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Semelparidade Em Gracilinanus Agilis (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae): Variação Demográfica E Fisiológica Em Remanescentes Naturais De Cerrado Do Distrito Federal

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Semelparidade Em Gracilinanus Agilis (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae): Variação Demográfica E Fisiológica Em Remanescentes Naturais De Cerrado Do Distrito Federal UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA Semelparidade em Gracilinanus agilis (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae): variação demográfica e fisiológica em remanescentes naturais de Cerrado do Distrito Federal Semelparity in Gracilinanus agilis (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae): demographic and physiological variation in remaining patches of Cerrado in the Federal District - Brazil. Priscilla Lóra Zangrandi Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutora em Ecologia. Orientador: Dr. Emerson M. Vieira Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a BRASÍLIAobtenção do grau de Doutora em 2018 Ecologia. Orientador: Dr. Emerson Monteiro Vieira AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente ao meu orientador Dr. Emerson M. Vieira por ter me aceitado como sua aluna e por ter aceitado esse projeto sabendo que seria um grande desafio do início ao fim. Muito obrigada por essa oportunidade, e também pela confiança, investimento e ensinamentos durante esses quase cinco anos de doutorado. Agradeço aos órgãos de fomento – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) – que me concederam bolsa de estudos e financiaram esse projeto. Especificamente, a bolsa de estudos do Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior da Capes e o financiamento da visita técnica da FAPDF foram fundamentais para que eu pudesse obter resultados inéditos nesta tese. Investimentos como esses possibilitam não só a execução mas também a qualidade da pesquisa científica no Brasil. Agradeço ao Instituto de Biologia, ao Departamento de Ecologia e ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília – corpo docente, coordenação e administração – pela oportunidade de fazer o curso e aprender com as disciplinas, e pela infra- estrutura e apoio financeiro concedidos. Agradeço à banca examinadora composta pelos Doutores Marcus V. Vieira, Miguel Marini, José Roberto Moreira e Eduardo Bessa por terem aceitado o convite e pelos comentários e contribuições enriquecedores. Agradeço ao Dr. Rudy Boonstra por ter me recebido na Universidade de Toronto Scarborough na visita técnica e no período de sanduíche. Sou imensamente grata pela sua paciência com a minha inexperiência em laboratório e por sempre se certificar de que eu tinha tudo o que eu precisava, desde o material e equipamentos necessários para as análises, muitas vezes parando tudo que estava fazendo para tentar consertar alguma coisa quebrada, até pequenas coisas para facilitar a minha vida, como uma bicicleta, lanches e agasalho extra para o inverno. Obrigada pelas conversas na hora do almoço (e sempre que eu batia na sua porta), pelas revisões de escrita, pelos conselhos profissionais e de vida. When all else fails, think! Agradeço às parcerias criadas com esse trabalho. Ao Dr. Ariovaldo Neto, quem primeiro se interessou com a questão hormonal da semelparidade no Gracilinanus e buscou financiamento para o projeto. Ao Dr. André F. Mendonça, que sabia da minha vontade de trabalhar com o assunto desde minha iniciação científica com Marmosops e me apresentou essa oportunidade, e também pelo apoio fundamental no delineamento do estudo e execução em ii campo. Ao Dr. Fernando P. Rodrigues, pela contribuição ao projeto com análises genéticas, pelo apoio no pedido de financiamento e pela amizade. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram no trabalho de campo, alunos (de graduação e de pós) e pós docs envolvidos no projeto, além de técnicos e amigos. Espero não ter esquecido ninguém (peço desculpas se esqueci): André, Andrea, Anna Carla, Camila, Clara, Bruna, Bruno, Daniela, Eduardo, Felipe, Glabis, Giovanna, Guilherme, Guilherme 2, Ingryd, Isabella, Israel, Jéssica, Juliana, Leandro, Letícia, Lucas, Luiz, Mardônio, Mateus, Matheus, Maiara, Nadjha (labvertina eterna funcionária do mês!), Nayara, Nícholas, Quéren, Paulo, Pedro, Serafim, Tainá, Teresa, Thaiz, Vandélio, Vinícius, Vitor, Vitória, Wesley, Williane e Zuryp. O trabalho teria sido impossível sem o esforço delas. Agradeço especialmente ao Eduardo Guimarães por ter me ajudado na coleta de sangue em várias campanhas, na contagem das lâminas no microscópio e no campo noturno, todas foram etapas cruciais do meu doutorado. Sou grata também à Mariana Ferreira por ter me emprestado as caixinhas de proteção dos seus relógios para salvar os meus que não sobreviviam por muito tempo à chuva. Agradeço à Sophia Lavergne e à Phoebe Edwards que me ensinaram os procedimentos do laboratório, também tiveram muita paciência e me ajudaram sempre que eu tinha alguma dificuldade. Ao Brendan Delehanty por ter me ensinado as etapas da análise mais complicada, a de determinação da globulina ligadora de corticosteroide (criada por ele mesmo), e ter me auxiliado quando precisei. Agradeço também aos alunos de graduação que me ajudaram no laboratório, Karyna, Myuran, Sara e Sinan, e aos alunos de pós do McGowan Lab pela convivência no laboratório e momentos de descontração. Agradeço ao velhos amigos que me apoiaram e torceram por mim apesar da distância, em especial Mariana Ferreira, Mariana Santana, Nadjha Vieira, Luis César (Gilso) e Luiz Otávio. Agradeço também com todo carinho aos amigos que fiz nessa jornada, tanto em Brasília como em Toronto, que me ajudaram nos momentos difíceis e comemoraram comigo as alegrias. Um obrigada especial para Susan e Djeane, que foram mais do que amigas, foram minha família canadense. Agradeço à minha família pelo amor, compreensão e apoio incondicional. Mesmo longe me apoiaram sempre, nos meus erros e acertos. Sou eternamente grata aos meus pais, Rose Mary R. Lóra e Ronaldo Zangrandi, por terem se sacrificado para que eu tivesse uma educação de qualidade, e por sempre terem me incentivado a estudar e correr atrás dos meus sonhos, e à minha irmã Mirella L. Zangrandi, tudo o que consegui realizar foi porque me espelhei em você. Aos meus padrinhos Candi e Odair Bustamante, minha tia Beth R. Lóra e meus avós Nila R. Lóra, Oscar Zangrandi e, com muita saudade, Téia Zangrandi. iii "You never notice what has already been done, you always only see what remains to be done."- Marie Curie iv TABLE OF CONTENTS RESUMO GERAL .................................................................................................................. viii GENERAL ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. xiv INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ........................................................................................................... 1 Objetivo e estrutura da tese ..................................................................................................... 4 Referências ............................................................................................................................. 7 GENERAL METHODS ........................................................................................................... 11 Studied species ...................................................................................................................... 11 Study area ............................................................................................................................. 12 Trapping procedures ............................................................................................................. 13 Food supplementation experiment ........................................................................................ 16 References ............................................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 1: Effects of food supplementation on demography and dynamics of the semelparous marsupial Gracilinanus agilis (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in savannah woodland patches, central Brazil .............................................................................................. 20 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 20 Objective and predictions ..................................................................................................... 23 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 23 Age and reproductive status determination ....................................................................... 23 Population parameters estimation ..................................................................................... 26 Results................................................................................................................................... 28 Age and reproductive status determination ....................................................................... 28 Population parameters estimation ..................................................................................... 49 Discussion ............................................................................................................................
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