DOCSLIB.ORG

Complexity and Autonomy in Bronze Age Europe: Assessing Cultural Developments in Eastern Hungary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Complexity and Autonomy in Bronze Age Europe: Assessing Cultural Developments in Eastern Hungary COMPLEXITY AND AUTONOMY IN BRONZE AGE EUROPE: ASSESSING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EASTERN HUNGARY by Paul R. Duffy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor John M. O’Shea, Chair Professor Daniel G. Brown Professor Robert E. Whallon Jr. Professor Henry T. Wright © Paul R. Duffy 2010 For my Mother and Father ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in comparative anthropology was ignited during my undergraduate degree while taking classes with Bruce Trigger at McGill University. Although I found the comparison of states fascinating, my interest centered on the long developmental sequences that led to their formation. When I arrived in Ann Arbor in 2001, I wanted to compare the prehistoric trajectories of complex societies, and explain why they diverged. It was fortuitous that Joyce Marcus suggested I spend a summer in Hungary on Bill Parkinson’s NSF funded project in 2002. Meeting with Bill and Attila Gyucha, his Hungarian colleague, would set in motion close collaborative friendships that would allow the study of the eastern Hungarian Bronze Age contained within these pages. My debt to them and countless others is enormous. Many people facilitated my entry into Hungary. Pál Raczky generously provided input on my project when I was first becoming acquainted with the Hungarian Bronze Age. Magdi Vicze was very kind in introducing me to Százhalombatta archaeology and answering my questions about the Great Hungarian Plain. In and around Budapest, I have been warmly greeted by the next generation of Bronze Age specialists: Dani Fukőh, Brigitta Berzsényi, Vajk Szeverényi, Attila Kreiter, Gabi Kúlcsár, Viktória Kiss, Klara Fischl, László Reményi, János Dani and many others. At the Munkácsy Mihály Museum in Békéscsaba, Imre Szátmari was infinitely gracious in supporting my surface collection, providing resources and work space, and allowing his archaeologists to spend time out at my excavations. Pál Medgyesi, another archaeologist at the museum, answered many of my questions about the excavation and survey of Sarkad-Peckesi-domb. Marietta Csányi and Judit Tárnóki received me at the county museum in Szolnok and were very generous to lead me through the material culture and chronology of the Körös area. Sándor Hornok, mayor of the village of Tarhos, enthusiastically supported my excavations. iii Alice Choyke and Laci Bartociewicz invariably provided amazing hospitality when I stayed in Budapest and encouraged my fascination with the Bronze Age. Ferenc Horváth, Éva and Ottó Fogas received me many times in Szeged when I was still finding my way around a Hungarian spakli. Special thanks go to Tim Earle for reading an early draft and providing very useful advice when I was formulating my NSF proposal. Tim also generously hosted me in the Benta Valley project in 2006 and helped improve my survey methods. Throughout the duration of the project, Gergely Bóka was my collaborator and tireless supporter, without whose guidance I would have certainly strayed. The friendship and archaeological expertise of Dori Kékegyi and Gábor (Baxi) Bácsmegi were likewise responsible for any success I have had with archaeological deposits in the Hungarian countryside. Special thanks are due to Amy Nicodemus, Chris Papalas, and Márton Tibor for rigorous analyses of the archaeological material collected over the course of two years. Tim Parsons and Amy Nicodemus in addition spent several weeks with me in the field on survey and excavation. Several colleagues came out for a few days to lend a trowel and support at the excavation, including Éva Fogasné, Klára Medgyesi, Tamás Polanyi, Eric Rupley and Rod Salisbury. Darren Poltorak joined the team last, but stayed on for a heroic three month stretch with very long days. In this time, we completed a tremendous amount of work. The underpinnings of my theoretical perspective result from many stimulating conversations with close friends, especially in Ann Arbor. Many of these were held in the spirited atmosphere of the Monday Night Reading Group at a local pub. Regular members include my good friends Howard Tsai, Stephen Dueppen, Allison Davis, Dan and Christina Pugh, and Kenny Sims. A Bronze Age Europe reading group convened after I returned from Hungary, bringing together Seth Button, Em Holt, Adela Sobotkova, Amy Nicodemus, Alice Wright, and Eric Rupley. The diversity of opinions and experiences was an exciting return to Bronze Age literature after almost two years in the field. Outside of reading groups, I have been fortunate to enjoy the company of Randy Hicks, Cameron Gokee, Hemanth Kadambi, Helen Dixon, Davorka (Seki) Radovic, and Tim Horsley. My brother Earl and sister Maureen have also been very supportive throughout my graduate career. iv My year and a half stay in Hungary was made an absolute pleasure by the companionship and support of my closest friends Vajk Szeverényi, Dori Kékegyi, Gergő Bóka, Bill Parkinson, and Attila Gyucha. Vajk, Billy and Attila have read my work in various drafts and it is much improved because of it. Finally, I cannot extend warm enough gratitude for my friendships with Laura C. Brown, Eric Rupley, and Ashley (Mittens) Lemke. My life in Ann Arbor has been a joy because of them. My field research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Rackham International Research Award, the International Institute, and the James B. Griffin Research Award from the Department of Anthropology. Two years of writing in Ann Arbor were supported by the Department of Anthropology, a fellowship in the Mischa Titiev Anthropology Library, and a Rackham One-Term Write-Up Fellowship. Critical digital maps of eastern Hungary were obtained through the generous assistance of Karl Longstreth, the Map Librarian at the University of Michigan Map Library. My sincere thanks go to my committee – Henry Wright, Bob Whallon, and Dan Brown – for getting through a sizeable manuscript in a very short time and providing me with excellent comments. Special thanks go to Dan Brown for joining as my cognate member late in the writing process. Finally, I extend my profound gratitude to my chair, John O’Shea, for giving me the intellectual freedom to study prehistory in a way I found engaging, but also for challenging me to make it relevant for other anthropologists. This dissertation is dedicated to my mother and father. They gave me the sails and compass to explore the world, but also have provided an island and harbour of love and support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii List of Figures..................................................................................................................viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................xiii List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xvii Abstract..........................................................................................................................xviii Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 THEORETICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................. 2 A GENERAL APPROACH FOR A SPECIFIC TRAJECTORY........................................... 3 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2: Bronze Age Europe, the People without History.............................................. 8 PART I: WEALTH, INDO-EUROPEANS, AND THE CONQUEST OF GAUL................. 10 PART II: ANALOGY, HOMOLOGY AND MODELS FOR THE BRONZE AGE.............. 26 PART III: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF BRONZE .......................................................... 36 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3: Background to a Study of Middle-Range Society........................................... 42 INTELLECTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 43 DIMENSION 1: PRIMARY UNIT OF FOOD PRODUCTION / CONSUMPTION............. 60 DIMENSION 2: SEGMENTATION................................................................................. 63 DIMENSION 3: HOUSEHOLD DISTINCTIONS............................................................. 65 DIMENSION 4: ACCESS TO EXOTICS ......................................................................... 67 DIMENSION 5: CRAFT PRODUCTION......................................................................... 68 DIMENSION 6: DEMOGRAPHIC SCALE...................................................................... 70 DIMENSION 7: INTENSIFICATION OF FOOD PRODUCTION..................................... 72 DIMENSION 8: REGIONAL CONSOLIDATION............................................................ 73 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4: The Geo-environmental Setting ...................................................................... 77 PART
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kerékpáros Nevezések 2017. Név Szül
    Kerékpáros nevezések 2017. Név Szül. év Irányítószám Város Abordánné Antal Éva 1969 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Ale László 1973 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Almási Árpád 1974 9400 Sopron Almási Diána 1998 5666 Medgyesegyháza Almási Ferenc 1966 5700 Gyula Almási Gyöngyvér 1967 5630 Békés Almási Levente 2002 5666 Medgyesegyháza Almási Levente Zsolt 1966 5666 Medgyesegyháza Almási Orsolya 1996 5700 Gyula Almási Tamás 1980 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Almásiné Verbai Éva 1970 5666 Medgyesegyháza Andó István 1949 5600 Békéscsaba Arany László 1981 5600 Békéscsaba Árva András 1968 6900 Makó Babusa Attila 1974 9400 Sopron Babusáné Czimbó Anikó 1976 9400 Sopron Bagi Ágnes 1982 5600 Békéscsaba Bagi Imre 1990 5600 Békéscsaba Bagi Tamás 1965 5600 Békéscsaba Bagyinkáné Győrfi Zsuzsanna 1964 5600 Békéscsaba Bajiné Somogyi Lilla 1960 5600 Békéscsaba Baka Benedetta 1992 5600 Békéscsaba Bakó Norbert 1995 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Bakó Pálné 1975 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Bakos Zoltán 1971 6723 Szeged Bakosné Szeles Anikó 1973 6723 Szeged Balázs Imre 1966 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Balázs József 1957 5800 Mezőkovácsháza Balázs Mihály István 1968 5600 Békéscsaba Bali Péter 1971 5666 Medgyesegyháza Bálint Lászlóné 1961 5630 Békés Balla Dávid Péter 1996 5600 Békéscsaba Balog Barnabás 2003 5624 Doboz Balog Sándor 1971 5624 Doboz Balogh László 1967 5600 Békéscsaba Balogh Tamás 1977 5820 Mezőhegyes Bánáti Zoltán 1957 5600 Békéscsaba Bánszki Bence 1996 5600 Békéscsaba Barna Attila Gábor 1987 5940 Tótkomlós Barta Botond 1968 5000 Szolnok Bartolák Imre 1989 5600 Békéscsaba Batki Tamás 1966 5600 Békéscsaba
    [Show full text]
  • Mathias Mehofer
    REINHARD JUNG · MATHIAS MEHOFER MYCENAEAN GREECE AND BRONZE AGE ITALY: COOPERATION, TRADE OR WAR? »I continue to believe it probable that the occasion for the first introduction of Type II swords to the Aegean was military necessity that drove Mycenaean princes to hire warriors from outside Greece. These warriors brought their own armouries with them. Their swords in particular were greatly admired by their em - ployers, who set their own swordsmiths to copy and adapt them.« 1 Since the publication of Hector Catling’s paper, which contains the above interpretation of Late Bronze Age relations between Mycenaean Greece and its north-western neighbours, various research ers have decisively contributed to a better understanding of the pro - cesses that lead 1) to the adoption of new types of weapons, armour, dress accessories and implements (often referred to as metallurgical koiné or »urnfield bronzes«) at the end of the Aegean Bronze Age and 2) to the local production of impasto pottery of Italian Recent and Final Bronze Age type in the Aegean and beyond. Thanks to the results of recent studies, we are provided with detailed typological arguments 2 that support the theory that the origin of those bronze and pottery types has to be traced back to Italy (figs 1-2). Other schools of research argued that the majority of the types forming the Fig. 1 Sites of the studied objects in Italy. – (Map R. Jung / metallurgical koiné was invented in the regions of M. Mehofer). Fig. 2 Sites of the studied objects in Greece. – (Map R. Jung / M. Mehofer). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 43 · 2013 175 the Balkans and/or Central Europe and reached the Aegean via a Balkan route 3, whereas still others proposed to ascribe at least specific types to a Central European/Balkan origin 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC
    Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 2015, pp. 361–392 © The Prehistoric Society doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC By KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN1 and PAULINA SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE2 The Bronze Age was the first epoch in which societies became irreversibly linked in their co-dependence on ores and metallurgical skills that were unevenly distributed in geographical space. Access to these critical resources was secured not only via long-distance physical trade routes, making use of landscape features such as river networks, as well as built roads, but also by creating immaterial social networks, consisting of interpersonal relations and diplomatic alliances, established and maintained through the exchange of extraordinary objects (gifts). In this article, we reason about Bronze Age communication networks and apply the results of use-wear analysis to create robust indicators of the rise and fall of political and commercial networks. In conclusion, we discuss some of the historical forces behind the phenomena and processes observable in the archaeological record of the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond. Keywords: Bronze Age communication networks, agents, temperate Europe, Mediterranean Basin THE EUROPEAN BRONZE AGE AS A COMMUNICATION by small variations in ornaments and weapons NETWORK: HISTORICAL & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Kristiansen 2014). Among the characteristics that might compel archaeo- Initially driven by the necessity to gain access to logists to label the Bronze Age a ‘formative epoch’ in remote resources and technological skills, Bronze Age European history, the density and extent of the era’s societies established communication links that ranged exchange and communication networks should per- from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from haps be regarded as the most significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Act Cciii of 2011 on the Elections of Members Of
    Strasbourg, 15 March 2012 CDL-REF(2012)003 Opinion No. 662 / 2012 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) ACT CCIII OF 2011 ON THE ELECTIONS OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OF HUNGARY This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-REF(2012)003 - 2 - The Parliament - relying on Hungary’s legislative traditions based on popular representation; - guaranteeing that in Hungary the source of public power shall be the people, which shall pri- marily exercise its power through its elected representatives in elections which shall ensure the free expression of the will of voters; - ensuring the right of voters to universal and equal suffrage as well as to direct and secret bal- lot; - considering that political parties shall contribute to creating and expressing the will of the peo- ple; - recognising that the nationalities living in Hungary shall be constituent parts of the State and shall have the right ensured by the Fundamental Law to take part in the work of Parliament; - guaranteeing furthermore that Hungarian citizens living beyond the borders of Hungary shall be a part of the political community; in order to enforce the Fundamental Law, pursuant to Article XXIII, Subsections (1), (4) and (6), and to Article 2, Subsections (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law, hereby passes the following Act on the substantive rules for the elections of Hungary’s Members of Parliament: 1. Interpretive provisions Section 1 For the purposes of this Act: Residence: the residence defined by the Act on the Registration of the Personal Data and Resi- dence of Citizens; in the case of citizens without residence, their current addresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17
    TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 15 Part I Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17 1 Land and People The Land The heartland of the immense area of northern Europe occupied by the early Germanic peoples was the great expanse of lowland which extends from the Netherlands to western Russia. There are no heights here over 300 metres and most of the land rises no higher than 100 metres. But there is considerable variety in relief and soil conditions. Several areas, like the Lüneburg Heath and the hills of Schleswig-Holstein, are diverse in both relief and landscape. There was until recent times a good deal of marshy ground in the northern parts of the great plain, and a broad belt of coastal marshland girds it on its northern flank. Several major rivers drain the plain, the Ems, Weser and Elbe flowing into the North Sea, the Oder and the Vistula into the Baltic. Their broad valleys offered attrac- tive areas for early settlement, as well as corridors of communication from south to north. The surface deposits on the lowland largely result from successive periods of glaciation. A major influence on relief are the ground moraines, comprising a stiff boulder clay which produces gently undu- lating plains or a terrain of small, steep-sided hills and hollows, the latter often containing small lakes and marshes, as in the area around Berlin. Other features of the relief are the hills left behind by terminal glacial moraines, the sinuous lakes which are the remains of melt-water, and the embayments created by the sea intruding behind a moraine.
    [Show full text]
  • Romes Enemies: Germanics and Daciens No.1 Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    ROMES ENEMIES: GERMANICS AND DACIENS NO.1 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK P. Wilcox | 48 pages | 25 Nov 1982 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9780850454734 | English | New York, United Kingdom Romes Enemies: Germanics and Daciens No.1 PDF Book Aurelian established a new college of high priests, under the name Pontifices Dei Solis. We should believe it because later Hesychios wrote about tattooed men in those areas where among others lived also Dacians. Mommsen shows that Julius Caesar was prepared to attack the " Danubian wolves ", being obsessed by the idea of the destruction of the non-Roman religious centers, which represented major obstacles for the Roman colonization. More search options. They did not do only the usual colouring of the body because Plinios reported that those marks and scars can be inherited from father to son for few generations and still remain the same - the sign of Dacian origin. Military uniforms are shown in full colour artwork. Allers Illustrerede Konversations-Leksikon' Copenhagen says that the Morlaks are some of the best sailors in the Austrian navy. But Dichineus is Dicineus as referred by Iordanes, a great Dacian priest and king of the kings. Cesar Yudice rated it liked it Jan 25, This ritual was practiced in Thrace and, most probably, in Dacia. Crisp, tight pages. He lived there for about three or four years. IV of Th. A painted statue left representing a Dacian is found in Boboli. Herodot tells us about "Zalmoxis, who is called also Gebeleizis by some among them". Members Reviews Popularity Average rating Conversations 85 2 , 3. The commander of the Dacians was Diurpaneus , according to the Roman historian Tacitus, a "tarabostes" namely an aristocrat, according to local denomination and to whom the king Duras Durbaneus, would grant his throne soon after Tapae's victory.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity A
    Strasbourg,2 October 2002 DGIV/CULT/POL/trans(2002) 3 CULTURAL POLICY AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY A TRANSVERSAL STUDY YEAR TWO REPORT HUNGARY CULTURAL POLICY AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY A TRANSVERSAL STUDY Hungarian national report Prepared by: The Ministry of Cultural Heritage Budapest Dr. Zoltán József Tóth 2002 2 SUMMARY OVERVIEW 5 1. MAPPING CULTURAL DIVERSITY 7 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.A. THE POSITION OF THE NATIONAL MINORITIES AND THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BEFORE 1945 7 1.B. THE POSITION OF THE NATIONAL MINORITIES IN HUNGARY BETWEEN 1945 AND 1990 8 2. THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES BETWEEN 1990 AND 2002. THE 1993 MINORITIES’ ACT. 9 3. DEMOGRAPHY 1941-2001 14 4. THE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE INVOLVING MINORITY AFFAIRS 17 5. THE SYSTEM OF STATE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 18 C. 21 6. THE SITUATION OF NATIONALITIES /ETHNIC GROUPS LISTED IN THE ACT ON MINORITIES 22 1. BULGARIANS OF HUNGARY 22 2. THE ROMA OF HUNGARY 22 3.) GREEKS IN HUNGARY 27 4.) CROATS OF HUNGARY 27 5. POLES IN HUNGARY 28 6.) GERMANS IN HUNGARY 29 7. ARMENIANS IN HUNGARY 30 8. ROMANIANS OF HUNGARY 30 9. RUTHENIANS OF HUNGARY 31 10. SERBS OF HUNGARY 32 11. SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY 32 12. SLOVENES OF HUNGARY 33 13. UKRAINIANS OF HUNGARY 34 7. ETHNIC GROUPS NOT REGARDED AS NATIONAL OR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ACT ON MINORITIES 34 II. MAPPING CULTURAL POLICY (CULTURAL POLICY, THE ARTS AND THE MEDIA) 35 1. POLICIES AND CULTURAL POLITICS FROM 1945 TO 1989 35 1. LITERATURE 35 2. THE ARTS OF HUNGARY BETWEEN 1945 AND 1989 37 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A 2-14 Sebes-Körös Alegység Vízgyűjtő-Gazdálkodási Terv Kézirata
    A Víz Keretirányelv hazai megvalósítása VÍZGYŐJTİ-GAZDÁLKODÁSI TERV 2-14. jelő, Sebes-Körös vízgyőjtı közreadja: Vízügyi és Környezetvédelmi Központi Igazgatóság, Körös-vidéki Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Igazgatóság 2009. szeptember VÍZGYŐJTİ-GAZDÁLKODÁSI TERV 2-14 Sebes-Körös TARTALOM BEVEZETİ...........................................................................................................................1 1 VÍZGYŐJTİK ÉS VÍZTESTEK JELLEMZÉSE ..............................................................2 1.1 Természeti környezet........................................................................................................................3 1.1.1 Domborzat, éghajlat................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 Földtan, talajtakaró .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Vízföldtan................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Vízrajz........................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.5 Él ıvilág ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Társadalmi és gazdasági viszonyok ...............................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the International Regulation of Wine Production
    A Brief History of the International Regulation of Wine Production The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation A Brief History of the International Regulation of Wine Production (2002 Third Year Paper) Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8944668 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A Brief History of the International Regulation of Wine Production Jeffrey A. Munsie Harvard Law School Class of 2002 March 2002 Submitted in satisfaction of Food and Drug Law required course paper and third-year written work require- ment. 1 A Brief History of the International Regulation of Wine Production Abstract: Regulations regarding wine production have a profound effect on the character of the wine produced. Such regulations can be found on the local, national, and international levels, but each level must be considered with the others in mind. This Paper documents the growth of wine regulation throughout the world, focusing primarily on the national and international levels. The regulations of France, Italy, Germany, Spain, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand are examined in the context of the European Community and United Nations. Particular attention is given to the diverse ways in which each country has developed its laws and compromised between tradition and internationalism. I. Introduction No two vineyards, regions, or countries produce wine that is indistinguishable from one another.
    [Show full text]
  • An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics
    DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CLASSICS & EGYPTOLOGY An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Andrew Shuttleworth. April, 2013. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..i LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.2. Aims and Objectives................................................................................................2 1.3. Thesis Format...........................................................................................................3 2. THE NEANDERTHAL AND OXYEGN ISOTOPE STAGE-3.................................6 2.1. Discovery, Geographic Range & Origins..............................................................7 2.1.1. Discovery........................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Neanderthal Chronology................................................................................10 2.2. Morphology.............................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • FRONTIER IDENTITIES Roman Villa and Settlement Excavation and Survey
    LIFE BY THE IMPERIAL ROAD - FRONTIER IDENTITIES Roman Villa and Settlement Excavation and Survey IDENTITY AND WEALTH: ROMAN PROVINCIAL LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES Rapolt, Transylvania, Romania June 7 - July 4; July 20 - August 1, 2020 During the Roman colonial occupation, southern Transylvania shows a very dynamic and intensive synthesis of Roman provincial life, where a multitude of processes of colonization and creolization take place side by side. Prior to the Roman conquest of 102AD, it was also the most densely populated region of the Dacian Kingdoms. Our project seeks to explore the integration of all the structural provincial elements present along the main Roman axes of communication and transport. Our research area is in the immediate proximity of both the imperial road and the Mures River, the extremely important gold deposits of the Carpathian Gold Moutains, and the political and military centers of Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana and Apulum. We will continue the excavation of the well preserved structures, including a villa rustica of palatial size, identified during our 2013-2019 field seasons. Our 2020 excavation and survey will aim at understanding the importance and impact of the proximity of the main axis of movement, communication and commerce on the Roman provincial rural life, and its evolution through time, as well as the local processes of identity creation. Our participants will participate to the villa excavation, geochemical and geophysical survey, Duration: 4 week sessions STP survey and laboratory analysis. This Costs: US$1695 for each 4-week session extraordinary environment with its associated It includes: monuments and material culture, combined with excavation registration, taxes, fees lectures and spectacular surrounding natural landscapes and most gear beautiful Transylvanian churches and castles, housed as guests of Romanian families in a guarantees all students and volunteers with a highly beautiful traditional Transylvanian village full room and board, Monday-Friday rewarding archaeological and cultural experience.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Bronze Age Metalwork from the Iberian Peninsula in the British Museum
    A M P U R I A S (Barcelona) t. 43, 1981, pagines 113- 170 A Study of the Bronze Age Metalwork from the Iberian Peninsula in the British Museum By RICHARDJ. HARRISONand PAULT. CRADDOCK with an appendix by MICHAELJ. HUGHES" The collections of prehistoric bronze the Very Reverend Canon Greenwell of metalwork discussed here have accumula- Durham Cathedral. He was actively co- ted in a fortuitous manner for over llecting bronzes in the latter part o£ 125 years, with a succession of gifts large the nineteenth century, and through his aild small, purchases, and transfers from friendly contacts with Horace Sandars, he other collections. The opportunity arose to was able to acquire type-specimens from catalogue and examine the entire collec- the Iberian Peninsula. The part of his tion, and to make it available for inclu- collection containing these items was sion into the synthetic works that are now bought by the American financier James actively in progress. Pierpont Morgan, and presented outright The year 1849 marks the acquisition of to the Museum as a gift in 1909. the first prehistoric bronze implement Other important pieces were acquired from Spain, donated by Mr. S. P. Pratt, in 1964 when the Wellcome Collection was F. R. S., and published the same year by presented to the Museum. The included Mr. James Yates. For a long time this a dozen Early Bronze Age pieces from double-looped palstave was one of the George Bonsor's old excavations around Few published prehistoric bronzes known Carmona (Prov. Sevilla) in the period Erom the Peninsula, and it has been illus- 1890-1910, and which seem to have come trated many times since then.
    [Show full text]