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På Ville Veger? Levende Utstillinger Av Samer I Europa Og Amerika

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På Ville Veger? Levende Utstillinger Av Samer I Europa Og Amerika FAKULTET FOR HUMANIORA, SAMFUNNSVITENSKAP OG LÆRERUTDANNING INSTITUTT FOR ARKEOLOGI OG SOSIALANTROPOLOGI På ville veger? Levende utstillinger av samer i Europa og Amerika Cathrine Baglo Avhandling levert for graden Philosophiae Doctor Juni 2011 Til minne om Margrete Olsdatter Krøyts (1863–1922) 2 Forord Denne avhandlinga har vært en lang reise på alle måter. Lite ante jeg da jeg startet ut for nærmere sju år siden at arbeidet skulle bringe meg til Kansas Museum med tornadoskjul i kjelleren og en rekke andre mer eller mindre tenkelige steder i inn- og utland. At familien skulle vokse til fem hadde jeg vel heller ikke klart for meg. Likevel har kanskje den indre reisen vært den største. I arbeidet med denne avhandlinga har jeg grått bøtter og spann, flirt og bannet, blitt fullstendig satt ut av bilder og informasjon jeg har funnet, og ikke minst: møtt meg sjøl i døra – utallige ganger. Forhåpentligvis sitter noe av dette igjen i avhandlinga. I løpet av alle disse årene har mange bidratt til prosjektet. Først og fremst vil jeg takke Magne Rundberg og Liv Inger Olsen ved Tromsø Museums eget bibliotek for fantastisk hjelp til å skaffe materiale. Takk også til Bente Danielsen som lot meg få manuskript og bilder fra sin fars reise til Danmark og Europa på 1930-tallet, og til Åke Jünge som har svart på store og små spørsmål underveis. Samisk Senter har velvillig støttet prosjektet med midler til arkivundersøkelser i Hamburg, Berlin og Chicago, mens de i 2010 ga meg muligheten til å reise til Iowa for å delta på konferansen ”Performing Indigeneity”. Etter å ha sittet og puslet alene på kontoret i mange år fikk jeg endelig satt mitt arbeid i en større sammenheng. Takk til Glenn Penny og Laura Graham for det. Nigel Rothfels har vært en viktig sparringpartner underveis. Takk til ham og Herman Reichenbach for personlig omvisning i Hagenbecks Dyrepark. Takk også til Julia Keil, min døråpner i Berlin, som sjenerøst ga meg kopi av alt materialet hun hadde funnet om antropologiske undersøkelser av samer i Tyskland, og til Klaus Gille ved Hagenbeck-arkivet i Hamburg. En konferanse i Stockholm skulle videre ta meg til Berkeley. Takk til Hanne Pico Larsen og til kolleger ved UCB og Scandinavian Department som fulgte meg hjem i form av Mark Sandbergs bok og avhandlingene til Eric Ames og Vanessa Schwartz. Hanne innlosjerte meg også hos seg i Chicago med utsikt over Midway Plaisance fra kjøkkenvinduet. Utrolig! På Tromsø Museum har jeg nytt godt av fellesskapet ved gamle samisk etnografisk avdeling og kunnskapen de besitter. Stipendiatene på TMU og på arkeologi i Breivika har også bidratt til avhandlinga. Særlig har arbeidsgruppen om ANT vært betydningsfull. Blant stipendiatene på TMU har særlig Lena Arekol, Hanne Hammer Stien og Mariann Mathisen vært involvert i prosjektet. De har også forsøkt å rydde litt i tekst og tanker. Det samme har veilederne mine Charlotte Damm og Terje Brantenberg. Nå i innspurten har Jan Magne Gjerde og Anne Tømmervåg vært et enestående teknisk personale, mens mamma og pappa kom oppover for å passe unger mens Bjørnar var borte. Takk til dere alle! Den største takken går allikevel til Bjørnar for støtte underveis, for sitt analytiske skarpsyn, og for å se poenger der jeg bare fornemmer problemstillinger. Til sist vil jeg takke Katinka, Marta og Nanna for at jeg etter hvert tvang denne avhandlinga i kne. Måtte de gi meg mot til å stå løpet ut! Tromsø den 18. juni 2011 Cathrine Baglo 3 4 Innholdsfortegnelse FORORD .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE ......................................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURER ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 KAPITTEL 1 INNLEDNING ....................................................................................................................................... 11 BAKGRUNN .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 LEVENDE UTSTILLINGER: SJANGER OG TEKNOLOGI ...................................................................................................... 13 DE LEVENDE UTSTILLINGENE SOM FORSKNINGSOBJEKT ............................................................................................... 15 PROBLEMSTILLINGER OG INNLEDENDE BETRAKTNINGER ............................................................................................. 18 KILDEMATERIALE OG AVGRENSING .............................................................................................................................. 24 AVHANDLINGAS OPPBYGGING ...................................................................................................................................... 25 KAPITTEL 2 NORMALISERENDE TEKNOLOGIER, SVARTE BOKSER OG UFORANDERLIGE MOBILER: REDSKAP TIL EN ANALYTISK VERKTØYKASSE ........................................................................ 27 DISIPLINÆRE PRAKSISER OG NORMALISERENDE TEKNOLOGIER .................................................................................... 30 SVARTE BOKSER OG UFORANDERLIGE MOBILER ........................................................................................................... 34 MAKT, BETYDNING OG HANDLING ................................................................................................................................ 37 ”INTERMEDIARIES” OG ”MEDIATORS” .......................................................................................................................... 39 FØLG AKTØRENE! ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 KAPITTEL 3 LEVENDE UTSTILLINGER AV SAMER ......................................................................................... 42 DEL 1. SPE BEGYNNELSE .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Mr. Bullock’s exhibition of Laplanders (1822–1823) ............................................................................................. 44 Oppsummering del 1:.............................................................................................................................................. 53 DEL 2. UTSTILLINGENE VINNER TERRENG 1872–1879 ................................................................................................. 53 Die ersten Lappländer-polarmenschen: Willardt og Böhles utstillinger ................................................................ 55 (1872–1878) ............................................................................................................................................................ 55 Carl Hagenbecks første antropologisk-zoologiske utstilling (1875) ....................................................................... 64 Farinis utstilling av samer i Royal Aquarium (1877) ............................................................................................ 71 Hagenbecks andre utstilling av samer i Tyskland og Frankrike (1878–1879) ...................................................... 75 Kolasamer på utstilling i Moskva (1879) ................................................................................................................ 80 Oppsummering del 2:.............................................................................................................................................. 82 DEL 3. VEKST, INSTITUSJONALISERING OG INTERNASJONALISERING (1884–1894) ....................................................... 84 Lappefamilien i Alexandra-Palace Park (1885) ..................................................................................................... 84 Lappländer- und Dalekarlier Truppe (1888) .......................................................................................................... 88 Le Lapons au Jardin d`Acclimatation (1889) ......................................................................................................... 92 Die Lappländer Karavane aus den nordischen Schneebergen (1889–1897?) ...................................................... 100 Samene i Castans Panoptikum (1891) .................................................................................................................. 105 Lappländerkarawane in der Flora zu Charlottenburg (1897) .............................................................................. 106 Samer på verdensutstillinga i Chicago (1893) ..................................................................................................... 109 Der Lappländer [..] im Zoologischer Garten (1893–1894) .................................................................................. 123 Oppsummering del 3:............................................................................................................................................ 128 DEL 4. KOMMERSIELL VEKST OG AKADEMISK SKEPSIS (1901–1913) ......................................................................... 130 Lapper i Zoologisk Have, København (1901) ......................................................................................................
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