Non-Dominant Language Wikipedias: Lessons from the "Russian Knot"
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The Reclamation of Sami Identity and the Traces of Swedish Colonialism
THE RECLAMATION OF SAMI IDENTITY AND THE TRACES OF SWEDISH COLONIALISM A qualitative study about the formation of Saminess and Sami identity Master’s Programme in Social Work and Human Rights Degree report 30 higher education credit Spring 2020 Author : Frida Olofsson Supervisor : Adrián Groglopo Abstract Title: The Reclamation of Sami identity and the traces of Swedish colonialism : A qualitative study about the formation of Saminess and Sami identity Author: Frida Olofsson Key words (ENG): Sami identity, Saminess, Sami people, Indigenous People, identity Nyckelord (SWE): Samisk identitet, Samiskhet, Samer, Urfolk, Identitet The purpose of this study was to study identity formation among Sami people. The aim was therefore to investigate how Saminess and Sami identity is formed and specifically the way the Sami community transfers the identity. Semi structured interviews were conducted and the material was analyzed by the use of a thematic analysis. In the analysis of the material, four main themes were : Transfer of Sami heritage over generations, Sami identity, Expressions about being Sami and Sami attributes. The theoretical framework consisted of Postcolonial theory and theoretical concepts of identity. The main findings showed that the traces of colonialism is still present in the identity-formation of the Sami people and that there is a strong silence-culture related to the experiences of colonial events which consequently also have affected the intergenerational transfer of Saminess and Sami identity. Furthermore, the will to reclaim the Sami identity, heritage and the importance of a sense of belonging is strongly expressed by the participants. This can in turn be seen as a crucial step for the decolonization process of the Sami population as a whole. -
Problems of Authenticity in Modern Finnic Minority Literatures
Johanna Laakso Real Language, Real Literature: Problems of Authenticity in Modern Finnic Minority Literatures Abstract: Alongside the nation-state languages Finnish and Estonian, their sister varieties – such as Meänkieli in Sweden, Kven in Norway, Karelian in Finland and Russia, Veps in Russia, or Võro in southern Estonia – are now either recognized or striving for recognition as minority languages. Developing literary standards and literatures raises questions of authenticity: is language a naturally existing part of ethnic identity or something that must be cultivated and formally studied? Should literature offer realistic depictions of the life and multilingual language use of minorities, or should it serve the puristic goals of language planning and language-based identity building? The ways in which literary and mimetic multi- lingualism can relate to the linguistic reality of minorities are still in need of further research. Keywords: authenticity, Estonia, language planning, minority literatures, multi- lingualism, Russia, Scandinavia 1 A language for a nation The national awakenings prompted by Romantic nationalism in the nineteenth century led to the standardization of many Finno-Ugric languages: first in the emerging state language projects, and then at different points of time into the late twentieth century, also involving many Finno-Ugric minorities. The goals of these processes were not only practical and political but also aesthetic: to create a language for artistic expression. Romantic nationalism saw language as a supra-individual product of nature and the Volksgeist. The Romantic pioneer authors of emerging nations used “a subaltern vernacular in order to demonstrate and celebrate its literary capabil- ities” (Leerssen 2013, 13). Paradoxically, however, they had to overlook the pro- cesses of language planning and forget the fact that the language they used was not a direct representation of the authentic vernacular but an artefact, as alien to the common people as were the Western forms and genres in which it was used. -
Wikipedia's Economic Value
WIKIPEDIA’S ECONOMIC VALUE Jonathan Band and Jonathan Gerafi policybandwidth In the copyright policy debate, proponents of strong copyright protection tend to be dismissive of the quality of freely available content. In response to counter- examples such as open access scholarly publications and advertising-supported business models (e.g., newspaper websites and the over-the-air television broadcasts viewed by 50 million Americans), the strong copyright proponents center their attack on amateur content. In this narrative, YouTube is for cat videos and Wikipedia is a wildly unreliable source of information. Recent studies, however, indicate that the volunteer-written and -edited Wikipedia is no less reliable than professionally edited encyclopedias such as the Encyclopedia Britannica.1 Moreover, Wikipedia has far broader coverage. Britannica, which discontinued its print edition in 2012 and now appears only online, contains 120,000 articles, all in English. Wikipedia, by contrast, has 4.3 million articles in English and a total of 22 million articles in 285 languages. Wikipedia attracts more than 470 million unique visitors a month who view over 19 billion pages.2 According to Alexa, it is the sixth most visited website in the world.3 Wikipedia, therefore, is a shining example of valuable content created by non- professionals. Is there a way to measure the economic value of this content? Because Wikipedia is created by volunteers, is administered by a non-profit foundation, and is distributed for free, the normal means of measuring value— such as revenue, market capitalization, and book value—do not directly apply. Nonetheless, there are a variety of methods for estimating its value in terms of its market value, its replacement cost, and the value it creates for its users. -
Instrument of Ratification)1
Proposed Declaration (instrument of ratification)1 1. In accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Charter, the Russian Federation undertakes to apply the provisions of Part II to all the regional or minority languages spoken within its territory and which comply with the definition in Article 1. 2. In accordance with Article 2, paragraph 2, and Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Charter, the Russian Federation declares that the provisions set out below shall apply to the following languages in the specified territories: Abaza (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia), Adyghe (Republic of Adygea), Aghul (Republic of Dagestan), Altai (Republic of Altai), Avar (Republic of Dagestan), Azeri (Republic of Dagestan), Balkar (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria), Bashkir (Republic of Bashkortostan), Buryat (Republic of Buryatia), Chechen (Republics of Chechnya and Dagestan), Cherkess (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia), Chuvash (Republic of Chuvashia), Dargin (Republic of Dagestan), Ingush (Republic of Ingushetia), Kabardian (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria), Kalmyk (Republic of Kalmykia), Karachay (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia), Khakas (Republic of Khakasia), Komi (Republic of Komi), Kumyk (Republic of Dagestan), Lak (Republic of Dagestan), Lezgian (Republic of Dagestan), Mountain and Meadow Mari (Republic of Mari El), Moksha and Erzya Mordovian (Republic of Mordovia), Nogai (Republics of Dagestan and Karachay-Cherkessia), Ossetic (Republic of North Ossetia), Rutul (Republic of Dagestan), Sakha (Republic of Sakha), Tabasaran (Republic of Dagestan), Tat (Republic of Dagestan), Tatar (Republic of Tatarstan), Tsakhur (Republic of Dagestan), Tuvan (Republic of Tuva) and Udmurt (Republic of Udmurtia) Article 8 – Education Paragraph 1.a.i; b.ii; c.ii; d.ii; e.ii; f.i; g; h; i. Article 9 – Judicial authorities Paragraph 1.a.ii; a.iii; a.iv; b.ii; b.iii; c.ii; c.iii. -
Khevsur and Tush and the Status of Unusual Phenomena in Corpora Author(S): Thomas R
Khevsur and Tush and the status of unusual phenomena in corpora Author(s): Thomas R. Wier Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Languages of the Caucasus (2013), pp. 96-110 Editors: Chundra Cathcart, Shinae Kang, and Clare S. Sandy Please contact BLS regarding any further use of this work. BLS retains copyright for both print and screen forms of the publication. BLS may be contacted via http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/bls/. The Annual Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society is published online via eLanguage, the Linguistic Society of America's digital publishing platform. Khevsur and Tush and the Status of Unusual Phenomena in Corpora THOMAS R. WIER University of Chicago Introduction Recent years have seen an increasing realization of the threat posed by language loss where, according to some estimates, upwards of ninety percent of all lan- guages may go extinct within the next century (Nettle & Romaine 2002). What is less often realized, much less discussed, is the extent to which linguistic diversity that falls within the threshold of mutual intelligibility is also diminishing. This is especially true of regions where one particular language variety is both widely spoken and holds especially high prestige across many different social classes and communities. In this paper, we will examine two such dialects of Georgian: Khevsur and Tush, and investigate what corpora-based dialectology can tell us about phylogenetic and typological rarities found in such language varieties. 1 Ethnolinguistic Background Spoken high in the eastern Caucasus mountains along the border with Chechnya and Ingushetia inside the Russian Federation, for many centuries, Khevsur and Tush have been highly divergent dialects of Georgian, perhaps separate lan- guages, bearing a relationship to literary Georgian not unlike that of Swiss German and Hochdeutsch (see map, from Hewitt 1995:vi). -
North Caucasian Languages
The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition COMPARISON OF VARIOUS QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF PROXIMITY OF LANGUAGES: NORTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES Galeev Timur Ildarovich Kazan federal university (KFU), Kazan, Russia [email protected] Solovyev Valery Dmitrievich Kazan federal university (KFU), Kazan, Russia ABSTRACT A comparison of North Caucasian languages is performed in the article according to various measures of proximity constructed using grammatical, lexical and genetic databases. Statistical methods are applied to the study of correlations among these proximity measures, and also between them and both geographical proximity and genealogical kinship. A full correlation has been found among language kinship, geographic situation and genetic kinship of peoples. Also, a high correlation was found between each of them and lexical similarity. In general these correlations persist at different levels – starting at the whole set of studied languages until the level of the smallest groups of related languages. It is shown that a significant factor in the analysis of geographical situation is the existence of a common boundary between the regions of distribution of languages. Keywords: Various Quantitative Measures, geographical situation common boundary, Creativity, languages 1. INTRODUCTION The classification of languages by genetic kinship, developed in the last two centuries within the framework of historical linguistics applying the comparative historical method, offers a qualitative characteristic of language proximity by including them into macrofamilies, families, branches, groups, etc. Glottochronology provides a quantitative measure of proximity that, in particular, allows assessing the age of families and other language groups. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no consensus among experts about languages kinship; it must be said also that lexicostatistical data are controversial. -
Enets Language in the Studies of Domestic and Foreign Scientists
Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 4 (2018 11) 546-560 ~ ~ ~ УДК 304.2; 811.511.24 Enets Language in the Studies of Domestic and Foreign Scientists Maria A. Kolesnik, Natalia M. Libakova and Ekaterina A. Sertakova* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 06.03.2018, received in revised form 05.04.2018, accepted 09.04.2018 The article presents a historiographical review of foreign and domestic research literature devoted to the Enets language. The analysis of publications made it possible to identify general tendencies in the study of the Enets language, the indigenous minorities of the North, and also the vector of modern research. Modern cultural processes in the global space form and make an inexhaustible interest in the traditional cultures and, especially, in the cultures of small-numbered peoples urgent. The study of the languages of these ethnic groups appears as one of the tasks, the solution of which will allow revitalizing native languages, as well as the values of traditional culture as a whole. Keywords: The Enets, indigenous minorities of the North, traditional culture, language studies. The reported study was funded by Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science according to the research project: «Development of scientific and methodological support for the preservation of a unique cultural heritage for the Ket and Enets ethno-cultural groups of indigenous small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East living on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0248. Research area: culturology. Introduction practices of speech behaviors are constantly Language determines the thinking of a appearing. -
Contact-Induced Usages of Volitive Moods in East Caucasian Languages 1
Nina Dobrushina State University Higher School of Economics Contact-induced usages of volitive moods 1 in East Caucasian languages 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to test a hypothesis of the influence of Azerbaijani on East Caucasian languages. It was noticed that most (if not all) Turkic languages widely use forms of imperatives and / or optatives for the main predicate of subordinate clauses of certain types, in particular purpose clauses and complement clauses of verbs of wish. I suppose that some East Caucasian languages had acquired these constructions under the influence of Azerbaijani. To support this hypothesis, I will consider the data of 13 East Caucasian languages and one Turkic language spoken in Dagestan. The structure of the article is as follows. Section 2 provides a preliminary discussion of Turkic Dagestanian contacts (2.1), justifies the choice of the languages in the sample (2.2), provides information on the contact situation for each of the languages (2.3), gives an overview of the imperative / optative forms in each language (2.4), argues that the subordinate usages of imperatives / optatives is a structural feature of Turkic languages (2.5), and introduces the constructions which will be diagnostic for the study (2.6). Languages which use volitional forms both in purpose clauses and in wish complement clauses are considered in Section 3, languages which have volitional forms only in purpose clauses are considered in Section 4, while Section 5 lists the languages which do not use volitional forms in subordinate clauses. Section 6 summarizes the discussion. 2.1. Turkic Dagestanian contacts According to the 2002 census, Turkic peoples constitute 20 percent of the population of Dagestan, while the speakers of East Caucasian languages are almost 75 %. -
KARELIAN in RUSSIA ELDIA Case-Specific Report
Studies in European Language Diversity 26 KARELIAN IN RUSSIA ELDIA Case-Specific Report Heini KARJALAINEN, Ulriikka PUURA, Riho GRÜNTHAL, Svetlana KOVALEVA Mainz Wien Helsinki Tartu Mariehamn Oulu Maribor Studies in European Language Diversity is a peer-reviewed online publication series of the research project ELDIA, serving as an outlet for preliminary research findings, individual case studies, background and spin-off research. Editor-in-Chief Johanna Laakso (Wien) Editorial Board Kari Djerf (Helsinki), Riho Grünthal (Helsinki), Anna Kolláth (Maribor), Helle Metslang (Tartu), Karl Pajusalu (Tartu), Anneli Sarhimaa (Mainz), Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark (Mariehamn), Helena Sulkala (Oulu), Reetta Toivanen (Helsinki) Publisher Research consortium ELDIA c/o Prof. Dr. Anneli Sarhimaa Northern European and Baltic Languages and Cultures (SNEB) Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Jakob-Welder-Weg 18 (Philosophicum) D-55099 Mainz, Germany Contact: [email protected] © 2013 European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA) Cover design: Minna Pelkonen & Hajnalka Berényi-Kiss ELDIA is an international research project funded by the European Commission. The views expressed in the Studies in European Language Diversity are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. All contents of the Studies in European Language Diversity are subject to the Austrian copyright law. The contents may be used exclusively for private, non- commercial purposes. Regarding any further uses of the Studies -
Cooperation of Russia's Wiki- Volunteers with the Institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan
ФАДН России Cooperation of Russia's Wiki- volunteers with the institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan «Language policy: practices from across Russia» Online dialogue forum Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs (FADN), 18.12.2020 Farhad Fatkullin, materials - w.wiki/qT8 Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International free license pursuant to Art.1286 of the Russian Federation Civil Code Project objectives To assure To inspire other perseverance ethnic groups in and the Republic of development Tatarstan and of Tatar around Russia to language in the follow suit digital age Cooperation of Russia's Wiki-volunteers with the Republic of Tatarstan institutions — w.wiki/qT8 And who are you? * thinking, speaking and writing in 6 languages * Conference interpreting since 2000 * Bachelor of Management * Cross-cultural Communication & Interpreting Specialist * Taught Risk Management in English * Haven't been to the Arctic and Antarctic * 2018 Wikimedian of the Year Farhad Fatkullin, born 1979 * Volunteer secretary of «Wikipedias in Kazan the languages of Russia» initiative * Member of the Tatarstan Presidential [email protected] Commission for the Preservation and +7 9274 158066 Strengthening of Tatar language use (as frhdkazan @ Wikipedia Wikimedia RU Non-Profit Partnership representative) Cooperation of Russia's Wiki-volunteers with the Republic of Tatarstan institutions — w.wiki/qT8 Wiki-volunteering? «Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment.» Cooperation -
Stress Chapter
Word stress in the languages of the Caucasus1 Lena Borise 1. Introduction Languages of the Caucasus exhibit impressive diversity when it comes to word stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in North-West Caucasian (henceforth NWC), Nakh-Dagestanian (ND), and Kartvelian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European (IE) languages of the area, Ossetic and (Eastern) Armenian. For most of these languages, stress facts have only been partially described and analyzed, which raises the question about whether the available data can be used in more theoretically-oriented studies; cf. de Lacy (2014). Instrumental studies are not numerous either. Therefore, the current chapter relies mainly on impressionistic observations, and reflects the state of the art in the study of stress in these languages: there are still more questions than answers. The hope is that the present summary of the existing research can serve as a starting point for future investigations. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 describes languages that have free stress placement – i.e., languages in which stress placement is not predicted by phonological or morphological factors. Section 3 describes languages with fixed stress. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however. The classification of stress systems is best thought of as a continuum, with fixed stress and free stress languages as the two extremes, and most languages falling in the space between them. Many languages with fixed stress allow for exceptions based on certain phonological and/or morphological factors, so that often no firm line can be drawn between, e.g., languages with fixed stress that contain numerous morphologically conditioned exceptions (cf. -
Open-Source Morphology for Endangered Mordvinic Languages
Open-Source Morphology for Endangered Mordvinic Languages Jack Rueter Mika Hämäläinen Niko Partanen Dept. of Digital Humanities Dept. of Digital Humanities Dept. of Finnish, University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Finno-Ugrian [email protected] and Rootroo Ltd and Scandinavian Studies [email protected] University of Helsinki [email protected] Abstract languages. 2002 saw the publication of the first monolingual dictionary of Erzya (Abramov, 2002), This document describes shared development and the manuscript was proclaimed open by the of finite-state description of two closely re- author for future development. The Mordvin lan- lated but endangered minority languages, Erzya and Moksha. It touches upon mor- guages have continued to receive a fair share of pholexical unity and diversity of the two lan- linguistic research interest in the recent years (Luu- guages and how this provides a motivation for tonen, 2014; Hamari and Aasmäe, 2015; Kashkin shared open-source FST development. We de- and Nikiforova, 2015; Grünthal, 2016). scribe how we have designed the transducers After the release first finite-state transducer for so that they can benefit from existing open- the closely related Komi-Zyrian (Rueter, 2000), source infrastructures and are as reusable as possible. it was only obvious that similar work should be done for Erzya Mordvin. Fortunately, over the 1 Introduction past decade there has been an increasing number of publications on Erzya, relating to its morphol- There are over 5000 languages spoken world wide, ogy (Rueter, 2010), its OCR tools (Silfverberg and and a vast majority of them are endangered (see Rueter, 2015) and universal dependencies (Rueter Moseley 2010).