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Dimensions 2014 Editors and Authors The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics California State University, Fullerton Volume 16 | Spring 2014 Marks of a CSUF Graduate from the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Graduates from the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics: Understand the basic concepts and principles of science and mathematics. Are experienced in working collectively and collaborating to solve problems. Communicate both orally and in writing with clarity, precision and confidence. Are adept at using computers to do word processing, prepare spreadsheets and graphs, and use presentation software. Posses skills in information retrieval using library resources and the Internet. Have extensive laboratory/workshop/field experience where they utilize the scientific method to ask questions, formulate hypothesis, design experiments, conduct experiments, and analyze data. Appreciate diverse cultures as a result of working side by side with many people in collaborative efforts in the classroom, laboratory and on research projects. In many instances have had the opportunity to work individually with faculty in conducting research and independent projects. In addition to attribtes of all NSM students, these students generate original data and contribute to the reseach knowledge base. Have had the opportunity to work with very modern, sophisticated equipment including advanced computer hardware and software. Dimensions Dimensions: The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics is an official publication of California State University, Fullerton. Dimensions is published annually by CSUF, 800 N. St. College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834. Copyright ©2012 CSUF. Except as otherwise provided, Dimensions: The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics grants permission for material in this publication to be copied for use by non-profit educational institutions for scholarly or instructional purposes only, provided that 1) copies are distributed at or below cost, 2) the author and Dimensions are identified, and 3) proper notice of copyright appears on each copy. If the author retains the copyright, permission to copy must be attained directly from the author. About the Cover The national forests are one of California’s most beautiful features. The dimensions of California’s giant sequoias deem them to be the largest living thing on earth. The bark is extremely thick, and dynamic in depth and texture. The cover was shot at Sequoia National Forest, containing the world’s most massive trees, with widths that reach as wide as 40 feet, and reach as tall as 274 feet. Acknowledgements Editor-In-Chief Special Thanks To Chris Baker - Geology President Mildred García, Dean David Bowman, and Assistant Dean Amy Mattern Editors for their support and dedication to Dimensions. Kim Conway - Biology Neha Ansari - Chemistry/Biochemistry O'hara Creager - Geology Kali (Duke) Chowdhury - Mathematics Phillipe Rodriguez - Physics Advisor Amy Mattern - Assistant Dean for Student Affairs Graphic Design Niv Ginat - Layout Editor Carose Le - Cover Designer College of Natural Sciences & Mathematics Dr. David Bowman - Interim Dean Dr. Mark Filowitz - Associate Dean Dr. Kathryn Dickson - Chair Department of Biological Science Dr. Christopher Meyer - Chair Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Dr. Phillip Armstrong - Chair Department of Geological Sciences Dr. Stephen Goode - Chair Department of Mathematics Dr. James M. Feagin - Chair Department of Physics College of the Arts Dr. Joseph H. Arnold - Dean Maricela Alvarado - Interim Assistant Dean for Student Affairs John Drew - Graphic Design Professor Biology Chemistry & Biochemistry Determinants Of Prevalence Of Bot Fly Infestation In Development of Micelles Containing Self-Immolative 8 Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels In Colorado Shortgrass Steppe 40 Polymers for Applications in Drug Delivery Kim Conway Neha F. Ansari, Gregory I. Peterson, Andrew J. Boydston Comparison of Worm Cast Application Methods on Soil The Synthesis of Anhydrous Cyclopropanol 14 Water Retention and Plant Growth 41 Jennifer Castillo Tiffany Duong The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Stathmin Exists as an Oligomer Effects of Sorted and Unsorted Food Waste Diets on Worm 46 in Solution, as Measured by Static Light-scattering and Dipolar 19 Cast Quality and Quantity Broadening EPR Spectroscopy. Calvin Lung Ashley J. Chui, Katherina C. Chua, Jesus M. Mejia, and Michael D. Bridges Effects Of Surface Drip Irrigation Compared To Sub 23 Surface Irrigation On The Yield Of Peppers Michaelis-Menten Kinetics of TEV Protease as Observed by Miriam Morua 47 Time-domain EPR Spectroscopy Estefania Larrosa and Michael D. Bridges Morphological and Genetic Identification of 29 California Pipefishes (Syngnathidae) C.A. Rice, D.J. Eernisse, and K.L. Forsgren Geology Geochemical Correlation of Basalts in Northern Deep Springs 30 Investigating Defense Responses of Nicotiana 48 Valley, California, by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) Benthamiana Involving the 14-3-3 Gene Family Using Aaron Justin Case Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) Jennifer Spencer Possible Shell-Hash Tsunami Deposit at the Los Penasquitos Marsh, 56 San Diego County, CA. Jeremy Cordova Paleotsumani Research at the Seal Beach Wetlands, 57 Seal Beach, CA D’lisa O. Creager, Brady P. Rhodes, Matthew E. Kirby, and Robert J. Leeper DIMENSIONS 5 Mathematics Michaelis-Menten Kinetics of TEV Protease as Observed by Permutation Test in Microarray Data Analysis 58 Time-domain EPR Spectroscopy 69 Mirna Dominguez Garcia, Dylan J., Kirby, Matthew E., Rhodes, Brady P., Leeper, Robert J. Metasomatism of the Bird Spring Formation Near Slaughterhouse Mathematica and Clifford Projective Spaces 60 Springs, California 73 Andrew Halsaver Taylor Kennedy Understanding the Orientation of the Sierra Nevada Frontal Fault Biomimetic Pattern Recognition in Cancer Detection 65 System in the Vicinity of Lone Pine and Independence, CA 78 Leonila Lagunes Garrett Mottle Origin of Debris Flow Deposits on Starvation Canyon Fan,Death A Statistical Analysis of Orange County K9-12 Mathematics 66 Valley, California 87 Achievement Data Kelly Shaw Nathan Robertson, Soeun Park, Susan Deeb Landslide Hazards in the Pai Valley, Northern Thailand 67 Garcia, Dylan J., Shaw, K., Rhodes, B.P., Chantraprasert, S. Physics Petrographic and geochemical analysis of the Summit Gabbro Scattered Light Measurements for Advanced LIGO’s 68 and associated granitoids of the Kern Plateau, Southern Sierra 96 Output-Mode-Cleaner Mirrors Nevada, California Adrian Avila Alvarez Elizabeth White Biographies 98 Dimensions 2014 Editors and Authors DIMENSIONS 6 Determinants Of Prevalence Of Bot Fly Infestation In Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels In Colorado Shortgrass Steppe Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton Kim Conway Advisor: Dr. Paul Stapp Abstract Larvae of parasitic flies grow inside and feed upon tissues of (Family Oestridae), for example, spend their entire larval cycle inside wildlife species and therefore depend upon healthy hosts. Bot fly mammalian hosts (Catts 1982) and benefit when their host is healthy (Cuterebra sp.) larvae were discovered on thirteen-lined ground (Slansky 2007). Bot flies of the genus Cuterebra are host-specific squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) during long-term monitoring (Catts 1967), and typically infest small North American rodents, studies in northern Colorado. Although bot flies are common including chipmunks and tree squirrels (Catts 1967; Jacobson et al. parasites of small mammals, there were no records of infestation 1961). Although bot fly infestation is usually not fatal, it can cause of this squirrel species and the species of bot fly was unknown. I energy loss, malnutrition, and secondary infection at the site of larva examined prevalence and load of bot flies in ground squirrels trapped emergence (Catts 1982; Slansky 2007). Higher loads of bot flies may in shrub and grassland habitats in spring and summer between 1999- also interfere with a host’s ability to forage, escape predators, and 2011 to determine host characteristics and environmental factors reproduce (Catts 1982; Slansky 2007). that influence patterns of infestation. I also investigated possible Host traits such as age and sex may affect the rate of bot fly effects of prescribed fires in grasslands on infestation prevalence. infestation (Jacobson et al. 1961). In addition, habitat structure may Lastly, I used molecular genetics techniques to sequence the COI influence parasitism rates; for example, Blair (1942) found that bot fly gene of preserved bot fly samples in an attempt to identify the parasitism of rodents was higher in shrub-dominated areas than in species. Infested squirrels were rarely found on shrub sites and grasslands. Prescribed burning, a common habitat management during spring trapping. Across all summers, average prevalence of technique in grasslands that alters habitat structure (Converse et al. infestation in grasslands was 7.9%. Infested squirrels had 1-7 bots, 2006), can also affect the abundance of both rodent hosts and their with 44.0% having only 1 larva. Infestation did not vary greatly with parasites. Working in Oklahoma, Boggs et al. (1991) found that bot host sex, age, or weight. Prevalence was significantly higher (33.0%) fly parasitism in small mammals was higher in unburned areas than in burned sites one year after a prescribed fire, and remained burned areas. consistently higher on burned sites than on unburned sites.
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