Tijana Stanković Pešterac, Stefan Dreibrodt, Sarah Martini, Antonia Hofmann Late Neolithic multicomponent sites of the Tisza region and the emergence of centripetal settlement layouts https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2019-0003 darüber hinaus interpretieren wir diese Dynamik als Aus- druck eines zeitweise verstärkten überregionalen Trends Zusammenfassung: In der Theiß-Region an der nörd- zu Bevölkerungsagglomeration zwischen etwa 4900 und lichen Peripherie der südosteuropäischen Tellkulturen be- 4700 v. u. Z. Hinsichtlich der Entwicklung von Tellsied- obachten wir zwischen 5300 und 4450 v. u. Z. das Auftre- lungen und Flachsiedlungen zeichnen sich innerhalb des ten gro ßer bevölkerungsreicher Siedlungen, die durch die Theiß-Gebietes erhebliche regionale Unterschiede ab: Im Kombinationen unterschiedlicher Siedlungskomponen- südlichen Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes bilden Tells ten, von Tells, Flachsiedlungen und Kreisgrabenanlagen häufig die Keimzelle später wachsender komplexer Sied- gekennzeichnet sind. In diesem Beitrag ist die Entwick- lungen. Dagegen stellen im Norden eher große Flachsied- lung einer solchen Mehrkomponenten-Siedlung – Borđoš lungen den Ausgangspunkt großer Siedlungen dar. Tells in der serbischen Vojvodina – rekonstruiert, basierend repräsentieren hier entweder räumliche Separierungen auf geophysikalischen Untersuchungen, Ausgrabungen, mit speziellen Funktionen oder stellen das Ergebnis einer systematischen
    [Show full text]
  • (Ne Hungary). Preliminary Results of the Investigations
    FOLIA QUATERNARIA 84, KRAKÓW 2016, 99–122 DOI: 10.4467/21995923FQ.16.004.5995 PL ISSN 0015-573X POLGÁR-BOSNYÁKDOMB, A LATE NEOLITHIC TELL- LIKE SETTLEMENT ON POLGÁR ISLAND (NE HUNGARY). PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Pál Raczky, Alexandra Anders A u t h o r s’ a d d r e s s e s: Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, 4/B Múzeum körút, 1088 Budapest, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. In this study, we summarise the preliminary results of thirty years of investigations at the Polgár-Bosnyákdomb site. The significance of the site located on the one-time bank of the Tisza River is that it lies no more than 5 km away from the well-known Polgár-Csőszhalom settlement com- plex. One of our goals was to investigate the relation between the settlements in the Polgár Island micro-region and to identify the similarities and differences between them. It is quite obvious that with its estimated 70 hectares large extent, Polgár-Csőszhalom was a dominant settlement complex in this landscape during the earlier fifth millennium, while the Bosnyákdomb settlement, represented an entirely different scale with its 8 hectares and had a different role during this period. The AMS dates provide convincing evidence that the two settlements had been occupied simultaneously during one period of their lives. Despite their spatial proximity and chronological contemporaneity, the two settlements had a differing structural layout. Although both had a prominent stratified settlement mound that was separated from the single-layer settlement part by a ditch, the system of the ditches, their structure and, presumably, their social use differed substantially.
    [Show full text]
  • Burial and Identity in the Late Neolithic And
    Burial and identity in the Late Neolithic and Copper Age of south-east Europe Susan Stratton Thesis submitted in candidature for the degree of PhD Cardiff University March 2016 CONTENTS List of figures…………………………………………………………………………7 List of tables………………………………………………………………………….14 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 17 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 18 2 Archaeological study of mortuary practice ........................................................................... 22 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Culture history ................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Status and hierarchy – the processualist preoccupations ............................................ 26 2.4 Post-processualists and messy human relationships .................................................... 36 2.5 Feminism and the emergence of gender archaeology .................................................. 43 2.6 Personhood, identity and memory ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Budapest Régiségei 36. (2002) – in Memoriam Rózsa Kalicz-Schreiber
    BUDAPEST RÉGISÉGEI XXXVI. 2002. PÁL RACZKY EVIDENCE OF CONTACTS BETWEEN THE LENGYEL AND TISZA-HERPÁLY CULTURES AT THE LATE NEOLITHIC SITE OF POLGÁR-CSŐSZHALOM (Relationships between Central European and Balkan ritual practice and sacral thought in the Upper Tisza Region) Following the first test excavations in 1957, compre­ ideological fusion between the underlying thought hensive archaeological research at the settlement of processes.2 The macro-level analysis of topographic Polgár-Csőszhalom began in 1989. This project phenomena at the site of Polgár-Csőszhalom has, reached a qualitatively new phase in 1995, when res­ thus, revealed the coexistence of Lengyel as well as cue excavations preceding the construction of the M3 Tisza-Herpály cultural i. e. stylistic units at this settle­ Motorway allowed large surfaces to be uncovered. As ment. It is also of great importance that the 28 a result of this extensive field work, as well as the use hectares area of the Late Neolithic horizontal site at of interdisciplinary methods, it became clear that the Polgár is characterized by settlement features of the well-known central mound, considered a tell site in Lengyel Culture, a unique occurrence in the Great the literature, had been surrounded by a 28 hectares Hungarian Plain during this period. This fact, in and large, single-layer, horizontal settlement. of itself, allows conclusions to be drawn concerning Aerial photographs and magneto metric surveys the decisive role the Lengyel Culture played in the meanwhile clearly outlined a system of concentric cir­ Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region. Similar cultural cular structures that measured 180 m in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • *AR-OB/168 S./Hţbet9,5 Mm
    161–328Archeologické rozhledy LXIX–2017 se‰it 2 Beyond the technological chain: Neolithic potters in social networks Petr Květina – Louise Gomart – Richard Thér – Klára Neumannová Variability in coiling technique in LBK pottery inferred by experiments and pore structure micro-tomography analysis Klára Neumannová – Jan Petřík – Ivana Vostrovská – Jindřich Dvořák – Tomáš Zikmund – Jozef Kaiser The development of pottery technology in Eythra from the Early Linear Pottery culture to the Late Stroke Ornamented Pottery culture LXIX–2017–2 161–328 Oliver Mecking – Isabel Hohle – Sabine Wolfram From potters’ hands to settlement dynamics in the Early Neolithic site of Cuiry-le`s-Chaudardes (Picardy, France) Louise Gomart – Michael Ilett Early Neolithic potters of the Italian Middle Adriatic region Chiara La Marca – Giacomo Eramo – Italo Maria Muntoni – Cecilia Conati Barbaro Identifying manufacturing groups through the mineralogical analysis of prehistoric pottery: the example of the Cantabrian region (north of Spain) Miriam Cubas The selection of ceramic raw material: roãník LXIX – 2017 convenience or a technological idea? se‰it 2 A case study of the Danubian cultures north of the Carpathians Sławomir Kadrow – Anna Rauba-Bukowska From sherds to potters: the contribution of techno-morphological approaches to understanding the British Neolithic Hélène Pioffet – Vincent Ard ARCHEOLOGICKÉ ROZHLEDY Archeologick˘ ústav Akademie vûd âR, Praha, v.v.i. Archeologické rozhledy LXIX–2017 161 OBSAH Petr Květina – Louise Gomart – Richard Thér – Klára Neumannová,
    [Show full text]
  • Complexity and Autonomy in Bronze Age Europe: Assessing Cultural Developments in Eastern Hungary
    COMPLEXITY AND AUTONOMY IN BRONZE AGE EUROPE: ASSESSING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EASTERN HUNGARY by Paul R. Duffy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor John M. O’Shea, Chair Professor Daniel G. Brown Professor Robert E. Whallon Jr. Professor Henry T. Wright © Paul R. Duffy 2010 For my Mother and Father ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in comparative anthropology was ignited during my undergraduate degree while taking classes with Bruce Trigger at McGill University. Although I found the comparison of states fascinating, my interest centered on the long developmental sequences that led to their formation. When I arrived in Ann Arbor in 2001, I wanted to compare the prehistoric trajectories of complex societies, and explain why they diverged. It was fortuitous that Joyce Marcus suggested I spend a summer in Hungary on Bill Parkinson’s NSF funded project in 2002. Meeting with Bill and Attila Gyucha, his Hungarian colleague, would set in motion close collaborative friendships that would allow the study of the eastern Hungarian Bronze Age contained within these pages. My debt to them and countless others is enormous. Many people facilitated my entry into Hungary. Pál Raczky generously provided input on my project when I was first becoming acquainted with the Hungarian Bronze Age. Magdi Vicze was very kind in introducing me to Százhalombatta archaeology and answering my questions about the Great Hungarian Plain. In and around Budapest, I have been warmly greeted by the next generation of Bronze Age specialists: Dani Fukőh, Brigitta Berzsényi, Vajk Szeverényi, Attila Kreiter, Gabi Kúlcsár, Viktória Kiss, Klara Fischl, László Reményi, János Dani and many others.
    [Show full text]
  • Counting of Benzene, for Archaeologic Samples Mostly Measured from June 1985 to June 1986
    British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XX Item Type Article; text Authors Ambers, Janet; Matthews, Keith; Bowman, Sheridan Citation Ambers, J., Matthews, K., & Bowman, S. (1987). British Museum natural radiocarbon measurements XX. Radiocarbon, 29(2), 177-196. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200056939 Publisher American Journal of Science Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © The American Journal of Science Download date 27/09/2021 06:20:18 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/652951 [RADIOCARBON, Vol 29, No. 2, 1987, P 177-196] BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS XX JANET AMBERS, KEITH MATTHEWS, and SHERIDAN BOWMAN Research Laboratory, The British Museum, London WC1B 3DG, England The following list consists of dates, obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene, for archaeologic samples mostly measured from June 1985 to June 1986. Charcoal and grain samples were pretreated with 1 M HCl followed by washing in water and, where considered necessary, with dilute alkali for the removal of humic acids. Wood samples were treated either in the same way, or, where large enough, were reduced to cellulose by the action of chlorine dioxide produced in situ. All antler and bone samples were treated with cold dilute acid. The term `collagen' is used throughout to mean the acid insoluble organic fraction produced by this treatment. Peat samples were treated with dilute acid and alkali to separate the humin and humic acid fractions, which were dated separately. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene in low potassium glass vials, specially selected for similar backgrounds (Am- bers, Leese & Bowman, 1986) in a Packard model 3255 scintillation coun- ter, using PPO in toluene as a scintillator.
    [Show full text]