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THE BATTLE OF BUSHY RUN, 1928

TWELFTH COLONY PLUS, 1934

JEANNETTE PUBLISHING COMPANY

1941

Printed In The United States of America PREFACE

~RRANGED as a textbook for school purposes this book also is intended to help the adult to make himself a better citizen of a United States of America where freedom's privileges and responsibilities prevail. Knowledge of the past will help solve today's and tomorrow's problems. Fidelity in knowing about and caring for the domain of neighborhood government means faithfulness in guarding greater ones. If citizens are wise enough to choose efficient local officials they may be counted upon to vote intelli gently for state and federal officials. Neglect of local patriotism hampers development of national patriotism. As the family is the basis of society, so local government is the basis of the national state. The importance of Westmoreland county historically as the first American frontier west of the Appalachian moun tains becomes evident when examining the record. De velopment of natural resources and industrial and agricul tural activity have added to that importance. The story heretofore has been told in cumbersome vol umes. This is a short history of the county with accom panying maps for better visualization. Acknowledgment of material assistance in preparation of manuscript hereby is made to William Loughner, who painstakingly delved in the Hannastown and other records in the Westmore-land county court house; Assistant County Superintendent of Schools James E. Hughes; Superintendent of Jeannette Schools Dr. F. B. Snowden; Dr. C. Maxwell Myers, teacher in Jeannette High school; County Farm Agent William L. Treager; County Solicitor Scott Fink; Marion Hollendonner and James E. Gardner, of the Jean nette News-Dispatch staff; Eric Zimmerman, for drawings, and others who were helpful.

Jeannette, Pa. September 1, 1941. · C. M. B.

MAPS Page Battle of Bushy Run Map 27 Bushy Run Strategy Map 36 Frontier Forts Map 46 Old 1756 Map 70 Original County Township Map 14 Original Map West Augusta District 45 Topographical Map 76

ILLUSTRATIONS

Arthur St. Clair 41 Blockhouse 60 Coal Mine Entrance 26 Conestoga Wagon - 74 Covered Bridge 58 Hannastown Court !House - Title Page Henry Clay Frick - 63 Henry Bouquet 39 Historical House 8 Indian Hunting 13 Indian Hunting and War Implements . 20 John Covode - 65 Laurel-State Flower (Kalmia latifolia) 84 Prehistoric Indian Chief 28 Rattlesnake Flag 48 Richard Coulter 66 Robert S. Jamison - 66 Seton Hill. College - 89 Sir John Ligonier - 38 St. Clair's Last Home 59 St. Vincent College 69 Spinning Wheel 83 Trading With Indians 51 Wampum Treaty Belt 34 Washington 75 William Penn 90

Institute Song - 53-54 Westmoreland County Seal • Frontispiece

CONTENTS

Page Preface - - - - 5 Chapter 1. Names ------9 . Chapter 2. Geographical (includes Census) - 15 Chapter 3. Geological ------21 Chapter 4. The Indian ------29 Chapter 5. Five by Five· (1753-1773) - - - - 37 Chapter' 6. Part o.f a New Nation - - - - - 47 Chapter 7. Government ------55 Chapter 8. Personalities ------61

Chapter 9. Transportation ------71 Chapter 10. Industries and Products . - - - - 77 Chapt~r 11. Educational Facilities - - - - -85 For Reference - 91

Index .. ,...... - - 93

HISTORICAL HOUSE

CHAPTER 1 NAMES ESTMORELAND county, Pennsylvania, was named for Westmorland county, England. W Westmorland county, in northwest England, is best known, perhaps, for its breed of sheep and woolen man.. ufactures. It is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as early as 966. It suffered in early times from continuous inroads and devastations from the Scots, who sought to prevent the spread of Saxon settlements. Today it is separated from Scotland only by the English Cumberland county. There are Westmorland counties, also, in New Bruns wick, ·canada, and New South Wales, Australia. There have been about 18 earls of Westmorland since Ralph Neville became the first, knighted for valorous acts during the English invasion of France in 1380. There are Westmoreland counties in Virginia and in Tasmania. Then there are towns named Westmoreland in California, Kansas, New Hampshire and Tennessee, with a Westmoreland Depot in New Hampshire and a Westmore land City in Pennsylvania. County is another name for the old English shire, next above the hundred in the administration of govern ment. "Mother" Westmoreland, cut from Bedford county, is one of the nine counties of Pennsylvania named for English shires. The others are Bucks, Chester, Berks, Cumberland, Lancaster, Northampton, Northumoerland and Somerset. After the American Colonial War for Independence "Mother" Westmoreland gave of herself directly in the creation of five other counties-Allegheny, Armstrong, Fayette, Indiana and Washington, and is the grandmother or great grandmother of 11 other counties in the western section of Pennsylvania, including Beaver, Butler, Clarion, Crawford, Erie, Forest, Greene, Lawrence, Mercer, Venango and Warren. Washington was the first of these counties, cut from Westmoreland in 1781. Fayette came next in 1783 and Allegheny in 1788. 9 10 "MOTHER''

Westmoreland county thus was considerably cut i~ area within 10 years after its formation. Washington county was named in honor of the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army before he was thought of as the first President of the United States. It was the first county established after the Declaration of Independence. The very next county to be erected was named for General Marquis. de LaFayette. .Part of Washington county became Greene in 1796 named for Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary War general (the same man whose name was borrowed for the present county seat of Westmoreland), thus completing the organization of counties in southw·estern Pennsylvania. Allegheny county furnished most of the territory· for the formation in 1800 of the counties north of the Ohio river and west of the Allegheny river in Pennsylvania. This section was finally purchased from the Indians in 1785, three years before Allegheny county was sliced off West moreland county. So you see there isn't much doubt about the derivation of the nickname "Mother" as applied to Westmoreland in America, with her family tree extending back to medieval England. How the name originated may be imagined. Perhaps. it was due to the English county's geographical situation. as the Saxons pushed toward the Irish sea, seizing "more land-in-the-west," in northwest England. That description \Vould apply to the origin of Pennsylvania's Westmoreland at any rate, as settlers from east of the mountains pushed westward! The names given the original townships in Westmore- land show the influence of the Scotch-Irish, so named be-. cause they immigrated from Scotland to Ireland, later to America. Some of the names were 'borrowed from other· counties already established. Most of the townships were former Bedford county bailiwicks. In fact Bedford county township lines were follov1ed generally in the new West-. moreland. But Fairfield was split and Donegal established,.. "STAR OF THE WEST" 11 and the new Huntingdon and Manallin townships were set up. Pitt township, of course, was named for Fort Pitt. Armstrong township was named for ,colonel John Arm strong, a Scotch-Irishman, who served with General John Forbes, and who destroyed the Delaware Indian town at Kittanning in 1756. Derry (first erected after the original townships), Rostraver, Tyrone and Donegal were named for places in Ireland. Hempfield township (so called because much hemp Tnas raised there) was named after a township of the same name in Lancaster county. The somewhat indefinite township of Spring Hill was so named because of the many springs in the foothills of West Augusta county., Virginia, whence Colonel George Wilson of the 8th -Pennsylvania regiment had moved. The even more indefinite new Manallin township (so far as Westmoreland was concerned) was· named for a township in Adams. (formerly York) county. Another new .town ship, Huntingdon, was named for an English town. Present day townships cut from the older ones were named for places nearby or for men who came into prom inence. Those named for men include Washington, Cook, (named for Edward Cook, a county-lieutenant), Upper and Lower Burrell, (named for Jeremiah M. Burrell, a native of Murrysville who became a noted jurist), Franklin, Penn, and St. Clair. The nickname ''Star of the West'' was attached to Westmoreland county by eastern politicians because of the Democratic party majorities over the Whigs each election in the 1840s. The name probably had its origin in a German newspaper, "Star of the West," published for a time in Greensburg and later in Adamsburg catering to the "Pennsylvania Dutch" element in Hempfield township which clung to the Democratic party. Westmoreland voted the Democratic ticket with fev1 exceptions, such as a maj ority for Lincoln in 1860 and the election of Republi can James A. Hunter as judge of court of common pleas, in 1880. Since then party affiliations fluctuated. 12 ORIGINS

Original Town- Derivation of Name Present. Division ships in 1773 Pitt Fort Pitt Allegheny, Washington and Beaver counties. Upper and Lower Burrell, Franklin, and Penn townships. Fairfield "Fair Fairfield, ~t. Clair, and Lig Fields" onier townships. Donegal Place in Donegal and Cook townships. Ireland Huntingdon Place in North, South, and East Hunt England ingdon and Sewickley town ships. Mt. Pleasant "Pleasant Mount Pleasant and L"nity Mounts" townships. Hempfield Where Hempfield, Salem, Penn, Loy hemp is alhanna, Bell, Washington, grown Allegheny townships. Spring Hill Springs in Fayette and Greene coun foothills ties. Township Fayette county. in Adams (formerly York county) Rostraver Place in Rostraver township and part Ireland of Fayette county.

Armstrong Colonel Armstrong and Indiana coun John ties. Loyalhanna and Derry Armstrong townships. Tyrone Place in Fayette county. Ireland FOR FURTHER STUDY Refer to an English history for an account of Scottish raids in the English Westmorland county. From the story of the Battle of Bushy Run, see how the westward road for white civiliza tion was ~ept open in the Pennsylvania Westmoreland county, with the aid of Highlanders. How many Westmoreland (both spellings) counties are there in the world? How many towns? Consult the encyclopedia and write something about at least two. . What county might rightly be called the "Mother" of West- moreland? Grandmother? Great Grandmother? (See chapter V.) Hdw did the place in which you live get its name, and what does it mean? Examples: Adamsburg, named for President John Adams; Monessen, first syllable of Monongahela river and Essen, European iron center. Albert's or Boucher's histories of Westmoreland county will help you. Godcharles' or Donehoo's histories of Pennsylvania or Walkinshaw's Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania also will prove useful. Also see list of reference reading in back of this book.

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CHAPTER 2

GEOGRAPHICAL

AS NO·W formed, Westmoreland county is a territory _l-1. fifty miles long and forty miles wide between the 79th and 80th meridians of west longitude and the 40th and 41st parallels of north latitude. It has an area of 1,039 square miles and is seventh largest in area among the 67 counties of Pennsylvania. The eastern boundary is the crest of Laurel Hill ridge where Westmoreland county meets Cambria and Somerset counties. On the ·north the boundary line is the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas rivers, adjoining Armstrong and Indiana counties. To the west the boundary lies along the Allegheny river, Allegheny county, the Youghiogheny river, Washing ton county, and the Monongahela river. The county meets Fayette county on the south with Jacobs creek (named for a famous _Indian chief) , part of the common boundary line. The surface, which averages 1,500 feet above sea level, includes eastern highlands and rolling western table-lands with a general slope toward the northward drained by the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. Between Laurel ridge and Chestnut ridge in the eastern part of the county is the beautiful Ligonier valley. Farther west is the Dry ridge and then come the rolling foothills, drifting westward from the Allegheny plateau. Only one river flows within the county's confines, the Youghiogheny (the "Roaring Yough" during spring floods) in the southwest flowing about 20 miles northwest, com pletely separating Rostraver township from the rest of the county and forming a short portion of the western boundary. Loyalhanna creek is next in size, rising near Stahlstown and flowing northwest, touching Ligonier, Latrobe and New Alexandria and emptying into the Conemaugh river near Saltsburg. Other streams are B1·ush creek in the middle west, Beaver run in the north, Sewickley creek in the southwest and Pucketee creek in the northwest. Grist mills for grinding grain into flour, using water 15 16 FORESTS for power, were fairly well distributed on these streams in the past century. Few remain. Smaller streams popular . with hunters, ~ampers, and fishermen are Four-mile run, Lynn run, Tub Mill run, Trout run, Powder Mill run, and Pike run. Serious flood damage has been confined to northern and southern river boundaries. Flood· control dams have been built. The Loyalhanna flood control dam is an ex ample. Mine-sealing operations by the government have helped to prevent pollution of streams by mine drainage. The average rainfall in the county is between 40 and 45 inches per year. The average temperature for summer is 73 degrees; for winter, 30 degrees. The total woodland area of Westmoreland county is estimated at 210,000 acres, although this is increasing through considerable forestation work, especially on farm land abandoned because of mine cave-ins. More than 5,000 acres of the state Forbes Forest dis trict are in Cook, Ligonier, and Donegal townships. These forest regions are a healthy mixture of hard woods and cone~bearing trees. Originally "Penn's Woods", west of the Appalachians, was of the oak-hickory-maple type with hemlocks on the mountain slopes. Forest fire observation towers are to be found at Bear Cave on the summit of Chestnut ridge, elevation, 2,629 feet; St. Boniface, east of Lycippus, elevation, 2,090 feet; Kooser, near the Westmoreland-Somerset county line, eleva tion, 2,920 feet; Bald Knob, on the summit of Laurel Hill south of Ligonier, elevation, 2,920 feet. Rolling Rock tower, near Laughlinstown, is privately owned. Bear Cave (named for huge fissures in rocks formerly occupied by bears) has a 60-foot steel tower. The others are 80 feet high. Recreational areas in Westmoreland county are to be found at Adams -Falls, south of Ligonier; Lynn run in the Forbes Forest, and at Bushy Run Battlefield state park near Harrison City. The last mentioned park's 133 acres THE "l\lELTING POT" 17 include a reproduction of the original forests, picnic camps, a museum, a replica of a Delaware Indian religion "Big House", and a pre-historic Indian stockade and hut. Westmoreland county, like most of Pennsylvania, was settled by people of Scotch, Irish, German, English, and French Huguenot origin. In Old Westmoreland the Scotch-Irish largely settled about the forks of the Ohio river at Pittsburgh and along the Monongahela river, although there were some, like Robert Hanna, who establis·hed homes along the Forbes Road. Derry was an Irish settlement. There was a small English Quaker settlement on Sewickley creek. Those of German origin, the offspring of early settlers in Berks, Lancaster, and Cumberland counties, settled large ly in Hempfield township around Harrold's, Brush Creek and the Manor valley. The French Huguenots, scattered over Europe after the Edict ·of Nantes and making their way to America, settled in parts of the Ligonier valley. All of these became completely Americanized in customs and names with the years. As the development of natural resources matured and Westmoreland, like the rest of the nation, began an industrial march, many Italians, Slavs, Poles, Greeks, Bohemians, Scandinavians and other nation ties entered the mines and workshops. Mining hamlets ·and sections of industrial towns in habitated almost entirely by these so-called "foreigners'~ changed the complexion of the county's population to a pronounced degree. Westmoreland's "Melting Pot" has been at work, and today the second and third generations of this "foreign'~ influx mingle with people of other national origins to form the broad group called "Americans." Mining and industrial activities for a time isolated these groups, but this no longer is the case. Westmoreland county is divided into sixty-four civil divisions: twenty-three townships, thirty-six boroughs and 18 STA~ISTICS five third-class cities. In addition to these divisions there is one independent school district, namely, Seward. The following table shows the townships with their areas and populations based on the census of 1940:

Townships Area in Sq. Miles Population 1930 1940 Allegheny 33.45 2,718 3,585 Bell 23.40 1,904 2,138 Cook 46.06 946 1,211 Derry 100.65 12,857 14,175 Donegal 48.90 1,234 1,303 East Huntingdon 34.45 6,159 6,149 Fairfield 60.68. 2,196 2,028 Franklin 37.40 3,535 3,797 Hempfield 90.14 19,947 20,687 Ligonier 91.98 3,763 4,446 Lower Burrell 16.26 3,114 4,214 Loyalhanna 21.97 1,897 1,884 Mt. Pleasant 57.10 10,918 10,534 North Huntingdon 35.00 9,384 9,642 Penn 35.10 5,591 6,085 Rostraver 37.65 8,867 9,203 Salem 47.90 5,652 5,446 Sewickley 27.62 7,155 6,858 South Huntingdon 46.60 6,667 6566 ' St. Clair 29.62 711 927 Unity 69.00 10,717 10,994 Upper Burrell 14.60 523 811 Washington 53.47 2,941 2,538

Dates of incorporation and 1940 census of Westmore- land county municipalities:

Third Class Cities Year In corp. Population 1930 1940 Arnold (borough 1896) 1939 10,473 10,898 Greensburg (borough 1785) 1926 16,387 16,743 Jeannette (borough 1889) 1938 15,117 16,220 Monessen (-borough 1~99) 1921 20,260 20,257 New Kensington (borough 1892) 1934 16,753 24,055 STATISTICS 19 Boroughs Year lncorp. Population 1930 1940 Adamsburg 1841 227 210 Arona 1595 457 503 Avonmore 1893 1,237 1,354 Bolivar 1863 783 811 Derry 1881 3,046 3,003 Donegal 1867 163 258 East Vandergrift 1901 2,441 2,005 Export 1912 2,184 1,990 Hunker 1929 378 348 Hyde Park 1898 736 717 Irwin 1853 3,433 3,441 Latrobe 1851 10,633 11,111 Ligonier 1834 1,978 2,111 Livermore 1865 131 113 MadIBon 1876 365 409 Manor 1890 1,305 1,289 Mount Pleasant · 1828 5,863 5,824 New Alexandria 1834 615 639 New Florence "1870 796 864 New Salem (Delmont) 1833 721 705 North Belle Vernon 1841 3,070 3,022 North Irwin 1894 1,064 1,153 Oklahom·a 1931 868 Penn 1865 926 1,081 Scottdale 1874 6,695 6,493 Seward 1904 741 845 Smithton 1901 709 737 South Greensburg 1890 2,520 2,616 Southwest ,Greensburg 1892 3,105 3,002 Sutersville 1902 918 937 Trafford 1904 4,200 4,017 Vandergrift 1897 11,479 10,725 West Leechburg 1928 1.004 1.123 West Newton 1842 2,953 2,765 Youngstown 1831 482 547 Youngwood 1902 2,783 2,546 The 1940 census places the population of Westmore- land county at 303,411, fifth most populous among the 67 -counties of Pennsylvania. The population in 1790 was 16,018; in 1840, 42,699; in 1890, 112,819; in 1930, 294,995. 20

FOR FURTHER STUDY

Draw a map of Westmoreland county and fill in details of your city, borough, or township. Describe in detail the recreational area nearest to your home. How many others have you visited? What do you remember about them? Has the population of your city, borough, or township gained or lost in the last ten years? Can you give a reason for it? Which is the largest city in the county by population? Largest borough? Township? Which is the smallest by population of the above in the county? Oldest? Youngest? Why are there no small grist mills along present-day streams?

cjJl•fflll8'1bJJ1iillllllli•lWui======niH,,-1€:> CHAPTER 3 GEOLOGICAL ILLIONS of years ago, say geologists, Pennsylvania was part of an inland sea with land to the east M extending far out into what is now the Atlantic ocean. Rivers flowing westward from this land deposited in this inland sea the sands, muds, and limy material that today form our sandstones, shales, and limestones. One hundred feet of mud eventually became 60 feet of shale. Westmoreland then was below water to the westward of this land. The earth's crust moved up and down at intervals of a million years or so. Pennsylvania's "shores" moved westward. When what is now Westmoreland county was a part of the eastern shore of the huge sea covering all of the present 1\1:ississippi valley bowl, vegetation was rank. Ferns, mosses, and rushes grew as high as present day forest trees. The vegetation grew, died, and settled in ·the swamps, and was preserved until scores of feet deep. This buried vegetation became peat ·and eventually coal as other sediment was piled on top of the layers by the years, and the moisture was squeezed out. Each foot of coal required the plant accumulation of not less than 300 years. The entire area settled in a ·wrinkling of the earth's crust and was covered with shallow water. Another growth of vegetation followed. The process was repeated again and again until many beds of coal were formed. This all happened in what the geologists call the Paleozic era which includes the ·Carboniferous age, perhaps a matter of 400 million years. Life then included a form of fish in the sea, and giant lizards, dragon flies, and cockroaches which lived in water or on land. There followed other geological eras called the Mesozoic and Ce:µozoic; subdivided into periods by the geologists, during which what now is Westmoreland still was just a short distance away from the Mississippi valley sea but above sea level. Here and there the molten interior of the earth may have squeezed what became igneous or melted rock toward 21 22 COAL the surface. Of such origin are feldspar and quartz. Soon reptiles and the ancestors of birds appeared. This story is told in fossil remains which have been found in mines and quarries. Just before the present, a geological period called the Pleistocene or Quarternary saw marked changes of climate on the earth's surface. Millions of y~ars ago huge ice sheets covered the northern half of the American·continent. The glaciers gouged out the Great Lakes as they moved southward and melted. They did not reach what is now Westmoreland county, but some of the debris ·was floated down what is now the Allegheny river. Bones of equus, the ancestor of the horse, just before it became extinct on the American continent, were found along Tinker's run southwest of Irwin. During this period mastodons and other large prehistoric animals probably roamed this section. The horse, of course, was re-introduced on the American continent when this land was discovered and settled by the white man. Gradually (had we been there then we probably would not have noticed the change, it was so slight in a thousand years). the sea to the westward retreated and the "shore" of which Westmoreland was a part eventually became mere ly the foothills of the Appalachian mountain range, which once was flat until the ,vaters cut the valleys through the softer rock. Beneath this lay beds of coal and gas awaiting develop ment by man. Westmoreland is underlaid with several beds of bituminous or "soft" coal. The principal Pittsburgh veins lie in the Irwin basin,west of Grapeville ridge; the Greens burg basin, between the Grapeville ridge and Dry ridge; the Connellsville basin, between the Dry ridge and the Chestnut ridge; and the Ligonier basin, east of the Chest nut ridge. The veins extend southward into Fayette and Greene ccunties. Beneath the Pittsburgh veins is the Free port vein, which crops out in the northern part of the. county. COKE 23

The best coal for coking because of its low sulphur content is that of the Connellsville basin. Coke is "roasted'~ coal and corresponds to charcoal made from wood. Both give greater heat as fuel for melting iron ores. Geologists a few years ago estimated the number of tons of coal in Westmoreland county at more than six billion with about half that quantity profitably minable. New mining methods may increase this. Fayette county with its tremendous mining of coal for coking purposes always has led in the production of bituminous coal. For some years Westmoreland was sec ond. In 1940 Westmoreland was fifth with Fayette, Wash ington, Cambria, and Allegheny leading in the order named. Coal is mentioned in historical records dealing with Brownsville and Pittsburgh sections as early as 1759. Probably the earliest mention in Westmoreland county was that of Arthur St. Clair, representing the Penns, who granted Frederick Rohrer military permission to cultivate a tract of land at the mouth of Coal Pit run on the Loyal hanna creek on April 11, 1767. The abundance of forest firewood held back extensive mining until about 1850 when outcrop mines were esta blished. However, about 1870 mining began in earnest. The making of coke in the oldtime beehive ovens increased by leaps and bounds as its use for fuel to transform the Lake S_uperior iron ore into steel in the Pittsburgh mills v.ras perfected. Andrew Carnegie experimented in making coke near Larimer from slack coal. But by 1900 the demand for slack coal for steam-making became so great that coke making there no longer was profitable. ·Henry Clay Frick brought the coke-making industry to its height about that time in the Connellsville section. Little more than an episode in the development of Westmoreland's natural resources was the salt industry, leaving behind names such as Saltsburg, on the northern 24 SALT AND GAS bank of the Kiskiminetas river in Indiana county, and Salina, a little farther down the river on the Westmoreland side. Salt, that necessary ingredient required by the body and which is added to food for seasoning, in early times was scarce and often used instead of money. Salt bottoms (licks which deer and. other animals fre quented) along the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas rivers and along the Big Sewickley and Jacobs creeks were de veloped in this county early in the last century, and for several years salt well drilling and pumping was quite an industry. Better transportation facilities, making it cheaper to import salt from productive salt mines elsewhere in the United States, resulted in the dying out of the industry. Natural gas, too, has dwindled as a natural resource development in the county. Oil and gas probably came originally from water plants buried and compressed deep under the folds of the earth; hydrogen and carbon remains escaped to porous rocks, to await the arrival of the drill. It was oil for .which drillers were seeking when they bored into the earth on Henry Remaley's farm, near Turtle Creek, not far from Murrysville, on the old Northern Turn pike in 1878, ·and found instead a huge supply of natural gas. For a time the gas was allowed to escape and when lighted could be seen at night and heard rushing for miles. The Haymaker brothers and Hilary J. Brunot established a lampblack ( carbon} factory which lasted until 1881. Later, gas from this well and others was piped to Pittsburgh and the new fuel gave impetus to Western Pennsylvania indus try. While drilling a salt well near Grapeville, gas was dis covered but for a time was allowed to escape. This excellent fuel attracted H. Sellers McKee and others who built large glass works and founded the city of Jeannette in 1888. Clay suitable for the manufacture of brick exists in several parts of the county, notably at Bolivar, where there are kilns. moN FURNACES 25

Quarrying has been done extensively in many quarters.. Perhaps the hardest stone, formerly used largely for street paving blocks, is the well known "Ligonier granite", an especially hard sandstone. Limestone also is mined widely, principally for the burning of lime. Applica tion of lime releases food elements in the soil for the use of crops. Westmoreland farmers have led for several years in the use of lime among the 67 counties of the state. Limestone also helps remove impurities from iron ore in the smelting process, forming the waste called slag. Iron ore was mined and smelted in the early part of the last century in Donegal, Ligonier, Fairfield and Derry townships, utilizing charcoal for fuel for the furnaces. Timber was plentiful and cheap for the making of charcoal. Limestone also was available. The first furnace in the county was the Westmoreland Furnace near Laughlins town. Grape and shot were .made there for use in the War of 1812. Arthur St. Clair owned the Hermitage Furnace north of Ligonier. Some outcrop coal was used as fuel. Near Donegal was the Mount Hope Furnace, and California Furnace was erected near the site of the former Westmoreland Furnace. Kingston Forge (present King ston remains) was on the Loyalhanna creek and Ross Furnace in Fairfield township. Other smaller operations included Washington Furnace on Laurel mountain slope and Hannah Furnace Qn Tub Mill creek, Fairfield township. Oak Grove Furnace persists today as a Ligonier valley hamlet. Development of transportation facilities for hauling ore, coal, and limestone and a greater supply of water along the rivers eventually took the larger units of the iron and steel industry in this county to Monessen on the Monon gahela river and to Vandergrift on the Kiskiminetas river. Sizeable steel tool making plants have been developed along the smaller Loyalhanna creek in Latrobe, where coal for fuel is abundant nearby. 26

FOR FURTHER STUDY

What is a fossil? Visit Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh and see how the horse developed from an animal no larger than a rabbit. Draw a map of Westmoreland county and locate the three basins of coal mentioned. · Discuss reasons why coal was not mined extensively until long after this section was settled. What other natural resources than coal have played an important part in Westmoreland's industrial development? In what section? Bring to class specimens of rocks found m your vicinity. Coal mines are near every school building in the county. A study of a mine's operations with information furnished by the supermtendent of the mine may be made. The meaning of tenns used in mining such as "slope", "pit", etc. may be included. Interview some coal miner and have him tell about his day's work in detail. . t;i7✓.)l✓'~I1:~; {p/(J?(,t?!Lll~l✓-t'fi/17t:Ply,?¥//J~-: .f)clmirare s, Sl1~~anefe,.)f ing0es ~\~ya11d·ots ,~folnko11s. ~Iirunies.&:Otta,vas ; .. . .,; · 1 /~t .1..· : . / · · . ~ . . (fl/ Ill,: i ill/I /J, 't ~ . lfltf/t 1r171r1_. . . , - ,, -/✓;n,,,y-/1f lJ Tho~Hutd1ins,1t-'~;htlf//1~71 /1,·t-r. -· r . ~

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c_A Prehistoric Chief

The artist has idealized the aboriginal Indian chief in the adjoining drawing. In most In dian tribes, in what is now the United States, the people of the tribe selected their chief. But he had little power. Important decisions were made by the council. Indian government, then, was usually a simple form of democracy. Many different languages (giving rise to tribal names) were spoken among the eastern forest Indians. People of differ ent villages, therefore, even when not n1any miles distant from one another, were often strangers. Perhaps hunters from one village, when game was scarce, would go into the hunting grounds of their neigh bors. Such acts led to trouble because if the game were driven away or destroyed, the neighboring village would go hungry. Sometimes a warrior would come upon a hunter from a neighboring village in the forest and kill him. In this way wars were started. The Indian borrowed his war strategy from the panther, attacking secretly by sudden assault. The aborig inal Indian loved to engage in contests of athletic prowess. Each village had a story teller better than the rest who would tell tales of the past. Reconstructing the story of how they lived is a fascinating archeological study. CHAPTER 4 THE INDIAN T ONG before the white man reached America a number L of brownish red-complexioned people made their way from Asia across the narrow Bering strait to Alaska and in time spread over the American continent. Columbus mistakenly called them Indians. Without domestic animals these people progressed slow ly and lived closely to nature with only makeshift bark huts which often were moved. Thousands of years ago in the present Westmoreland county there probably lived tribes of Alligewi (Allegheny is a survival of the name today). Other tribes were known as the "Mound Builders." These tribes existed rudely and not much removed in ways of living from the animals of the forest. They however, used fire. The stockade (to keep oqt animals) and huts repro duced at Bushy Run park are examples of prehistoric Indian homes, made after a study of disclosures by excava tion in Somerset county. Long ages past, two speech stocks of Indians known .as the Lenape and Mengwe migrated eastward from the plains of the Mississippi. For generations the newcomers fought with the Alligewi until the latter were driven out of the wooded country where game and fish abounded and where the soil was well adapted for growing maize or corn. . The Mengwe, or Iroquois, took over the country along the Great Lakes, now New York state, and the Lenape took the region to the south. After many more years some of the Lenape warriors crossed the great mountains and -established themselves along what is now the Delaware river, dividing into the Munsie or Wolf, Unami or Turtle, and the Unalachtigo or Turkey tribes. The Lenapes developed a crude civilization somewhat ·further advanced than that of most other tribes. Their an ·nu.al religious ceremony in the "Big House" was beautiful :in its concept of relationship to the Great Spirit and the 29 80 INDIAN TOWNS hereafter. A Delaware Indian religion "Big House" has been reproduced at Bushy Run park with pictures and maps on its walls explaining the ceremony. The Munsie division of the Delawares was the most warlike and after being forced westward by the arrival of the white man, remembered the notorious eastern Penn sylvania "Walking Purchase" of 1737 (the white man ran rather than walked when measuring land) and wreaked vengeance upon the frontier regions. What is now West moreland county had few Indian villages prior to the advent of the Delawares, Shawnees, and other tribes forced to move westward. The Delawares were more or less under the rule of the Iroquois and thus received permission about 1724 to mi grate from the Susquehanna near Sunbury to what is now Ligonier to found the Loyalhanning village. The name means "middle stream." The Loyalhanna is midway be tween the Ohio and Juniata rivers. It also was the cross roads of Indian trails leading north and south (Iroquois, New York, to Catawba, Carolina) and east and vvest (Sus quehanna to the Ohio). Other Delaware place names in Westmoreland county include Conemaugh, "an otter"; Kiskiminetas, "cut spirit" or '.'plenty of walnuts" ; Youghiogheny, "a circuitous stream." When the first white men came they found Conemaugh Old Town, a Shawnee and Delaware settlement on the site of the present Johnstown. Keckenepaulin's Town was at the mouth of the Loyalhanna. Blacklegs was a Shawnee village on the Indiana bank of the Kiskiminetas. Kittanning, a Delaware town, was along the Allegheny river. Several Indian towns were close to the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and along the Ohio, in cluding Shannopin's Town on the Allegheny and Allaquippa's Town at McKees Rocks. Sewickley was a Shawnee town near the present Tarentum, while another similarly named place was along the Youghiogheny river near West Newton. The name originated from a corruption of "Asswekales,'" CHILD OF THE FOREST 31 a Shawnee clan. A French trader named Cavalier from Canada probably was the first white man to visit these places in 1730. Christopher Gist, who made the first English settle ment west of the Alleghenies for the Ohio company (or ganized in Virginia) at Mount Braddock, Fayette county, tells in his diary about being treated when sick in a "Sweat house" at a Delaware Indian's cabin in 174Q. This was Cockey's Cabin on a site between the present Harrison City and Export. George Croghan was a well known Penn sylvania trader during this period. In the struggle between the French and English for control of this wes~ern country the Indians sided with .the French and spread terror, desolation, -and death among the settlers who had crossed the Appalachians. Memories of the "Walking Purchase" and other fancied and real in justices fanned their hate. General John Forbes, however, had many Cherokee and Catawba (southern Indians) as allies in his campaign to take over · Fort Duquesne. William Penn's kindly treatment of the Indians gave way to harsher methods by his successors. During the Fren~h and Indian war and Pontiac's war, John Penn offered to buy scalps. During the Revolutionary war the British Commander of Detroit, "Hair-buyer" Henry Ham ilton, also offered rewards for scalps. The Indian was a simple child of the fore st and acted as the life around him in the .savage woods taught him. He lived on the flesh of wild animals, especially deer and bear, and fish. In winter he dressed in the skins of wild beasts, in summer went almost naked. When his hunting grounds were invaded by the white man he was dissatisfied and thus was driven further westward. The first contact of white men and Indians in this territory, of course, was for the purpose of trade. The Indian, who had a childlike love for showiness, readily traded skins and furs for trinkets. Both the French and the 32 ABORIGINAL

English sought to increase this profitable trade. The Eng lish won, and then the contest was between Pennsylvania and Virginia with hope of white settlements in the back ground. The foundation for Pennsylvania was laid by the visit of Conrad Weiser to Logstown, "the Indian capital" on the Ohio river (near the present Ambridge), in 1748. During the American Revolution many white settle ments in Westmoreland county suffered severely because many of the Indians became allies of the British. However, due to the efforts of David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder, Moravian missionaries, the DelaVv-ares generally we~e friendly to Pennsylvanians during the Col onial Revolution.. General Lachlan McIntosh, Washington's western commander at Fort Pitt, signed a treaty with the Delawares in 1778, which included a promise to the tribe of a future state in· the American union. Like. so many other promises the white man made to the Indian, it failed to materialize. The Indians who roved over Westmoreland county were mostly Shawnees, Senecas, and Cornplanters from north and west of the Ohio river. The Indians were few in number. Archaeology, or the study of prehistoric remains, has become a hobby among a few people, and some light has been thrown on the manners and customs of Indian tribes who lived in what is now Westmoreland county long before the white man came. Digging in several Indian village sites in the county disclosed skeletons of early Indians, buried in a crouching position adjoining their bark huts. Fire pits with charcoal remains, also have been found. Shards, or pieces of pot tery~ bone beads, bone needles, and other artifacts, or things made by humans, were brought to light. Across the Kiskiminetas river from Saltsburg are rocks in which good sized holes were bored centuries ago. PREfilSTORIC 33

One large rock has 76 such holes, perhaps receptacles for animal blood offered by the savages as a sacrifice to their gods, perhaps containers in which water was evaporated to provide necessary salt. Two pre-historic Indian village sites have been explored south of Irwin. Effigies of animals outlined in mussel shells were found. Wherever mussel shells (fresh water clams) are found at a distance from a stream, there, it is almost certain, once was a prehistoric Indian village, for the savages of the long ago used mussels for food and threw the shells and other refuse outside the doors of their bark huts. Pieces of broken pottery, a stone Indian plow, and bone needles were found at the south of Irwin sites. Temporary Indian camp sites were examined along Beaver Run near Delmont. Near Robbins. station, also_ known as Hugh Crawford's Sleeping Place in frontier days, many artifacts and mussel shells were found. Near the Allegheny-Westmoreland boundary west of Stewartsville, beads, skeletons, and a flying bird _effigy in clay were uncovered. Here also were found many broken bones. The Indians broke the bones of game to get at the marrow. This prehistoric Indian village site apparently covered about five acres. Other similar sites have been found along the Yough iogheny river, west of Scott Haven, and north of Gratz town. North of West Newton a burial mound was found. On the site of a brewery in Monessen once was an Indian village. "Red bones", colored with dye as part of a re ligious ceremony, were found near Webster. Four village sites were examined on Sheppler's hill in Rostraver town ship. Many skeletons were found. Four village sites were found near Tarr station. Occasionally, while on a hunting expedition, the pre historic Indian braves would seek shelter in caves or under shelving rock, and leave behind evidences of habitation. Such 34 "l\lOUND BUILDERS" rock shelters were found near Yukon, north of Youngs town, and between Delmont and Slickville. There is a mound west of New Alexandria, along the Loyalhanna creek, which is one of the few remains of the race known as the "Mound Builders", about whom little is known. ,Prehistoric Indian villages averaged about half an acre· in size. Crude stockades were ere.cted to keep out wild animals. Huts were of saplings inserted in the earth and bent over with tops fastened together. The roofs were made of bark. Few articles were buried with the Indian although burials usually were within village sites, and naturally many artifacts were found nearby when skeletons were exhumed. Charred corn, beans, and even potatoes have been found in fire pits in several of the prehistoric Indian village sites explored. Stone mortars for grinding corn and stone tomahawks were found on most sites. The surface only has been scratched (literally) in this interesting bit of exploration in Westmoreland county. 35

FOR FURTHER STUDY The forest Indians who lived in the eastern part of the United States did not live in tepees as did the western or "plains'' Indians,. but in bark huts or houses. In the library read the first chapters of "The Rise of American Democracy," by Casner and Gabriel, for a concise picture of Indian. life. Why was there slightly more permanence to an Indian village. in the forest section than on the plains ? Most histories of Pennsylvania have a chapter on the Indians_ Sipe's "The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania'' and "The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania" will be useful for further reading. After a visit to the Big House at Bushy Run tell the story of the Delaware religion.. See Speck's "Delaware Indian Big House Ceremony." Why may it be said that the Indian was "more sinned against. than sinning'' ? Examine the maps in this book for Indian trails. and. discuss what effect they had on later transportation. What modern highways follow these trails? Discuss how the absence of domestic animals held back Indian civilization. Give an account of the Indian village site nearest your home. Library references dealing with the tribe who lived there will help.. Make a class collection of Indian relics and pictures and discuss uses. Visit the. Carnegie museum in Pittsburgh for studies of Indian life. Bushy Run park museum also will be helpful. Another meaning of Kiskiminetas is "to make daylight." The differences in the translation may be compared to the several mean ings of the English words "ring" or "present.'' R. S. Drake, telephone engineer, developed a hobby of looking~ for Indian village sites. Some of the things he found are described in this chapter. Look for mussel shells at a distance from a stream. And then. look for arrow heads, or other artifacts. There may be a pre historic Indian village site near your home! 36

Sketch of strategy used by Colonel Henry Bouquet during Bushy Run Battle. CHAPTER 5 FIVE BY FIVES SERIES of remarkable events occurred in the 20 years preceding the establishment of Westmoreland coun A ty. Appropriately, in the middle of five dates suc cessively five years apart, stands 1763, most important in ternationally, nationally, and locally. It was that year which marked the end of the French and Indian war, by which Great Britain obtained from France all of Canada and the region west of the Allegheny mountains to the Mississippi river. It saw the beginning of the British empire and planted the seeds which later matured as the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States of America. In that year also was fought the Battle of Bushy Run, when Colonel Henry Bou quet, in command of the British forces, defeated the Indians under Pontiac and Guyasuta, thus keeping open the pathway for the westward advance of white civilization through Pitts burgh (the gateway to the west) and the eventual growth of the Mississippi valley and the extension of the United States to the Pacific coast. 1753 Virginians formed the Ohio company which planned to develop this wilderness for settlement. In 1753, the first of our "five dates," young George Washington was sent into this section by ·Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to warn the French to stay out. The French had occupied Canada and were establishing_ trading posts along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers enroute to the mouth of the Mississippi river. The French refused. It was on this journey that Washington and his companion, Christopher Gist, almost drowned as they dodged floating ice while crossing the Allegheny river. Gist had headquarters for advance ex plorative work in what is now Fayette county. The French continued pushing southward and every so often buried a leaden plate as a symbol of ownership. Two Virginians, William Trent and John Fraser, started to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio, but Captain Con trecoeur with a French force, sent by Marquis Duquesne, governor of Canada, seized it. 37 38 JUMONVILLE KILLEp

Washington, at the head of a small force of Virginians, was sent to recover the fort at the forks, named Fort Duquesne by · the French. Threatened by a large force of the French, he built Fort Necessity. A French officer, Coulon de Jumonville, was killed during a skirmish. Wash ington was compelled to retreat. This spark set off the French and Indian war on two sides of the Atlantic (in Europe it was known as the Seven Years' war). The Indians in America sided with the French because they were primarily traders and did not build settle ments which destroyed the forests and drove out the game.

m,._Tn. la+o'l'9 ~.on.o-..al ~,hua'1'9rl °R'1'9arlrl/"\Plr '11"\ P/"\'1"n .i. VY V yea~s.L .L V'-'..L '-' '\.,.1..1.'\.,..L ... .L:,,l'I.A, YT ... '\A, ..LJ..L '\A.'\A.V'-'.I.~, ...... '-'V.L.L.L.. mand of British troops, marching from Virginia, built "Braddock's Road" in an unsuccessful effort to wrest Fort Duquesne from the French. He got no farther than the present city of Braddock and died in the attempt. 1758 Then in 1758, five years after our start with young Washington, General John Forbes built "Forbes Road," lead ing from eastern Pennsylvania over the mountains. There were heated discussions between the Pennsylvanians and Virginians about the route to choose. The Pennsylvanians won. Forbes' venture proved success ful, due to some degree to the activities of Christopher Post, a Moravian missionary, who paci fied some of the Indians. Enroute General Forbes had built Fort Ligonier, named for a military friend, along a stream the Indians called Loyalhanna. The French burned Fort Duquesne and aban doned the site. The English, S-'!-Jo.HNLIGONIER. thereupon, took it over and called the place Fort Pitt for the famous English statesman. The Indians, pushed westward by white settlements along the Delaware river, were told by General Forbes and NOT "IMPASSABLE" 39 others that just as soon as the French were driven out the western white invasion would be confined to trading posts. But white men with their families-"squatters" as they were called---eame across the Alleghenies, cleared acre age and built cabins. The Indians in the big Mississippi valley bowl were disgruntled. Under Pontiac, an Ottawa chief of superior attainments, all tribes were combined into one big army, which, it was hoped by the Indians, would drive the white man into the sea (the Atlantic). The plan almost succeeded. 1763 We come again to the all important middle of our "five dates," 1763. The treaty that made England master in America and Europe was signed in· February. The battle which pushed back the Indians under Guyasuta at Bushy Run and re lieved besieged Fort Pitt was fought August 5 and 6. The following year Colonel Bouquet invaded the Ohio coun try and brought about the release of 206 white captives. · The Indians were kept at bay in the Ohio country. "Squ,atters" continued to flock into the region beyond the Alle HENRY BOUQUET ghen"ies; in spite of King O-eorge's threat that anyone who settled on lands not officially thrown open w-ould be buried without the bentfit of clergy." The broad belt of land along the Atlantic coast was "over populated" fo~ these venturesome people. They ignored the king's order. 1768 So it was that in another five years, 1768, a treaty was made at Fort Stanwix in New York, by which the Indians transferred to Pennsylvania all lands south of the Ohio river and eastward from the Allegheny river at Kittanning, including a wide strip running diagonally northeastward through the province. The Indians were given ten thousand 40 REASON FOR COUNTY

dollars in provisions and money together with an unlimited supply of rum. This was the signal for hordes of settlers to cross the mountains the French once had called "impassable." The soldiers with Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet had taken back east with them glowing accounts of this wonderful country! William Penn, in setting up hjs "Holy Experiment" in government in Pennsylvania, started off ·with Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester counties (1682). The Quakers feared to endanger their hold on the assembly by adding new counties. Penn's heirs, likewise, sought to sell land in established counties before authorizing new ones. From time to time, keeping up with the settleTs who invaded land really not open for settlement, but which was considered by them as "not belonging to anybody" and therefore "free", it was necessary to create new counties both to establish definitely the province's ownership and to introduce some semblance of law and order. Eventually Lancaster, cut from Chester county in 1729, and York (1749) counties, were established, followed by Cumberland (1750), which had superficial civil jurisdiction over settle ments to the indefinite western boundary of the commonwealth. Bedford (1771) was set up 21 years after Berks and Northampton had taken care of the trend of popula tion northward from Philadelphia. A year later Northum berland county was established to care for population in cr~ases along the banks of the Susquehanna in the eastern section of the Purchase of 1768. In the west where the largest and best tract of the· purchase was located there were many unruly fur traders. and "squatters" who cared little about civil law. There were many Irish, Scotch, and English settlers. in the "far west," plus the pious "Pennsylvania Dutchmen',. of Harrold's "Good Purpose" and the Brush Creek region. These welcomed the efforts of the renowned Arthur St. Clair, who lived near Ligonier, to form a new county out. of that portion of Bedford county west of Laurel ridge. The great Forbes Road was a rough military way,. HANNA'S HOUSE 41 winding over three ranges of mountains. from Bedford until it reached Pittsburgh, about a hundred miles away. That was too far to send deputy sheriffs on short notice. Be sides, the quantity of supplies needed by the people beyond the Alleghenies was growing. Already traders with the Indians ventured far to the westward of Pittsburgh. All this and more St. Clair pointed out to the authorities in Philadelphia representing the Penn heirs when he pre sented the petition of the settlers west of Laurel ridge in old Bedford county for a new county. St. Clair's most convinc ing argument was that there also was a heavy migration from Virginia under way and the district needed some step which would place a check on the influence of that colony. 1773 This .reasoning prevailed and the county of Westmore land, the eleventh and last county under the Penn pro prietary government, was es tablished in 1773, bringing us to the last of our five dates ARTHUR ST. CLAIR five years apart. The first place west of the Appalachian mountains where due process of English law was applied was Hannas town. It also was the site of the last English court to be established in the colonies. Later county seats were set up. under the United States of America, for the American Revolution was just around the corner. Robert Hanna, Joseph Erwin and Samuel Sloan, three Hannastown members of the board of trustees appointed to choose a county seat, easily outvoted George Wilson and John Cavett, who favored the more logical location at Pitts burgh. The agreement was that court should be held at 42 11 TOWNSHIPS

Hanna's house, a tavern along the old Forbes Road midway between Ligonier and Bushy Run, until the unsettled state of the western boundary of the province could be settled or a court house and jail built. Hanna and his friends saw to it that the uncertainties mentioned continued for 14 years! Eventually a separate county, Allegheny (1788), had to be established to secure a county seat for the important city of ;pittsburgh. The first court at Hannastown was held April 6, 1773. Justice William Crawford (later cruelly burned to death by the Indians) presided. The first business of the court was to divide the county into 11 townships. Most of these township names ah-=eady had been given to localities in old Bedford. The eleven townships covered all the territory of the then Westmoreland county between Kittanning and Cherry Tree in what is now Armstrong county, south of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, to the western boundary and indefinitely south to the Mason and Dixon line, which, however, had been halted by the Iroquois at Dunkard creek, near Mount Morris, now Greene county. Philadelphia officials proposed that the first Westmoreland county was not to extend farther west ward than the Youghiogheny river and the forks of the Ohio river. But the court laid out the 11 townships, super imposing Manallin township over parts of Tyrone and Spring Hill. Manallin township, however, only existed in the min utes of that first court session. It was definitely esta blished later as part of Fayette county. Based on the description given in the court minutes Pitt township included a huge section in the northwest, now Allegheny and Washington .counties. Spring Hill township was in the southwest; with Tyrone township now com prising Greene and Fayette ~ounties. Armstrong was in the northeast and now is Armstrong county and part of Indiana county. Others of the original townships, divided and re divided with the years, were Fairfield, Donegal, Hunting don, Mount Pleasant, Hempfield and Rostraver. THE MANORS

According to the minutes of that first court, John Carnahan was foreman of the first grand jury. Missing jurymen were haled into court and fined. Innkeepers were licensed and prices for selling liquor spread on the minutes. Arthur St. Clair was the first prothonotary and clerk of courts. He also was a justice of the peace. His office clerk was James Bryson, a fine penman. John Proctor, who later organized the famous "Rattlesnake Flag'' regi ment during the Revolution, was the first sheriff. All of these were appointees. The first election was held at Hanna's house October 1, 1773. Proctor was elected sheriff and was commissioned on October 18th. Joseph Beeler, James Smith, and James Cavett were elected county commissioners; James Kinkaid and William Wilson were chosen coroners. Benjamin Davis, Charles Hitchman, Christopher Hayes, Philip Rodgers, James McLain, and Alex Earr were elected assessors. William Thompson was chosen assemblyman. All were sworn into office by St. Clair. The commissioners proceeded to adjust debts and to levy a county tax. English civil law was functioning west of the Alle ghenies. But it lasted only a few years before George the Third's attempt at "taxation without representation" brought about the birth of a new nation. · It was the policy of the Penns to reserve 500 acres out of every block of· 5,000 acres which they sold. In Old Westmoreland there were three such reservations : Den mark, 4,861 acres, now the fertile Manor valley in "f enn township; Sewickley or Penn's Lodge, 5,568 acres, now in Unity and Mt. Pleasant townships, on Sewickley creek, underlaid with coal; and Pittsburgh, _5,766 acres, now in Pittsburgh. The Penns held these manors until 1799 when the state legislature bought the land from them. 44 FOR FURTHER STUDY George Washington was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia. Some of the most stirring of his youthful exploits ·took place in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. He narrowly escaped drowning in the Allegheny river returning from· delivering a message to the French at Venango. His horse twas killed under him at Braddock's defeat. He was fired on mistakenly by his own Virginia troops at Loyalhanna, enroute with Gen. John Forbes to capture Fort Du quesne. Why was Washington so deeply interested in this territory? Read in the story of Washington's life about the number of Visits he made west of the Alleghenies. How many? Give the reasons for each visit. Between the years 1763-67 English astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to settle a boundary dispute with Maryland, ...... +i..,.,.;._ ~ ...... ,.,.,US 1;.,...e 'lO ~,...,.,. ... ,...,..S -n-,;..-.11+og 'l 3onnnd5 nn-rth J. Q ..U, t..l.lC.l.L J.Q..l.l.lV .U..l.l cJoJ UCf:,J. C~ 4'lu .a. ...u .. U,\A '-'- 2~VoV ,_,_...,.,., ..,.,".., .,..,..., latitude as the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. When they reached a point about 244 miles west of the Delaware river they were halted by the Iroquois Indians at the Catawba trail, which had been pushed westward. The Iroquois Indians in what is ndw New York state maintained a trail to what is now North Carolina and engaged in battle with the Catawba Indians there every so often before white settlements were made along the Atlantic coast. This trail originally followed the Susquehanna river and Chesapeake bay southward. The present 302 mile southern Penn sylvania boundary was not extended until during the Revolution: when Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to the five degrees of longi tude west of the Delaware river and the meridan from that point north to establish the southwest right angle (now Greene county) of the state forever. Interesting additional facts may be uncovered by study of the Mason and Dixon line which became noted in slavery times. Explain !why Bushy Run was the most important battle ever· fought on Westmoreland soil. Why was Virginia vitally interested in the formation of West- moreland county, Pennsylvania? Give your impressions of the French and British methods of invasion of Indian country. Where is Fort Necessity? Why so, named? What spark started the Seven Years' war. Indians in 1763 wiped out Connecticut's Westmoreland Settle- ment in northwestern Pennsylvania. This was the first episode in. Connecticut's claims on Pennsylvania territory and led to the "Yankee-Pennamite War," settled during the American Revolution_ Pennsylvania had several other boundary disputes in addition to that with Virginia in which our Westmoreland was concerned. See· March's "History of Pennsylvania" or Bomberger's "Twelfth Colon:w Plus'' for concise accounts. . "·.. :. .. ·· .· ·: :.. · : . . . . : •'...... ' - ......

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46 CHAPTER 6 PART OF A NEW NATION HE year following the establishment of Westmore land county by Pennsylvania, Governor Dunmore, T of ·Virginia, took forcible possession and appointed John Connolly, of Pittsburgh, "captain colnmandant of Pittsburgh and its dependencies." He mustered the militia under the Virginia law, seized and garrisoned Fort Pitt, bullied the Pennsylvania magistrates, marched some of them off to prison, and established the District of West Augusta, including Yohogania, Ohio, and Monongalia coun ties. Pennsylvania had no militia law at the time and was powerless to resist. However, Pennsylvania had a civil unit in Westmore land county, supported by St. Clair, the Scotch Irish, and the Pennsylvania· Germans, who did not approve of Vir ginia's slavery and religious laws. Moreover, the Indians, stirred by Dunmore's cruel treatment, visited_ their wrath upon the Virginia settlers rather than the Pennsylvanians, who thus became more firmly established. Although the Shawnees and Mingoes insisted their ·war was only with the Virginians it was difficult to determine to which group s·ome settlers belonged. It became necessary to prepare forts and blockhouses to ward off Indian as saults. These places of safety .from Indian attacks included old Fort Ligonier, later called Fort Pres~rvation; Hannas town, also called Fort Reed, at the county seat; Wallace's fort on Magee's run near Blairsville: Lochry's fort, near where St. Vincent's college is now located in Unity town ship; Perry's Blockhouse on Big Sewickley creek; Carna han's Blockhouse near Perrysville, Bell township; Shield's near New Alexandria; Proctor's, also called Fort Shippen, near the old Unity Presbyterian church in Unity township; Markle's Blockhouse near West Newton in South Hunting don township;· Fort Barr, Pomeroy's Blockhouse, and Wil son's, not far from Derry; Fort Palmer, in the present Fairfield township; Walthour's, near the present western end of the Pennsylvania turnpike . east of Irwin; Fort 47 48 WESTMORELAND'S FLAG

Allen, near historic Zion (Old Harrold's) Lutheran church in Hempfield township, where Balthaser Meyer conducted the first school and catechetical class probably about 1769. Petitions from these several communities for aid to ward off Indian attacks were forwarded periodically- to Governor John Penn, of Pennsylvania. The beginning of the American Revolution tended to minimize the importance of the Pennsylvania-Virginia ter ritorial dispute in view of the larger question of national freedom. Much more important to the people of this west ern country, then and now, were the famous Hannastown Resolutions of Independence, adopted May 16, 1775, and the formation of a military body with its flag showing a rattlesnake with 13 rat tles the motto "Don't Tread' On Me" and the ini- tials "J. P. F. B. W. C. P." (John Proctor, First Bat talion, Westmoreland Coun ty, Pennsylvania). This flag now is in the State museum at Harrisburg. Formation ·of the Eighth Pennsylvania regiment, which was ordered east to aid Washington, left the frontier at the mercy of the Indians who had been bribed by the British to stage scalping parties. The region west of the Appalachians had its darkest hours in 1777-78, the same period in which Washington's army was enduring the ter rible winter at Valley Forge. It was in 1778 that the historic expedition of George Rogers Clark captured the Northwest from the British and effected the surrender of Colonel Henry Hamilton, the ·"hair-buyer," at Vincennes, Indiana; but this failed to stop :raids in southwestern Pennsylvania. Every here and there throughout the district, forts ·were constructed, either in addition to or to replace those erected during Dunmore's war as places of refuge for the HANNASTOWN BURNED 49 harassed settlers. Within the present confines of West moreJand county was Fort Hand, named for General Ed ward Hand, an Irishman, commander of Fort Pitt for a time. The site of this fort is in the present Washington township. Fort Crawford, commanded at intervals by Colonel William Crawford, was located on an·old Indian trail near the mouth of Puckety creek on the Allegheny river. Crawford was burned to death later when captured by the Indians in Ohio. Simon Girty, a white renegade, refused to end his misery when he begged to be shot to death. ·Cra,~lford was a Virginia supporter. Another was Rugh's Blockhouse, about two miles south ·of Greensburg, named for lviichaei Kugh, who, with his family, was carr~ed to Canada by the Indians, but later ·returned. Rugh eventually became a judge of the common pleas court for Westmoreland county. Still others were Stokely's Blockhouse, near Waltz's Mill; McDowell's ·Blockhouse, near Madison; Marchand's, near Millerdale, Hempfield township; Philip Klingensmith's Blockhouse, now the northern part of Jeannette; Reed's Station on the Allegheny below the mouth of the Kiski minetas; Miller'~ Station, southeast of Hannastown; Adam's Blockhouse, near Miller's Teague Island fort, northwest of Rannastown in the Manor valley; Adam Saam's Blockhouse :near the present Long Run Presbyterian church in North ·Huntingdon township; Conrad Byers' Blockhouse in Mount Pleasant township; Kepple's Blockhouse on the Greens burg-Delmont road; William's, between Stahlstown and Donegal. There were others. Each has its story of Indian at tack and often death or captivity. It was a confusedly perilous period for Westmoreland settlers, who were torn ·between thoughts of returning eastward or remaining to -fight it through. The most woeful day was Saturday, July 13, 1782, ·when a band of British Tories and Indians burned Hannas town, the last hostile act of the Revolutionary war.. Guya suta, the Indian chief in command, had revenge for the ,defeat at Bushy Run! 50 GREENSBURG NAMED

Western Pennsylvania was forever freed from Indian raids when General Anthony Wayne compelled the Ohio Indians to sign the Treaty of Greenville, Darke county, Ohio, in 1795. The civil strife between Pennsylvania and Virginia over control of the region west of the Appalachians which included Westmoreland county, ended in 1780, by friendly agreement. But before that, agitation to have the Con tinental Congress form a new state to be called "West sylvania", to include parts of what is now Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia, was begun. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, however, legislated that such agitation was an act of treason in 1782, and the movement died. After the burning of Hannastown, which coincided with the end of the Revolutionary war, the state legislature appropriated two thousand dollars -to build a highway from western Cumberland to Pittsburgh. This road ran south of the Hannastown site. A site for a new county seat was then selected at Christopher Truby's, or Newtown, on Dec ember 10, 1785: It was named Greensburg, after General Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary fame. A temporary court house was erected until a new one was constructed in 1801. This court house stood until 1854 wh.en the increased business of the county required a new edifice. This proved adequate until the eighteen nineties when agitation was begun for a new structure, the present,. ,vhich, however, was not completed until 1907. The claim then was made that it was "the finest rural court house in the United States." Early Westmoreland county, as now, was largely agri cultural, and considerable grain was raised. Surplus grain was made into whiskey in southwestern Pennsylvania counties for easier transportation to the eastern market. Imposition of an excise tax by the new federal govern ment led to the Whiskey Insurrection in the counties which had been cut from Old Westmoreland. United States mails were searched near Greensburg- TEST OF POWER 51 for information about the excise tax commissioners. Simon Drum's hostelry in Greensburg, where the commissioners stayed over night was pelted with stones. Thirteen West morelanders were arrested and nine convicted of rioting. Fines imposed were remitted a year later (1795) by Gov ernor Thomas Mifflin "in consideration of their poverty and in compliance with a respectable recommendation." It was a test of the power of the Federal Union and fortunately was amicably settled by President Washington. Westmoreland county as an integral part of Penn sylvania shouldered its share of duties as a political sub- division since then throughout the years and 'furnished more than its quota of military strength in the War of 1812, Mexican war, Civil war, Spanish American war and the first World war. 52

FOR FURTHER STUDY Consult Albert's "Frontier Forts of Western Pennsylvania," Sipe's "Fort Ligonier and Its Times,'-' and Bamberger's "Twelfth Colony Plus." Copy the Hannastown Resolutions of Independence and read them in class. What is at Hannastown today? Bring to class at least one story of Indian attacks on the frontier fort which .was nearest your home. See Chapter III for another proposal of a state formation in western Pennsylvania. ·Give a detailed account of the burning of Hannastown. Why was the county seat moved? Histories of Western Pennsylvania all include an account of the Whisky Insurrection. In fact, it is included in all histories of the United States as the first test of federal government powers. "The Latimers", a novel by Henry C. McCook, gives a good portrayal of that period. Look up the meaning of "Tom the Tinker'' warnings posted in Westmoreland, Washington, Allegheny, and Greene, the four counties in which the disturbance prevailed. How did the Whisky Insurrection test the federal government po'wers? See dictionary for definition of excise tax. Name at least two present day excise taxes. Albert Gallatin, of Friendship Hill, New !Geneva, Fayette county, opposed the excise laws, but made pleas for law and order. He became secretary of the treasury in Jefferson's and Madison's ad ministrations. What is at Friendship Hill today?

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school rooms far and near, Old friends to greet,and new o~es find, to grace the struc-tors tried and true, Whose ef-forts we ap- pre - ci- ate, whose pians we take our homeward way, \Vith high am- bi- tion burning,and with cour-age, ___ ,,.,___ ,,, r:= I ~r---~---,.-----!1111- 1#,+~~--1-- ,---~~-=.::---sI . ,- ~ -. -:--j- - ,-.--~-·-J-L[-~ ~ie-----'=----='---=--=-=1 -=- : -=- ... -=- --,~~----, ~-~----1 '=t ~

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clos-ingyear. Our hearts are light,oarmindsintentongainingwhat.is best, will pursue; "\Ve'H take these on theirmeritsand we'll pntthe1n tot.he test, day hy day \Ve'llstrive to do our du - ty,and our ]a-hors wiJl he blest; 54

of the West.''

CHORUS.

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a - gain; 1.Iavhercourse be ev - er npward,sbe'sthe ~ CJL¥?TER 7 GOVERNMENT HE English shire or county plan was used by William T Penn when dividing Pennsylvania into civil units. Counties in turn under Pennsylvania law were divided into townships or separate incorporations (charters) granted by the state to cities and boroughs, carrying the duty to collect taxes for the payment of expenses for the welfare of these units, and to maintain law and order. When Westmoreland county was formed, Pennsylvania was a British province and Richard Penn, governor for the Proprietaries, named its officers in pursuance of British law. Court sessions were brief. The judges also followed other pursuits. The justices· of the county courts of com mon pleas and orphans court were not necessarily learned in the law. This limitation came only in the adoption of the · Pennsylvania constitution of 1790 after the United States of America had been formed. Even after that, appointment of judges by the governor rather than elec tion by the people, as now, was followed ·until 1850, when the state constitution of 1838 was amended. Under British law, court business began with "The King and John Doe." Immediately after July 4, 1776, "The King'' was d1"opped, and records used "Republica" or "Respublica". Later the word " 1Commonwealth", still in use, was instituted. Whipping of convicted offenders, the pillory, branding, and other atrocious practices commonly imposed by the early courts disappeared along with the indentured servant system. The "redemptioner" practice ·by which an in dividual sold his services for a period of years to pay for his passage from Europe ended even before the abolition of African slavery. The latter was abolished by degrees in Pennsylvania beginning in 1780. There were many slaves held in Old Westmoreland county, especially by settlers from Virginia. During the Revolution an important officer was the county lieutenant .who had broad military powers to con script militia and supplies. 55 56 THE FIRST ELECTED JUDGE

The first judge to be elected by the people of West moreland county was Jeremiah M. Burrell, a man fond of his library and music. He sat on the bench from 1852 to 1855 in the Tenth Pennsylvania Judicial district which then included Cambria, Indiana, Armstrong, and Westmore land counties. - Westmoreland county today is the tenth district including- only the territory within the county boundaries. It now has three judges of the common pleas court and an orphans court judge. All judges are paid by the.state. Our law is built on English common law, and the functions of the court officers in the beginning of the county have not changed much, although additional offices and duties have been set up. Westmoreland today is a county of the third class, determined by its population of more than 250,000 and less than 800,000, according to an act of assembly. The other third class counties are Delaware, Lackawanna, Luzerne and Montgomery. Sheriff-the principal peace officer whose duty is to take charge of prisoners, serve writs, and maintain law and order. Prothonotary-serves as clerk and registrar for the business conducted by common pleas court which acts in matters of equity between individuals. Naturalization is a function of this office. Register of Wills and Clerk of Orphans Court-serves in the court business of settling up estates such as wills and letters of administration and distribution of the property of the decea_sed. In this county he also issues marriage licenses. Recorder of Deeds-principal duty is the proper re cording and indexing of deeds, mortgages and other papers. . · Clerks of Courts of Quarter Sessions-serves as clerk for criminal court, juvenile court and domestic relationship: and oyer and terminer court sessions. TIDRD CLASS CITIES 57

Treasurer-has the custody of county funds and also issues dog, hunting, and fishing licenses. District Attorney-acts as prosecutor in cases in which violation of the commonwealth law is charged. Three Commissioners (one of whom must be of the minority political party)-transact most of the business of the county such as assessment and collection of taxes ; care of roads, bridges, and public buildings, and holding of elections. Since the abolishment of poor directors, the commissioners also serve ex-officio in direct charge of the institution district of Westmoreland county, which dis charges the duty of care and housing of the poor. Two Jury Commissioners-have charge of the selection of jurors to serve in the county courts. Grand jurors (usually 24 in number) "weed out" cases in which it is held that there is insufficient evidence for trial in the courts. Common or petit jurors (12 in number) serve in common pleas and criminal court. Controller-an accounting officer who sees to it that money appropriated by other county officials, principally the commissioners, is expended for the purpose na:rp.ed. He has some power as auditor of the treasurer's accounts. Surveyor-as the name implies, acts in the case of county property. Coroner-determines cause of sudden or violent death. Each officer has the privilege of naming a deputy and clerks to assist him in his work. The chief clerk to the county commissioners is an important appointive place. Appointment of two sealers of weights and measures and road viewers are instances of other more or less important officers, as are also warden of the county jail, the solicitor, and engineer. The five third class cities ( chartered by the state when a community of more than 10,000 electors by majority vote asks for it) in the county have as their principal officers, elected by the people, five councilmen, one of w horn 58 'SQUIRES is mayor in charge of public affairs and others heading accounts and finance, streets and public improvements, parks and public property, and public safety departments; a treasurer, and a controller. Council appoints a clerk, solicitor, engineer, chief of police, fire chief, health officer, and other officials. Boroughs also are incorporated municipalities and are governed by a burgess and a council, with minor officers usually named by the council. The tax collector usually is elected by the people. The principal officers in a township are the road super visors. They are empowered to assess road · taxes. The office of tax collector is next in importance. · Each of these units includes elective members of the minor judiciary. In cities they are called aldermen and in boroughs and townships justices of the peace. They hold court for minor violations of the law. Constables, who make arrests upon warrants, also are elected and usually are attached to the minor "judge's" offices. Election boards are chosen for each voting district. Westmoreland county is a separate congressional district, the 28th Pennsylvania. It is a separate state senatorial district, the 39th. Westmoreland county has six _members of the general assembly, two representatives from each of three districts, with the first district including the eastern portion; the second district, the northern portion ; and the third district, the remainder of the county. 59

FOR FURTHER STUDY The abolishment of slavery in Pennsylvania was accomplished slowly in Westmoreland county. In 1811, Judge John Moore, at his death, set free a number of his slaves, and willed the remainder to his children. As late as 1817 a Negro girl was auctioned off at Greensburg. Why do think this delay was so pronounced in southwestern Pennsylvania? · Refer to Albert's "History of Westmoreland County" or Bouch er's "Old and New Westmoreland" for accounts of the court pro cedure at Hannastown. Also the appendix of Sipe's "Fort Ligonier and Its Times" and Bamberger's "Twelfth Colony Plus.'' Discuss how court practices have become more humane. In what local unit of government do you reside? Describe its officers and their duties, length of term, paid or unpaid, and give names of present office holders. Inquiry at the court house or examination of the county con troller's report will provide the roster of present county officials. Write this list. The Pennsylvania Manual issued by the commonwealth every two years following the biennial sessions of the general assembly IS a necessary reference. See dictionary for definition of oyer and terminer. What officials fix the taxes in your city, township or borough? What is the millage?

St. Clair's Last Home 60

There were~ comparatively small number of actual forts a.long the frontier in the days immediately preced~g and following the establishment of Westmoreland county. The principal forts were Bedford, Ligonier and Pitt. Forts Ligonier and Pitt were constructed purely for military defenses. Albert's Frontier Forts includes an outline map of the plan of construction for Fort Ligonier, which was named by Forbes for Sir John Ligonier, Lord Viscount of Enniskillen, the head of the British army at that time. The fort, built of logs and stone, was enclosed by a stockade of heavy planks. Within the stockade were blockhouses, pierced with loop holes for musketry and occupied by soldiers and refugee settlers. There was an underground passage leading to the Loyalhanna stream nearby. While Fort Ligonier was built by the army of General John Forbes, it was determined by Colonel Henry Bouquet and superin tended by Colonel James Burd. It was about 100 feet square, with diamond shaped projections on each corner, called bastions. On these cannon were mounted. A ditch or moat surrounded it. Old Fort Ligonier was replaced by Fort Preservation during the Revolu tion. It was a much smaller structure. Before and during the Revolutionary War log· cabins of settlers often were built with the second story projecting beyond the first so that defenders could· shoot, or throw scalding water on the attackers. Many of the so-called "forts" really were little more than large log cabins to which settlers fled when Indian attacks threatened. These farm houses were selected because of location or because of their superior size. Sometimes a stockade was thrown around these log houses as additional defense. CHAPTER 8 PERSO,NALITIES ANY men and women contributed to the building of Westmoreland county. The outstanding person M ality of the original Westmoreland county, was, of course, General Arthur St. Clair. Younger· son of a Scotch nobleman, St. Clair studied medicine. However, he joined the Royal American regi ment in London and later saw service in the siege of Quebe.c,· during the French and Indian war. He married the wealthy Phoebe Bayard, of Boston, and moved to Bed ford, later to Ligonier, where he became the agent of the Penns in military and land affairs and took title to large tracts of land, first in the· Ligonier valley and later on Chestnut ridge. He was an officer of Bedford county but did not come into prominence until after the Westmoreland county seat was established at Hannastown. He served as a justice for the county court and upheld the claims of Pennsylvania to this territory in the dispute with Virginia. He was active in the movement which resulted in the adoption of the "Westmore1and Declaration of Independence'' just be fore the outbreak of the Revolution. He began his quarter of-a-century military and governmental career in 1775 as a colonel commanding a fennsylvania battalion. The follow ing year he was made a brigadier general at Ticonderoga by action of the Continental Congress, although he was criticized for retreating before being attacked by Bur goyne. Later he commanded at West Point and was at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown. He supported Wash ington loyally during dissension within the Continental army. For a time he served as vendue master at Philadelphia. In 1786 he was elected a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and the next year was chosen its president, the highest office in American government until the Constitu tion created the office of President of the United States later in 1787. He supported the Northwest Territory ordinance and 61 ms REAL MONUMENT was chosen as the first governor of the territory. Thus, after helping in the introduction of British civil law in the region west of the Alleghenies, he was the principal figure in the establishment of United States civil law in the territory north of the Ohio river, west of Pennsylvania. A COll;nty, embracing nearly the whole of Illinois, was formed in April, 1790, and called St. Clair. Suffering from gout and with an army ill-equipped and sadly lacking in discipline, St. Clair, now a major general, was defeated by the enraged Miami Indians and their allies on the Wabash river. An investigation ex onerated him from blame. General Anthony Wayne suc ceeded St. Clair and finally quieted the Indians forever in this section. President Thomas Jefferson removed St. Clair as gov ernor in 1802 because of his Federalist activities. St. Clair's fortune had been dissipated by debts incurred to feed his troops. An annuity from the federal government and a pension from the state did Ii ttle to ward off poverty. He kept a tavern on Chestnut ridge in his old age. He died in 1818 from injuries sustained when thrown from a wagon. There is a monument to Arthur St. Clair at Greensburg, but his real :monument is the growth of the Northwest Territory, in which he planted civil_government. First Congressman William Findley, who lived along the Loyalhanna creek near Latrobe, was Westmoreland county's first Congress man, serving for 22 years. Congressman Findley was an anti-Federalist. He is buried at Unity cemetery. An Industrial Giant The turn of the century marked the zenith of the tremendous work of Henry Clay Frick, born in West Over ton in 1849. Frick rivalled the :famous Andrew Carnegie in the development of coal and coke production and the iron and steel industry. He attended school at West Overton, Alverton, and Mount Pleasant. For a time he clerked in stores nearby FRICK AND CARNEGIE 63 before becoming bookkeeper for his grandfather's firm, A. Overholt & Company, at Broad Ford. In 1871, when 21 years old, he entered the coke business with Jacob Rist and A. 0. Tinstman. The latter was a cousin of Frick's. Eleven years later the succession of com panies he formed became the H. C. Frick Coke company, now a subsidiary of the United States Steel corporation. Manufacture of coke at a reasonable price is es sential to the manufacture of steel, and before long he became associated with Andrew Carnegie. In 1889, he was made chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited. Frick was the leading spirit in the company. He assembled its productive units into a work- able whole, including mines, HENRY CLAY FRICK steamers on the Great Lakes, railroads, limestone quarries, gas wells, and furnaces. Business was increased greatly, and by 1899 the production of the Carn~gie company had multiplied eight times, while sound policies and efficient management under Frick's chairmanship increased the profits eleven times. However, a dispute largely over the price of coke to be p~id by the Carnegie company to the Frick company resulted in a battle between the two indus trial titans, and Frick resigned as a member of the board of manufacturers of the Carnegie company. The outcome of the dispute was the formation in 1901 of the gigantic United States Steel corporation. Frick emerged at the age of 52 a capitalist of the first rank and his directorship in many railroads and banks necessitated his moving from Pittsburgh to New York .. He had a love for art -and excellent taste as evidenced by the "Frick ·Collection" of paintings now open to the pub lic at No. 1 East 70th street, New York, where he lived from 1914 until his death in 1919. Through his will substantial 64 FIRST STATE SUPERINTENDENT

bequests were made to the Westmoreland hospital at Greens burg, the Henry Clay Frick Memorial hospital at Mount Pleasant, the Cottage State hospital at. Connellsville and the Uniontown hospital. To Pittsburgh he gave a park of 456 acres and through an educational commission named for him made it possible for Pittsburgh teachers to attend summer schools at little expense. His birthplace at West Overton, called the Historical House, now is the headquarters of the Westmoreland Fayette branch of the Historical Society of Western Penn sylvania. Statesmen James Findlay, a young lawyer who ca1ne to West moreland county from York in 1824, was an assistant Penn sylvania attorney general and served in the legislature from 1831 to 1833. He was elected speaker of the house but resigned. He became secretary of the commonwealth, and ,vhen the public school system was established in 1834 the act provided that this office should be headquarters for the system. Findlay thus became the first super intendent of public instruction for Pennsylvania. Two Pennsylvania United States Senators were na tives of Westmoreland county. Edgar Cowan was born in Sewickley township. He served as Senator from 1861 to 1865 but failed of reelection because he differed with the Republican party on reconstruction. The Senate would not confirm his appointment as minister to Austria by President Andrew Johnson. Senator Cowan's son, Dr. Frank Cowan, was private secretary to President Johnson. Dr. Cowan, a picturesque and scholarly character, presented the Mt. Odin park site_ to Greensburg. United States Senator Joseph Finch Guffey also was born in Sewickley township. He was first elected in 1934. His father, John Guffey, was sheriff of the county in 1874. Another Sewickley creek valley native, born in Unity township, was John Latta, who was the first lieutenant- SIMPLICITY 65 governor of Pennsylvania under the new constitution of 1873. He was a prominent Greensburg attorney. King Coal Westmoreland county's thick seams of bituminous coal produced many captains in the mining industry. "Honest" John Covode, of Fairfield township, was a Congressman from the Westmoreland-Indiana-Armstrong district for six terms, first as a Whig and later as a· Re publican. Covode defeated August Drum, a Greensburg lawyer, for the 34th Congress. Drum made enemies among the Abolitionists because of his stand on the Wilmot proviso. This was in 1854. · During the session of the 36th Congress he was chairman of a committee to investigate charges that President James Buchanan had used corrupt influences to in duce support of the Lecompton bill which provided for the admission of Kansas into the union as a slave state. No action was taken by Congress although the investiga tion furnished considerable ammu nition for the campaign which JOHN covonE elected the Republican Abraham Lincoln, president. Buchanan's mother died in Greensburg. Covode retired from Congress in 1863 but was sent back for two more terms. His simplicity made him a power in Lincoln's councils during the Civil war. He was instrumental in the construction of the Penn sylvania railroad with Thomas A. Scott, afterwards pres ident of the railroad and for whom Scottdale is named, and General William Larimer, for whom Larimer was named. Covode was an incorporator of the Westmoreland Coal company in 1854. He was the first president of this company which today is one of the larger coal mining 66 LAY FOUNDATIONS operations in Westmoreland with activities centered in Ir win. Covode is buried at West Fairfield. Richard Coulter, the commander of the renowned Eleventh Pennsylvania regiment dur ing the Civil war, read law with his uncle, Richard Coulter, who was jus tice of the state supreme court from 1852 to 1874, the only Westmorelander to reach this high judicial position. Later the nephew became a banker in Greensburg and with George F. Huff, who also served as a Congressman, laid the foundations for the extensive Keystone Coal company, operating in the central portion of the county. RICHARD couLTER Another familiar present day concern, originated by Robert S. Jamison and called the Jamison Coal company, operates mainly in the vicinity of historic Hannastown. John M. Jamison of Greensburg, a member of this extensive family, served as a state senator. Governors William Freame Johnson was born in Greensburg in 1808, while his father, Alexander Johnson, was sheriff of Westmoreland county. In 1848 he was named the first Whig governor of Pennsylvania as a resident of Armstrong county, succeeding Francis Rawn Shunk, of Allegheny county, who resigned ROBERT S. JAMISON because of illness. John White Geary, born near Mt. Pleasant, governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1876, had a varied career. His father, Richard Geary, conducted a private school, and the son left his studies at Jefferson college to open a school to support his mother after the father's death. VARIED CAREERS 67

In turn he was a school teacher, engineer, assistant superintendent of the Portage railroad, officer of the army during the War with Mexico, postmaster of San Francisco, the last alcalde and the first mayor of San Francisco, de clined the governorship of Utah, v1as governor of Kansas, general in the Civil war, military governor of Savannah, Georgia and then governor of Pennsylvania. The state debt was reduced six million dollars during his administration. Geary was responsible for the state con stitution of 1873, which made many changes in Pennsyl vania government. Westmoreland county has had one president protempore ( the lieutenant-governor is the usual presiding officer) of the state senate, Cyrus E. Woods, of Greensburg, who also served as secretary of the commonwealth. He also was ambassador. to Japan. Thomas Mellon was a judge for the United States dis trict court for western Pennsylvania and spent his boyhood in Franklin township near Murrysville. He left the bench in 1869 to found a vast financial institution with his sons in Pittsburgh, which included the development of the aluminum factories at New Kensington and the Rolling Rock recrea tion area near Ligonier. Among other notable sons of Westmoreland county was Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, during whose chancel lorship in 1908 the Western University of Pennsylvania was moved to the Schenley Farms district from old Alle gheny to become the University of Pittsburgh. He was a native of Irwin. Church Leaders Pennsylvania, thanks to William .Penn, alone among all the colonies enjoyed absolute freedom of conscience. This accounts for the many religious denominations. In the early days of Westmoreland, frontier hardships hamp ered the growth of church organizations, but Emerson's remark that "An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man" applies to religious developments here. So it is that Westmoreland Presbyterians point to the 68 H.A.ND IN HAND

Reverends James Finley and James Powers as pastors in Sewickley and Mt. Pleasant townships about the time the county was erected. It was Powers who was preaching at Unity church, perhaps in John Proctor's house, on the afternoon that Hannastown was destroyed. The congrega tion was hastily dismissed and hastened to take steps for defense of their homes. The distinction of being the first organized church west of the Alleghenies is difficult to place. Mt. Pleasant ?res byterian church was organized in 1776, and the building still stands on the original site. The Rev. James Brown was the first pastor. Another old church still in existence is Rehoboth church near Belle Vernon which was built in 1836. The l\tlethodist Episcopal church counts Robert Rick ford Roberts, a Ligonier man elected bishop· in 1816, as a \Vestmoreland county notable. The founder of the Benedictine Order of the Rornan Catholic church in the United States was the Right Reverend ...l\.rch Abbot Boniface Wimmer, 0. S. B. The first establish ment of an abbey in the United States was at St. Vincent in· 1846. The site on which the abbey stands was a Roman Catholic parish .as early as 1790. T}J.e tract was known as ''Sportsman's Hall" and was owned by Reverend Father Theodore Browers. This parish was the parent of Roman Catholic churches in Westmoreland county. The ·German Reformed church (now the Evangelical and Reformed) and the German Lutherans worked hand in hand and used the same log cabin churches. Even today a:mong others, Brush Creek church is alternately used by these denominations. Leading Reformed workers were the Rev. John William Weber and the Rev. Dr. Nicholas P. ~acke. The latter was pastor of the Greensburg, Har rold's and· Brush Creek charges for 59 years. He died in 1878. The Lutherans had as their foundation stones from 1791 to 1868 the Rev. John M. Steck, his son, the Rev. Michael J. Steck, and the Rev. Jonas Mechling, who labored in central Westmoreland. 69

FOR FUR~HER STUDY Why is the Northwest Territory over which St_:- Clair presided of such historical importance? What states were formed out of it? Who is Westmoreland's congress~an today? Who a.re Pen~ylvania's two United States Senators? Write somethmg about present day coal operators in West morelan'd county. Who are they and where are their· mines? Other industries, especially those near your home? See dictionary for definition of alcalde. Inquiry of your pastor will disclose the history of the denomina tion and church to which your family belongs. Earlie~t religious denominations which served Westmoreland county settlers included the Baptists, Presbyterians, Reformeds, and Lutherans. Old map on next page is of Eastern Ohio and Westem Penn sylvania in 1756.

ST. VINCENT COLLE-GE , I I CHAPTER 9

TRANSPORTATION

ARLY Indian trails used by the natives in search of good game and fishing country or for fighting ex E peditions became traders' paths with the coming of the white man. An important crossing of the Allegheny trail east and west and the Catawba trail extending north and south wa_s at Loyalhanna, later recognized in the settling of Ligonier. There were many other Indian trails used by early traders in Westmoreland county. Early military roads such as Braddock's and the later Forbes road were not adapted to ordinary travel. Easier routes for military purposes and for transporting goods westward to trade with the Indians were laid out. For ex-· ample~ Col. Henry Bouquet, who helped to build The Great or Forbes road, a year later, (1759) laid out a short and more level route from Ligonie~ to Pittsburgh through the Turtle Creek valley. It was near this latter route that the Battle of Bushy Run was fought. However, the Great road was generally used until after the county seat was moved from Hannastown to Greens burg, and even today the important Lincoln highway (route 30) roughly follows it in the eastern portion of Westmore land county. While southwestern Pennsylvania still was a part of Bedford county, before· the erection of Westmoreland coun ty, a big township east of the Laurel mountain was called the "Great Glade" by William Scull, an English map maker. This was the name given to the important road (route 31) extending today through Somerset, Mt. Pleasant, and West Newton. After the War for Independence, the Frankstown road, predecessor of the Northern turnpike and the present William Penn highway (route 22), was built. Stephen Franks, a Jewish fur trader with the Indians, had a post along the Juniata river, near Hollidaysburg, as early as 1746. 71 72 THE ''STEAM HORSE"

The western division of the Pennsylvania canal system traversed the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas, and Allegheny rivers and was continued over the mountains by the Portage railroad. Charles Dickens in his ·"American Notes" talks about it. The canal was an interlude before the building of the Pennsylvania railroad and the present network of improved state highways. A great stream of traffic was carried by the Philadel phia-Pittsburgh turnpike ( approximately the present Lin coln highway) and the Northern turnpike through West moreland county beginning about 1818. Later the canal route took some of this traffic. Conestoga wagons, stage coaches, wagons drawn by oxen, 'men and women on horseback, droves of cattle and sheep passed by or stopped for the night at picturesque taverns along the turnpike. In 1852, when the difficult job of building tracks from Grapeville ridge to Loyalhanna creek, including the con struction of three tunnels and deep fills, was completed, trains ran over iron rails from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and the "steam horse" completely replaced the picturesque Conestoga wagon as well as the· canal· boat. This was and is the Pennsylva~ia railroad. · The introduction of automobiles resulted in the re construction of most of the old turnpikes and the building of a great network of hard surfaced roads. In 1941 there were 1,201 miles of improved state roads and 75 miles of improved county roads in Westmoreland county. There also were 1,350 miles of township roads, some hard surfaced. The airplane needs no roads but must have well-pre pared landing places and beacons for guidance. The prin cipal present-day airports of the county are near G:r:eens burg and Latrobe with smaller ones in many sections. Opened to the public in 1940 was the Pennsylvania. turnpike, four-lane toll road without grade crossings ex tending from Irwin to Carlisle. It has three entrances and WOODEN BRIDGES 73 exits in Westmoreland county,-Irwin, the western term inus; New Stanton, and Donegal. In addition to the Pennsylvania railroad's main line, which, within the county, touches Trafford, Irwin, Penn, Jeannette, Greensburg, Latrobe, Derr.{, Torrance, Bolivar, New ;Florence, and Seward, there are spurs including the Southwest branch from Greensburg to Uniontown through Youngwood and Scottdale ; the Allegheny and the Cone maugh divisions along the northern boundary touching New Kensington, Vandergrift, and Saltsburg; and the Turtle Creek branch in the north central part from Trafford to Export and Delmont. Other railroads in the county are the Baltimore and Ohio line, touching Sutersville, West Newton, and Mones: sen; the Western Maryland in the southwestern part, touching Monessen; the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, touch ing Monessen; the Ligonier Valley railroad from Latrobe to Ligonier; and the West" Penn Railways company's electric road from Scottdale through Mt. Pleasant (with a spur to Latrobe), Greensburg, Jeannette, Irwin, and Traf ford. These "trolley lines" gradually are giving way to bus lines. Much traffic formerly carried by the railroads has been diverted to the highways with busses and trucks making daily trips between centers of population in the county and Pittsburgh, not to mention_ scheduled trips to all points of the comp~ss. Several transcontinental bus routes traverse the Lincoin and William Penn highways and the turnpike. The picturesque covered wooden brid~es over smaller streams now are history. Even the stone bridges of the past have given way to the modern concrete structures like those seen along the turnpike. The earliest "mail" deliveries were the messages ex changed by military authorities between Forts Pitt and Ligonier and eastern points. Messengers on horseback carried these letters. Stations for the exchange of horses were established about every 20 miles. Andrew Byerly had such a station at Bushy Run now Harrison City. Some- 74 93 POSTOFFICES times friendly Indians were used as message carriers. An Indian with a branch covered with green leaves stuck in the barrel of his gun could approach a white man's fort in safety. Later, mail was shipped by stage coach until more re cent times when train, bus, and airplane were utilized. The United States Official Postal Guide for July, 1939, lists 93 post offices in operation in Westmoreland county. Since rural free delivery was established, many rural post offices have been discontinued. First came the solemn, silent, single-filed movement of the Indian through the forest, then the packhorse of the trader and the tramp of soldiers. Roads following their trails were cut over the mountains toward Pittsburgh, the gateway to the west, and brought stage coach and Cones toga wagons pulled by horses hitched in pairs, sixes, or eights. Some vehicles were drawn by oxen. Before long the canal boat made its bid for traffic, and still later the locomotive puffed up and down the grades on iron rails. Then came the self-propelled vehicle on rubber tires, the automobile of today. There has been added the heavier than-air ship of the sky through the miracle of aviation. 75

FOR FURTHER STUDY

Draw a map of Westmoreland county and place thereon all routes of travel as they came successively throughout the years. Write an essay on each of the following: the Lincoln highway stretch within Westmoreland county, the Glades road, the William Penn highway, the Pennsylvania turnpike, the Pennsylvania canal, the steam railroad and the street car system. Which are the most important north and south roads passing through the county? Why? What factors -caused the location of transportation routes and how were obstacles overcome? List shortest route from Ligonier to Export, giving highway numbers and towns touched. New Kensington to Monessen. Scott dale to Vandergrift, Donegal to West Newton, etc. Are there any covered bridges in Westmoreland county? Why were they covered? What products were shipped from Westmoreland county in the early· days? At the present •time? Interesting "travel'' discussions may be developed by following a given transportation route passing through Westmoreland county to its destination on the Atlantic or Pacific ocean or Gulf of Mexico. Communication has grown in Westmoreland county since its formation! For example, there were more than 36,000 telephones within the county limits as of September 1, 1941. 76 CHAPTER 10 PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES IONEER Westmoreland county settlers cut away the forests to let in the sunlight so that the seeds they P planted might sprout and produce harvests: Farmers and their families were self reliant. The axe, the scythe, and the plow, with a primitive forge nearby, and the farmer's muscles were the foundation in the fields. The women helped there too, in addition to caring for the log house and dairy and weaving most of ·the clothes the family wore. Rye became a principal crop early in the history of Westmoreland county for it could be converted easily into whiskey or into flour for bread. As noted previously this situation led to the Whiskey Insurrection. Turnpikes and canals during first half of the last cen tury opened up trade with eastern points. Railroads made the distribution of farm products easier._ The use of oxen gave way to horses. The r~aper was invented, and other machinery was added to the farmer's necessities. Gasoline driven tractors have removed much drudgery. At the outbreak of the Civil war almost everybody in Westmoreland county lived in the country. There were only 11 boroughs with a population of 5,421, while the town ships boasted of 47,818. The rolling hills of Westmoreland were well adapted . for grazing sheep and cattle. The creek bottoms produced good crops of corn,· wheat, rye, oats, and grass. When attention was diverted to what was beneath the soil instead of what could grow on the surface, in about 1880, the farmer whose land was underlaid with coal often decided to retire or to make his living other than by the oldest and still the most important industry of man-tilling the soil. The development of the coal mining industry had its effect even on those farmers who did not own land under laid with the "treasure". Many sold ties and pit posts to the .mine operators and temporarily abandoned plowing and sowing. 77 78 FERTILE SOILS

The tendency of young people, born and raised on farms, to go to the city'increased. In spite of these changes, West moreland may be considered an agricultural county even today. The 1940 census places the urban population at 146,573 and the rural population at 156,838 in Westmore land county with an increase for rural population of 1.1 per cent from 1930. Good roads and rural free mail delivery have helped to make farm life more endurable. Within recent years life in the country has assumed surprising proportions. Suburban sections of cities have been de veloped. Mining hamlets grew as mining developed and dwindled as the coal became exhausted, but truck garden ing increased. .The most notable example of this is West moreland Homesteads in Mt. Pleasant township. The most fertile soils are those along the streams and rivers. They are used to produce vegetable crops which yield more to the acre. Next in fertility are the soils of limestone origin. These are found in those sections of the county underlaid with ·the Pittsburgh vein of coal, and many are cultivated although the coal beneath has been removed. Such soils are found in Hempfield, Mt. Pleasant, Derry, Unity, Salem, Penn, North Huntingdon, East Hunt ingdon, South Huntingdon, Franklin, Rostraver, and Sewick ley townships. · Some of the limy shales such as are found in the north western part of the county also are productive of good crops of grain, hay, and pasture. •Ligonier valley soils contain considerable sandstone and have· been found suitable for growing potatoes. Good (" . . . i crops·' of grains and hay also may be grown on this soil with proper fertili~ation and liming. Fruits do well on all the soils of the county. Apples, pears and plums, however, thrive better on the heavier soils, while peaches and cherries prefer ihe sand soils. Grapes have been grown extensively in several sections of the county. The length of the growing season is between 140 and 170 days in Westmoreland county. · 3,980 FARMS 79

From the standpoint of markets, Westmoreland county is admirably situated; farm and garden products find a ready sale in nearby Pittsburgh as well as in the several industrial cities within the county.· Statistics The 1940 census places the number of farms in P~nn sylvania at 169,027. Of these, 3,930 are in Westmoreland county, placing it tenth in this respect among the 67 coun ties of Pennsylvania. The approximate area of land in Westmoreland coun ty is figured at 666,103 acres with 355,577 acres in farm land. The number of farm operators dropped from 4,707 in 1930 to 3,924 in 1940. It is significant that among thes_e there were 3,155 full owners, 29 managers, 582 tenants, and the remainder part owners. There are only four f~rms of 1,000 acres or over and 423 from 30 to 49 acres, showing that farm land is widely distributed in ownership. In 1939 Westmoreland county ranked fifteenth in crop production among the counties of .the state with a value of $2,815,630. Crop Rank Value Corn 10 $898,310 Taine Hay 15 636,480 Potatoes 29 233,580 Wheat 12 337,560 Oats 3 371,440 Buckwheat 30 9,660 Barley 24 11,760 Rye 13 16,340 Apples 14 167,000 Peaches 11 66,340 Pears 4 25,930 The figures representing agricultural values are from the 1939 Pennsylvania Crop and:· Livestock Report. In milk production Westmoreland county ranked thir teenth with a production of 13,338,150 gallons valued at $2,801,010. Even though this county has a ready market for raw 80 YOUNG FARMERS milk, a great deal of butter is still produced. The produc tion in 1939 was 367,750 pounds. Westmoreland county, on January 1, 1940, ranked tenth in the number of chickens on her farms. The total number was 460,480 valued at $428,250, while in 1939 there were 3,697,380 dozens of eggs produced which were valued at $850,400 Westmoreland county has the largest number of apiar ies and the most beekeepers of any county in Pennsylvania. Over one thousand persons in the county are beekeepers. The total number of colonies of bees in the county is 4,040. Beekeepers of Westmoreland county harvested approximate ly 90,190 pounds ·of honey in 1939 and, in addition, 3,000 pounds of beewax was rendered from cappings and old combs. These products had a retail value of about $20,- 000. . It is interesting to note that the farmers in West moreland county used more lime. than any others in the state in 1940, while in the use of commercial fertilizers they dropped to thirteenth place. Since 1915 information determine4 by United States and Pennsylvania agricultural department experiments on how to help farmers grow bigger and better crops and how to better their home life has been extended by the Agricul tural Extension association, formerly called the Westmore land County Farm bureau. L. F. Engle was the first county farm agent. Since 1919, W. L. Treager has served in that capacity. A feature of this activity has been 4-H (head, hand, heart, and health) club work which began with 45 members and included a pig-feeding club. There are now 244 mem bers in ~gricultural clubs and 217 home economics clubs. In addition there were, in 1941, 717 boys enrolled in agricultural courses in county high schools and 3,268 girls enrolled in home economics courses. As noted in Chapter· 3, Westmoreland county, in 1940, stood fifth, with 8,756,882 tons, in the mining of bituminous INDUSTRY GROWS 81

coal, among the counties of the state.· The state depart ment of mines census for 1940 shows 8,994 men employed in the mines as compared to 20,246 in 1925. Increase in the use· of machinery has been·· a factor in this change. Coal has been the richest natural resource of the county and still is most important, although other coal sections of the country are being developed in competition. . Millions of dollar's worth of this mineral have been mined in the following townships : Hempfield, Salem, South Huntingdon, Franklin, North Huntingdon, Penn, Mount Pleasant, Unity, Bell, Loyalhanna, Derry, East Huntingdon, Sewickley, Rostraver and Lovier Burrell. In practically all of these townships large mines are still operating. Recently, the making of coke has shown an increase in the coal mini~g industry. Monessen leads the county in the steel and tin plate industries. There, mills produce immense quantities of woven wire and tubes. Other large steel mills are located at Vandergrift, Latrobe, Braeburn and West Leechburg. Foundries which manufacture rolls and iron equipment of various kinds are situated at Hyde Park, Trafford, Avon more, Jeannette, Greensburg, and Monessen. The hub of the aluminum industry is at New Ken sington. Aluminum for various uses, is fabricated there, including sheets and beams used in · the construction of railroad cars, busses, automobiles, and airplanes. Aluminum foil is also manufactured there, being used extensively for insulating buildings and for packing various kinds of foods, including candy bars, and also for packaging shaving cream tubes, toothpaste, and other items so marketed. Jeannette is the center of the county's glass industry. -Six different plants located there are engaged in the pro duction of window glass, safety glass for automobiles, bul let-proof glass, tableware, automobile and aviation lenses, table tops and decoration, lighting units, and ovenware. Window glass is also manufactured at Arnold, and novelty glass at Greensburg and Mt. Pleasant. 82 VARIED PRODUCTS

Other varied industries are located in Westmoreland county. A large rubber products plant is located at Jean nette where automobile., truck and bicycle tires, tennis balls, novelties, and mechanical rubber goods including badminton sets are manufactured. Garment factories are located at Greensburg, New Kensington, and Mt. Pleasant. A woolen goods factory is situated at Latrobe. Plants at Greensburg, Derry, Latrobe, Trafford, New Kensington, and Irwin make electrical equipment. Mining equipment plants are located at Irwin and Penn. Bricks are manufactured at Salina, Greensburg, Latrobe, Bolivar, and Hunker. flants at Greensburg and Jeannette make valves and fittings. A sizable plant in Jeannette manufactures power plant units and accessories. A plant manufacturing thermostats is situated at Youngwood. Cereal food products are made at Cereal near Irwin. A plant in Trafford manufactures carbon dioxide gas. Youngwood and Derry have railroad yards. 83

FOR FURTHER STUDY

List the farm crops grown in your immediate vicinity in the order of their importance. It has been said that when the roosters start croyving before daybreak on the farn1s of the United States, they blow the factory whistles for the greatest industry in the world. Westmoreland still has· an important part of this industry. Why is Westmoreland fortunate in proximity of markets? Library books will help you to prepare a paper on the importance of agriculture and hdw it feeds the world. List the mill or factory products made in communities near your home. Which leads? Where is it marketed? What causes may have led to the establishment of the factories near you? Labor? Transportation? Fuel? · Markets? Discuss changes brought about in county industry by America's defense program begun in 1941. The eastern boundary of Westmoreland county is Laurel mountain ridge, so called because of the abµndant growth of mountain laurel. Peter Kahn, Swedish naturalist and writer, visited William Penn's colony in its infancy and chose the laurel as tq.e most beautiful American plant.

In June, 1933, the legislature ,asked Governor Gifford Pinchot to choose between the azalea or "wild honeysuckle" and the laurel for state flower honors. The governor's wife chose the evergreen laurel.

It blooms in June, white and pink, waxy in appearance, with blossoms arranged in terminal clusters. The cup-like flowers have 10 dark-colored pockets on the inner lining into which the anthers of 10 stamens snugly fit. When a bee enters the released anther flies up and dusts its pollen on the back of the insect, which then will carry it away to fertilize another flower. CHAPTER 11 EDUC_ATION AT THE beginning of the nineteenth century, school .fi. buildings of Westmoreland county for the most part were crude, uncomfortable, and poorly lighted and heated. In the remote sections of the county many of the buildings were constructed of logs. There were few books, and some of these were printed in the language of the community. In areas where the people were of German origin, that language was the language of the schools. This was true in several sections of what is now West moreland county. The first school in Western Pennsylvania was the log schoolhouse of old Zion Lutheran church near Fort Allen in the Harrold settlement, not far from the present Hemp field township junior high school. It was completed about 1772. Balthaser Meyer was the teacher. The four R's- reading, 'riting, 'rithmetic, and religion, including, of course~ the catechism, were taught. One of the last log schoolhouses in the county was Cary's Run school· between Laurelville and Mt. Pleasant. It was built in 1800 by Colonel John Bennett and his neighbors and was used for many years. The passage of the Free Public School act by the Penn sylvania general assembly in 1834 was the most forward looking step ever taken in public education in the state. By this law provision was made for the establishment of a sufficient number of schools in each school district of the state for the education of every child, within the limits of the district, who wished to attend. Unfortunately, the act left the acceptance of the pro visions of the law to the districts, and in Westmoreland county only ten of the twenty-one school districts took favorable -action. The people were opposed because they felt powers they wanted to hold themselves were to be taken away. It was not until many years later that free schools were to be found throughout the entire county. Progress in public education in Westmoreland county has kept pace with new school laws which provided for better schools. In 1854 a state law w·as passed establishing the office of county superintendent of public schools. 85 86 FIRST SUPERINTENDENT

The first county superintendent in Westmoreland county was the Rev. Matthew McKinstry, of West Newton. He was elected by the school directors of the county for a term of three years, but because of the unpopularity of his position he resigned after he had served one year. He was succeeded in office by James I. McCormick, of North Huntingdon township, who filled out the unexpired term. Superintendent McCormick held the first county institute for teachers in October, 1855. Institutes of a local nature were held prior to that year. Ever since that time institutes have been the most important educational meetings of the year. The Free Textbook act of 1885 was made compulsory instead of optional in 1893. This law, with the addition of the Compulsory Attendance act of 1895, was far reaching in its wholesome effect upon school conditions. Higher Education Forerunner of the present-day high school was the academy, a private school for preparing young men and. young women for college entrance and for teaching in the public schools. There were a number of ~uch schools in Westm9I"eland county. Five of the best known were the Greensburg academy, founded in 1810; the Western ;penn sylvania Classical and Scientific institute at Mt. Pleasant, founded in 1889 ; the Turtle Creek academy at Murrysville, founded in 1861; the Markle academy, located in Allegheny township, organized in 1875, and the Greensburg· Semin ary, established in 1848. These schools made a valuable contribution to the educational life of the county. They made it possible for hundreds of young people to secure nigher educational training at a nominal cost, and they opened the way to the learne~ professions. A large percent age of the professional men of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries received their preliminary train ing in schools such as these. These schools gave way to the establishment of public high schools. The growth of secondary or high school education in Westmoreland county is a significant event of the past VOCATIONAL TRAINING 87

30 years. In 1910 there were twenty-three high schools. By 1940 this number had increased to forty-three with a pupil enrollment of more than 24,000. The program of studies has been expanded to include courses in the practical arts as well as in the academic subjects. .The year 1913 marked the opening of departments of vocational education. This extension of the high school program was made possible by the passage of the Smith Hughes Vocational Education law by the national con gress. Provision was made for the financial support of these departments -by both the federal and state govern ments. The first department organized in Westmoreland county was a course in vocational agriculture in the Mt. Pleasant township high school. Today there are fifteen departments of vocational agriculture and seventeen de partments of vocational home economics. The home eco nomics departments are located in the schools at Arnold, Bell townsh_ip, Bolivar, East Huntingdon township, Greens burg, Hempfield township, Jeannette, Latrobe, Monessen, Mt. Pleasant township, South Huntingdon township, West Newton, and Youngwood. Twenty-one departments of gen eral economics have been established in the various high schools of the county. In the large industrial towns of New Kensington, Mon essen, and Arnold, trade schools have been established: These schools have the cooperation and support of local industries. Vocational shops are a part of the high school programs in East Huntingdon township and Latrobe. Twenty-two other school districts have departments of in dustrial arts, the successor to the old course of manual training. Consolidation and Transportation The consolidation of small rural schools and the trans portation of pupils who had attended such schools, to larger, better graded and better equipped buildings, have effective ly improved the educational standards of Westmoreland county. In 1901 a .state law was enacted which provided for centralized schools, but such action could not be taken 88 CONSOLIDATION unless a majority of the voters of a school district voted favorably for "centralization". No centralized schools were established in Westn1oreland county under this law. In 1911 directors were given the ·authority to close small schools and to transport the pupils to larger schools at public expense. This was the beginning of a program of consolidation in Westmoreland county, which has grown to be an important feature of the school systems of the town ships. The consolidation of schools was begun under the superintendency of Robert C. Shaw and has been efficient ly continued under the direction of his successors, W. G. Dugan and Charles F. Maxwell. Since 1911~ 136 one and two-room schools have been closed and the pupils transported to thirty-seven approved consolidated centers. During the school year 1939-40, a total of fifty-eight busses were transporting 11,726 pupils to consolidated schools and high schools of the county. The Scope of Education Education is a big business in Westmoreland county. There are 332 school buildings valued at more than $15,- 000,000 situated in the county. A total of 2,184 elementary, junior high school, and senior high school teachers have under their instruction approximately 6·5,500 pupils. There are sixty-three school districts which spend about $6,000,- 000 annually for instruction, maintenance of school property, transportation of pupils, medical service, and debt service. In addition to the public school organizations there are nineteen parochial schools in Greensburg, Irwin, Jeannette, Latrobe, Monessen, Mt. Pleasant, New Kensington, Penn, United, Whitney, and Youngwood. Two colleges, St. Vincent college _for men, at Latrobe, and Seton Hill college for women, at Greensburg, are located in the county. St.. Vincent began in 1846 as a school principally for the training of priesthood candidates for the Order of St. Benedict. It was chartered as a full fledged college by the Pennsylvania legislature in 1870. St. Vincent includes a theological seminary, a college and a preparatory PRIVATE SCHOOLS 89 school for boys. It has a library of more than 50,000 volumes. Seton Hill college is under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. It was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1889. There are three private schools, St. Xavier's acad emy in Unity township, established in 1844, and conducted by the Sisters of Mercy; St. Joseph's academy, under super vision of Seton Hill college, at Greenspurg, and Kiskiminetas Springs school for boys, established in 1888 near Saltsburg. Westmoreland county ranks high among the counties of the state in the ·opportunities which she offers to her youth for preparation for successful and worthwhile living.

SETON HILL COLLEGE 90

FOR FURTHER STUDY

Westmoreland County Public Schools Assistant Superintendent James Hughes, who prepared the foregoing chapter for this book, said in conclusion that "Education is the first line of defense both against ignorance and against attacks on our American traditions.'' Give your reasons why this is so. With the increase of industrial activities in Westmoreland county, what has been the most marked change in school study offered-within recent years? Many Americans value education as an economic asset. Some count education as the joy of becoming acquainted with the best that has been said_ and done in the past. Discuss these two view points. One is considering education merely as a tool. Which? One values it as an experience. Which? Write a brief history of the school you attend. List the names of county and district superintendents of schools. Who is in charge of your school? Who are the school directors of your district? What is the school tax millage for your district?

William Penn 91 FOR REFERENCE

Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania. L. C. WaUdushaiw. Lewis Historical Publishing Co. New York. 1939. A Short History of Pittsburgh. 1758-1908. Samuel Harden Church. Pittsburgh. A History of Pennsylvania. Thomas S. March. American Book Co. New York. 1915. Bouquet Papers. Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Harris burg. 1940. Col. Henry Bouquet and His Campaigns. Cyrus Cort.·Lancaster. 1883. Conspiracy of Pontiac. Francis Parkma,n. Christopher .Gist's .Journal. Edited by W. M. Darlington. 1Delaware Indian Big House Ceremony. Frank G. Speck. Penn- sylvania Historical Commission. Harrisburg. 1931. Department of Internal Affairs Records. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg Early History of Western Pennsylvania. Isaac G. Rupp. 1846. Encyclopedia Britannica. Fort Ligonier and Its Times. C. Hale Sipe. Butler. 1932. Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. George Dallas Albertc Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania. George Washington's Journal. Library of Congress, Washington. Greensburg Quadrangle. Meredith E. Johnson. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Harrisburg. 1925. Hannastown Records on file in the Westmoreland Courthouse. History of Col. Henry Bouquet and the Western Frontiers of Pennsylvania 1747-1764. Mary Carson Darlington. Pittsburgh. 1920. History of Old Zion Church. W. A. Zundel, Greensburg. 1922. Joseph Doddridge's Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783 inclusive. Albany, N. Y. 1876. Official United States Census Reports. Washington. Old and New Westmoreland. John N. Boucher. American His torical Society. New York. 1918. Pennsylvania Iron Manufacturers in the Eighteenth Century. Arthur Cecil Bining. Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Harris burg. 1938. Pennsylvania Trees. Joseph S. Illick. Department of Forestry, Harrisburg. 1923. Pennsylvania Manual. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harris burg. (Formerly Smull's Legislative Handbook).

(Continued on next page) 92 FOR REFERENCE (Continued)

Pennsylvania Archives and Colonial Records (Several Series) in Westmoreland Law Library, Greensburg. Pennsylvania-A History. George P. Donehoo. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. New York. 1926. Pennsylvania Geology and Mineral Resources. George H. Ashley.. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Harrisburg. 1931. Pennsylvania. Frederic A. Godcharles. American Historical So ciety. New York, 1933. Short History of England. John Richard Green. The Battle of Bushy Run. C. M. Bomberger. Jeannette Publishing Co., Jeannette. 192$. Twelfth Colony Plus. C. M. Bomberger. Jeannette Publishing Co., 1934. Jeannette. The Indi•an Wars of Pennsylvania. C. Hale Sipe, Butler, 1931. The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania. C. Hale Sipe. Butler. 1927. "The Latimers." Henry C. McCook. Philadelphia 1898. A story of .the whiskey insurrection. "The Judas Tree.'' Neal Swanson. A story of Colonial Days in Western Pennsylvania. "The Rolling Years.'' Agnes Sligh Turnbull. Macmillan Co. New York, 1936. Story of• Presbyterian Scotch-Irish in Westmoreland county between 1852 and 1910. "Remember The End." Agnes Sligh Turnbull. New York 1938. The Rise of American Democracy. Casner and Gabriel. Harcourt,. Brace and company, 1938. Westmoreland County Controllers' Reports. Courthouse. Westmoreland County History. George Dallas Albert. 1882. INDEX 9S r

-A BE,DFORD, 9, 10, 40, 41, 42, 60, ACADEMY, Greensburg, 86 61, 71. ADAMS, 11, 12, 13 BELL, 12, 18, 47, 81, 87. ADAMSBURG, 11, 13, 19 BEILEVtERJNON, 68. ADAMS Falls, 16. BE'NEDICTlNE Order, 68, 88. ADAM Saam's Blockhouse, 49 BENNETT, Col. John, 85. AFRICAN, 55 BERJ~, 9, 17, 40. ALASKA, 29 BERJINiG Strait, 29. ALBERT, George Dallas, 13, 60 "BIG HOUSE", 29. ALVERTON, 62 BI1G Sewickley, 26, 47. ALLEGHENY, Co., 9, -10, 12, 15, BI.;ACIGJEGS Indian Town, 30. 23, 29, 33, 42, 66. BLMRSVILLE, 47. BOHEMJA,NS, 17. Mountains, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 68. BOLIVIAR, 19, 24, 73, 82~ 87. BOS'TION, 61. Railroad~ 73 River, 22, 29, 37, 39, 42, 44, BOUCHER, John, 13. BOUQUET, Col. Henry, 37, 39, 49. 40, 60, 71. Township 12, 18, 29, 86 B:RA!DDOOK, Gen. ALLlGEWI, 29. Edward, 38, 40, 44. AMERICA, 10, 22, 29, 38, 39. BRA!DDOCK'S Road, 38, 71. AMBRlDGE, 32. BR.AJEBURN, 81. APBA!LACHIANS, 16, 22, 31, 40, BRITISH, 38, 44, 55. 48. BRITISH Empire, 37. .ARMSTRONG, 9, 11, 12, 15, 42, BRO.A!DFORJD, 63. 56, 66. BROWERS, Father Theodore, 68. ARNOLD, 18, 81, 87. BROWN, Rev. James, 68. kRONA, 19. BRJOWNSWLLE, 23. ASL.A, 29. BRJUNOT, Hilary J., 24. "''ASSWEKA:LES'', 30. BRUSH CREEK, 15, 17, 40, 68. ATL.A!NTIC, 21, 38, 39, .44. BRYSON, James, 43 . .AiUSTRu\!LitA, 9. BUCKS, 9, 40. AVONMORE, 19. BUCHA!NLA.N, President James ____,jB- 65. BU·RJD, Col. James, 60. B.ALD Knob, 16. BURRE1LL, 11, 12, 56. BALTIMORE and Ohio R. R., 73. BUSHY Run Park, 16, 29, 30, 35 B.AlBTISTS, 69. 42, 73 .. BA!RR, Alexander, 43. BUThER, 9. BAYARJD, Phoebe, 61. BYERJLY, Andrew, 73. BATILE of Bushy Run, 13, 37, 39, 44, 49, 71. -C- BE.A!!JER, Joseph, 43. BEAR Cave, 16. O AIJI, FORNI A, 9. BEAVER, 9, 12, 15. CALIFORIBA Furnace, 25. BEAVER Run, 33. CAMBRIA, 15, 56. 94 INDEX

CANADA, 9, 31, 37, 49. -D- CARBONIFEROUS, 21. DARKE County, 50. CARLISLE, 72. DAVIS, Benjamin, 43. CARNAHAN, John, 43. CARNEGIE, Andrew, 23, 26, 35, DECLARATION of Independ- 62, 63. ence, 10. CAROLINA, 30, 44. DELAWARE, 11, 17, 29, 32, 35, CARY'S Run, 85. 38, 44, 56. OA'r..AiWBA, 30, 31, 44, 71. (DELMONT) New Salem, 19, 33, CAV,M.;IER, 31. 34, 73. CAVETr, James, 43. DEMOCRA'NC Party, 11. CAVETT, John, 41. DENMARK-MA·NOR, 43. CENOZOIC, 21. DERRY, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 25, ·CERJE.A:L, 82. 47, 73, 78, 81, 82. CHEROKEE, 31. DETROIT, 31. CHERRY Tree, 42. DICKENS, Charles, 72. CHESAPEAKE, 44. DINWIDDIE, Governor, 37. CHESTER, 9, 40. DISTRICT of West Augusta, 47. CHEST,NUT Ridge, 15, 16, 22, DONEGkL, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 61, 62. 25, 42, 49, 73. Cii\TIL WAR, 51, 65, 67, 77. DRAKE, R. S., 35. CDARK, George Rogers, 48. OLIA.RION, 9. DRUM, August, 65. COAL Pit Run, 23. DRUM, Silnon, 51. COCKY'S CABIN, 31. DRY Ridge, 15, 22. COLUMBUS, 29. DUiG.A:N, W. G., 88: COMMONWiEAJLTH, 55. DUNKARD, Creek, 42. CONEMAUGH, 15, 24, 30, 72, 73. DU1NMORE, Gov. 47, 48. CONESTOGA, 72. · DUQUESNE, Fort, 31, 38, 44. CONNELLSVILLE, 22, 23, 64. DUQUESNE, Marquis, 37. CONNOLLY, John, 47. CONNECTICUT, 44. -E- CON1RAD Eyer's Blockhouse, 49. EAST Huntingdon, 18, 78, 81, f57. CONTRECOUR, Capt. 37. EAST Vandergrift, 19. CONTINENTAL Congress, 50, EDICT of Nantes, 17. 61. COOK, 11, 12, 16, 18. EMERSON, 67. CORNPLAl,~"'TERS, 32. ENGLAND, 9, 10, 12, 39. CORNWALLIS, 61. ENGLE, L. F., 80. COULTER, Richard, 66. ENGLISH, 11, 17, 31, 40, 41, 56. COVODE, John, 65. ERIE, 9. COWAN, Edgar, 64. ERwrN, Joseph, 41. COWlAN, Dr. Frank, 64. ESSEN, 13. CRAWFORD, 9. EUROPE, 39, 55. CRJAWFORD, William, 42, 49. EViANGELICAL and Reformed,. CROGHAN, George, 31. 68. OUMBERLAND, 9, 40, 50. EXPORT, 19, 31, 73. INDEX 95

-F- GERMAN, 11, 17, 85. F M ·RFI ELD, 10, 12, 18, 25, 42, GERMA1N Lutheran, 68. 65. GERMAN Reformed, 68. FAYETTE, 9, 10, 12, 15, 22, 23, GIRTY, Simon, 49. 31, 37, 42, 52. GlST, Christopher, 31, 37. FINLEY, Rev. James, 68. GODCHARLES, 13. F-INDI..,AY, James, 64. "GCX>D Purpose", 40. F-INDLEY, William, 62. GRAJP.EWLLE, 22, 29, 72. FEDERAL Union, 51. GRATZTOWN, 33. FORBES, 11, 16, 17, 31, 38, 40, "·GREAT GLADE'', 71. 44. GREAT Lakes, .22, 29, 63. FORBES Road, 38, 42, 71. GREAT Spirit, 29. FOREST, 9. GREEKS, 17. FORT Allen, 47, 85. GREENE, 9, 10, 12, 22, 42, 50. Barr, 47. GREENSBURG, 11, 12, 22, 50, Crawford, 49. 51, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66,. 71, 72, Duquesne, 31, 38, 44. 73, 81, 82, 87, 88. Hand, 49. GREENSBURG Seminary, 86. Necessity, 38, 44. GREENWLLE, Treaty of, 50. Palmer, 47. GUFFEY, John, 64. Pitt, 12, 32, 37, 39, 49, 73. GU:.Ffi'EY, Sen. Joseph F., 64. Preservation, 47, 60. GUYtA.SlJ'DA, 37, 39, 49. Reed, 47. -H- Shippen, 47. HACKE, Dr. Nicholas P., 68. Stanwix, 39, HAMILTON, ''Hair Buyer'' Wallace, 47. Henry, 31, 48. FOUR-MI·LE Run, 16. HAND, Gen. Edward, 49. FRANCE, 9, 37. HANNA, Robert, 17, 41, 42. FRJANicrJIN, 11, 12, 18, 67, 78,81. HANNAH Furnace, 25. FRANKSTOWN Road, 71. HA!NNASTOWN, 41, 42, 47, 48, FRANKS, Stephen, 71. 49, 50, 52, 61, 69, 71. FIM.SER, 37. HARROLDS, 17, 40, 48, 85. FRENCH, 37, 38, 44. HARRISON City, 16, 31, 73. FRENCH, Huguenot, 17. HARRISBURG, 48. FRENCH and Indian War, 31, HAYES, Christopher, 43. 37, 38, 61. HAYMAKER, Bros., 24. FiREEPOR'I', 22. HEOIIBWELDE·R, John, 32. FiRICK, Henry Clay, 23,. 62, 63, HERMTI1AGE Furnace, 25. 64. HEMPFIELD, 11, 12, 17, 18, 42, FRIENDSHIP Hall, 52. 48, 49, 78, 81, 85, 87. -G- HIGHLANDERS, 13. GA:LLATIN, Albert, 52. HISTORICAL House, 64. GEARY, Gov. John White, 66, 67. HITCHMAN, Charles, 43. GEARY, Richard, 66. HOLLiiDAYSBURG, 71. GEORGE the Third, King, 39, "HOLY EXPERIMENT,'' 40. 43, 55. HUFF, George F., 66. GEORJGLA, 67. HUGHES, James, 90. 96 INDEX

HUGUENOTS, 17. -L HUNKER, 19, 82. LACKAWANNA, 56. HUNTER, James A., 11. LAKE Superior, 23. HUNTINGDON, 11, 12, 42. LANAPE, 29. HYiDE BARK, 19, 82. LANCASTER, 9, 11, 40. -I LARIMER, 23, 65. ILLINOIS, 62. LARIMER, Gen. William, 65. INDIANA, 9, 12, 15, 24, 42, 56. LATTA, John, 64. INDIANS, 17, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, LA!TROBE, 15, 19, 25, 72, 73, 81, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 82, 87, 88. 50, 71, 74. L.AJU:GHLINSTOWN, 16, 25. INSTI'NJTE, 53, 54, 86. LAUREL HILL, 15, 16, 25, 40, IRE1LAND, 10, 11, 12. 41, 71, 84. IR;I'SH, 10, 17, 40, 49. LAUREl.JVILLE, 85. lRWlN, 19, 22, 33,· 47, 66, 72, LAWRENCE, 9. 73, 82, 88. LilGONIER, Basin or Valley, 15, IROQUOIS, 29, 42, 44. 22, 73, 78. IT.A:DlANS, 17. Borough, 19, 67, 68, 73. Fort, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60, 61, _:_J_ 71. J~COB'S Creek, 15, 24. · Railroad, 73. JAMI~ON Coal Co., 66. Sir John, 38, 60. JAMrSON, John M., 66. Township, 12, 16, 18, 25. JiAMISON, Robert S., 66. LlNCOLN, 11, 65. JAPAN, 67. LlNCOLN Highway, 71, 72, 73. JEANNEITE, 18, 24, 49, 73, 81, LIVERMORE, 19. 82, 87, 88~ LOCHRY'S--Fort, 47. JEF~RSON, 52, 62, 66. LOGSTOWN, 32. JEWISH, 71. LONDON, 61. JOHNSON, Alexander, 66. LOWER BURRELL, 18, 81. JOHNSON, Gov. William DOYiALHANNtA, Creek, 15, 23, Freame, 66. 25, 34, 38, 44, 60, 62, 71, 72. JiOHNSON, President Andrew, Dam, 16. 64. Indian Village, 30. JUMONVILLE, Coulon de, 38. Township, 12, 18, 81. JUNIATA, 71. LUTHERAN, 48, 68, 69. -K- LUZERNE, 56. LYCIBBUS, 16. KAL M, Peter, 84. LYNN Run, 16. ~NSAS, 9, 65, 67. KEYSTONE Coal Co., 66. -M- KTINGSTON, 25. M.AJDISON, 19, 49. KISKIMINETAS, 15, 24, 25, 32, MAGEE'S Run, 47. 35, 49, 72, (school) 89. MANALLIN, 11, 12, 42. ~TTANNING, 11, 39, 42. MANOR, 17, 19, 43, 49. fil..lNGENSMITH, Philip, 49. MARCHAND'S Blockhouse, 49. KOOSER, 16. MARKDE Academy, 86. INDEX 97

MARK.LE'S Blockhouse, 47. NEVILLE, Ralph, 9. MARYLAND, 44. NEW A•I.;EXANDRIA, 15, 19, 34, MASON and Dixon Line, 42, 44. 47. MAXWELL, Charles F., 88. NEW Brunswick, 9. McCOOK, Henry C., 52. NEW Florence, 19, 73. McCORMICK, James L., 86. NEW Geneva, 52. McCORl\llCK, Dr. S. B., 67. NEW Hampshire, 9. McDOWELL'S Blockhouse, 49. NEW Kensington, 18, 67, 73, 81, McINTOSH, Gen. I.achlan, _ 32. 87, 88. McKEE, H. Sellars, 24. NEW Salem (Delmont), 19, 33, McKINSTRY, Rev. Matthew, 86. 34, 73. McLAIN, James, 43. NEW Stanton, 73. MEOHl...ffNG, Rev. Jonas, 68. NEWTOWN, 50. MELLON, Thomas, 67. NEW York, 29, 44, 63. '"MELTING Pot," 17. NORTHAMPTON, 9, 40. MENGWE, 29. NORTH Bellevernon, 19. MERCER, 9. NORTHERN Turnpike, 24, 71, MESOZOIC, 21. 72. - METHODIST, 68. NORTH Huntingdon, 18, 49, 78, MEXICAN War, 51, 67. 81, 82, 86. MEYER, Balthaser, 48, 85. . NORTII Irwin, 19. MIAMI, 62. NOR™UMBERLAND, 9, 40. MIFFLI:N, Gov. Thomas, 51. NORTHWEST Territory, 61, 62, MILLERDALE, 49. 69. MILLER'S Station, 49. -0- MINGOES, 47. MISSISSIBPI, 21, 29, 37, 39. 0AK Grove Furnace, 25. MONESSEN, 13, 18, 25, 33, 73, OKLAHOMA, 19. 81, 87, 88. OHIO, 17, 32, 37, 39, 42, 47, 49, MONONGAHELA, 13, 15 17, 25. 50. MONONGALIA, 47. OHIO Company, 31, 37. MONTGOMERY, 56. OTTAWA, 39. MOORE, Judge John, 59. OVE~HOLT & Co., 63. MORA:VliA:NS, 32, 38. "'MOUND Builders," 29, 34. -P MOUNT Hope Furnace, 25. PACIFIC, 37. MOUNT Morris, 42. BALEOZIC, 21. MT. Odin, 64. PENN, William, 11, 31, 40, 55, MT. Pleasant, Borough, 19, 62, 67. 64, 66, 71, 73, 82, &5, 86, 88. Borough, 11, 19, 73, 82, 88. Township, 12, 18, 42, 43, 49, John, 41, 43, 48, 61. 68, 78, 81, 87. Township, 11, 12, 18, 78, 81. MlJiNSIE, 29. PENN'S Lodge, 43. MURRYSVILLE, 11, 24, 67, 86. "PENN'S Woods," 16. PENNSYLViANIA, 11, 15, 32, 35, -N 38, 40, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 64, NECESSITY, Fort, 38, 44. 66, 67, 72, 78. 98 INDEX

"PENNSYLVANEA Dutch,'' 11, REVOLUTIONARY War, 31, 32> 40, 47. 37, 41, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 55> PENNSYLVANIA Railroad, 65, 66, 71. 72, 73. RIST,. Jacob, 63. PENNSYLVANIA Turnpike, 72. ROBBINS Station, 33. PERRY'S Blockhouse, 47. ROBERTS, Rev. Robert Bick- PERRYiSVlLLE, 47. ford, 68. PmLADELPHIA, 40, 41, 42, 61, ROHRER, Frederick, 23. 72. ROLJ.lNG Rock, 16, 67. PHILADELPHIA~PITTSBURGH ROMAN Catholic, 68. Turnpike, 72. ROSS Furnace, 25. PIKE Run, 16. ROSTRAVER, 11, 12, 15, 18, 33,. PINCHOT, Gov. Gifford, 84. 42, 78, 81. PIIT, 11, 12, 39, 60. ROYAL Americans, 61. PITTS'BURJGH, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, RUGH, Michael, 49. 37, 41, 42, 43, 47,- 50, 63, 67, 64, 71, 72, 78, 79. -S- PIT'DSBURJGH and Lake Erie ST. BONIFACE, 16. Railroad, 73. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, 11, 23, 25,. PLEISTOCENE, 22. 40, 41, 43, 47, 61, 62. POLES, 17. Township 11, 12, 18. POMEROY'S Blockhouse, 47. ST. JOS-EPH'S Academy, 88. PONTIAC'S War, 31, 37, 39. ST. W·NCENT'S College, 47, 68,. PORTAGE, 67, 72. 88. POST, Christopher, 38. ST. XAVIER, ss: POWDER Run, 16. SALEM, 12, 18, 78, 81. POWERS, Rev. James, 68. SAN FRANCISCO, 67. PROCTOR'S. Blockhouse, 47. SALINA, 24, 82. PROCTOR, John, 43, 48, 68. SALTSBURG, 15, 23, 32, 73, 89~ PRESBYTERIAN, 67, 69. SAVANNAH, 67. PURCHASE Of 1768, 40. SAXON, 9, 10. SCANDANAVIANS, 17. -Q SCOTCH-IRISH, 10, 11, 17, 40,. QUAKER, 17, 40. 47. QU,ARTERNARY, 22. SCOTLAND, 10. SCOT!' HAVEN, 33. QUEBEC, 61. SCOTT, Thomas A., 65. -R SCO'l*IDALE, 19, 65, 73. SCOTS, 9. . "RATTLESN:AKE Flag," 43, 48. SCULL, William, 71. REED'S STATION, 49. SENECAS, 32. REFORMED, 68, 69. SETON lllLL College, 88, 89. REHOBETH, 68. SEVEN Years War, 44. REMA!LEY, Henry, 24. SEWARD, 18, 19, 73. REPUBLICAN Party, 11, 64, 65. SEWICKLEY, 12, 15, 18, 43, 64,. RESOLUTION of Independence, 68, 78, 81. Hannastown, 48, 52, 61. SHAW, Robert C., 88. INDEX 99

SHAWNEES, 32, 47. TURTLE Tribe, 29. SHIELD'S Blockhouse, 47. TYRONE, 11, 12, 42. SHEBP.LER'S, 33. SHUNK, Gov. Francis Rawn, 66. -U SISTERS Of Charity, 88. UNALACHTIGO Tribe, 29. SISTERS of Mercy, 88. UNAMI Tribe, 29. SLAVS, 17. UNIONTOWN, 64, 73. SLICKVILLE, 34. UNITED, 88. SLOAN, Samuel, 41. UNITY, 12, 18, 43, 47, 62, 64, SMITH-HUGHES Law, 87. 68, 78, 81, 88. SMITHTON, 19. UNITED STATES 24, 28, 35, 37, SOMERSET, 9, 15, 16, 29, 71. 41, 50, 52, 55, 61, 68. SOUTH Greensburg, 19. UNITED States Steel Corpora- SOUT,H Huntingdon, 18, 47, 78, tion, 63. 81, 87. UNIVERSITY Of Pittsburgh, 67. SOUTHWEST Greensburg, 19. UPPER Burrell, 18. SPANISH-AMERICAN War, 51. UTAH, 67. SPRING Hill, 11, 12, 42. STAN\WX, Fort, 39. -V- "STAR of the West", 11. V ALLEY Forge, 48. STECK, Rev. John M., 68. .VtANDERGRIFT, 19, 25, 73, 81. STECK, Michael J., 68. VENANGO, 9, 44. STEWARTSVILLE, 33. VlNCENNES, 48. STOKELY'S Blockhouse, 49. VIRGINIA, 11, 32, 37, 38, 41, 44, S·USQUEHANNA, 40, 44. 47, 48, 50, 55. SUTERVILLE, 19, 73. "SWEATHOUSE," 31. -W- WA!BASH, 62. -T- WAL:;:{INSHAW, 13. 'r.ARR Station, 33. "WALKING Purchase," 31. TENNESSEE, 9. W A·LLACE'S Fort. THOMPSON, William, 43. WALTHOUR'S Blockhouse, 47. TICONDEROGA, 61. WALTZ' Mill, 49. TINKER'S Run, 22. WAR of 1812, 51. TINSTMAN, A. 0., 63. WARREN, 9. "TOM The Tinker," 52. W ASIDNGTON, TORIES, 49. County, 9, 10, 12, 15, 42 TORRANCE, 73. Furnace, 25 TRAIB1FORD, 19, 73, 81, 82. •Geor:ge, 37, 38, 44, 48, 51, 61 TREAGER, William L., 80. Township, 11, 12, 18, 49. TRE·NT, William, 37. WAYNE, Gen. Anthony, 50, 62. TROUT Run, 16. WEBER, Rev. John William, 68. TRUBY Christopher, 50. WEBSTER, 33. WB Mill Run, 16, 25. WEISER, Conrad, 32. TURJKEY Tribe, 29. WEST Augusta, 11. TUR'N.JE Creek, 24, 71, 73. WESTERN University of Penn WRTLE Creek Academy, 86. sylvania, 67. 100 INDEX

WESTERN Pennsylvania Classi WEST Newton, 19, 33, 47, 71, 73, cal and Scientific Institute, 86. 86, 87. WEST Fairfield, 66. WEST Overton, 62, 64. WESTMORELAND, "Mother," 9; WEST Penn Railways, 73. origin of name, 10; "Star of WEST Point, 61. the West," 11; boundaries, 15; WEST Virginia, 50. woodland, 16; people, 17; pop WHIGS, 11, 65, 66. ulation, 19; geologic, 21; coal, WIDSKEY Insurrection, 50, 52, 22; farmers, 25; Indians in, 29; 77. Indian names in, · 30; settlers WHITNEY, 88. .suffer, 32; aboriginal, 33; ar WILLIAM Penn Highway, 71, 73. cheology, 34; important date, WILLIAMS' Blockhouse, 49. .37; most important battle, 39; WI·LSON, Col. George, 11. 11th county, 41; original size,· WILSON, 1George, 41. 42; first election, 43; civil unit, WILSON'S Blockhouse, 47. 47; "Rattlesnake Flag," 48; WII.SON, William, 43. forts and blockhouses, 49; WIMMER, Rt. Rev. Arch Abbot Greensburg made county seat, Boniface, 68. 50; military quotas, 51; insti WODF Tribe, 29. tute song, 53-4; government, WOOD, Cyrus E., 67. 5·5; first judge, 56; congres WORLD War, 51. sional district, 58; personali ties, 61; first congressman, 62; -Y- United States senators, 64; YA NKEE- Pennam it e War, 44. mining captains, 65; governors YOHOGANIA, 47. from, 66; church leaders in, YORK, 11, 12, 64. 67; trails, 71; railroads, 73; YORKTOWN, 61. postoffices, 74; .Pioneer pro YOUGHIOGHENY, 15, 33, 42. ducts, 77; agricultural county, YOUNGSTOWN, 19, 34. 78; crop production in, 79; YOUNGWOOD, 19, 73, 82, 87, farm bureau, 80; manufactur 88. ing, 81; early schools in, 85; YUKON, 34. academies, 86; school consoli dations, 87; big business, 88; -Z- high rank, 89. ZEISBERGER, David, 32. WESTMORELAND City, 9. ZION, 48, 85. WESTMORELAND Coal Com pany, 65. WESTMORELAND Depot, 9. WESTMORELAND.. Fayette Branch of the Western Penn sylvania Historical Society, 64. WESTMORELAND Furnace, 25. WESTMORELAND Homesteads, 78. WEST Leechburg, 19, 81. NOTES