Compiled by William G. Firth

Illustrated by Billy C. Wilson

© 1991 by William G. Firth and Department of Culture and Communications, Government ofthe NorthwestTerritories. All rights reserved.

First edition 1991, second printing, 2010

The research and original publication of this dic­ tionary were made possible under funding from the Department of Culture and Communications, Government of the Northwest Territories.

Reprinted by Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute, 2010.

ISBN- 978-1-896337-12-8 1

Dedication 2

Acknowledgment 3

Introduction 4

Nouns 5

Verbs, Particles and Postpositions 54

Verb Paradigms 172

Alphabet Chart 209 2

I would like to dedicate this book to all my grandmothers and grandfathers, past and present, without whose help this work would not have been possible. Thank you very much for your strength, wisdom and patience.

GUUVEENJIT 'IDINUUTt H

jii dlnehH'eh shltsuu ts'at shltsii kat yeenoo gwlnlindhat shits'at tr'inohnjik geenjit mahsl' choo nihthan. Aii ts'at jii dlnehH'eh nakhweenjit edinidhihti'oh. "Nakhwat'aii, nakhwegwizhli ts'at nagoodhoh'in' geenjit h~!' choo nih than."

-William G. Firth 3

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all those who assisted in any way with the publication of this book. Being one of the first books done by a Dinjii Zhuh, I hope it will encourage others to appreciate our distinct culture and to strive to be the best in whatever you may set your minds to. This, being a life time dream, has given me strength and pride in whatever I may accomplish next. Again, I would like to say how grateful I am to those who patiently gave their precious time. The following is a list of some of the people who assisted me: Mabel English, Jane Charlie Sr., Johnny Charlie Sr., Catherine Mitchell, Sarah Simon, Mary Teya, Emma Robert, Effie Blake, Neil Colin, Mary Pepper, Enna Vittrekwa, Joanne Snowshoe, Hannah Archer, Mary Effie Snowshoe, Mary Firth Sr., Elizabeth Crawford, Bella Ross, Sarah Jerome, Sarah Stewart, Margaret Peterson, Billy Wilson and others too numerous to mention.

-William G. Firth 4

The Gwich'in language belongs to the Athapaskan language family which is spoken in the North, and also in the southwestern United States. This dictionary is based on the Fort McPherson dialect of Gwich'in, which is similar to, but different from, the dialects spoken in the Yukon and Alaska.

There are approximately 265 speakers of Gwich'in over the age of 15 years, in the Northwest Territories (NWT Labor Force Survey, 1989).

In the Northwest Territories, Gwich'in is spoken in Aklavik, Fort McPherson, Arctic Red River and Inuvik.

The four main word classes in Gwich'in are nouns, verbs, particles and postpositions. In this dictionary, nouns are listed in the first section, and verbs, particles and postpositions in the second section. The third section gives verb paradigms. The fourth section is a brief grammatical discussion.

Nouns are given with the third person possessive prefix, which means "his or her or its".

Verbs are given in the third person proximate form, which means "he or she or it". Generally there are three tenses given for each verb, the future tense,the present tense and the past tense.

If two different verb stems have the same meaning in English, the verbs are given separate entries.

This dictionary uses the standardized Gwich'in writing system developed by the Gwich'in Working Committee of the Dene Standardization Project. 5

N N 6 B

IL E T BABICHE ts'ik - ailment. akaih 1aii - large-size babiche. U'il ts'ik - small-size babiche. AROM gwiinzii vagwaatsan - it has a BACHELOR good aroma. dinjii tr'linjoo ehdan I dinjii gadhidii kwaa - bachelor. AUNT veek'aii - his aunt (his mother's BAIT sister) tsan - bait. vootr'l' - his aunt (his father's khyah tsan - bait for a trap. sister) ja1 tsan - bait for a fishhook.

BALD gwaakal - a bald spot.

BALL nehkak - ball. nehkak hah tslidi'ii - he is playing wlth a ball. 7 B NK - spruce tf'eedik - bank (of the

BREAT vlzhli' - his breath. BANK tseedhoh k'anahtih dehk'lt - a BRIDGE bank (for money) neegwinaan tsaii - bridge. BICYCLE tr'il - bicycle.

BUMP alzhal - a bump (swollen place). BOY tshyaa - a boy.

BOYFRIEND va'oodee - her boyfriend.

BRANCH thoochyaa - any tree branch. 8 c

CACHE njah - cache. drah - platform cache. dehdrah I dehtsli - cabin cache.

CAR litsii khat - car.

CAMP dachan zheh - cabin. nlihah k'lt camp place.

CANDLE khaii juuk'an' - candle.

CANDY soogaii k'lt gwandaii - candy. CELLAR nan tsii k'lt - cellar. CANE toh - cane. vatoo - his cane. CH I litsii H'yah -

CHIP tyuh chlt - wood chip. CHAIR vakat datr'oodii - a chair.

CHIMNEY litsii gwizhah guk 'u'ee - the chimney (stove pipe) 0 CHISEL R C TI tuu dzyah - 1ce chisel. gwahsrl' I gwizrl' - meadow, clear place.

T, BL D dah nakhah - a blood clot, clotted blood. CLOUD. k'oh - cloud.

shat - small round hollow snowshoe chisel. ts'iigho' - flat-headed chisel for snowshoes.

CHURCH Tr'iggkhii zheh I Tr'igijiinjii zheh - church.

CLAY, MUD tuh ant'at - clay, sticky mud. tuh vee t'at - clay. 1 (for , H khah - club. H'oo chao - cord. vighaa - his club.

COURT COMMUNITY atr'oodahkat - court, trial. dinjii datthak zheh - community hall. CROSS nihk'yuu kaiik'lt gwizhlt - in each nihtididhityin I nihdida'eh - a community. cross.

COMPANION vijyaa I vlt1ih - his companion, partner.

CONE dineedzil - spruce cone. 1 2 DESERT nankan I DAY than nan gwinjir - desert. drin - day. juk drin - today. drin tthak I datthak - all day. juk drin jidli drin - what day is it today? k'eejlt drin - earlier today. khah zhak - a short winter day.

DEMON tr'aanduu I chank'yuu lizuu - demon.

DEN DIAPER gwa'an - a den. ch'H - diaper. shih an - grizzly bear's den.

DIARRHEA DENTIST chigwi:tts'ik I vazrak etts'ik - diigho' hah dha'aii - dentist. diarrhea.

DIRT 1uh I sraih - dirt.

DISEASE ts'ik - disease. 1 3 IS E PE D IFT D taii ts'ik - distemper. doo - driftwood (on shore). han ch'eedl' doo alaa - driftwood DOOR on the river. gihdaniivyaa - a door.

DRILL DOUGH vaa gijiit'ii - a wood drill (a tuh ch'lh - wet dough, batter. brace) tuh t'at - stiff dough.

DRESS tr'linjoo ik - woman's dress.

DRIZZLE tshin zroo - drizzle.

DRIFT tsi t - snowdrift. 1 4 DRYF SH E uutsik - dried fish. E RTH nan I nan kak I nan kat - earth.

iuk vikat chllchik - half -dried fish.

DUST EDDY iuh I gwijat - dust. ok - eddy, back current m river or creek. DWARF dinjii zhoo tsal - dwarf. EDDY k'lnehdlaii - an eddy. DYNAMITE nan zhlt giyahdoo I vah EGGS gwitr'ahdoo - dynamite. aghoo - bird eggs. 1 5 k'yln' - fish S. I G ISH F aghoo zhlt atsoo - yolk. kwan' nanaatthoh _: a fire extinguisher. ELDER anjoo - an elderly person.

ENCLOSURE gwizhlt dha'aii - enclosure, something in it.

ENEMY gwits'at gwlf'aii - enemy. vits'at gwlf'aii - his enemy.

ENTRANCE nihdagweedii - entrance. EYEWITNESS ENVOY ihiee jidii gwinah'in gagwaandak - gwandak hah nahadlk - an envoy, eyewitness. messenger.

EQUIPMENT nadhizrii gwadal - hunting equipment.

ERASER vah ginihtr'ahjii - an eraser.

EXPLOSION diik'ee e{'doh - explosion. 1 6 F FIRE - fire, matches. FABLE zhuu gwandak tr'ahtsii - fable. zhuu ch'ii'an tr'ahtsil - fable.

FALL (season) kh~uts'an' - Fall.

FAMILY vizhehk'oo - his family.

FAMINE datsan - famine.

FAT FIREBRANCH ( of it'ii' - caribou fat. wood) troo juuk'an' - firebranch. FEAR naaja t - fear. FIRESIDE kwandee - fireside. FEAST lavasdaa - old-time feast. FIRMAMENT, HEAVEN zhee kak I kat - firmament, FENCE heaven. tthat - fence. FISH tuk - fish (any kind)

FEVER ts'ik n!!dhaa fever.

FLASHLIGHT too vah athidrii - a flashlight.

FLESH va tthai' - his flesh, its flesh.

FLINT vihtr'ii - flint. 7 LO E - flower (can also be u k'agwaadhat I leaves) - foreman. FOREST dachan tat - in the forest, woods .

. (

FOAM dadaghoo - foam. FORK FOG litsii gwal - fork. a tr'ai - fog. teezhar - fog on water.

FOOTPRINT vik'aih k'ih I vik'ih - his footprint. 1 8 F AME nits'oo gwo'oo tadha'ee - frame. G RD gwanzhih deek'lt - garden.

RMENT, OUTER GARMENT gwiyehdak ik - garment.

hol g up sto ings) dreechoh - garter.

GARTER (for holding up sleeves) ginidiniizhii - garter. FREEZER shlh tan vizhlt dhidlli - freezer, food cache.

FREIGHT gwidal natr'ahaazhlk - freight.

FRIEND valak I vijaa - his friend.

FRINGE veelin tthak - fringe.

FROST GAS (fuel) sroo - frost. chuu dak'aa - gas. its'ik - frost, small hail-like condensation appearing on clear mornings. its'ik na'ah'eh - frosty weather. 1 9 T G F nihdagweedii - gate, entrance. oozhii - gift.

GERM GIRL ts'ik tr'inah'in kwaa - germ. nlch'it - young girl. nlch'it zu' - pretty young girl.

GHOST ts'ehch'in - girl becoming woman gwink'yuu I ch'ink'yuu - ghost. (customarily)

GIRLFRIEND va'oodee - his girlfriend.

GLASS vinji'aa'yaa - glass (such as a window) 20 EYEGL SSES GL ES ndee aizhii I iizhll - eye glasses. - gloves. vidzhlr' I vinlee dzhlr' - his gloves.

GLOBE nan kat glnagoo'e' - globe. GLUE vaa !lgwiH'an - glue.

GOD Vlt'egwijy?hch'uu - God.

GODCHILD gii a!'ii - godchild. vigil - his godchild.

GODMOTHER hanh a!'ii - godmother. vahanh - his godmother.

GLORY GODFATHER egw?hdyit - glory, brightness. chuu vats'an gahtsll dai' vitl' - his godfather, father at baptism.

GOOD-FRIDAY jesus gatr'aHsak drln - Good-Friday. 1 S L A L gwandak nizrii gospel. needdhak I sheih -

chii chyah - gravel bar the river.

GREENWOOD dachan lih - greenwood.

GREENWOOD (FROZEN SPRUCE) ts'iivii tan' - greenwood (frozen spruce)

GROUP tiglljil I titr'lljil I khehtok - a GRANDCHILD group. vlcheii - her grandchild. vlchil - his grandchild. GUARD khaodaa'in - guard. GRANDFATHER vltsii - his grandfather. GUARDIAN gwik'anahtii - guardian (one who is GRANDMOTHER taking care of something) vltsuu - his grandmother. GUEST GRAVE dinjil yah a'aa - his guest. tth'an k'it - a grave. GUIDE ginee'aa - guide.

GUTTER gweelah - gutter. 22 HALF teejirh - half. HAIL enlyuu - hail.

HALFBREED, METIS teenjiraatsyaa - halfbreed. HAIR echllghe' - hair. HAMMER vichllghe' - his hair. deht'ik - hammer.

HANDKERCHIEF k'oonait'aii - handkerchief.

HANDLE vatai' - its handle.

HARDSHIP go goon trih - hardship. 23 H R ES ) tali H'yaa - dog harness. niinlaii - water hose.

HE, HIM, SHE, HER HOUSE adanh ~ he, him, she, her zheh I zhee - house. nlivyaa zheh - skin house (old HEARTBURN style) vizhlt t'ajlhts'ih - heartburn. niihaa zheh - overnight house. chii zheh - a stone house. HERMIT dachan zheh - a cabin dinjii than gwandaii - hermit.

HOLIDAY nagwaazhii drin - holiday (day of rest)

HOME dizheh - his home.

HOSE (to wear) diitth'an' tah dril - hose (stockings)

tuu .kanh - sod house.

HYMN ch'ili.k - a hymn. 24 HY TIS I gwahtsii - a hypnotist. I - I.

ICE tuu - ice . .f'uu ddhak I -tuu dril - rotten ice. -tuu najQ!Jjik - ice jams . .f'uu i-t I l'uu chi.igoh I tuu ch'ok - icicles. -tuu dzyak - ice picks . .f'uu tail - ice road I ice bridge. tuu khadinaanaii - 1ce cubes . .f'uu alaa - iceberg. tuu khadinahshii tr'ih I tuu !adahnaii tr'ih choo - 1ce breaker. tuu t'ok khaii - 1ce cream.

I SKATES litsii kaiitrih - 1ce skates.

IDEA akoo dainiindhan - his idea.

IDOL yik'lt tagwlttsl' - idol. 25

I GITI ATE CHI I E kwandeetak gil - illegitimate chil zheh gwaazraii gwizhlt gw ich'in - inmate. ILLNE so see s ts'ik - illness.

INDIAN, NATI ABORIGINAL Dinjii Zhuhl zhuh - Indian, native, aboriginal.

INSOLE diikaiitrih zhit a.fchuh I diikaiit.f'ee t'eh a.fchuh I kaiijaat'uu - insole.

INLAND yeendak - inland. chuu choo gwich'ii - away from the ocean (inland).

INSTRUCTOR gaonahtan I ge'oonahtan - instructor.

INTERIOR gwideek'lt gwizhlt - interior. 2 J ( so us

JAIL zheh gwaazraii - jail. JU ILE k'eejlt - a juvenile.

JOURNEY khaihtak - journey.

JUDGE atr'oodahkat gwizhlt iisrits'at chit - judge (in the court)

JUICE chuu dhandaii - juice. 27

vah tr'igwiH'uu - knitting needles. Eneekaii tr'ih tsal - kayak. KNOT thohchan - knot in wood.

KNUCKLES vanleegwat - his knuckles.

KEEL tr'ih H'ee juutin - keel.

KEEPER guk'anahtii - keeper.

KINDLING iuh - kindling.

KING k'agwaadhat choo chit - a king. guuk'agwaadhat - kingdom.

KINSHIP yidaazhlh nat - kinship.

KITCHEN vik'atr'ahch'uu zheh - kitchen.

KITTEN niinjii zhuu - kitten. 28 L shlh tyah vah de'tr'idhak - ladle L CE for soup. ethitfii chl' nizrii hah tr'eHsaii - lace (for sewing) 1'uu ch'ik - ladle for taking 1ce out.

LACE FAT LADY icheezhu' - lace fat, caul fat. oonjit I uunjit tr'ik - lady.

LADDER LAMP khaii juuk'an I vah ga'aadrli - vakak ch'iidak datr'ada1' I dehtha t vakat natr'eedyaa - ladder. lamp.

LADLE LAND nan I nankat I nankak - land. vizhlt chuu e'iichii - ladle, dipper nan lin - edge of the land. for water. nan hah gwideech'in - landscape. 2 - moose I G aak'ii dhoh - cow leather. nlne'dinaadhak deek - a lan place.

LEECH dah'ah t'ok - leech. LANGUAGE ginjih - language. viginjlk - his language.

LAP vinU'ee - his lap. yin H'ee dadhidii - he is sitting on his lap.

LAW dagwidu'e' - law.

LAWYER dagwidg'e' gahdandaii - a lawyer. LEGEND yeenoo dai' gwandak - legend. LEADER -tail chih ahah I iaii chih dhidii - LENT leader of the dogs. atr'ididaagaii gweedhah dai' I drin chit - leader of the people. d~~kat juutin hee I drin d~~kat juutin dai' - Lent. LEATHER adhoh - (animal) leather. vadzaih dhoh caribou leather. 30 LESSO L BER ejlich'ii gik'atr'aanjil goo dachan chyah I chyaa - lumber. gatr'oonahtan - lesson.

L TER dinehU'eh gwidinithat1"'oo - a letter.

LID tyah didiniintinh - lid.

LIFE gwandaii - life.

LIG T aadrii - a light.

LOAD khah - a load.

LOVE ch'a t'agwiiniindhan - love. 3 1

ts'oh - maggot. zheh gwichii''ee gwichoo - mansion.

MAGICIAN MANTLE (for lamp) dinjil nagwahde' - magician. aadrii dhoh - mantle.

MAP MAILM N nan k'lt tatr'igwii'tsl' I nan k'it dinehH'eh nahaazhik - mailman. tr'igwahtsl' - map.

MARROW izhee - marrow.

MAN dinjii - man.

MASK diinyln' k'lt tagwiHsl' - mask.

dinjii nat I kat - men. 32 DICI N M T dinjii dazhan - medicine man. chyah - mat. ESSENGER M gatha'ak - messenger. kwan' - a match (for lighting a gwandak hah nahadik - messenger. fire) MIDDAY MATTRESS drin t-t'at - midday. tshyuh chyah - down mattress. MILK ME aak 'ii t'ok - milk. shii - me. shint'eh - me too.

MEAL atr'a'aa - meal.

MEAT nllii - meat. nllii gaii - dry meat.

MIND viyinjl' - his mind.

nllii lih - raw meat. nllii vir - boiled meat. nllii ch'uh - fried meat.

MEDICINE agoondaii - medicine. 3 I E gwihdijii - a R I G

IRR k'eejlt vanh - earlier this morning. vizhlt diitr'idinah'ii - a mirror. MUD tyuh ant'at - mud.

MUSHROOM eveedzaa - mushroom.

MITE ejlich'ii natsal - mite (something small) zhl' - mlte (insect) MUSIC MOLD etr'idlii - mus1c. tsuh - mold.

MONEY tseedhoh I llzhaa - money. 34 IGHBOR vinee'ok his neighbor. or e) vehkhee gwich'in - his neighbors. vinleegail - his fingernail. vakaiigaii - his toenail. drin choo - New Year's Day. NAPKIN dinehH'eh diinli' vah ge'tr'ahjii - NEXT napkin. yeendoo khaii I gwit1"ee khaii - next year.

yeendoo nagwidadhat - next year.

NIGHT too I khahts'at - night. k'eedai' khahts'at 1 too - last night. juk khahts'at I too - tonight.

NIPPLE vat'ok chl' - nipple.

NEEDLE tthah tsal - needle. tthah tsal dhoh - needle case. bag.

NOON drin H'a t - noon.

NORTH yeedl' ts'aii - up north. 3 t dii

ORTH IND - ocean. dii ahtr'aii - northwind. OIL NORTHERN LIGH khaii I t:tee - oil. ylkalh - northern lights. MAN NURSE diny~hch'l' - old man. eHs'ik k'fanahtii - a nurse (looks after the sick) OMAN shanaghan - old woman.

OPEN PLACE teeddhaa - open place in river.

gwaazrl' - opening place in forest.

OPENING gagweedii - openmg m building.

ORNAMENT nidiniltsl' - ornaments.

ORPHAN chiitee - orphan.

OWNER dinjii gwats'at k'agwaadhat - owner.

dinjii vats'an t'iinch'uh - he is the owner. 3 L

PACK khah - a packsack. vaghaa - his packsack.

vityaa - his pail.

PAINT tsaih - paint. iaii gh~w - a dog pack. PAINTER tsaih ah ts ii - painter. PADDLE taa'aii - paddle. PARENT yuughwan - parent. viyuughwan - his parents.

PARTY srugoonch'uu gwahtsii - party.

PATH tali - path.

gwlnii'ee - path.

PEACE tslnehdanh I chuughwal - peace. 7 EL PIS TO nin dhoh - pelt. - pistoL

PENCIL PIT dinehti'eh Uli' - pencil. nan zheh - pit. dineht-t'eh tai' vah tr'it'ii - pencil sharpener. PL CE vikaiik'it - his place. PEOPLE videek'it I videhk'it - its place. d.injii kat I nat - people. a11 tali uu'an videhk'lt danh gwich'in kat - people. dinaanchoh - tie that dog in its place. PERFUME ne'tr'a'aa k'it - butchering place. gwidaatsan' I tsan' - perfume. PLAIN PERSPIRATION gwichyaa - plain, flat land. thah I vakak chuu goonlii - perspiration.

PIPE, TOBACCO ts'eet'at chl' - pipe (for smoking)

PIPE, WATER chuu vizhlt niinlaii - pipe (for water) 38 d) dachan plane. - pliers.

PLANK POCKET dachan chyah - plank. vich'~et'it - his pocket.

PLANT gwanzhih - plant, something grow mg.

POINT geendii I thidii ch'ok - point of land.

PLASTIC (transparent plastic) ithit:t'ii dril vinjit gweech'in - plastic. OLE

Q EEN gwiyee'at choo chit - a queen.

POTLATCH lavasdaa - potlatch. lavasdaa ahtsii - he· 1s putting on a potlatch. QUIVER k'l' dhoh - a quiver (for arrows) 40 R S I N pan. RAI tshin - rain.

R INBOW sriivyaa I sreevyaa - a rainbow. srii vanaojilt'aii - a circular rainbow around the sun

RELATIVES vldaazhH kat - his relatives. valak kat - his relatives (or his friends) CKING CHAIR vakat tr'oodii aaval - a rocking RIDGEPOLE chair. zheh ch'ik hijuu'ee - ridgepole. ROOM RING zheh gwizhit tr'oodii - a room. nileetth'ak - a rmg (for the finger) 4 00 ROSE roots. k ch'ik - a rose. khaii - roots. oodeeghaii - roots.

RUFF trih - carrot-like root. zhoh needl' nanuu'ee - wolf fur akak - largest kind of root. ruff. eH'yaa - smaller kind of roots. RUST ROPE tsuh - rust. H'oo choo - large rope. 42 s s L SALT leshel - a dohghwai' - , HE · adanh - she, her, him, he lesel - salt. S E T S LVATION srii dhoh - sheath for knife (a ch'eegwahshii - salvation. case)

SAP aat'oo chu' - sap.

SAVIOR ahshii - Saviour.

SCALES -:tuk gyu' - fish scales.

SCALP vichii dhoh - his scalp.

SERVANT SHELTER yak'aindak - his servant, slave. gwizhlt tr'igwich'in - shelter. ak'aindak - a servant. slave. SICKNESS altsan - a servant, slave. ts'ik - a sickness. SETTLEMENT SILK kaiik'it - a settlement. laaswee - silk. SEWING MACHINE SKIN litsii vah k'e'jiikai' - a sewing adhoh - a moose or caribou skin. machine. adhoh lih - an untanned animal skin. SHADOW adhoh iinzhee - a tanned animal vagwazraii - his shadow. skin. SHAME oozhii - shame. 43 SK L 0 vichiitth'an - - snow. - loose snow, under crust. zhoh tshyuu I zhoh chat - soft, loose snow. dehzhoo - snow on branches. zhoh t'a t I nizrlh I zhoh trah - wet snow.

SKY zhee hyuu - the sky. zhee zhlt - in the sky.

SLING diik'ee H'yaa - a gun sling. chii H'yaa - a rock sling. tsi-t - snowdrift.

SLOPE SOLE gwidik - slope. vakaiijaat'uu - its sole (of the shoe)

SMOKE vakaiitt'ee - the sole of the foot) -tat - smoke (from a fire) SONG ilik I elik - a song.

SOOT iits'lh - soot.

SORROW tr'igwidii - sorrow.

SOUL vink'yuu - his soul. 44

- sound. s

SPI E STORE anan - the spme. ookat zheh a store. vanan - his spine.

SPIRIT vink'yuu - his spirit. gwandak - a story, tale, news.

SPRING, (METAL) s NGT litsii nathivii I litsii nathidoo - a va t'a.ii - his strength. spring (coiled metal) STRING SPRING, (WATER) H'yah ts'lk - string. kha tanahai.i I khadanaghall - a spring where water comes out. STRIPS tthak - strips of leather. SPRINGTIME sreendlt - Spring (time of the year) STUMP achan - stump on the ground. SPRUCE ah - spruce (with needles)

SPRUCE NEEDLE ts'livii leegat - spruce needle.

STALK, STEM vachan - its stalk, stem.

STARVATION datsan - starvation.

STERN SUDS tr'ih H'l' - the stern of the boat. daaHih t'at - suds.

STOMAC SURFACE vavat - his stomach (outside) teekak I tee'ak - the surface of the water. vazrak - his stomach (inside) 45 I G t - a T BLE vakak ii'aa - table.

TAIL vitshl' - its tail.

TALLOW ik'eh ghai' - tallow. 4 TAR TE T

IN, dohsroo dagaii atchuu - tarpaulin.

TASK gwitr'it - task.

TASSEL gwichli dhidlii tassel.

THANKSGIVING h~!' gwint:t'agwldllii I gwinH'agwada'aii - Thanksgiving.

T ERMOMETER ak 'oh vaa ahgwidindaii - outside thermometer. ak 'oh k 'adhandaih - outside TEA thermometer. lldii - tea. ts'lk nlindhaa vah ahgwidindaii - oral thermometer. TEACHER ga'oonahtan I gaonahtan - a THEY, THEM teacher. agadanh - they, them.

TEARS THICK BUSH (dense, tangled) vitreechu' - his tears, teardrops. tr'a{ - a thick bush.

TEETH THIEF vagho' - his teeth. dinjii in'ii nilii .- he 1s a thief.

TEMPLE THIGH MUSCLE diineech'uh - his temples (side of vitsyuu - his front thigh muscle. head) 47 i' - s H mus vih vih s'ik - he has a sore THIGHBONE throat. vadhohghwaa - his thighbone. THUMB THIMBLE vanchoh - his thumb. edzii gwachoo - a thimble.

THUNDER THORN nehtan - thunder. khoh - thorn. THURSDAY THREAD drin ih1ogwinll' - Thursday. ethitf'ii ch'li - ·thread. khanlidoo - ready-to-use thread. TIP vichl' - its tip.

TOBACCO ts'eet'at - tobacco.

TOBOGGAN dachaava{ toboggan.

TOE vakailts'at - his toe. vakaiits'at choo - his big toe.

vakaiidrll - all his toes. 48

E

T IG T juk khahts'at 1 too - tonight.

TONSIL vihdaii koh - his tonsil.

TOOL vah gwitr'it t'agwah'in - tool.

gwitr'it gwadal - work tools.

TODAY TOOTH juk drin - today. vagho' - his tooth.

TOILET trln' zheh - toilet.

TOILET PA vah tr'iditsit - toilet paper.

TOOT PICK vagho' k'ldeetak vah sritr'igwilii - toothpick.

TOMORROW nihkaa - tomorrow. nihkaa gehndoo - day before yesterday. 49 E TR hsroo - towel. iitsii k - a metal trap.

TOY dachan khyah - a deadfall trap. yah nagwaazhii I tslidl'ii - toy. TREE TRACK dachan - a tree. vik'lh - his tracks. aat'oo - a birch tree. TRAIL, PATH t'oo - a cottonwood tree. taii - trail, path. ts'llvii - a spruce tree. chugwilyuu - toboggan or dog team trail.

TRANSLATOR iehte'dehdeelyaa - a translator.

k'oh - an alder tree.

k'aii - a willow tree. 5

CLE TRU voo'ii I (mother's vachan - its trunk. brother) vhii - his uncle (father's brother) TUG-OF- R H'yah hah tr'ahaandak - tug-of­ UND CL war. eyeezhak ch'yaa - underclothes.

TWIN UND PANTS ninaach'uh - twins. gwizhee yee'ak thai' - underpants. vi'iizhak tha! - his underpants.

UNDERS IRT izhi'ah ik - undershirt.

UNIVERSE nankat zheekak haa tthak - universe.

URINE larh - urine.

US, WE nakhwanh - us, we. 5

LL GO ik'ltah'ee I nihtak - valley. litsii kha..t - wagon.

V NITY khadak diinch'uu - vanity.

POR teezraa - vapor.

EG ABLE gwanzhih atr'a'aa - vegetable.

VEIN vitsh'yuu - his veins.

VENTILATOR WALL vizhlt khaintr'aii - ventilator. zheh gwihyuu - wall.

VILLAGE WAR kaiik'it gwatsal - village. aghan - war.

VILLAGERS WAREHOUSE gwich'in kat I nat - villagers. gwadal zheh - warehouse.

VOICE WARRIOR videezhuu - his voice. niveh t'ah'ii - warr lor. videezhuu ts'ik - his high -pitched voice. WATER videezhuu nichii - his deep, hoarse chuu- water. voice. chuu k'lt - a waterhole. chuu tyah - a water pail.

WATERFALL natainlaii - a waterfall.

WAVE (on the water) tit - a big wave. 52 E, nak US.

G taii vlitrii - a dog whip. OOD troo - wood.for fire. WHIRLPOOL chuu iljat - a strong whirlpool. dahshaa - rotten wood (used to smoke skin) k'inehdlaii - a weak whirlpooL - cottonwood. WHIRLWIND ahtr'aii vii - whirlwind. dachan lih - greenwood.

WHISKERS WORD videezhoo - his whiskers. ginjih - word. viginjlk - his words. WHISTLE k'aii yuuzhuu - a whistle (made of willow) litsii yuuzhuu - a whistle (made of metal)

WHITE (MAN OR WOMAN) uunjlt - whiteman/whitewoman. vah nan goodlit I vanoodlit - whitemenlwhitewoman. chii zhak gwich'in - whltemenlwhltewomen.

WIDOW, WIDOWER chiitee - widow I widower.

WING ats'an - win g. vats'an - its wing. 5

E R nagwidadhat I khaii - year. nagwidadhat ih1ak dai' I khail ihtak dai' - one year. khaii hee - last year. k'eejit khaii - next year.

ESTE AY k'eedai' - yesterday. k'eedai' gehnoo - day before yesterday.

OLK aghoo zhit atsoo - egg yolk.

YOU nanh - you (one person) nakhwanh - you all, you guys (more than one person) 4

LE / - a lot, B DO them or kwank'lt - an abandoned village dinjii I goonlii - a lot of or house. people. gwiinH'oh goonlii - a lot, a great amount.

BUSE khainjl' yahdaadhat - he will abuse someone. khainjl' yidaadhat - he is abusing someone. khainjl' yijlldhat - he abused someone.

ACCEPT yuuheendal - he will accept it. yuunjii - he is accepting it. ABLE yuunjik - he accepted it. gadhan heelyaa - he will be able. ACCIDENT gadhan nilli - he is able. duulee vigwehdeendal - he will gadhan iinli' - he was able. get into an accident. vlgwlju'aii - he is in an ABOUT accident. aii geenjit - about it (concerning keedai' vlgwldiinjlk - he got into anything) an accident yesterday. ABOVE ACCOMPANY uudak I uudee I yeedak 1 yaa heehah - he will accompany yeedee - in or to a higher him. place. yaa ahah - he is accompanying yeedee dak hail - higher up. him. yeedak zhee zhlt - way up in yaa nahadlk - he accompanied the sky. him. yeedee tali gwichoo gwa'an 1 yeedee taii gwichoo gwidak - ACCORDING TO way up along the highway. gwlk'lt - according to it. 5 T D on account of on to

CCUSE nugwan it yine'dahkhan - it yits'a t gidahdin~hjik - he is short so he is adding on accused him. to it.

ACHE DEQUATE gwltts'ik I eHs'.ik - it aches. t'alee gwiinchli - is it adequate, vanan gwi:tts'ik - his back aches. enough? vichl' eHs'ik - his head aches. DMIRE A ass yichH'ee - he admires him. nduh ts'aii - across (the river) ADOPT y~hdlt - across· side. yuunjik - he adopted him. yeenln - far across side. AFRAID yinahjat - he is afraid of him. chuuchoo gwideetoh - across the ocean. AFTER (following someone, as on a trail) yik'll - after. yik'li ahah - he is walking after him.

AFTER (in time) t·f'ee - after. ali H'ee - after that. gwlH'ee jl' - maybe after. drin t·.t'at tt'ee - in the afternoon.

AGAIN ACTUALLY chan - again. gweeghe' - actually. chan hee - once again. shoh yuunuu gweeghe' dlnjik chan lee? - once again? t'iinch'uu - he thought it was a bear, but actually it was a moose. 7 L KE G I ST daa'aii gwihyuu are alike. drats'at dha'aii - his axe is nihk'lt t'igiinch'uu - they (people) leaning against it. are alike. nih -titr'igijii'eh - they are against LIVE each other (people, things). tth'aih gwandaii - he is alive. gwinehch'l' - it is against it. LL datthak I tthak - all. EAD yich'ii - ahead ALLOW yich'ii ahah - he is walking akoo dindi'ii kwaa yahnuu - he ahead of him. doesn't allow him to do that. IM (INTENT) yats'at guk'agwandaii - he is adanh akoo duuyeh t'idi'ih - he aiming to do it. isn't allowed to do that. yats'at guk'agwandai' - he aimed to do it. ALMOST khainjii - almost. AIM dlnjik gwiinzii ts'at ichH'ee I ALONE dlnjik gwikak gwinah'ii - he is thok - alone. aiming at the moose. thok nilii - he is alone. dlnjlk gwikak gwinah'l' - he aimed at the moose. ALONE, STAND than - stand alone than naa'eh - he is standing alone.

ALONG gwinjik - along it (river or trail)

ALREADY adai' hee - already.

ALWAYS shlk - always. 8

A vichaagwlj - he annoying. {~hch'yaa vah srugoonch'uu - is amazed (too much for NSWER him). vidii giteekhyah - he will answer him. AMONG vidii gakhli he is answering gootat I guutat nilii - he is him. among them. yits'at gakhli - he is answering him. AMOUNT . vldll guhe' - he answered him. agw~hchi.i - amount. yits'at guhe' - he answered him. dagw~hchil I t'agw~hchil - how much? ANXIOUS yits'at khalchl' heelyaa - he will AND, AND THEN, ALSO be anxious about it. chants'at I ts'at - and (joins yits'at khalchl' nilli - he is phrases) anxious about it. ali ts'at - and then. yits'at khalchl' iinll' - he was akohts'at - and then. anxious about it. ants'at - also. APART AND, WITH nihk'yuu dagiinch'uu - (people) hah I haa - with, and (joins are apart. two nouns) nihk'yuu t'igiinch'uu - (things) are apart. ANGER zhlnahch'ii - he is full of anger. APART zhlnllch'li zhuu nachidhlzhii - he nihkyaa'an - people are apart. went away angry. nihkhaa'at - people are apart. vik 'ii goonlii - he is angry. vik'ii goodlit -.he became angry. vik'ii goonlii guuzhik nahadlk - he is walking around angry. vlich'oo - he is angry, miserable, cranky. d

vlgwldeech'ln - that's the way appeared to me.

yits'at idagwijllcheii - appeared.

PPOINT dagwi·dHcheii - appoint. vidagwijHcheii - he was appointed. ISE (FROM SITTING) nataa'eh - he will arise (from APPROVE sitting) aah~' nuh - he approves it. nuu'eh - he is arising (from sitting) ARRANGE nidhikhyin - he arose (from sriinagwq.hjii - he is arranging it, sitting) getting it ready. sriinagwHnjik - he arranged it, ARISE (FROM SLEEP) got it ready. khachiheedi'yaa - he will arising (from sleep) ARGUE khacheeda'aii - he is arising ats'at t'lyahaanjaa - he will (from sleep) argue with him. khacheeda'ak - he arose (from sleep) ats'at t'lyahnuu - he is arguing with him. ARRIVE ats'at t'lyaanu' - he argued with nihkaa k'aheedik - Tomorrow, he him. will arrive. zhat at'at k'adlk - he already arrived here. ARO

- around gwa:an - around TTE TI E geenjlt nlinj dhat - uu'ok chlitaii - around outside. attentive. nihk'yuu - around in various TTR CT directions. vat'llnilndhan - he is attracted to her. ASK yuuhadahkat - he will ask him. VOID yuudahkat - he is asking him. gwlch'li adik'anahtyaa - he will yuuda-tkat - he asked him. avoid it. gwlch'li adik'anahtii - he is ASSEMBLE avoiding it. nihkhah -tatr'ahaadaa - they will gwich'll adik'aniHii - he avoided assemble. it. kheh-tok dinjii -tigiljil - they have assembled. AWAIT nlyuuvll'ii - he is awaiting him. ASSIST nlyuuvll'l' - he awaited him. vits'at tr'iheendal - he will assist him. AWAKE vits'at tr'iinjii - he is assisting khatsheeda'aii he is awake. him. khatsheeda'ak - he awoke. vits'at tr'iniinjik - he assisted him. WARE ATTEMPT gahdandaii - he is aware. guk'agwiheendaii - he will attempt it. AWAY (from speaker) guk'agwandaii - he 1s attempting uu'an I oo'an I yaa'an - away it. over there. guk'agwandai' - he attempted it. gwa'an - away at a certain place. ATTENTION chii'an - straight away. yuutadhahch'yaa - he will pay y.i'ee'an - far away, way over attention to him. that way. yuudhadhHch'eii - he is paying attention to him. 1

B D is bad (a situation) river, inland. iizuu - is bad (a person) gwlizuu - is slightly awfuL AW ( se ) yeh-tee - away, separate from it. B E idik'ee'ahtraa - he is bathing. IDING idik'ee'altraa - he bathed. gwich'li - to avoid it.

WF L tr'agwaanduu - it is really awful.

BALD vichl' kal goonlii - he is bald. dinjii vichl' kal - a bald person. 2

him out. adai' hee B I ( ) bawled him out. ndak - farther behind it.

BE heelyaa - he will be. nilli - he is. iinll' - he was.

BEAR tr'iinin heedi'yaa - she will bear a child. tr'iinin eedi'i' - she bore a child.

BEAR (CARRY) aih nahalik I nahaazhik - he 1S B IND (CLOSE) bearing his snowshoes. uunjl' - just behind me, not too far. BEAT (AT GAME) gaayii yeHsaii - he beat him (in BEG a game). uudidika t - begging.

BEAT (STIR QUICKLY) BEGIN span yikidaaghaa - he is beating nagwlnii'aii - he began. it with a spoon. nagwlniindhat - it already began. BEAT (HEART) vidrii daadhak - his heart 1s BELIEVE be a tin g. gwik'ylnjiteedhaa - he will believe it. BEAT (DRUM) gwik'ylnjizhit - he believes it. shuh ~~haa - he 1s beating his gwik'ylnjudhat - he believed it. drum.

BEAUTIFUL ndoo diinch'uu I dagoonch'uu - she is beautiful. BE D t"ooghwat - s noun) the snowshoes. jidli - something big

BIND H'an giyahchoh I k'ltr'ahchoh - bind.

BIR D vidrln neegwldadhat I teegwidadhat - her birthday. vigoonlii drln - her birthday.

BETWEEN k'ideetak - between (the pages of a book)

BITE yuu'al - he is biting it (repeatedly) YlJlJ'at - he bit it.

BLACK EYE guk'ldeetak - between (two vindee dzlh tr'n'aih - he has a people or things) black eye. vik'ldeetak I vihtth'an k'ldeetak - between his legs. BLACK OUT vah too gwichidhltthaii - he BIG blacked out I passed out. nichii - it is big. (eg: a mountain) 4

BO was born - What was he ? BLO jidli srii nanh vagoonlih - What yahshal - he is blowing on it. month was he born? yizhlt gwahzhal - he is blowing jidll drin vagoonlih - What day it up (inflating it) was he born? n.ijln nankat danh vigoonlih - Around where was he born? nijln kaiik'lt danh vigoonlih - In what community was ·he born?

BOSS ylts'at k'agwaadhat - his boss or he bosses him.

BOTH nihkhah - · both. BLOW UP gwlldoo - it is blowing up. BOTHERSOME aldoo - it blew up already. vlgwintii - he is bothersome, hyper, can't keep still. BLUSH vinyln ch'ik nagW1Jaanali - he 1s BOTTOM blushing. viH'ee - on the bottom of it (a pail) BOIL hahvlr - he will boil (something). ahvlr - he is boiling (something). a.fvlr' - he boiled (something). geh hahvlr - he will boil the rabbit. BO TO B ) tee - bottom k - it d tyah - the -bottom bucket. BO yits'at nichidhigWf.!f.!'ee - he bowed down to him.

BOYISH diinch'uu - boyish tshyaa k'lt diinch'uu - boyish.

BR ID yinahU'yaa - it is being braided. nilt!'yaa - it is braided. yichlighe' nahH'yah - she is braiding her hair. yichlighe' nilt!'yah - she braided BOTTOM her hair. chee - the bottom of the river vichlighe' nilH'yah her hair is or lake. braided.

BOUNCE nahdahthak - it bounced up and down (a ball)

,_ " ' / / "' \ I \ I \ I \

tr'iinin nahdahthak goonlih - a bouncing baby. BR K B nan

up. nan - they buried tagwijHnaii is already him. broken. tijllnaii - he broke some off. tyuu tidaanali - the ice is breaking up.

BREA dazhak - he breathed once.

BRING nihdayt;thchih - he brings him ln.

BUMP yijiltthaii - he bumped against it. BURN gwijuuk'an -it is burning. yichiltoh I gijilgwat - he juuk'an - it is burnt. bumped into it (sled, truck) ahk'an - it is burning. yidinilnaii - he bumped into him.

BURP vihd~lii adaadhak - he is burping.

atk'an - it burnt. yahk'an - he is burning something. yHk'an - he burnt something. B (B ( jllch'uh - it burned (part the body)

BUY ejlich'ii ooheekat - he will buy it. ooheekat gwizrih - has to buy it. oovukat - he bought it.

BY MEANS hah I haa - by means of.

BY (LOCATION) kwandee - by the fireside. na d. CALL calling (by name). yuuzrl' - he called her.

CALL FOR YIJI,lkaguhe' - he called for her.

CALM tsinehdanh nilii - he is calm.

CALM juughwal - it is calm. gwijuughwal - it is calm weather. TAKE CARE (OF ING) kwank'lt dh.idii - he is taking CAMP care of a place. hineehah - he will camp. nuuhah - he camped. TAKE CARE (OF PERSON) tr'iin.in k 'anahtih - she is taking CARRY care of a child. nagwahq.hdak - he will carry something around. CAREFUL nahaazhik - he is carrying tseenjaa - he 1s very careful. something around. CAREFUL CANKER, HAVE A neenjik - he 1s very careful. khagweedazhaa - he has a cold sore. CATCH videevaa kak khagweedazhaa - nehkak eenyq.hchit - he caught he has a cold sore (on the the ball. mouth). yq.hchit - he caught him. vizhlk danh khagweedazhaa - he has a cold sore (in the CATCH IN TRAP mouth). yildroo - he caught it. (in a trap) yitdroo - he caught it (in a trap)

CATCH IN SNARE geh ehtai' - he caught the rabbit (in· a snare) ii - it I buying it on credit. F gwijaattee - it caught fire. RR dhik'in - lt is charred. NTER gwatf'at - the center (of OUND something) nayihindik - he is chasing him around.

AWAY geh tee yihinuuzhit - he chased him away.

CHATTER vigho' tidatth'ak - his teeth are chattering (from the cold)

CHEAP gwidaatt'oo kwaa - it is cheap, not expensive. teet·t'at - in the center (of a river gwidaaH'ok - lt is cheap, not or lake) expensive.

CHANGE (BECOME DIFFERENT) CHERISH ejuk dhidlit - it changed (became yat'agwiiniindhan - he cherishes different) her.

CHANGE (MOVE) CHERISH ejeegwijaanaii - it moved, yeenjit juu'aii - he cherishes her. changed (a winter trail) CHEW CHANGE (CLOTHES) tayida'aa - he .is chewing on it. n!hjeh gwiniinlii - he changed his tayidiin'al - he chewed it. clothes.

CHAPPED ditr'ii - be chapped vinll' ditr'ii - chapped hands. it

n!!k'oo nltk'oo yettsaii sruu is ( or thing) C OKE inildak - he is choking. CLE R inidhaldak he choked. gwlinzii nagwu'ee - the sky is clear, cloudless. C OP troo chyaa - he is chopping wood. k'oh kwaa - cloudless. khayidiniinchi-t - wood that has been chopped. R, TRANSPARENT jidii drinh I vinjit tr'igwinah'in - transparent, it is clear.

EAR, VIOUS gwiinzii gahdandaii - it is clear to him. - -=:::::- ----~- CLEVER vagwlj~hH'oo - he is a clever person, his mind is quick.

CLIMB iidak ahah - he is climbing up, CHORES walking up or using his digwltr'lt t'agwah'in - he is doing hands. his chores. CLING GO TO CHURCH vilyit'an' - lt clings to him. Tr'igukhii n1hee - he 1s going to nl-tigllt'an - they cling together church. ( eg two sheets of paper)

CLAWING CLING (TO SOMEONE) yuudraii he is clawing him. yuudiditr'at - he clings to him, yuudrak - he clawed it. hangs onto him.

CLEAN sraih kwaa - it 1s clean. 7 CLOS gihde'tr'idiniintih - (a door)

CLOSE gihdineetr'ehdehchyaa - it will be closed (a door) gihdehgwehdehchyaa - it will be closed (a road, trail)

CLOSE uu'an chuuk'al - he closed his eyes and looked away. nhk'oo - it (an object) is cold. CLOT gwin!tk'oo nagwijaanaii - it got dah nakhah - it (blood) will clot. cold (the weather) juk dah nakhah - it (blood) is vinll' nhk'oo - his hands are cold. clotted. ak'oh - cold weather.

CLOUDY COLD gwit'eh goo'aii - it is cloudy. dluh - he is cold.

CLUB (HIT) HAVE COLD yichiitth'an gidaaghaa - he hit koh yadhahkhaii - he has a cold. him over the head. COLLAPSE FORM CLUB (GROUP OF nadanaanaii - he collapsed, fell PEOPLE) down. kheh1ok yahahtsyaa - he will k'oo ts'at nagwidaanaii - it form a club. collapsed, fell sideways. khehlok yahtsii - he is forming a club. COLLAPSE kheh.fok yettsaii - he formed a gwizhlt nagwiinjil - it (a building) club. collapsed, fell in. CLUMSY vits'at gwij il'ee - he is clumsy (always dropping things)

COLD gwinl!k'oo - the weather 1s cold. 2

COLLIDE nih-tijlldhaii - he collided into it (another vehicle) COMPASSION zhuu t'iinch'uu - he is COLLIDE compassionate. nHinidhatthat - they collided, " crashed into each other, COMPLAIN (ts'at nihts'at tr"inagoogilii - but gagiteekhyah - he will complain they took them apart.) about it. gagukhli - he is complaining COME about it. aanaii - come here! gaguhe' - he complained about it. nihdaniizhii - he came in COMPLETE (walking) gwichli lagwu'aii - it is finished ndoo niniizhii - he came to the (a task) end. digwitr'lt ndoo nyaa'aii - he has completed (the job), he is COME INTO EXISTENCE done. vagoonlii - it comes into existence. vigwitr'lt ndoo nagwinudhat - he completed what he was COME LOOSE doing, he finished. danli'at - it came loose. CONDITION COMFORTABLE nits'oo diinch'uu - his condition, gwiinzii vinigwlljik - he is how he is. comfortable. CON IVE COMICAL ats'at zhit uuchidhinjik - she has gwilli t'iheedi'yaa ts'at dloo dhi'in conceived (a child) - he is comical, acts silly.

COMMOTION sruk hah nahadindik - he is making a commotion, acting crazy. 7 se 1 0 T dep ds) s contem yit'ajahch'uu I yit'ainjij~hch'uu - he confidence in him, depends on him. CONTINUE nihkhan - it is continuing. CONFRONT vinyln ts'at gwlndoo nadhat - he CONTIN E confronts him (faces up to ekhe'yuunuu kwah - he continued. him) CONTINUOUS CONFUSED ndoo gweedhaa - it is continuous. t'aheedi'yaa gahdandaii kwaa - he is confused (doesn't know CONVULSE what to do) vah uu'an gwichuudhat - he is having a convulsion. CONN T -tiyahdaghan - he 1s connecting it. CONVULSE vich'at hinjuu - he is having a BE CONNECTED convulsion. nih -tigidhichoh - (two objects) are vich'at hinuujuu - he had a connected. convulsion.

CONSCIOUS CONVULSE gahdandaii he 1s conscious. vanagwado' - he had a convulsion. CONSENT aah~' nuh - he consents.

CONTAMINATE lizuu dhidlit - it is contaminated.

CONTENT vah srugoonch'uu - he 1s content.

CONTENT shah ts'aii vaa goodlit - he 1S content. 74 0 J( yahch"uh - yi1ch"uh - ed

-

CRACKLE kwan" dahk"wan - the fire is crackling. COOL gwiintsal n!!k"oo - it is cool. CRAMP vakai" neghwan daadhak - he has COPY a cramp (in his foot) ylhk"lt t"idi"in I yihk"lt tadhltsi" - adai" hee vakai" neghwan daadhak he is copying it. -he had a cramp (in his foot) COUGH zhee naakoh I dhikoh - he 1s CRAWL coughing. nahadigoo - he 1s crawling around. COVER yikat da"alchuh - he is covering him. yikat dli"alchuh - he covered him. yikat dayichuh - it is covering it. yikat dayilchuh - it covered it. 7

I RUEL him.

IPPLE UMBLE nahadik kwaa I daghan nilli - he -.tiyindaii -:- he is crumbling it. is crippled, he can't walk. :tiylndai' - he crumbled it. :tiyiindaii - it is crumbled. CRITIC E yeenjit gwiinzii gakhli kwaa./. C NC vl.ich'oo hah yits'at gakhii - he yahk'wan - he is crunching on it. criticises him, he doesn't say yHk'wan - he crunched on it. good things about him. CRUS ITICIZE tayijilnaii - he crushed it. vachli goonlih kwaa - he criticises him c heetree - he will cry. CROOKED tree - he is crying. ch'ijuu'ee kwaa I srits'at nilii kwaa - it is crooked.

CROSS gwideetoh naglniinjll - they crossed over ( eg the mountains)

CROSS-EYED vindee nihts'ail dhidlli - he is cross-eyed, his eyes are crossed.

CROWDED iintre' - he cried. dinjii leii I goonlii - it is crowded naditree - he cried again. (a lot of people) CRY OUT gwizhlt goo'aih kwaa - it is tree hah iinzrat - he cried out. crowded (there is no room) CURIOUS gavlishlndaii niindh~m - he is curious, wants to know. 7

UR I - is curly.

CUT yit'lh - he is cutting it.

CURSE vidavee gwlizuu gukhli - he curses him (wishes him bad luck) tr'agwaanduu yits'at gukhll - he curses him.

CURVE -tihts'ee gwinuu'ee I geelin - it curves (a river or creek)

CURVED hadint'ih - he is cutting it. yitinHtoh - it is curved (sled, nayidiniin t'uh - he is cutting it snowshoe or toboggan) (into pieces) yiint'uh he cut it. CURVED (TOBAGGAN) k'eenlint'uh - he cut it off. yinH'aii - it is curved (a hayidiniint'uh - he cut it. toboggan) CUTE zu' I uuzhuuj.:thch'uu - cute. nlch'it zu' - cute young girl. tshyaa zu' - cute young boy.

1.·. 77

D p sroh - it is damp (a thing). gwijllzroo - it is damp (a place).

D NCE ataadzoo -he will dance. aadzoo -he is dancing. aadzo' -he danced.

D NGEROUS vaoguunuu - (a person) is dangerous. DAWN gaoguunuu (animals) are yahkeh I gihta'aii - it is dawning. dangerous. yitkaii - it dawned.

DANGLE DEAD nihk'eedaadhak I nadlts'a.ih - it lS gwandaih kwah - he is dead. dangling. DEAD DARING vigweheh kwaa - he will be ganaajat kwaa - he .is daring, dead. courageous. DEAD (ANIMAL) DARK archil - it (an animal) is dead. too - dark, night. too goo'aii - it is dark outdoors. DEAF v.idzli kwaa I vidzli gugwat - he DARKEN is deaf. tseeghaa - it is dark (in colour). tseeghaa gwi Hsaii - they made it DECEIVE dark. nigwinaa'.ii - he deceives her. nigwinaa'in' - he deceived her.

DECORATE nagwinahtsl' - he is decorating it. nagwinettsai' - he decorated it. ELIR 0 S yuunj :s, d s, D ) chuu te'j~hchit the water is deep. DELIRIOUS vah uu'an gwitha'aii - he .is delirious, unconscious.

DE ONS ATE yits'at guk'e'nahtlh - he is demonstrating it to him. yits'at guk'e'niltih - he demonstrated it to him.

DENT yitvak he dented it.

DENTED DEEP khadlnuughoo - it 1s dented up. ne'dilnzhlt - it (a hole) 1S deep. DENY DEFEND n· dagwidlii kwaa nuh - he yak'anyuu - he is defending him. denies it. yak'anyu' - he defended him. DEPEND DEFINITELY yit'aj~hch'uu - he depends on him. t~hch'yaa ts'at I ti' haa - definitely. DEPRESSED tr'igwidli - he 1s depressed, sad. DELIBERATELY srugoondaii zhuu didi'ii - he did it DEPRESSED deliberately. vitthaii tat gwlizuu - he 1s depressed. DELIGHT vah srugoonch'uu - he is delighted with it. 7 D I ES DIE yichT yuu dying. prive him died, he d. yich'l' yuunjii - he him of it. DIE yich'l' yuunjik - he deprived him vakwaa - he died. of it. DI ENT DESCEND ejuk t'iinch'uu - it is different. gwidoo nahali - he is descending. nih-linehch'l' t'idich'uu - different gwidoo nachidhizhii - kinds. descended. nihk'it t'iinch'uu kwaa - it is different. DESCRIBE nits'oo t'iheech'yaa gwik'lt MAKE DIFFERENT t'iyahnuh - he is describing ejuk tr'agwahtslh I ejuk ts'at it. natr'aHsaii - to make nits'oo dagoonch'uu vah gwaandak different. - he is describing it to him. DIFFICULT DESERT gugoontrii - it 1s difficult to do. ekhe'yuunuu - he is deserting him. veenjit gugoontrii - it is difficult ekhe'yuunu' - he deserted him. for him to do. vagagoontrii - it is difficult for DESIRE him to do. geenjit diinjidizhlt - he desires it. DIFFICULT DESPAIR goodhaii - it 1s difficult to do. gayuulih kwaa - he des pairs. DIFFICULT DESTROY gl'gwadhan kwaa - it 1s difficult. an dhidlit - it was destroyed. DIFFICULT DESTROY gwik'lt goonlii kwaa - it is vakwaa gweHsaii - it was difficult. destroyed. an yittsaii - he destroyed lt. 8 IG khagwiinzhit it (a - it (a

D , MESSY gwididrah - it is dirty, messy.

DI GREE gat'iiniidhan kwaa - he disagrees.

DI R k'e'gwldaanaii ~ he disappeared.

DISAPPOINT egwijiich'uu geenjit shah nilii DIM kwaa - he is disappointed gwiintsal too goo'aii - it is dim. about something.

DIP DISA ROVE chuu khatr'iindhat - he is dipping gwik'lt t'iiniindhan kwaa - he water. disapproves of it. chuu khatr'iniindhat - he dipped water. DISBELIEVE gwik'yinjizhit kwaa - he disbelieves it.

DISCARD uu'an yehiji1naii I yichuudlii - he discarded it.

DISCOURAGE t'aheedi'yaa gahdandaii kwaa - he is discouraged, confused.

DISCOVER yigw~h'aii - he discovered it.

DIRECTION izhlk ch'ii'an - in that direction. izh1k ch'ii'an nilli - it is in that direction. 1 DISC S strous it p ed discussing it with him. tajuudhat - something disastrous geenjit yah guhe' - discus happened. it with him. DISTANCE DISEMB RK dii!hthee - distance. tr'ih zhit gwats'at daniizhli - he srli t'C!hthee - a certain distance. disembarks, gets out of a boat. nyahgwan - a short distance.

DISLIKE andhat - a long distance. gitr'ijlh'eh - he dislikes it. yitr'ijlh'eh - he dislikes him. DISTANT niinzhlt - distant, a long way. DISOBEY yik'lt k'agwahthat kwaa - he DISTASTEFUL disobeyed him. dhandaii kwaa - it 1s distasteful for him. DISPLACE nljln nlnii'aii gahdandaii kwaa - DISTASTEFUL he displaced it. gitr'ijlh'ee - it is distasteful to him, he doesn't like it. DISPLAY yigwidahch'in he is displaying DISTRACT it. khanh uu'an gwinah'ii - he was yigwid~hch'in - he displayed it. distracted.

DISREGARD DISTRIBUTE yeenjit nlinji'adhat kwaa - he guuts'an yahah tsyaa - he will disregards it. distribute it, give it out. guuts'an yahtsii - he is DISSATISFY distributing it, giving it out. shoh vits'an ah tsii kwaa - he guuts'an yeitsaii - he distributed makes him dissatisfied. it, gave it out.

DISASTROUS DISTRESS gwiizuu dagwldlzhik - something tr'igwidii - he 1s distressed. disastrous happened

DISASTROUS 2

hlm.

him. - straight down.

DIVE uuzhee - down on the ground. chlniizhii - he is diving. - way down on the ground (from a mountain or hill)

there, but not straight down there.

DOWN uudl' I yeedl' - downriver.

drlndli - down a steep slope.

yeechlt - down towards the river (from the land) DIVIDE uuchlt - just down the hill. nihk'yuu yuunjik - he divided it. DOWN, FAR DIZZY zhak dhat - a long way down. vah gwinghaa - he 1S dizzy. yi'eezhakdhat - further down.

DO DOWN HILL t'aheedi'yaa - he will do it. yeetthan - right down the hill from here. t'idl'in - he is doing it. ch'eetthan hee - way down the t'eedi'in' - he did it. hill. dadl'ii - what is he doing? uudee I yeedee - down the hill from above. gwits'ah yah'ee - it makes him do SO. DRAFT gadlniintr'alh - there is a draft. DOUBT yik'ylnjiidhat kwaa - he 1s in doubt. G yahgaii is (meat) chee gugwiluu - they are yHgail - she dried it. the bottom of the river or lake. DRIFT yeedl' - he drifts downriver. DR D ganaajat - he dreads DRILL gugugwaa'ee - they are drilling M (practicing.) gananiinlyaa - he dreamt. I (IN 0 ) DRESS dachan ge'jaht'ii - he is drilling a dagwid~d nanadhlzhii - he is hole (in wood) getting dressed. dagwid~l.l neegwaazhii - he got DRILL (IN GROUND) dressed. nan zhlt vigwijlilli - he is drilling a hole (in the ground) nayiH'uu - he is dressing him. nayuutt'uu - he dressed him. DRINK yehdeenjyaa - he will drink it. DRY nayidahchii - he is drying his clothes. nagwldahchik - it (weather) is drying up.

yidinii - he is drinking it. yidini' - he drank it. chuu dinli - he is drinking water. inithinii - he has drunk it. 84

G I

D ELLING digwich'in - its dwelling.

vizhlk daa'it - he is drooling at the mouth.

DRIVE (VEHICLE) litsii khat natah !ak - he is driving a car.

DRIVE (DOGS) !aii nahaanzhok - he 1s driving dogs.

DROP vilaii adaanaii - he dropped it (anything).

DROWN tandinjii - he is drowning. tanithinii - he drowned.

DULL jiinin kwaa - dull, not sharp.

DUMP nayllH'it - he is dumping it. nayijuunjaa - he dumped it. 8

SY E CH ea ihi'ak one- him, not difficult.

E T at'aonyaanch"uu I dlnyaanch"uu - he is eating. one. I ah - he ate. jak naajaa - the bear is GER eating berries. geenjit diinjidizhlt - he is eager shah jak naajll - the bear ate for it. berries.

EA D IN HURRY khalchl' - he is eager (in a hurry)

EARACHE dzil gwitts'lk - earache. vidzli gwiHs'ik - he has an earache.

EARLY vanh dai' - early in the morning.

EARLY, AHEAD gootshih I guutshih - early, ahead ECHO of other people. dideezhuu jlitth'ak - he hears his own echo. EARN khanaandaii - he is earning a ECLIPSE living. srii t'eh needa'aii - eclipse.

EAR QUAKE nan daatrat - there is an earthquake.

EASE sriigwidididhan - he is at ease.

EA gl'gwadhan - it 1s easy. 8 EDGE T 0

s.

elections. oozr1' tr'uunjik - they had elections.

driindli - at the edge of the cliff.

EFFORT dat'~lii hah guk'agwandaii - he makes an effort. EMBARRASSMENT uuzhii - embarrassment. LAY EGGS uuzhii dhidlit - he became daghoo - it is laying eggs. embarrassed. adaghoo - it laid eggs. uuzhii hahtsyaa - he will become embarrassed. ELASTIC uuzhii nilii - he is embarrassed. tahch'it - it 1s elastic. uuzhii iinli' - he was embarrassed.

ELASTIC EMERGE naonaadoo - it is elastic. khainzhii - he emerged (came up and out)

EMPTY vizhlt gwahaljii - it is empty.

EMPTY vizhlt gwizhah - it 1s empty. 7

I

BLE shoh yats'an ahtsii - it enjoyable for him.

ENOUGH leli - enough. ako' 1aa - that's enough. at'alee - is that enough?

ENRAGE ENABLES vik'ii goonlii - he is enraged. gadhan yahtsli - he enables him to do it. ENTER nihdanlizhii - he entered. ENCLOSED, ENCOMPASSED ginagoo'ee - encompass. ttha.f' gwinandhi'ee - enclosure, enclosed area. tthal' ginagoo'ee - it is encompassed with a fence.

ENCOURAGE gwits'at yah'ee - he encourages him.

ENDING ENVY ndoo nyaa'aih - the end. yeenjlt gitr'ijlh'ee - he envies him. gwindoo gwinyaa'aih - the ending. jii ndoo gwinyaa'aih - this is the ERASE end. ganeegwahjii - he is erasmg. ganeegw~hjik - he erased. ENDURE ginee'ahjii - he is erasing it. khainji'daadhat guugaa nihk'lt ahah - he endures, suffers but continues on. 8 E

I gwiinzli yik'andehnahtii - he is examining it: gwiinzii yik'andehniltii - he examined it.

NGE nthjeh nayiinlii - he exchanged ( eg clothing) nthieh nagoovilii - he is exchanging it (thing) ESCAPE gwats'at tr'ineedizhii - he escaped. EXCITE vachaagwijllnaih - he became EVEN excited. guugaa - even so, even though. EXCUSE BE EVEN yeenjit uu'an gwichuudlli - he nlhk'lt didlch'uu - they are even excused him, pardoned (two people or things) him. nihk'lt t'igilnch'uu - they are even (things) EXHAUSTED vat'aii kwaa dhidllt - he became EVER exhausted. shik - ever, always. EXPECT EVERY gayuulii - he expects him. jidli tthak - everything. gagoovihtii - it is expected. juu datthak - everyone. nijln datthak - everywhere. EXPECT BACK nits'ohts'at datthak - every way. ganaodinuu - he is expected back.

EVERY ONE gwitak gwinyaanch'uu - every one of them. 8 H FIRE

him. yahd~mdaii kwaa akoo diyahnu' - EXTR CT he explained it to him. khainlii - he extracted it.

I E daaH'oo - it is expensive. aa - it is exploding. aldoo - it exploded. yahdoo - he is exploding it. yHdoo - he exploded it.

EXTERIOR gwo'oo - exterior.

EXTINGUISH yakwaa nagwahahtsyaa - he will extinguish it. yakwaa nagwahtsii - he is extinguishing it. yakwaa nagwaHsaii - he extinguished it. F LSE

F DE vidik'aa - it is F LTERS vidik'aa - it faded. gatr'oodaanuu - he falters, hesitates to speak. FAINT vah too gwichithitthaih I vah too FAN nagwijaanaii he fainted. nlnlttsl' is fancy.

FA (acts justly, ) F R ya ts ·at nizii - is fair with him. niinzhlt - niinzhit hee - far away. IR (light-skinned) jidli dagaii - someone fair. FAREWELL gwiinzii adik'any~htii I FAIR (good- o.king) adik'anoht.ii - farewell. gwiinzii vlgwldeech'in - she is fair. FARTHER uundoo - a little farther. FAIT yeendee - farther (.in sight) gwik'ylnjizhlt - he has faith. ye'eendee - much farther.

FALL (something) FASTING nadanaanaii - it fell or crashed. adidaagaa - he will fast. nadaanaii - lt (anything) fell. ad.idaagaii - he is fasting. gwitoh t'adaanaii - he fell over adldaagai' - he fasted. something. tat'adaanaii - he fell overboard. FASTEN k'avah yidinllnaii - he fell asleep. dayii'choo - he fastened it.

FAT, STOUT nadaghaa - it (a stick) fell. dhik'ih - fat. vatthai' goonlii - he is fat. n~udak it (a piece of cloth, a skin) fell. FATIGUE n~ut·t'it - it (granular substance, cheedandak - he is fatigued. like sand, flour) fell. FAVORITE gwiinH'oh at'iiniindhan - he 1s his favorite. FE CH dhan - s d

FE ST FE atr'ahee'aa - they will hold a leih - few. feast. FIGHT EBLE dinjii gadhahkhaii - he is fighting vat'aii kwaa - he is feeble. someone.

D T, yi'ah'aa - he is feeding him. ni'ts'atahthat - he is ready to fight.

FILL didinyaa'ai' yahahtsyaa - he will fill it. didinyaa'ai' yah tsii - he is filling it. didinyaa'aii yettsaii - he filled it.

FILL IT dayidiniinjaa - he is filling it.

FINALLY FEEL jukwaa hee I gohch'it dee I yik'adandaii - he feels it. ats'andoo - finally. yik'adand~li' - he felt it. FIND FEEL (EMOTION) ylgw~h'aih - he found it. veenjit gwiinzii - he feels good. veenjit gwlizuu - he feels bad. FIND OUT adanh yik'yaanjlk - he found out. MENT jak chu' ~hjat - the wine is fermenting.

ROCIOUS naajat kwaa - he is ferocious, has courage. g it. FINISH ndoo gwits'at t'llnch'uu - he is finishing it.

FINISH ndoo nagwlniindhat - finished it.

FINISHED gwichlilagwu'aii - it 1s finished.

MAKE FIRE gwldlny~hk'ih - make a fire! lh!ok zrih eji-tk'ee - he fired CATCH FIRE (once). gwijaaHee - it caught fire. nihkhan adahk'ee - he is shooting (again and again) dlnjik e'dinilk'ee - he shot and missed continually.

dlnjlk jifk'eh - he shot the moose. dlnjik oonahk'eh - first shot at the moose. dlnjik ay~hk'eh - he made one shot and missed. dlnjik oodahk'eh - he is shooting at the moose.

FIRST tr'oochlt - first. FIS

FLASH vehgoo chuuzhii - it flashed by FIT him. viyij~hchii - it fits him, is big enough for him. FLAT gwichyah - it is flat. FIX sriiylinlii - he is fixing it. FLAT sriiyiinlik - he fixed it. jidli dril - something flat.

FLASH (CONTINUOUS) FLATTEN aadrii daadhak I vasrii daadhak - jidli dril yahtsii - he flattens it. it (a light) is flashing. FLATTER FLASH (ONCE) veets'lt hah yagukhii - he flatters khanh ts'at gidhidrii - it (a light) him (praises him flashed once. deceitfully)

FLEE geh{ee chllgik - he fled from them. veh i'ee chllgik - he fled from it.

FLIMSY niint'aii kwaa - it 1s flimsy, wobbly. 4 FLI FLY drii - sky. FLI njl' daa nidzik it is flimsy, wobbly. there is a plane flying along the river. FLO T alaa - it floating. tr'ih alaa the boat is floating.

neet'aa - he is flying.

FOGGY FLOOD atr'a{' goonlii - it is foggy. natanuuha.il - there is a flood, it is flooding. FOLD nihkat day11chuu - I am folding it. nihkat dayuudlih - I folded it. T is is FO U TE NDLE vidavee gwiinzii - he fortunate. yahdidhizhin - she fondles him. gahdidhizhin - he fondles it. FOR RD ndoo ts'at - forward. AROUND yah nigwl!'ali - he is fooling FR GI around with it. dadhaii - fragile

OLISH FRAGILE nahshii - he is foolish. didril - fragile

FOR FRAGILE eenjit - for that. gasruujaanuu - fragile. geenjit - for it, in order for it to happen. FRAGILE veenjit - for him. tr'linjoo ahgwidandaii anahaanjik - kheenjit - for one's self. it is fragile.

FORGET jldli gaih - something fragile. ganaldee - he forgot. FRECKLES FORGIVE vatth~J.i' kat azraii tsal goonlii - he khadats'at uu'an gidilii - to has freckles. forgive. yah uu'an gwichuudlli - he FREEZE forgave him. dluh - he 1s freezing.

FORKED gat jltgoo - it a stick) is forked.

FORKS (ON RIVER) 1lidlaii - there are forks on the river. RO

uundlt datan - athatan - it is from. goots'at - separating from, away from them. yuhdil ts'at - from the

OM, (A ) guuveh!ee - separating from, away from them

FROM, (NOR ) yeenuu - from the north.

FROM, (UP ) uudee I yeedee - from up there. yahahtan - he will freeze it .. yahtan - he is freezing it. FRONT yi ttan - he froze it. guutshi' - in front, at the head of jidli tan - something frozen. the line.

FREQUENTLY FRONT (OF BUILDING) nihkhan - frequently. gwid~lii - in front of a building.

FRESH FRONT (OF BODY) jidli lih - something fresh diivat - front of the body, his nllii llh - fresh meat. front. tuk Hh - fresh fish. FROSTY FRIENDLY gwidizroo - it is frosty. zhuu t'iinch'uu - he is friendly. zhuu ghadidich'uu - he is friendly. FROTH dagwoghoo - froth. vizhlk gwits'iH gwoghoo - he is frothing at the mouth.

FROWN uunuuts'ak - he 1s frowning. athatan - it is - it is full to jidii tan - something capacity. teenjir gwats'at dhitan I gwiintsal athatan - it is half frozen. FUN vlnyln athatan I vinan athatan srugoonch'uu - it is fun. - he has frostbite. srugwiinch'uh - it was fun.

FRUSTR TED FUR gwaakwaa t'ishi'il nuu - he is dazhoo - it is furry. frustrated, says it is no use.

FRY yahahch'uh - he will fry it. yahch'uh - he is frying it. yi tch'uh - he fried it. dhich'uh - it is fried.

FURTHERMORE gwiyaa'an - furthermore,

'"·.·J moreover, also.

FUTURE yeendoo jl' - m the future.

FUGITIVE tr'al iinzhii - he is a fugitive.

FULFILL gwichiilagwu'ail - he fulfilled it. 8

GAG .inildak lS inifdak he gagged. it.

G ME GEN OUS tslitr'idi'in - a game. ~utsai' kwaa is s, not nehkak vah tslidi'.in - he is stingy. playing with a ball.

ninehjin - is getting up (from sitting) ninehjin' - he got up (from sitting)

UP (FROM PRONE POSITION) dak nanlthidii - he is getting up (from lying down)

GIGGLE zhinlldlok - he is giggling. zhee naadlok - he makes him atthaii eenjit natr'aazrii - game, giggle. for hunting. GIVE GAPE, STARE yinH'ee yaa'aii - he is giving it diyiltai' - he is gaping. to him. ylnH'ee Y!fail - he gave it to GAS (in stomach) him. vizhlt tajlits'ih - he has gas in his oozhii yint·t'~u'aii - he gave him a stomach. gift. GAS oozhli yits'an 'ettsaii - he gave yatthai' zhlt uut'oh - he puts a him a gift gash in it. GLAD GASP shah nilli - he is glad. nehsrit dazhak - he 1s gasping for breath. F i1 - a out (a glim e out. GLITTER tr'ich~hdylt - it glitters, it is GONE bright. haljii - he is gone, absent.

GLOOMY GOBBLE vatth~li' tat gwlizuu - he is feeling khanh yichHHee - he gobbled it gloomy. up. gwandak lizuu - gloomy news. GOOD GLOOMY niz.ii - he is good. Vah shoh nilii kwaa - he 1S gwiinzii - that is· good. feeling gloomy. NOT GOOD GLORIFY an dhidlit - it 1s no good, worn dak yichH'ee - he glorifies him. out.

GLOWS GOSSIP ch''!hdyit - it glows. zhuu giteekhyah - he will gossip. yagiteekhyah - he will gossip GLUTTON about it. vavat goonlii - he is a glutton. zhuu gukhli - he is gossiping. yaggkhli - he is gossiping about GNAW him. tayida'aa - he is gnawing on it. tayidiin'al - he gnawed on it. zhuu guhe' - he gossiped. yaguhe' - he gossiped about it. GO chichuuzhli - he is gone; he went outside ih .foh chuuzhli - he has gone on. yidik chuuzhii - he went over the edge

WITH yah teehah - he will go with him. 10 RAB GR D hchit - d

GRO khadididinuu I khaditreh - he is groaning. khadididinu' I khaditre' - he groaned.

GRO diik'iidhat - he is growing. diik'udhat - he grew.

GR CIOUS OW, (CULTIVATE) zhuu t'iinch'uu - he is gracious. yahshii - he is growing it (a plant) GRADUAL, SLOW yHshii - he grew it (a plant) neenjik - it is gradual.

GRATEFUL mahsl' I h~!' yiniindhan - he is grateful for it.

GRAY · jidli vee - something gray. vichl' dagaii - his gray hair.

GREEDY ~utsai' - he 1s greedy.

GREET GROWL yididizhan - he greets him. ooghwan - it is growling.

GRIEVE GRUDGE tr'igwidii - he is grieving. gw.iH'ee ya'ai.i gitr'ijih'eh - he begrudges it. yeet'~Hj~h'eh - he has a grudge against him. 1

GR B H BIT gwiyeezhak gakhli - grumbles, nits'oo gw'!h'li - habit. talks back. gwf.!h'ii - he is in the habit of doing it. GU N shlk akoo didi'in - he has a habit ejlich'ii lizuu jl' gwit'ii of doing that. nagwahahtsyaa - it is guaranteed (if something H BIT BLE is bad, it will be gwakak tr'igwich'in geenjit nizii - returned) it is habitable.

GUARD HAIR yik'aonuu I yik'anahtil - he is vichlighe' khat'li - he is cutting guarding it. his hair. vichlighl' khf.!ut'uh - he cut his GUIDE hair. yinee'aa - he is guiding him. yinee'ak - he guided him. DO ALFHEARTEDLY gatr'igw(.!htii - he is doing it half­ GUSH heartedly. chuu zhaa - water 1s gushing out. HAMMER GUST gwithat - he hammered it. naditr'ak - gust of wind.

GUZZLE chuu taats'ik - he is guzzling it, gulping it down.

HANDLE yinlhf.!hdak - he 1s handling it. I A ndoo some. s.

H NDS ch'ok - handsome happens like this. tshyaa ch'ok - handsome boy. APPEN H N neegwlj - it happened. nilee t'ah'in - she is handy, needlnilnaii - it happened. skillful (used only when speaking of girls) akoo dagwlheenjaa - it will happen. HANG dayltchah - he hung it (a cloth) HAPPEN akoo dagwldizhlk - it happened. juu dagwidlzhik - it happened like that. akoo t'ldlzhik - it happened.

HAPPEN tr'agwahahtsyaa - it will happen. tr'igwahtsii - it is happening. tr'igweltsaii - it happened.

HAPPY shoh nilli - he ts happy.

HANG (KILL) HAPPY TIME yizhah a..tchoo - he hangs him. srugoonch'uu - happy, joyous time. HARD dach'at - it (something flexible) is hard. vlchl' dach'at - hard-headed.

HARD dilu' - it (a surface) is hard.

HARDLY nehsrit I neesrit - hardly, barely. 10 vidonjii yidi'ii - it. yee d R ONY yinjih ih!ak - in harmony, of one HE E mind. vichl" eHs'ik - his head is sore.

STEN HEAL khalchl' he is hastening. sriinalii heals.

TE vigwijuunjik danh nagwidizhli - gitr'ijlh'eh - hate. his wound is healing, is yitr'ijlh'eh - he hates him. getting better. nagwinilzhii - his wound healed, HAUL got better. troo lil - he 1s hauling wood nayinilzhii he heals him. troo yeelil - he is hauling wood nayinilzhl' - he healed him.

AUL HEAR troo aval'aachyah - he 1s hauling yehdeetth'ak - he will hear it. wood. yijiitth'ak - he hears it. yijiitth'ak - he heard it.

HEAT naylnahthah - he is heating it.

HEATHEN k'agwaadhat ahdandaii kwaa - heathen. 4 I E nidii -

kwaa is hidden.

I gwineh"ik is hiding. gwineh"ik iinzhih - he hid.

gwineh'ik igu'aii - he is hiding it. gwineh'ik u'aii - hid it.

IGH HELP yeedak - high up (in the air) vits'at tr'lheendal - he will help. him. dehthat I yeedee - high up (on vits'at tr'iinjii - he is helping him. something) vits'at tr'iniinj1k - he helped him. HIRE HEM yigooheekat eenjit yah'ee - he yidlin gwiHsaii - he is hemming hires him. it. HIT WITH INSTRUMENT HEMORRHAGE yHkhaa - he hit him (with a club vizhlt dah - he is hemorrhaging. or a stick)

HERE HIT WITH FIST zhat danh - right here. yHgwat I yinilgwat - he hit zhat gwaa'an I gwee'an - right him (with his fist) around here. inih:tik gwa'an - here and there. HIT WITH FIST yldinilts'li - he hit him (with his HESITATE fist) gatr'oodaanuu he is hesitant to speak. HOARSE vihd~lii gwHts'ik - his throat 1s HICCUP sore. vihdaii aatth'ak - he has the hiccups. 1 OL will I yuutan holding it. hopping around. held HOPE H yeenjit na'oonuu - he hopes so. vaa'lich'in'- it has a hole m it. HORRIB OLLO tr'agwaanduu - it is horrible. vizhlt gwahaljii - it is hollow (an object) gwiizuu tagoodhat - a horrible thing happened. HOLLO troo zhah - it (wood, tree) is HOT hollow. nitdhaa - it is hot (a pail of water) gwinlidhah - it is hot. veenjit gwinlidhaa - he is hot, he feels hot. gwinlidhaa - it is hot outdoors (weather)

nlizhaa - it got hot.

HOW nits'oo dee - how. in what manner? d'thshuk dee - how long? HOLY dagw~hchii dee - how much? sruudidinuu - it is holy. danyaanch'uu dee I d~h.feii dee - how many? HOME dizheh eenjit tr'iniizhii HOWEVER yadhahkhaii he 1s aii guugaa - however. homesick.

HONEST uuvuhts'it kwaa I i'l' dadlii - honest. 10 L

- someone

vlgwldiinj - he got hurt

vlgwldiinjik sro' - don't him. vlndee vlgwljuunjik - hurt his eyes. vlgwijuunjih srO' - hurt him.

HUSH khe'jqhch'uu - hush. HUG yadidizhinh - he hugs him. dadhiinuu - hush! (speaking to one) HUGE dadhohnuu - hush! (speaking to nichih I jidli choo - it is huge. many) gwiinchii - it ls huge.

HUMBLE khazhak nilli - he is humble.

HUNGRY vizhigwHts'ik - he is hungry.

HUNGRY, STARVE datsan - extremely hungry, starvation.

HUNT nahaazr.ii I hataazrii - he will go hunting. nidhizrli - he is hunting. nidhilzrii - he hunted.

HURRY khalchl' - he is hurrying. 0 I TIE is IDLE tr'igoodidinjik I tr'iguudidinjik - he is idle. I PORT NT gwijlinchii goonlii - it is IF important. jl' - if (follows a verb) IMPOSSIBLE IGNORANT ak daheedi'yaa veenj goo'aih gahdandaii kwaa - he is kwah - it is impossible to ignorant. know.

IGNORE duuyeh gahgwidandail - it is vanliinji'adhat kwaa - he is impossible to know. ignoring him. vanlinji'iindhat kwaa - he gwik'lt goonlil kwaa - it is ignored him. impossible. gwik'lt goonlii sro' - it is yadraii aha'aii kwaa he 1S impossible. ignoring him. yadraii aha'ai' kwaa - he ignored IN, INSIDE him. vizhlt - in it. gwizhlt - inside, the inside of it. ILLEGAL vizhlt - inside him, inside it. gwit'agwa'ee gwich'li - illegal.

IMITATE IN (SEASON) gwik'lt tadha'ee k'it gwittsii - hee I dai' - in a certain season. imitate. khaii hee - in the winter, during yik'lt t'adhHtsl' I yik'lt didi'in 1 the winter. ya 'ii'in - he is imitating khaii dai' - in the winter, when him. it was winter. yik'lt tagwahtsii - he is imitating it. INCAPABLE gadhan kwaa - he is incapable. IMMEDIATELY khanh ts'at - immediately. INCREASE linch'il ts'at - immediately. leii dhitsih I gwiinchii gwahtsli - it is increasing. 1 8

I

I one another. (customarily) nakhwak'anahtii - he looks after INS our us. aii dlnilchuu juk niidhaachuh - yik'anahtii - he looks after him. has it on inside out. guk'anahtii - he looks after it. vizhlt ts'aii !lhts'ee yid~hchuu - he turned it inside out. adigwidaandaii - a way of life. jii anadlnHchuu - it is inside out.

INSIST -INFECT tana!kak - he insists that he do lizuu dhidlit - it 1s infected. it.

IN ABIT INSULATE gugwich'in - they inhabit (an dachan k'ldeetak nyin' tr'ilii - area) insulating between logs gwich'in - inhabitant. (old style) zheh gwihyuu gwiteedik tr'ilii - INHALE he is insulating the walls jl' ts'at dazhak - he inhaled. (new style) ji' ts'at tr'adazhak - he inhales. INTELLIGENT INHERIT vigwizhl' goonlii I gwiinzheil yits'at ekhe'tr'oonuu - he nilii - he is intelligent. inherited it from him. vigwij~hH'oo - he is very yits'an ettsaii - he inherited it. intelligent.

INJURE INTEND vakai' adiinjik - he injured his akoo dainiindhan - he in tends foot. to do it. vlgwldiinjlk - he is injured. akoo dahihsha'aa niindhan - he yldiinjlk - he injured him. intends to do it.

INNOCENT vit'agwu'eh kwaa - he 1s innocent. 0 I ERP E

diinlli - inter pretlng. -tehte'dehdiinll' - he interpreted. thok dha'aii - it (a round object or body of water) is sitting INTERPRET by itself. ylk'lt giteekhyah - will interpret. vik 'lt te' gukhlh - he is interpreting. vik te' guhe" - he interpreted.

-INTERVIEW nihtat ts'at tr'lnah'ii - interview (looking into something)

INTOXICATED inithinii - he is intoxicated.

INVISIBLE vlgwldeech'in kwaa - it 1s invisible.

INVITE Y1J1Jkaglteekhyah - he will invite him. Y1J1JkagukhH - he is inviting him. Y1J1Jkaguhe' - he invited him.

aanaii yahnuu - he invites him.

IRRESPONSIBLE digwitr'lt gwiinzii guk'anahtih kwaa - irresponsible.

IRRITATE vik'li gwertsaii - he irritated him.· 10 J

he is jabbering without vi'ilchuu jumped (was

ALOUS gwahtr'ih - jealous. J ST 11' dadlih - just, honest.

JOB gwitr'it di'ii - he has a job.

JOIN vah nidhizhih - he joined him, came up to him.

JOKE dlok dadlli he is joking. dlok diinll' - he joked.

JOURNEY shlk khaihtak nahadlk - he is always making journeys. jUBILEE nagwldadhat ihtogwinll' juutin gwitak gwlnyaanch'uu - jubilee.

JUMP ne'tr'oohadahthak - he is jumping around (repeatedly) tr'oodaathak - he jumped. same k jlinin - keen. KIND KEEP vidrli nizii I vidrli choo nilii - vik'anahtii is keeping it. he is a kind person.

ts'an yaa'ih is k it. KISS yinahtsu' is kissing him. KICK yinllts'u' - she kissed him. yikajHnaii - he kicked it. KNEAD - yaa tandaii - he kneading it. yaa tidhinjik - he kneaded it.

KNEEL nachiigwid

KILL yidhHkhaii I iinghan - he killed something. niinjii

gan 1adaanal' - he knocked. nayidahnail - he knocked it over.

KNOT H'yah diny~hchoh ts'at shuh ny~htsil - tle a knot in the rope.

KNOW gahteedandail - he will know. gahdandaii - he knows it. gahdandaih - he knew it. 1

L BEL tr'adant!'oh k L TELY a label is stuck on nyahgwan gwanoo - lately. something. adai' gwanoo - lately. vakak tr'idinuut!'oo t gatr'alchoh - tie a label on L TER something. yeendoo jl' -

L CK L UG gehdan diinch'uu - he lacks it, heedlaa - he will laugh. doesn't have anything. adlaa - he is laughing. adlaa - he laughed. LAG neenjik ahah - lag. LAW, BREAK tehk'oo didi'in - he broke the LAMENT law. tree I tr'igwidil - lament. LAY LAND ezhlk danh nlnii'aih - lay it litsii nahdinaadhak I there. nahdinaanaii - a plane landed. LAZY tr'igoodidinjik I tr'iguudldlnjik - LANGUISH he is lazy. tr'iniizhii ya dhahkhaii - he is languishing, lonely. LEAD ylnee'aa - he is leading him. LARGE naiyahan'ee - he led him. nichlh - it is large. LEAK L sT vatthai' kwaa - leak. kh~ukoo - last. LEAP LATE yitoh tr'oojllnaii - he leaped niizhuk gweedhah 1 gweedhah over it. gwiindhat I gweedhah gwiU'ee - late. 4 I K a a

LE ST gwiyeendoo gwik'lyee'lt - the very least.

L VE digwitr'it ekhe'goodeenjah - will leave his job. digwitr'it ekhe'yuunuu - he left his job.

BE LEFT-HANDED it.Yoo ts'aii nilli - he is a left­ LIE handed person. veets'lt - he is telling a lie.

LEND LIE (lie down) adanh ts'at gadhilnjii - he is ch'ilt'aii - he is lying down. lending it to him. adanh ts'at gadhilnjik - he loaned it to him.

LENGTH niinjuu - lengthy. gwahnjuu - the same length.

LENIENT vidrli gwatsal - lenient.

LEVEL nan kat ch'igwijuu'ee I nan tai' - the land is level. LIFT niyijuu'aii - he lifted it.

LIGHT ( LOR) jidli tsoo - something light brown. 1 ( ) not ten mak it light, taking the weight yuudhadhi!ch'eii - he is listening jidli dzik - something light in him. weight. yuudhadh~hch'eii - he listened vak~d' nidzik - light-footed. to him.

nidii kwaa - it is not heavy.

LIKE vat'iiniindhan - he likes it.

LIKE - SIMILAR gwik'lt dagoonch'uh - similar I alike. vik'lt - like him. gwik'lt - like that. gwik'lt diinch'uu - he 1s like that. LITTLE gwa tsal - (something) is little. LIMP natsal - (a person) is little. nehchan hihchik - he is limping. jidli tsal - something little. gwiintsal - a little bit. LINGER khalchl' kwaa - he lingers, does leii kwah - a little bit, not not hurry. many.

LIVING vigwandaii - he is living.

LIVING - DW ING azhlk danh t'aheech'yaa - he will live there. azhlk danh t'iinch'uh - he is living there. azhik danh t'iinch'u' - he lived there. 6 u - it? area) - he ( ) LOAD d~hshuk dee - how long will it khah vakak dadhu'aih - he is take? putting a load on it. niizhuk hee. I niinzhuk hee - for a long period of time. ejlich'li vakak nigwidilii - he is loading things on nlizhit da.i' I yeenoo dai' - a long time ago. k'eejlt vanh vidavee - he took a load ahead early LOOK this morning. gwinyah'in - he is looking at it.. y.inyah'in' - he looked at it. LOAN yah gadhltnjik - he loaned it to LOOK him. ylnyah'ii - he is looking at it. aachin yah'i.i - he is looking at LOC TE it. yagw~h'aii - he located it, found it. LOOK FOR Yt,Jl,lkagintih - he looked for him. LOCK vide'dinilnchih - lock it LOOSE (speaking to one person) danaaH'ih kwaa - it is loose. vide'dinohtinh - lock it (speaking to many) dadhohchuh kwaa - keep it loose, don't tie it up.

LONELY gwats'at tr'lnlizhih - (the dog) tr'iniizhii yadhahkhaii - he 1s became loose. lonely. LOOSEN LONG dayinii'at - he loosens it. jidil njuh - something long. gwiinjuh - a long area. LOPSIDED niinjuh it (object) is long. k'oo dha'aii - it is lopsided. d~hjuk - how long is it? (object) 1 7 LOSE

D yatr'igwaandak - lost it. vik'ii goonlli - he is mad.

LOTS yik'ii gwahtsil he is making gwilnU'oh I - lots. him mad.

LOUD vitsingwahdaadhat - he gets videezhuu niint'aii - loud voiced. mad easy. eHk nilnt'aii - loud music. videezhuu niint'aii kwaa - he MAGIC has a low voice. nagwahtsl' I nagwahde' - magic.

LOVE MAIN yat'iiniindhan - he loves him. lisrits'at - the main one.

LOW MAKE ne'daashit kwaa - a low ceiling. aih daatsih - he is making snowshoes for himself. LUCKY yahahtsyaa - he will make it. vidavee gwiinzii - he is lucky. yahtsii - he is making it. yHtsaii - he made it.

gwW1ii gwiindhat - it was made (form, founded)

MAKE (SEVERAL) yiheeghan - he will make them (several things) yahghan - he is making them (several things) yilghan - he made them (several things) . A ER juu manner. juu it manner. E duulee - maybe. juu juu - in this manner. ME N MA juu dinuh - that is what leii - many. means. gwiinleii - many times. dajiinuu dee - what you gwiinlit - (it was) many mean?

MARK M gugwijitcheih - he marked it (an khazhak didich'uu - he 1s meek. area) MEET yidijuuzhii - he met him. yak'adadhizhii - he met him unexpectedly.

MELT vankat tan taojlilit - the lake ice is melting.

MELT, THAW nagwaaghan - it melted, it is thawed. nayahkhaih - he is melting it, vigwijldh~hcheih - he marked it thawing it. (a thing) nayahkhan - he melted it, thawed it. MARRY yuunjik - she married him. litsii niighoo - they melted nagoonjik - he married again. metal. nakhagoodii I nihkhagadhidii - a MELT married couple. ahchuu - he is melting it (snow gaindl' - he was married once or grease) before. yi tchuh - he melted it (snow or grease) 1 sed is men an arrow)

ENTION (something lost) yuuzri' anadhindaii - he mentions him. gehgoo jilnaii - he missed it yuuzri' anadhaandai' - he (when he threw something mentioned it. at it)

ESS ISS srehtagwijuudlii - it is a mess. yak'at'iiniidhan - he misses him. tr'agwaanjik - it is a mess. MIS KE tr'agwaanjik gwHtsaii - he made tehk'oo t'idi'ii he is making a a mess. mistake. tehk'oo t'eedi'in - he made a MIDDLE mistake. vat·t'at I gwaH'at - middle. ya H'at - in the middle of it. MIX teet·t'at - in the middle (of the nih tanilnjyaa - he 1s mixing it. river) MOAN teenjir - middle, halfway. khaditree - he is moaning. khadltre' - he moaned. MINE shats'an diinch'uu - it 1s mine. MOCK yik'lt tadhitsl' - he is mocking MISCHIEVOUS him. vlgwintih - he is mischievous. MODERN gwlizuu dldi'ii - he 1s juk gweedhaa - modern. mischievous. MOIST MISFORTUNE alzroo I gwijllzroo - it 1s moist. gwlizuu nagwijaanaii - misfortune. MOLDY sreh tat gwijuudllt - it is moldy. MISS tsuh nilii - it is getting moldy. yi'dinilk'ee - he missed it (with his gun) MORE tth'aih - more. 20

·· more gwlndoo - more

MOTION gwik'lt teegwahtsl' -

MOURN tr'igwidli - he is mourning.

MO E an chuuzhii - he moved away.

MOVE nihk'eehidik - he is moving around (walking, or sitting and making movements)

MUCH gwiinU'oo - much. dagw~hchli I d~hteil - how much? gwiyeendoo - very much.

MULTITUDE dinjil leii - a great multitude of people.

MUMBLE gwlyeezhak gukhli - he 1s mumbling. 12 p - I a nap. IL gwatsak - nail (to hammer) N RRO nits'ik - it (an object) is narrow. gwits'ik - it (an area) .is narrow. gwlnii'ee gwits'ik - narrow way. taii gwits'ik - narrow trail.

R vehkhee - near him. goovehkhee - near them.

geh'at danh - near an area.

nyahgwan - nearby. gwanahgylt - he is nailing it. NEARLY khainjii - nearly, almost. gwanq,hgylt he nailed it. yinayahgylt - he is nailing lt again. NEED yat'adahch'yaa - he needs it. NAKED, NUDE ch'idehdan - naked. NEEDY nehsrijahch'uu - he 1s needy, NAME poor. vaazhii I voozrl' - it is his name. NEITHER - NONE yuuzrii - he calls him by his gwataljii I gwahaljii - there's name. none. yu uzrl' - he called him by his ih.fee kwaa - none of them, name. neither one. vanitr'oovahsrii - he 1s named NERVOUS after him. daatrat ts'at naajat - he 1s nervous. 122 ESS s. guugaa - S. 0 juk - at present time. NEW juk drin - today or these days. k'eejit - new. juk gweendoo gweedhaa - nowadays. NEXT aii gwats'aii the next on·e. NUMB vats'aii - one to ahshii - it is numb.

NIBBLE ylnahgwa'aa I chidaadhat - he .is nibbling on it.

NICE nizii - it is nice. gwiinzii I gwiizii - that's n1ce.

NIMBLE vidzik nilli - he 1s nimble, quick.

NO akwa' - no.

NO WAY duuyeh - no way.

NOISY gwidan goo'aii - they are noisy.

NONE, NOTHING gwahaljii - there is none. gwahaljii I vakwaa - there's nothing.

NOT kwaa I kwah - not (following a verb) OBEDI T guk'agwahthat - he is he obeys. yahtsii - he offers it adai' hee guk'agwahthat - he him. was obedient, he OIL SCURE ( d - he is oiling unders nd) · - he oiled it. gwik'it tadzli'a-t'ee kwaa - it is obscure to him. OLD gwajat - it (a thing) is old. OBSCURE (hard to see). jidii jat - something old. gwlinzii yinah'ih kwaa - it is obscure to him, he can't shik nilli - it is old. see it well. k'oh zhlt goo'aii - it is obscure, barely visible.

OBSERVE guk'andehnahtii - he is observing it. y ik 'andehnah tii he is observing him.

OCCUPY gwidehk'it dhidii - he is occupying a place. shinh yidhl1khaii - he is very old, elderly. ODOR shinh yadhahkhaii - he is vagwaa tsan - it has an odor. getting old. vagwaatsan kwaa - it is odorless.

OFTEN nihkhan - often. 124

I k I - on p I - on (surface) yide'diniint'uu - opened (the nankak I nankat - on the can) ground, on the land. gwakak - on top a pile. taih dik nahadik - he is walk around on top hill.

ONCE ih-tok - once.

ONE ih-tak - one thing, one person. ih-tak nilil ts'at - one at a time. vank'oh - one side, one of a pair. vakai' ank'oh I vakai' ih-tak OPPOSE one of his feet. gat'ilniindhan .kwaa - he opposes it. ih-tee - one person. nlch'it ih-tee - one girl. yits'at gwH'aii - he opposes him. kheh-tat - in one place. OPPOSITE (across and facing) vich'ii ts'aii naa'ee - opposite ONLY him, facing him. zraih I zrih - only. OR OPEN goo I a.koo - or. gi'idlniintyin - a door 1s open. j ll goo ali - this or that. chlitaii nachiindik akoo zheh OPEN gwizhit nahiindyaa - are ge'diniintinh - he is opening the you going to walk outside door, the doors are or stay inside? opening. gide'diniintinh - he opened (the lagafii, lldii hah jidll sdt window) niindhan? - coffee or tea, what would you like? 125

ORDER 0 TSIDE Y!JlJkagukhH is ordering outdoors. YJJ!Jkaguhe' - he ordered it. gwineetaii - outside a building.

GIVE tyah ohts'aii - outside a yah'ee - he is giving orders. container. yH'ee - he gave him orders. vah'oo - it is outside. IN ORDER gisrlinatr'ahaanjaa - they will put it into order. OUT TH ( in an area) gisrlinatr'aanjii - they are putting uu'ok - right out there. them in order. yee'ok - out there, out that way. gisrlinatr'aanjik - they put them in order. OVAL (EGG- APED) aghoo k'ylt tadha'ee - oval. OTHER SIDE nduh ts'aii - other side. yehndit ts'aii - far side. vint'ii ts'ail - other side, reverse side.

OTHER izhii - others. izhii kaiik'lt - other communities. ejuk - other.

OUCH avaa - ouch.

OUT OVER ERE uundok I yeendoo - out there. uunjlt dee'an - along way over there. OUT (SOUTH) yaa dee'an aii zheh gwizhlt ye'enjuk - out that way, down gwich'in - he lives over south. there in that house. aotsaii gwich'in I ye'en:juk gwich'in - outsider. 126 I - over

P CK ts'aii - way over tr'ilnin nayadaghak - she is ( eg: over the mountains) packing the baby.

PACK OVERFLO tr'iinin iinkhaa - she is packing tanuuhali - the water is the child around. overflowing. yeekhaa - he is packing it. gwakat tanuuhaii - the water overflowed. PADDLE nahadakak - he is paddling OWE around. yits'at gadhandaii - he- owes it khanh nahadakak - he is to him. paddling very fast. yits'at aldaii - he owes it to him. PAIN veenjit gwl-:tts'ik I srah u'ee - OWN he has a pain. vats'an diinch'uu - it is his own. PAINT yivan - he is painting. 7 IR nihk'lt - a nihk'lt - a pair. partici giyah didi'in - he is participating. giyah deedi'in' - he . participated.

p ss gwitoh gwichuudhat - it passed. yeenoo nagwiniindhat - in the past. gehgoo gwiindhat - it passed. gehgoo goodhat - it has passed. gehgoo gweedhaa - it will pass.

PASS BY P LE yehgoo chuuzhli - he passed by vinln dag3ji goonlii I va tth~d' him. dagaii goonlii - he is pale. PASS ON PANIC gwinH'ayahee'ah - he will pass gwiint1'oh tr'anahjat - he panics. it on. gwinH'aya'ail he is passing it PANT on. ide' gwaanaazhak - he is gwint-t'ayu'ai' - he passed it on. panting. PASS OVER PARDON yatoh - over him, passing over yah uu'an gwichuudlii - he him. pardoned him. PAST PART oonoo dai' - in the past, many gwalat - a part of it. years ago. valat - a part of it. adai' gwanoo I gweedhaa gwanoo - the past. PARTY tsli'in gugwahtsii - they are PAT having a party. yidah tee he is patting it. yid~h{ee - he patted it. 28 P TC

it. yak k'anaijilk patched it.

PATTERN gwik'lt tayilt'uu - pattern.

PAY yuuheekat - he will pay it. yuukat - is paying it. yuuvukat - he paid it. yinagookat - he is paying back. adai' hee ylnagookat - he paid back. yadhoh ts'at tr'iniinlih - he peeled it. PEACE yineech'uh gwats'at tr'iinlii - he tslnehdanh goo'aii - it is is peeling it (the bark off peaceful (there is no noise) the logs) chuughwal goonlih - it is peaceful (there is no wind) ts'livil atr'ii vats'an natr'ant'uu - he is peeling it (the bark PEEK off the logs) nlnaa'ih - he is peeking. nagwlnaa'ih zhuu goonah'ii - he PERFECT is peeking at them. gwit'agwu'ee kwaa - it is perfect.

PERSPIRE vakak chuu goonlli - he is perspiring.

PICK jak nahtsii - he 1s picking berries. 12

a PI gwitshih dai' yinjih gwahtsii - yidzee aniingyit - pierced his he making a plan. ears. gwitshih dal' yinjih gwi:ttsaii - he made a plan. PIMPLE vlnylnk khagweedizhaa - PL NE pimple (on his face) yaghwaa - he is planing it. yi - he planed it. PINCH. yiginilts'ak - he pinched him. PLAY yiginllts'ak ts'at yuutan' - he is tsli t'aheedi'yaa - he will play. pinching him and holding tsli di'in - he is playing. it. tsii deedi'in - he played.

PITIFUL PLEAT nehsrijahch'uu ts'at vagwldeech'in chuk hahtsyaa - he will pleat it. - he looks pitiful. chuk ahtsii - he is pleating it. yeenjit nehsrijahch'uu - he has chuk ettsaii - he pleated it. pity on him. PLENTIFUL PLACE goonlii I gwiinleii - it is zhat ninii'aii - he placed .it there plentiful, they are plentiful. (one thing) PLUCK zhat ninilnlil - he placed them hayiinjuu - he is plucking it. there (a lot of things) hayiinju' - he plucked it. nitr'lny~hchii - he was placed POINT (of an object) there. jidii ch'ok I jiich'ok - it is pointed. PLAIN ch'ijuu'ee I ch'igwljuu'ee - it is plain. 30 d

him. POLl gwilnzli vits'at t'idi'ii - he is polite to him.

PO UTE chuu I nan tthaii tr'agwaanjik gwahtsii - he is polluting the water, earth. chuu I nan tthaii tr'agwaanjik gweHsaii - he has polluted the water, earth.

POOR ditr'l' ch'iinjl' ts'aii ch'ijuutthaii - nehsrijahch'uu I gwileii - poor he pointed in that tr'iinin nehsrijahch'uu I gwileii - direction. he is a poor child. yits'at ch'ijuutthaii - he pointed at it (a place) PORTION valat - a portion of it. POISON ( shlh) iisrits'at lizuu dhidllt - POSITIVE (food) became poison. .rr haa gahdandaii - he is (chuu) iisrits'at lizuu dhidlit - positive, knows for certain. (water) became poison. POSSIBLE POKE (with his finger) gwik'lt goonlih - it 1s possible. yich'lniintthaih - he is poking at it. POUR yiginilntthaih - he poked a hole nayijuunjah - he is pouring it through it. out. yich'iniinchit - he poked it. ad~li' hee nayijuunjaa - he poured it out. POKE (with a stick) yuugwat I yuugyit - he 1s PRAISE poking at it. yichi.f'ee - he 1s praising him. 1 1

d. khagideedi' - prayed. PRETTY yik 'oo guhe' - he prayed over ndoo t'iinch'uu I ndoo him (as in confirmation or dagoonch'uu - she is pretty. baptism) jidli zu' nilii - she is pretty. giikhii vagwaandak - he is PRE ENT preaching. gwich'H yik'anahtii - he giikhii ad~li' _hee gwaandak - he prevents him. preached. PREVIOUSLY PRECIOUS gw itshih dai' - previously. daatl'oo I gwlchit'ee - it 1s precious. PRICE tr'iinin vitr'ich'i l"ee nilii - a dagw'thchii nil.ii - the price, that precious child. is how much it cost.

PREDICTED PRIVATE akoo dagwiheedi'yaa nuh - he gwit'eh gugwit'aii - private, not predicts that it will for everyone. happen. gwineetak ginjih gadaaghoo PREGNANT gugwahtsii - they had a tr'linjoo tr'iinin k'oo t'iinch'uu private meeting. she is pregnant. PROBABLY PREPARE dahtii I duulee - probably. srlinigwa'aii - he is preparing it. sriyiinlik - he prepared it. akoo dainiindhan - probably, he thinks so. PRESENCE vindah - in his presence. PROBATION vik'andehtr'inahtii - he 1s on PRETEND probation. zhuu uu'an t'idi'in - he is pretending. 1 2 PR B gwit'agwu'eh - a vah gwit'agwu'eh a problem to khasrij is proud, conceited. PROFIT hasrijH'aii - has a lot of gwats'at gayii gweHsaii - he is conceited. profited from it. E PROMISE zhidayidinahch'ih - he is kheenlde'daheedi'yaa - will provok him. promise. zhidayidinilch'ih - he provoked kheenlde'jii'aii - he is promising. him. kheenlde'gwijg'aii - he made a promise. PUNISHMENT vatr'agwahnahshil - he will be PROMOTE punished. · dinjii nichih yeHsaii - he promoted him. PUR ASE yuuheekat - he will purchase it. PROMPT yuukat - he is purchasing it. shik tr'lilee nilii - he 1s prompt, yuuvukat - he purchased it. always ready. PURE nakha dagha t - he is prompt. sruudidinuu - it is pure.

PROMPTLY, QUICKLY nlhtatr'iinjaa kwaa - it is pure, khanh - promptly, quickly. has no impurities in it.

PROTECT PUSH yik'andehnahtii - he is an yin

k - it Q ALI gadhan t'linch'uu - he qualifies, he can do it. Q IT ekhe'yuunuu - he quit. QUARREL ats'at t'iyahaanjaa - he will QUI ER argue with him. daatrat - he is quivering. ats'at t'iyahnuu - he is arguing dHtrat - he quivered. with him. ats'at t'iyaanu' - he argued with him.

QUESTION adanh yuuhadahkat - he will ask him a question. adanh yuudahkat - he is asking him a question. adanh yuudalkat - he asked him a question.

QUICK khanh ts'at I aniindhok - quick. vitsingwahdaadhat - quick­ tempered person. khanh yinjih nadaadhak I vlgwlj~h H'oo - a quick­ minded person.

QUIET tsinehdanh - it 1s quiet (peaceful) 34 - he read

GG jidli ch'yaa - something which is RE ragged. tr'lilee - ready. jldli ch'yaa nilii - he is ragged. gwich'yaa hadiniinch'yaa - a RE L ragged rag. 1'1' haa I i'QQ haa - really

RAINING RE R ahtshin - it is raining. viH'l' - the rear of it. tr'ih HT - the rear of the boat. RAISE dinli' najuh'aii I dak digiinlik - REASON he raised his hand. nits'oo gah'an 1 geh'an - for dak nayajuu'aii - he raised it what reason? (an object) aii gah'an I geh'an - for that reason. RAISE; REAR ILD diik'iiy~hthat - he raised him. jidli geenjit - for what reason?

RANCID REASON tr'aakaii - it 1s rancid, tastes ginjih gadaaghoo - they are bad. reasoning.

~hjat - it is rancid, rotten. RECALL ganaandaii - he recalls it. RARE (not fully cooked) ganaanjik - he recalled it. gwiintsal dhich'uh - it is rare. RECEIVE READ yuunjik I yinah'ih - he received dinehH'eh kak giteekhyah - he it. will read it. dinehH'eh kak gukhli - he is RECENTLY reading it. nyahgwan gwanoo - recently. 135 RECITE gwik RELIE E it. ih nayah - he relieved gwik'it te' gakhii - he is reciting him (takes his place at a it. job) gwik'lt recited it. gwiintsal geenjit yidehk'it COMMEND guunjik - relieved him veenjit gwiinzii gukhli - he for a while. recommends him. RELE SE REFUSE ekhe' nayuunuu - he released akwaa nuu - he refuses. him. akwaa yahnuu - he refuses him. RELI BLE REFILL vit'ainji'dadaach'uu - he is nagwilli I neenagwlniinlii - he reliable. refilled it. REM IN REGARD (LOOK AT) izhik danh t'at diinch'uu - he is geenjit niinji'adhat - he regards remaining there. it. izhik danh daheech'yaa - he is remaining there HAVE REGARD (RESPECT) (permanantly). yiinjit ~hd'eh - he had a high regard for him. REMAINDER ants'at tr'ooniindhat - the REGRET remainder. guk'at'iiniindhan - he regrets it. REMEDY REJOICE agoondaii srlgwilil - remedy. srugoonch'uu gwahtsii - he rejoices. REMEMBER srugoonch'uu gweitsaii - he ganaandaii - he remembers. rejoiced. 3 R I D RE E ganeey~h ds

of it. ganagwaandak I ganagukhii - he repeating himself. REMO E geh:tee yichuu'aii - removed PE T it (one thing) ditr'agwaanduu khanagwiinlii - he is repenting. geh:tee yichuu'at - he removed it (dirt) REPLY gwidi.i gukhli - he is replying to geh:tee yichuudlii he removed it. them (several things) yidli gukhii - he is replying to him. RENE k'eejlt nagwahtsii - he is REPORT renewing it. gagwaandak - he is reporting it. k'eejlt nagweHsaii - he renewed yagwaandak - he 1s reporting it. him.

REPAIR I REPLACE REQUEST srlinayiinlii - he is repairing it. YIJ!Jb1gukhli - he is requesting sriinayiinlik - he repaired it. him. YlJIJkaguhe' - he requested him. REPAY gwit'li nagwahahtsyaa - he will RESEMBLE repay it (a favor) yik'lt t'iinch'uu - it resembles it. gwit'ii nagwahtsii - he is repaying it (a favor) vik'lt vagwldeech'in - he gwit'li nagwe:ttsaii - he repaid it resembles him. (a favor) RESERVE veenjit dehk'it gwH'aii - he reserved a seat (for him) 7 s ew it j lse) reserved it for him. - he (from a trip) ESIDE k'anadhizhih - he returned. gwich'in - resides. k'aheedik - he will return. gweech'in' - he resided. k'anadik - he returned.

ESIGN REVENGE digwitr'it ekhe'guunuh - he gwit'li nagweHsaii - he took resigned from his job. revenge.

RESOLVE REVERSE sriinagwilii - he resolves it (a rihts'ee dinaanchuu - he conflict or problem). reversed it (turned it over).

RESPECT REVERSE SIDE yiinji'chH'ee - he respects him. vint'ii ts'aii - the reverse side (behind it) REST k'iit.f'li ts'aii - the reverse side nalzhii I nadhizhlh - he 1s (the other end) resting. REWARD RESUME gwit'li vanatr'agwe-ttsaii - he nagageedl' - they resumed (a received his reward. meeting) RICH (wealthy) RETURNING ( ing back) chll'ee - he is rich. adanh vats'an yeftsaii I vintl'ee nayu'aii - he returned it to RI ( sy d) him. dhik'ii - it is rich. gwintt'anayu'aii - he returned it. 1 3 RI it is (not a ) .

tail nayahdiluu - he is riding on RIP a dogsled. tayilch'yaa - he ripped it (in one place). n.ihtr'iyin~hch'yaa - he ripped it a

RIPE dindizrl' - it 1s npe.

RISE nidhikhyin - he rose (from sitting down).

khacheeda'aii - he rose (from lying down). litsii nahdinaadhak zhlt chuuzhli - he is riding in an RISE airplane. danaa tyuh - it (bread) is rising.

RIGHT (correct) chuu dak t'idi'ii - the water 1s nlzii t'iinch'uu - it is right. rising.

RIGHT AWAY SE (sun) khanh akoo dldi'ii - he did it srii gaha'ak - the sun is rising. right away. srli gichuu'aii - the sun rose. aniindhok - right away. ROAR chuu tadinaadlat I chuu zhaa - RING the water is roaring. daalaii - it is ringing (in sight). daalai' - it rang On sight). 1 9 RO R ROO nin room animal

RO ST ROT gwit'eh yahch'uu - he is roasting ahjat 1s rotting. it. ~hjat - it rotted. gwit'eh yitch'uu - he roasted it. yahjat - he is rotting it. y~hjat - he rotted it. ROB ya ts'an in'ii - he is robbing him. ROT TE yats'an inuu'ii - he robbed him. l"ih ts'ee nadinaadhal - it rotates.

ROCK ROUGH (coarse) ahval - it is rocking back and gwiditr'ih I gwaghwan - it (an forth. area) is rough. dltr'uu - it (a thing) is rough. ROLL nahdaadhal - it (a small thing) ROUGH (uneven) is rolling. gwoghar - it is rough. izhlk danh daadhal it rolled daghwar - it (a thing) is rough. over there. nihk 'e'tadaadhak - he IS rolling ROUND it around. ghoo - it 1S round. jidli ghoo - something 1S round. nayidinahtal - it is rolling around. nahdineedital - he is rolling around.

ROLL OVER chii ts'at tihts'ee dlnllchii - he rolled over in his sleep. 40 RO R B it. rubbed it. yakak gind~dh - he is rubbing him (with medicine)

RULE yats'at k'agwaadhat - he rules him.

RU LE gwadan - it is rumbling.

RUMOUR zhuu chii'an gukhli I ch'agukhli - it is a rumour. ROW (in a line) niht'ih nitr'ijilzhii - they are m a RUN row (people) aagal - he rs running.

nahaagak - he rs running around.

nahaaHak - it (an animal) is running. 4

S CRED sruudidinuu -

SAD shah nilih kwaa - he is sad.

S IL tr'ih choo kak niinvyaa - he is sailing (on a boat)

troo iint'uh - he sawed wood.

yit'll - he is sawing it. -- yiint'uh - he sawed it. SAY ahnuu - he says. juu nuh - he says that. yahnuh - he said to him. SATISFY diyahnuh - he says to him or shah yats'an ahtsli - he is about him. satisfied with him. dlnuh - he says that.

SA VB; RESCUE dahdeenjaa - what will he yagwahndaii - he is saving say? him. SCALE SAVE yahgyu' - he is scaling it. yeendoo geenjit thok yik'anahtil - he saves it for later. 42

SCR B

floor. BE chyah k'e'aHrah - he yinahjat - he is scared. scrubbed the floor.

SC RE yichHkhoh - he him.

SCATTER najuunjaa - he scatters it. srehtat yichuudlii - he scattered it.

SCOLD ats'at t'iyahnuu - he scolds him.

SCORN SEAL yitr'ijih'ee - he scorns him. Iiyidzii - he is sealing it. !iyildzii - he sealed it. SCRAPE yidhoh - he is scraping it. SEAL giyilt'an - he sealed it. SCRATCH yatr'at - he is scratching it. SECRET yiHr'at - he scratched it. nagwinah'in - he has a secret. yuutr'at - he scratched someone. in'ii k'lt diich'uh - secretly.

SCREAM SEE heezral - he will scream. yinah'in' - he saw him. zral - he is screaming. gwinah'in' - he saw iinzral - he screamed. something. gwahnah'yaa - he will see it. SCREW gwinah'ii - he sees it. gwik'lt yiindoh - he is gwinah'l' - he saw it. screwing it in. gwik'lt yiindO' - he screwed lt in. 4 SEEK YIJ!Jk I is I sun YIJ!Jkaniintii I YIJIJkagwinah'i' is setting. he sought him. na'u'aih - the sun set.

SEIZE NET Ytthchit I yuunjik - he seized chihvyaa chahahchal - he will him. set a net. chihvyaa chytthchuh - he is SELL setting a net. ookat yahahtsyaa - he will chihvyaa chinytthchuh - he sell it. set a net. ookat yahtsii - he is selling it. SET SNARE ookat yeHsaii - he sold it. gyah daheeH'yaa - he will set a snare. SEND gyah didhiH'ii he lS setting YIJ!Jkagukhil - he is sending a snare. for him. gyah di'uuH'ih - he has set a YIJlJkaguhe' - he sent for him. snare. yichil'eh - he sent him away. SET TENT SENSE nlivyaa niheetthal - he will gik'yaanjik - he senses it. set a tent (for camp) yik'yaanjik - he senses him. SETTLE SEPARATE ch'iizhak nlniinzhih - he thok nilll - it is separate. settled down. izhik danh diinch'uu I izhik SEPARATE (put apart) didhich'it I ch'iizhak nih ts'at tr'iyahahchyaa - he nidhichit - he settled separated them (several down there, stayed things) there. nihk'yuu yuuheendal - he will separate it.

SERVE ya'~hdaii I yak'tthdak - he serves him. shaved his whiskers.

SHE khajli is shedding. khainjik - it shed.

S ELTER ts'iivii t'eh - in the shelter (of a tree)

SHINE ch'~hdit - it 1s shining. SH DE nijln gwa'an gehsriinii'aih INE, SUN kwaa - in the shade. sriinli'aii - the sun is shining. gehsriinii'aii - the sun ls gwank'oh t'eh - m the shade. shining on .it.

SHAKE SHIVER yadahthak - he is shaking it. daatrat he 1s shivering. dlts'at nayighat - he is SHOOT shaking his blanket. yidahk'ee - he is shooting. yuudahk'ee - he is shooting SHALLOW it. te'j~hgwan - the water is adahk'ee - he is shooting shallow. ( repeatedly)

SH RE yalat yinH'a'~hchit - he shared it with him (food)

SHARP jlinin - it is sharp. 1 5 SHO s at

guk'e'yiniltii - showed it to him.

S RINK natsal yahahtsyaa - he will shrink it. natsal yahtsii - he is shrinking it. natsal yettsaii - he shrunk it.

RUNKEN jidli gwan - something shrunken. SHOOT WITH BOW ahahdak - he is shooting· SHRUNKEN MATERIAL (with a bow) navadoo jaanail - material yahahdak - he is shooting it which is shrunken. (with a bow) navadoo daadhak - the yitdak - he shot it (with a materal shrunk. bow) SHRIVEL SHORT dhitr'al - it shriveled up nagwan - (a thing or area) 1s because of the heat. short. yahtr'al - he is making lt niingwan - lt is short (an shrivel, scorching it. object) ylHr'al - he made it shrivel, scorched it. natsal - he is short (a person) SHY OOZhii nilii - he 1S shy. SHOUT zral - he is shouting. SICK yits'at zral - he is shouted at hahts'ik I tahts'ik - he will him. get sick. e-tts'ik - he is sick.

SIDE zhat ts'ai.i - on this side. 4

- on ( is s SIT nikhekheh - side-by-side dadhldii - it is sitting higher (side-by-each) (an animal) dhidii is sitting. ALONG iidl' - sat. vehghee - side S E SIFT d~hchii - it is his size. gwinjit yiheenjaa he is sifting it. SKILLFUL gwinjit yihaanjaa - he sifted nilee t'ah'in - she is skillful it. (used only for girls and women) SIGH 1'1' haa gadhan - he 1S skillful chilshih - he sighs. (used for boys and men)

SILENT SKIN (to remove the skin) khe'gwidaach'uu I tslnehdanh yinithoo aH'uh - he skinned - it is silent. it.

SIN SKIN ANIMAL tr'agwaanduu gwahtsii - he is nayah'yaa - he skinned it (an sinning. animal) tehk'oo t'idl'ii - he is sinning. SKINNY vatthai' kwaa - he is skinny. SING ehdeelyaa - he will sing. jidll ts'ik - something skinny. edlil - he is singing. nits'ik - it (a pole or rope) is ediinll' - he sang. skinny.

SINGE SKIP (pas sed over) yahkhyuu - he will singe it. yatoh chuuzhii I yihkhyuu he is singeing it. ne'tr'oodahnaii - he yifkhyuu - he singed it. skipped over him. 1 7

(a flat a it ( a flat

SLAM (DOOR) gehd~miivyaa gwiinU'oh ge'deediniintyin - he slammed the door.

SL NT k'oo dha'aii - it is slanted. SLICK SLAP guuvaajeii - it is slick. ylnuut'an - he slapped him. IDE; SLIP SLEEP aajal - he is sliding. heetshyaa - he will sleep. dhltshii - he is sleeping. giljeii - he slipped. iintshl' - he slept. gwit'eh aajeil - he slid there. guuvaajeii - it is slippery. SLEEPY vyaa yitr'oojllchii - he is nahaanjak - he keeps sleepy. slipping. gwihdeehaajak - he is sliding FALL ASLEEP down (with a sleigh) k'avahdinahnaii - he fell asleep. SLIMY viU'uu - it is slimy. SLICE didril ts'at khayant'ii - he is SLOBBER slicing it. vizhlt srik - he slobbers. didril ts'at khayant'uu - he sliced it. SLOW khalchi' kwaa - he is slow.

WALK SLOW neenjik ahah - he walks slow. 8

an -

SMILE SLURP dlok chiinluk - he slurps. SMOKE SLY Hk'an - he is smok (a niinjigwaazhii - he is sly. cigarette) ejHk'an' - he smoked (a SM LL ) tsal - small natsal - it is small. SMOTHER jidii tsal - something small. vihdashuh jaanaii - ls dzhii tsal - a small bird. smothering it. dinjii tsal - a small person. BE SMOTHERED SMA ( s ) tat yadhahkhaii - he zhuu - small. smothered (was geh zhuu - a small rabbit. overcome by smoke) nich'.it zhuu - a small girl. SMOO (even) SMART vilaii - it 1s smooth, it is vigwizhl' goonlli - he is smart. even.

SMASH SMOULDER khayidinahnaii - he smashed chidinchuh - it 1s smouldering. it (into pieces) khayljilnaii - he is smashing SNAP it. vik'e'niinchyah - it snapped. khagwijilnaii - it was smashed. SNARL ooghwan - (the animal) is SMEAR snarling. gwakak yahHee - he is smearing it. SNEAK gwakak yiHtee - he smeared nagwlnah'ii nahadik - he is it. sneaking around. nlnaa'in - he is sneaking. SMELL yahtsan -. he 1s smelling .it. 4 d IGH )

sneezed. ( adhoh tshyuu is soft SNIFF (animal skin). yahtsan - he is sniffing. yi:ttsan sniffed. SOLID dital' - it solid, sturdy. SNORE jidli tal' - something solid. ahkhok - he is snoring. gwiditai' - it is solid. a 1 khok - he snored. gwidit~li' gwich'yaa - it is solid (tightly woven SNO cloth) zhoh hah ahtr'aii - blowing snow. SOME lat - some. ahshii - it is snowing. valat - some of it.

SNOWBLIND SOMETHING neezhinh yadhahkhaii he is ejlich'i.i I egw.ijlich'uu snowblind. something.

SOAK SOMETIMES neeyahtraa - he is soaking it. geetak - sometimes. neeyiHraa - he soaked it. SOMEWHERE SOAR nijln gwa'an - somewhere. tr'ahnahtr'al - it 1s soaring. SOON SOB nyahgwan - soon. zhindhitree - he 1s sobbing. SORE SOBER gwi1ts'ik I el:'ts'ik - it 1s sore. gahdandaii - he is sober. srligwandaii - he is sober. SOUR tr'aakaii - it is sour.

SPACE dehk'lt tr'agoonadhak - there is space for him 15

s - speak louder (speaking to SP RK many) kwan' ch'ahahsak - sparks are flying (from the fire) gaguhe' - he spoke about it. guhe' - he talked. kwan' chyahtsal - sparks are gwiizrii guhe' - he spoke flying ·(from the fire) plainly. yah guhe' - he talked with SP RKLE him. ch'~hdyit - its· sparkles.

SPATTER SPILL chuu gi'tr'ijidhitik - he nayadeenjaa - he will spill it. spatters water. nayidinjaa - he is spilling it. nayijuunjaa - he spilled lt. SPEAK; TALK gagiteekhyah - he will speak SPIT about it. nadizrik I hizrik I dizrik - he giteekhyah - he will talk. is spitting. gagukhii - he is speaking SPLASH about it. chuu yuukat chuuH'at - he 1s gukhii - he is talking. splashing water. yah gukhii - he is talking with him. SPLIT gwiyeezhak gukhii - he is nihtr'ihidahshii - he will split talking back, being it. impudent. nihtr'idahshii - he is splitting gwiizrii gakhii - he speaks it. plainly. nihtr'idahnaii - he split it. ch'igwijuu'ee gukhii - he speaks honestly. SPOIL dinzhal njik gwats'a t gukhii l.izuu dhidlit - it spoiled - nasalized, he speaks (went bad) through his nose. gwijlinin ts'at gukhii - he SPOT (suddenly saw) speaks in a shrill voice. niyiji:t'ii - he spotted it. 15

- it s a at - his ST IE SPREAD vanan kak dachan gwanan yahtlee - spreads (with datthaii he is staking oil) his land. yH - he spread (with oil) ST ND nadhat I - he is D standing up. dhats'at - he has legs spread nandha'ee - it (eg: a rock) apart. stands upright.

SPREAD APART AND UP STAND (EMOTION); DISLI dhak'ai' - he has his legs vitr'ijlh'eh - he can't stand spread apart and held him. up. STARE SPRING yiHai' I yHghoh - he 1s k'lt teech'ilchuk - it sprang staring at it. back. k'lt teech'aachuk - it sprang START back (repeatedly) gugwihee'ah - it will start. gugwiniindhat - it started SQUEEZE already. yitl'adidhinjik I nayingoo - he squeezed it. STARTLE yichHkhoo - he startled him. SQUINT yllghoo - he was startled. vitr'igwideech'in - he is squinting / squinted at STARVE it. vizhigwiHs'ik I vidinugaih he is starving. STAB yHgwat - he stabbed it. STAY azhik gwich'ln - he is staying STAGGER there. vinahaakak - he staggers. 52 AL 1S I inuu'ih -

STE same) tr'ih U'l' ak'~hdak - he is steering the boat. STING gwiik'at - it (an insect) stings. STEP in'ii k'lt nahadlk is STINGY stepping (quietly) ~utsai' - is stingy.

STEP ON STINK yakak danaa'yuu - he is gwiizuu vagwaatsan - stepping on it. stinks. uundoo yichll'yuu - he took a step. STIR ihtok yakak nadaa'yuu - he ya'ne'needhah - he is stirring stepped on it once. lt. ya'ne'niindhah - he stirred it. STICK (together) giyaht'an - he is sticking it STITCH on. k'e'jahkaih - he is stitching it. giyHt'an - he stuck it on. gi H'an - it is stuck to it.

STIFF til'yuu - it is stiff. elk'yuu - lt (a corpse) is stiff. jidli tai' - something stiff.

STILL (qu t) khe'gwidaach'uu - it is still. khe'jaanch'uu - keep still! (speaking to one person) khe'dooch'uu - keep still! STOMACH ACHE (speaking to many) vazrak i Hs'ik - he has a stomach ache. to

S IN (mus gakhih kwaa - he stopped cheedandak - he strained talking. himself.

p NG ch'ant'ai' gwijilghaa - he gwitr'it t'agwah'ih kwaa - he strained his back. stopped working. STR IN (to t asi ) vinjlt chuu tr'injaa - he is tsii k'lt ahtsii - he is storing straining water. it away. tsii k 'l t gwij ah tsii - he is STRETCH storing it (in the ground yahahch'it - he is stretching or snow) it (clothing) tsii k'lt gwahahtsyaa he will yihitch'it - he stretched it. store it (in the ground yahch'it - he is stretching it or snow) (an animal hide) tsil k'lt gwiji Hsaii - he stored yitch'it - he stretched it. it (in the ground or snow) STRIKE yinlajildhali - he struck him. STORMY drljahtsai' - it is stormy. STRONG niint'aii - he is strong. STORY, TELL va t'aii goonlii - he is strong. gwaandak - he is telllng a da tai' - it is strong. story. yah gwaan dak - he is telling STUBBORN him a story. vichl' dach'at - he 1s stubborn. gagwaandak - he is telling a story about it. STUDY gaonahtan - he is studying. STRAIGHT gaonlltln - he studied~ ch'igwijuu'ee I ch'ijuu'ee - it is straight. STUFF (overeat) ch'igwijuu'ee gwettsali - he gwilnH'oh iln'al - he stuffed straightened it out. himself (by eating) 4 S R ST FF nan

nan ST F surveyed vintsih zhit hadinaagwat - he has a stuffy nose. SUSPECT yats'at sus STUMBLE him. gwatataantth'at I gwitatijilnaii yats'at nagwiinlii - - he stumbllng sus around. khainjii gwitinaHth'at - he S ALLOW stumbled around. yichilUee - he swallowed it.

STURDY SWEAT, PERSPIRE da tai' - it is sturdy. thah yadhahkhaa - he will sweat. STUTTER thah yadhahkhaii - he lS daatrat - he stutters. sweating. thah yadhilkhaii - he SUCK sweated. yaht'ok - he is sucking on it. ylH'ok - he sucked on lt. SWEEP glhfi'deetan - he is sweeping. SUDDENLY gih!i'jiitan' - he swept. khanh ts'at - suddenly. SWEET SURGERY dhandai.i - it tastes sweet. tr'it'li - he is having surgery. ylt'li - he is performing SWELL surgery on him. azhal - it is swelling up. tr'iint'uh - he had surgery. alzhal' - it swelled up. yiint'uh - he performed surgery on him. S IFT chuu niint'aii - the water is SURPRISE swift. yichaagwijllnaii - he was surprised. S I k k'adivik -

k'eedivik - he swam.

SWING aavaJ - it is swinging. yahval he is swinging it. Y'!hval - he swang it.

SWOLLEN alzhal - it is swollen. 56

TAK T LL e it yuunjii - is yuunjik - he took it. T ME giyigwah'ee is taming it. TAKE DOWN giyigw~h'ee - he tamed it. naylinlii - he took it down. TAN niyiintinh - he took it down. adhoh yahshii - he tanned a hide. , SPEAK adhoh yitshii - he tanned a gagiteekhyah - will speak hide. about it. giteekhyah - he will talk. NGLE nihtantthi'ee - it is tangled. gagukhii - he is speaking about it. gukhii - he is talking. TANGLE yah gukhii - he is talking with nihdandlchoo - it is tangled. him. nlyidlnilchoh - he tangled it. gwiyeezhak ggkhii - he is nidindhlchoh - it is tangled. talking back, being jidli nldindhlchoh - something impudent. tangled. gwiizrii gukhll - he speaks plainly. TASTE ch'igwijuu'ee gukhii - he speaks yik'agw~hdaii - he is tasting it. honestly. yidhindaii - he tasted it. dinzhal njik gwats'at gukhii - vik'lt vagwaandaii - it tastes nasalized, he speaks like that. through his nose. gwllnzii vagwaandali - it tastes gwijlinin ts'at gukhii - he speaks good. in a shrill voice. gwlizuu vagwaandali I tr'aakaii - gwiinH'oh ginukhli - speak louder it tastes bad. (speaking to one person) gwiinH'oh ginohkhii - speak TATTOO louder (speaking to many) digyln ninah tsi' - he is tattooing his arm. gaguhe' - he spoke about it. digyln ninHtsl' - he tattooed his guhe' - he talked. arm. gwiizrii gHhe' - he spoke plainly. 7 TEACH is yahyuunahtan - him about it. TEST gayuuniltyin - taught him. yak'ahaanjii - he is testing it, yahyuuniltyin - he taught him examining it. about it. yak'ahaanjik - he tested it.

TEAR -tayahch'yaa - he is tearing it. mahsl' I h~( - thank you. -tayHch'yaa - he tore it. NKFUL TEASE mahsl' I h~!' yiniindhan he is ylzhlnaach'li - he is teasing him. thankful. mahsl' yahnuh - he was TELL thankful. yahnuh - he is telling him, he tells him (anything). THAT ali - that one, that occurrence. TELL A LEGEND/STORY aii geenjit - for that. yeenoo dai' gagwaandak - he is telling a legend. zhik - that. yah gwaandak - he is telling him (a story). yakhat - that one, someone (already referred to) TEMPORARILY khalhtak - temporarily (for THAW example, while travelling) nagwaaghaii - it is thawing. niyahkhaii - he is thawing it. gwiintsal gweedhaa geenjit - for nagwahgwan - it thawed. a short time. niyahkhan - he thawed it.

TEN THERE ih.fok I ih.fak juutin - ten. izhik gwa'an - around there (in that area). TEND izhlk gwee'an - around there. yik'anahtii - he is tending it. izhik gwits'at - to there. yik'ani-ttii - he tended it. izhik gwats'at - from there. izhik danh - right there. yaazhlt danh - right there. 5 kat -

and k uunjit - way it.

THESE REA TEN jii kat I nat - these people. yanahjat - he threatened him. jii tthak - these things. R THICK tik I tee - three (things) ditl' - it is thick. tlh - three (people) jidii ditl' - something thick. T ROB THIN gwilnt!'oo srah - it is throbbing didril - it is very thin. (with pain) jidli dril - something thin (like a piece of paper) ts'ik hah srah nilli - it is throbbing (with pain) T INK nlinji'adhat he is thinking. THROUGH ganiinji'adhat - he is thinking gwinjik - through an opening about it. (also) through something niinji'iindhat - he was thinking. transparent. ganlinji'iindha t - he was thinking about it. THROW dainiindh~m - he thought gwach'yaa uu'an chuudllh - he (something) threw away his clothes. yichuudlli - he threw them THINK ABOUT SOMEONE (several things) juu dlyuunuh - that's what he was thinking about him. THROW yaheetthak - he is throwing it THIRSTY (a projectile) chuu juulli - he is thirsty. THROW THIS yihijilnali - he threw it (a small jii - this. thing, like a rock) t'eeyihijilnaii - he threw it (a THOSE living thing) aii kat I nat - those people. it (a - it ( T D gichHdoh - it made a thud. !'oh gwiintsal - tiny. UNDER nehtan tadhahchlk - it is (on s own thundering. khadlnaanaii - it tipped over.

TICK T ( someone) vak'atr'aajyaa ndoo !eegwal - nadlnliughoo - he tipped it over. the watch is ticking. TIPTOE TICKLE dakaiits'at kat nahadik - he yahjak - he is tickling him. tiptoed there and back. yH jak - he tickled it. dhijak - he is ticklish. TIRED cheedinjii - he is getting tired. TIE cheedindak - he is tired. diyahchoh - he is tying it. diyHchoh - he tied it. TIRED (lose interest) a'aa ginlltaii - he is tired (of TIGHT eating) gwHH'at - it is tight (a tight fit) TO ts'at - to. TILT yats'at - to him, toward him. k'oo naylnH'aii - he tilted it. gwits'a t - to there, to here.

TIMID, BASHFUL ch'eenoo - straight to here. oozhii nilii - he is timid, bashful. yint·t'ee - to him (when giving TIMID, AFRA TO SPEAK something to him) ga tr'oodaanuu - he is timid, afraid to speak. TOGETHER kheh !ok - together (in a group) TINGLE ahshii - it is tingling. TOGETHER khehiat - together (in one place) so)

TO yeel.il - (a t'ehshit gwiinchii - too much. nayidlluu - he is towing it t'ehshit t'agw~hchii - it is too around. much. nlyiinluu - he towed it there. TOOTHACHE vagho' aHs'ik - he has a TO RD toothache. izhlk gwits'at - towards

TOP TR CE khagoodii - on top of a slope. yik'lt tagwlnah tsl' - he is tracing it. vakak - on top of it (a thing) yik'lt tagwlniHsl' - he traced it. gwakak - on top of it (an area) ACK taih dik - on top a hill. yik'lh ahah - he is tracking it.

yik'oo - on top of him. TRADE yi'ookat - he is trading with TORMENT him. khainji'yidaadhat - he will yiyuukat - he is trading it with torment him. him. khainji'yahthat - he is yit'H yahaa'aii - he traded it tormenting him. with him. khainji'y.i.fthat - he tormented him. TRADE PLACES n!hjeh ninilnzhli - he traded TOSS places with him. t ih ts'ee dinaadha t - he is tossing it back and forth TRANSFER (with someone else) izhii gwits'at nitr'inyanchih - he was transferred to there. zhee neeyldahthak - he is tossing it up in the air. yihijllnall - he tossed it in the a1r. 1 TRIP k a -tehte'dehdiinlii - nldhlzhih - took a translating it. trip. -tehte'dehdlinll' - he translated it. IP, STUMB gwit'oh dijaanaii - he tripped ANSP RENT over it. jidH drinh - something transpa (such as (a al) plastic) - it is trotting along. nahaaHak - it is trotting around. vinjlt tr'igwinah'in - transparent. izhlk danh nadhlHee - it trotted there. TRAP yHdroh - he caught it. TRUE Y'thdroh - he trapped it. -tl' dadlli - he is truthful. khyah dhidlii 1 khyah t'ah'in - he is trapping. 1:1' hah t'iginuu - it is true.

TRAVEL :tyaa I :tl' haa I fQQ haa - truly. khaihtak nahadlk I nihk'yuu nahadik - he is travelling. TRUST vik'ylnjizhlt I yit'aiinji'j~hch'uh - TREMBLE he trusts him. daatrat - he is trembling. nan daatrat - the ground is TRY trembling. guk'agwiheendaii - he will try. yik'agwiheendaii - he will try it. TRIM gehdeet'aih - he will try. yeesreegwaht'ii - he is trimming it. guk'agwandaii - he is trying. yeesreegwaht'uu - he trimmed it. yik 'agwandaii - he is trying it. giji.int'aih - he is trying. TRIM (sewing) nigwinahtsl' - he is trimming it guk'agwiindai' - he tried. (sewing) ylk'agwiindai' - he tried it. nigwinHtsl' - he trimmed it gijiint'al' - he tried. (sewing) 16 R it

TURN AROUND, nayidinuu'aii - he is turning it around. nayidinuu'ai' - turned it around. tihts'ee yidinii'aih - he is turning over.

TURN INTO (transform) shah najaanaii - it turned into a bear.

TURN INSIDE OUT tihts'ee yidin~hchuh - he turned it inside out. -tihts'ee yidinahkhyuu - he is turning it inside out.

TURN OFF yide'diniintinh - he is turning it off.

TWIST nayindoo - he is twisting it. nayidinuudoh - he twisted it. 1 3

G un s tsindinaanch'uu it is he undressed.

UNBELI ABLE UNE gwik'ylnjizhit kwaa - it is sragwaadhan kwaa - he is unbelievable. uneasy.

NC R UNEXPEC gwlinzii gahdandaih kwaa - it is yigaolii kwaa k'adik - he returned unclear to him (he doesn't unexpectedly. understand it well) vak'adadhizhii - he met him UNCOMFOR TAB unexpectedly. gwiinzii tthaii nuudlii kwaa - he is uncomfortable. UNHAPPY shah nilii kwaa - he is unhappy. UNCERTAIN tr'iits'ah gwa'an nilii - he is srugoonch'uu kwaa - he is uncertain. unhappy. gwiinzii yahaandaih kwah - he is UNHARNESS uncertain about it. -tali H'yaa -taii ts'at tr'ahchii - he is unharnessing the dog. UNDECIDED -tali H'yaa -tali ts'at tr'i-tchii - he -tihk'eejuu'ee kwaa - he 1s unharnessed the dog. undecided. UNIMPORTANT UNDER gwit'adahch'yaa kwaa - it 1s gwit'eh - underneath. unimportant. vit'eh - under it. UNINTELLIGENT chuu zhit - under the water. vigwizhl' kwaa - he is unin te !ligen t. UNDERSTAND gwik'it tadzli'a-t'ee - he UNIQUE understands. vik'lt t'iinch'uu goonlii kwaa - it is unique. UNDERSTAND SOMEONE yljlltth'ak - he understands him. 4 0 nih at ( w one each)

U KNO I - up (where can gahdandaih kwaa juu tajuudhat - reached by walking) he did it unknowingly. ye'eedee - farther up.

UNLOAD UP khagwilll is unloading. dehthat - upward, up that way. khagwiinll' - he unloaded.

UNMANAGEABLE UP ( er vagagoontrih kwaa - it is sight) unmanageable. uudak - higher up on the ground. yeedak ..: straight up there, UNOCCUPI upwards gwizhlt tr'igwich'in kwaa - it (a ye'eedak - farther up, up, in the place) is unoccupied. air. ch'eedak - pointing (straight UNRAVEL uphill) naya'at - he is unraveling it. nayuu'at - he unraveled it. UP (in the sky) zhee zhlt - up in the sky. UNSETTLED ilzhak gwich'ln kwaa - he is UP (from the river) unsettled. · uunjit - up there. yeenjit - up river (not very far) UNSTEADY ditai' kwaa - it 1s unsteady. UP (from the river) UNTIE ye'eedok - way up that way. danii'at - he is untying it. danayinii'at - he untied it. UPRIVER han njl' I uunjl' - upriver, not daneedandak - it came untied. very far. yeenjl' - farther up the river. dadhohchoh kwaa - it is untied. ye'eenji' - a long way up the river. UNWARY yeenuu ts'aii - (from) upriver. khaodaa'ln kwaa - he 1s unwary. 1 5

- u to accu PRIGHT ch'iidak dha'aii - it upright. gogwaa'ee - he is used to it.

ch'iidak dhidii - it is sitting USEFUL upright. adatr'adahch'yaa - it is usefuL

UPRIGHT USU L iidak ch'ijuu'ee - it is upright. gohju' - as usuaL nandha'ee - it is standing upright (a rock)

UPROOT gwanzhih nanzhlt gwats'at khqhch'yah - he uprooted the plant.

UPSIDE-DOWN iizhak ts'at dha'ali - it is upside­ down.

UPWARD iidak ts'aii - upward.

URGE gwits'at yah'ee - he urged him to do it.

URINATE dhilarh - he is urinating. iinlar' - he urinated.

USE yit'adahahch'yaa - he will use it. yit'adahch'uu - he is using it. yit'adii'ch'uu - he used it. CATIO gwitr'it ts'at tak hadhahchik is throat singing. AIN gwaakwaa - in vain, there is no OMIT need for it. nakwoii - is vomiting. nadakwoih - he vomited. zhuu ii'an - vain, sro' - in vain, without success.

V ALUAB (us vadatr'ad~hch'uu - it is valuable, useful.

VALUABLE (ex s ) daaH'oo - it is valuable.

VANISH k'e'gwldaanaii - he vanished.

VISIBLE vlgwldeech'in - he 1s visible.

VISIT veenihee - he is visiting him. yeenldhlzhii - he visited him. 7

warm; warm ADDLE (a vineehaab!k I - it warm (weather) waddling along. W RN IL akoo davahnuu kwaa - he is gwiintt'oh - he is wailing. warning him. akoo davHnuu kwaa - he warned AIT him. nayuuvll'ii - he is waiting for him. nayuuvHT - he waited for him. SH yik'ee'ahtryaa - he is washing it. AKE yik'ee'attryaa - he washed it. khachida'aii - he is waking up. ik'ee'ahtryaa - he is washing khacheeda'aii I khachida'ak - he clothes. awoke. ik'ee'aHryaa - he has washed clothes. ALK ahah - he is walking along. WATCH guk'anahtii - he is watching. izhlk nlnlizhii - he walked there. guk'anlttii - he watched. yik'anahtii - he is watching it. WALK AROUND yik'anittii - he watched it. nahadlk - he is walking around. WAVE (with the hand) WALK WITH CANE dinll' haa gwilli t'iheedi'yaa - he na toohidihchik - he is walking is going to wave his hand. with a cane. dinll' haa gwilii t'idi'ii - he is waving his hand. WANT dlnll' haa gwilli t'eedi'in' - he yiniindhan - he wants it. waved his hand. viiniindhan - he wanted it. ylts'at yijt:thdaih - he waved at WAR him. aghan gugwahtsil I nltigidaghan - they are making war. WEAK vat'ali kwaa - he is weak.

WEALTHY chlt'ee - he is wealthy. 68

wept. nlyidaatshuu is wearing it (a coat, shirt, etc.) WEIGH yik'lt gwahdii - he is weighing jH'yuu - he is wearing (pants, yik'lt gwHdii - weighed it. socks, shoes, etc.) ET yizhijlljlk - he is wearing them is wet. (gloves) WH T nijaa'alh - he is wearing it (a cap, jidli I jidli dee - what? hat) hajii - what next I now what? t'adaachuh - he is wearing it (a shawl or scarf) W EN nijin dee - when? (in the past) WORN OUT an dhidlit - it wore out, it is nijln jl' - when? (in the future) worn out. WHERE WEATHER nijln gwa'an - around where? drij~htsai' - it 1s getting to be bad weather. nijln gwats'at - from where? nijln gwits'at - to where? tr'ahadaatsii k'lt dagoonch'uu - it 1s bad weather. WHICH jidli srit dee - which one? gwiinzii nagwg'ee - it iS good weather. nijln ts'aii - which way?

WED W ILE yuuheendal - he will wed. guuzhik - while. aii guuzhik - meanwhile (while WED this was happening) goonjii - he weds. yuunjii - he weds her. WHIMPER tr'oonjik - he was wed. idizhit tree - it 1s whimpering. HIP

H ISPER jaghaa - why? daadzlt - he is whispering. WIDE HISTLE nichyah is wide (a thing) uudahshuu - he is whistling. gwiinchyah - it (an area) is w1de. uudahshuu - he whistled. jidli chyah - something wide. dqhchyah - how wide is it?

IGGLE khehfat idHjik kwaa - he is wiggling, restless.

WILD gwiinzheii - it is wild.

naadrat - he is wild.

WILLING gwik'it t'linilndhan - he is wl11ing WHITE to do it. jidli dagaii - something white. dagaii - it is white (cup, pot, an WIN animal, hair) gaayil yahahtsyaa - he will win. jidli daagaii - it is white (cloth, gaayli yahtsii - he is winning. paper) gaayii yeHsaii - he won. vichl' dagaii - he has white hair. WINK REPEATEDLY WHITE nehdoodaadhak - he is winking jidli dak'aa - it is white (liquid, (repeatedly) clothing) jidli k'af - it is white (a person's WINK ONCE complexion) nehdoohidichik - he winked.

WHO WIPE juu I juudln I juu dee - who? gi'qhjli - he is w1pmg it off it. gi'qhjik - he wiped it off it. 17 E

worse.

ISH ORSHIP geenjit diinjidizhit - he wishes diyichH'ee - he worships him. (for it to happen) diyichl!'e' - he worshi him. yats'at diinjidizhit wis him. OUND idiinjik - he wounded ITH vlgwldiinjik - is wounded. haa 1 hah - with. vaa I vah - with him. WR P jidli haa - with what? yatf'at dayahch'yaa - he is diiyah - with us. wrapping it. yaH'at dayi!ch'yaa - he wrapped WITH it. klighe' · - with the help of. WRESTLE ITHER yuuvaadli - he is wrestling with dhagaii - it is withered. him. yuuvaadi' - he wrestled with him. WOBBLY dat~d' kwaa - it is wobbly. WRING nayindoo - he is wringing it. WORK nayaandoo - he wrung it. nihkaa zrit gwitr'it t'agwahah'yaa he will work tomorrow. WRINKLE juk drin zrit gwitr'it t'agwah'ii dral goonlii - it is wrinkled he is working today. (paper, cloth) k'eedai' zrit gwitr'it t'agwah'in' - suh - it is wrinkled (his hand) he worked yesterday. vinH' suh goonlii - his hand is wrinkled. WORN an dhldlit - it is worn out. WRINK CURL yahdral - he is wrinkling it, WORRY curling it. ganlinji'ihthat - I worry about it. yH dral - he wrinkled it. khainji'dadha t - he is worried. yizhlt tagwadhat - he is worried about him. 1 RIT

adinuutt - he yawning. yahadant - he will write it. yadanH'oo - is writing it. YELL heezral - he will yell. zral - he is yelling. iinzral - yelled.

YES aah~'

YET tth'aih hee I tth'aih I tth'eh hee - yet.

YOUNG jidli k'eejit - something young. yadinuuH'oo - he wrote it. k'eejlt kat - all young people.

WRONG nich'it zhuu - a young girl. tehk'oo gwit'agwu'ee - it is wrong. tehk'oo vlt'agwu'ee - he is wrong. vigil - its' young (belongs to it) geh gii - a young rabbit. 7 7

Present Tense

I believe it gwik'injihshit You believe gwik'injinizhlt He believes gwik'inj Two of us believe gwik'injiidizhit Two of you believe it gwik'lnjuhshit Two of them believe it gwik'injigizhit We believe it gwik'injiid.ijii You believe it gwik'injuhjii They believe it gw ik 'injiigij ii

Past Tense

I believed it gwik'injihthat You believed it gw ik 'lnjiindha t He believed it gwik'injiindhat Two of us believed it gwik'injiididhat Two of you believed it gwlk'injuudhat Two of them beleved it gwik'injigiindhat We believed it gwlk'.injiidljlk You believed it gwlk'injuujik They believed it gwik'.injigi.injik

Future Tense

I will believe it gwik'.injihihdhat You will believe it gw ik 'in j ihiin dha t He will believe it gwik'injiheedhat Two of us/We will believe it gwik'injihiididha t Two of you/You will beLieve it gwik'injihuudhat Two of them/They will believe it gwik'injiglheedha t 74

I am breaking it khadini You are breaking khadin~hnaii He is breaking it khaiyidahnaii We are breaking it khadinaanaii You are breaking khadinohnaii They are khagiidinahnaii

Past Tense

I broke it fijldhi!naii You broke it f ljidhtJhnaii He broke it fijilnaii We broke it f ijaanaii You broke it fijidhohnaii They broke it figiijilnaii

Future Tense

I will break it duulee khadinafnaii You will break it duulee khaiyididhtJhnaii He will break it duulee khaiyidahnaii We will break it duulee khadinaanail You will break it duulee khadinidhohnail They will break it duulee khagiidinahnaii 7

I am buying it uuhihnkat You are buying it uuhiinkat He is buying it yuuhiinkat We are buying it uuhiidikat You are buying it uuhukat They are buying it giiyuuhiinka t

Past

I have bought it uuvihkat You have bought it uuviinkat He has bought it yuuviinkat We have bought it uuviidikat You have bought it uuvuukat They have bought it giiyuuviinkat

Future Tense

I will buy it uuhihkat You will buy it uuhiinkat He will buy it yuuheekat We will buy it uuhiidikat You will buy it uuhuhkat They will buy it giiyuuheekat 7

I am it You are changing it nihnjeh nanilii He is changing it n.ihnjeh nayilii We are changing nihnjeh naiidilii You are changing nihnjeh Hi are n.ihnjeh

Tense

I changed it nihnjeh naniill' You changed it nlhnjeh naniinH' He changed it nihnjeh nayiniinli' We changed it nihnjeh nandili' You changed it nihnjeh naoll' They changed it nihnjeh naginilnll'

Future Tense

I will change it nihnjeh nahih!yaa You will change it nihnjeh nahiinlyaa He will change it nihnjeh nayiheelyaa We will change it nihnjeh nah.i.idilyaa You will change it nihnjeh nahuulyaa They will change it nihnjeh nagiheelyaa 1 7

I am choking iniljii You are choking nanh anaanjii He is choking adanh anaanjii We are choking nakhwantthak anaanjii You are choking nakhwantthak anuunjii They are choking adagadantthak aginaanjii

Tense

I choked inidhildak You choked nanh in.ildak He choked adanh inildak We choked nakhwantthak inidhaandak You choked nakhwantthak inidhuundak They choked adagadan tthak aginildak

Future Tense

I will choke ahnaldak You will choke nanh ahnaandak He will choke adanh ahnaandak We will choke nakhwantthak ahnaandak You will choke nakhwantthak ahnoondak They will choke adagadantthak ahginaandak 17

I am closing vide'hidinihchih You are closing vide'diniinchin He closing it yide'diniinchih We are it vide'diniidichlh You are closing vide'dinohchih They are closing it vide'gldiniinchih

I closed it vide'dinihntin You closed it vide'diniintln He closed it yide'dinllntin We closed it vide'diniiditin You closed it vide'dinohtin They closed it vide'gidiniin tin

Future Tense

I will close it vide'edinihchyah You will close it vide'ediniinchyah He will close it vide'edineechyah We will close it vide'edlniidichyah You will close it vide'heedinuuchyah They will close it vide'gidineechyah 7

I am cutting it hadinih t'ih You are it hadiniint'ih He ·is cutting it hayidint'ih We are cutting it ha dinii di tih You are cutting it hadinoot'ih They are it dint'ih

I cut it hadiniht'uh You cut it hadidhiint'uh He cut it hay ldiniin t'uh We cut it hadinidhiit'uh You cut it hadinidhuut'uh They cut it haginidhiint'uh

Future Tense

I will cut it hiht'al You will cut it hiint'al He will cut it heet'al We will cut it hiidat'al You will cut it hoht'al They will cut it glheet'al 1 0

I am it gwik'it t'ishi'ii You are gwik'it di'ii He is gwik'it didi'ii it gwik'it t'iid.i'ii You are doing it gwik'it t'okhwe'ii They are doing it gwik'it t'igidi'ii

Past Tense

I have done it gw.ik'it t'ishi'in You have done it gw.ik'it t'iindi'in' He has done it gwlk'it t'eedi'in' We have done it gwik'it t'iidi'in' You have done it gwik'it t'okhwe'in' They have done it gwik'it t'igeedi'in'

Future Tense

I will do it t'ahihsha'aa You will do it t'ahiindi'yaa He will do it t'aheedl'yaa We will do it t'ahiidi'yaa You will do it t'akhookhwa'aa They will do it t'agiheedi'yaa 1

I am drowning tanshinii You are drowning dinjii He is drowning tandinjii We are drowning tanildlnjii. You are drowning tanoodinjii They are drowning tangin din j ii

I drowned tanidhishinii You drowned tanldhiindinii He drowned tanidhinii We drowned tanidhiidinii You are drowning tanidhohkhwinli They are drowning tanlginthinii

Future Tense

I will drown tanidhihshinjaa You will drown tanilndinjaa He will drown taneedinjaa We will drown taniidinjaa You will drown tanookhwinjaa They will drown tanigeedinjaa 1 2

I am ih'ah iin'ah He is eating We are iida.'ah You are eating They are

Past

I ate ih'al You ate iin'al He ate iin'al We ate iida'al You ate uu'al They ate aga'al

Future Tense

I will eat ehih'aa You will eat ehiin'aa He will eat ehee'aa We will eat ehiida'aa You will eat ehuh'aa They will eat egahee'aa 8

Tense

I am fighting with him vadhHk You are fighting with him vadh~hkaii He is fighting with him yadhahkhaii We are fighting with him vadhaakhaii You are fighting with him vadhohkhaii They are fighting with him vagadhahk

Past

I fought with him vadhitkhai' You fought him vadh~hkhai' He fought with him yadhahkhai' We fought him vadhaakhai' You fought him vadhohkhai' They fought him vagadhahkha.i'

Future Tense

I will fight with him vadhatkhaa You will fight with vadhqhkhaa He will fight with him yadhahkhaa We will fight with him vadhaakhaa You will fight with him vadhohkhaa They will fight 'with him vagadhahkhaa I I am grabbing it eena You are grabbing een~hchit is grabbing yah chit We are grabbing it eedhaachit You are grabbing it eedhuhchit They are grabbing it giiyahchit

Past

I grabbed it eedhi:tchit You grabbed it eedh~hchit He grabbed it eeyahchit We grabbed it eedhaachit You grabbed it eedhuhchit They grabbed it giiyahchit

Future Tense

I will grab it eehatchyah You will grab it eedh~hchyah He will grab it yeehahchyah We will grab it eehaachyah You will grab it eedhuhchyah They will grab it giiyeehahchyah 85

I have it vishi'ii have it vindi'ii He has it yidl'ii We it viidi'li it dokhwe'ii They have it giidi'ii

Past Tense

I had it viishi'in' You had it vindi'in' He had it yidi'in' We had it vlldi'in' You had it dokhwe'in' They had it giidi'in' .

Future Tense

I will have it ts'an hal'yaa You will have it ts'an h~h'aa He will have it ts'an yahaa'aa We will have it ts'an haa'yaa You will have it ts'an hoh'yaa They will have it ts'an glihaa'aa 1

I am hel him shii vits'at tr'inihnjih You are helping him nanh vits'at tr'iniinjih is helping him adanh yits'at tr'iinjih We are helping vits'at tr'indinjih are helping vits'at They are him vits'at

Past Tense

I helped him shii vits'at tr'inihnjik You helped him nanh vits'at tr'iniinjik He helped him adanh yits'at tr'indinjik We helped him vits'at tr'indinjik You helped him vits'at tr'inohnjik They helped him· vits'at tr'igiinjik

Future Tense

I will help him shli vits'at tr'ihihndal You will help him nanh vits'at tr'ihiindal He will help him adanh yits'at tr'iheendal We will help him nakhwantthak vits'at tr'ihiidindal You will help him nakhwantthak vits'at tr'ihohndal They will help him adagadantthak vits'at tr'igiheendal 87

Tense

I am helping them shii guuts'a t tr'inihnjih You are helping them nanh guuts'at tr'iniinjih He is helping them adanh guuts'at tr'iinjih We are helping them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'indinjih You are helping them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'inohnjih They are helping them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'igiinjih

Past Tense

I helped them shi.i guuts'at tr'inihnjik You helped them nanh guuts'at tr'iniinjik He helped them adanh guuts'at tr'iinjik We helped them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'indinjik You helped them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'inohnjik They helped them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'igiinjik

Future Tense

I will help them shli guuts'a t tr'ihihndal You will help them nanh guuts'at tr'ihiindal He will help them adanh guuts'at tr'iheendal We will help them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'ihiidindal You will help them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'ihohndal They will help them tthak ts'at rit guuts'at tr'igiheendal 8

I am uuvihtan' are it uunitan' He holding yuutan' We are holding uuviiditan' You are holding uuvuhtan' They are holding giiyuutan'

Past

I held lt uuvihtan' You held it uuviintan' He held it yuuviintan' We held it uuviiditan' You held it uuvuhtan' They held it giiyuuviintan'

Future Tense

I will hold it uuhlhtan' You will hold it uuhiintan' He will hold it yuuheetan' We will hold lt uuhiiditan' You will hold it uuhuhtan' They will hold lt g.iiyuuheetan' I am jumping shii nehtr'oohih'ak You are jumping nanh nehtr'oohiin'ak He is jumping adanh nehtr"oohaa'ak We are jumping nakhwantthak ts'at nehtr'oohiida"ak You are jumping nakhwantthak ts'at nehtr'oohuh'ak They are jumping adagadanh ts'at nehtr'oogahaa'ak

Past Tense

I jumped neh tr'oodilnaii You jumped nehtr'oodahnaii He jumped nehtr'oodahnaii We jumped nehtr'oojaanaii You jumped nehtr'oodohnaii They jumped neh tr'oogadahnaii

Future Tense

I will jump nehtr'oohadaHhak You will jump nehtr'oohadahnthak He will jump neh tr'ooha dah thak We will jump nehtr'oohadaadhak You will jump neh tr'oohadoh thak They will jump neh tr'ooga dah thak 0

I am dlaa are laughing zheenahndlok/ iindlaa He is laughing zheenaadlok dlaa We are laughing eenaadlok You are laughing uudlok They are d1aa

Pa~t

I laughed ihdla' You laughed iindla' He laughed iindla' We laughed iidadla' You laughed oodla' They laughed gadla'

Future Tense

I will laugh hihdlaa You will laugh hiindlaa He will laugh heedlaa We will laugh hiidadlaa You will laugh hoodlaa They will laugh glheedlaa I am laying down ch'idhi H'aih You are laying down ch'idhahnt'aih He is laying down ch'iH'aih We are laying down ch'idhaat'aih You are laying down ch'idhoot'aih They are laying down ch'igi !t'aih

Past Tense

I laid down ch'iHai' You laid down ch 'ahn t'ai' He laid down ch'aht'ai' We laid down ch'aat'ai' You laid down ch'oot'ai' They laid down ch'igah t'ai'

Future Tense

I will lay down duulee ch'ihilt'aih You will lay down duulee ch'idh~ht'aih He will lay down duulee ch'ihah t'aih We will lay down duulee ch'ihaa t'aih You will lay down duulee ch'idhoot'aih They will lay down duulee ch'igahaht'aih 2

I am ek You are leaving ekhe'oojHnuu He is ekhe'yuunuu We are leaving ekhe'oojiidinuu You are leaving They are ekhe'giiyuunuu

Past

I left ekhe'oodihnu' You left ekhe'oodiinu' He left ekhe'oodiinu' We left ekhe'oodiidinu' You left ekhe'oodohnu' They left ekhe'gidiinu'

Future Tense I will leave ekhe'oodihnjaa You will leave ekhe'oodilnjaa He will leave ekhe'yuuheenjaa We will leave ekhe'oohildinjaa You will leave ekhe'oodohnjaa They will leave ekhe'giiyiiheenjaa Present

I am running algal You are running aangal He is running a We are running nakhwantthak ts'at aagal You are running nakhwantthak ts'at uugal They are running adagadantthak ts'at gaagaL

Past Tense

Yesterday, I ran k'eedai' k'algik Yesterday, you ran k'eedai' k'~~gik Yesterday, he ran k 'eed~J.i' k 'aagik Yesterday, we ran k'eedai' k~aagik Yesterday, you ran k'eedai' k'aogik Yesterday, they ran k'eedai' k'agaagik

Future Tense

Tomorrow, I will run nihkaa shii duulee algal Tomorrow, you will run nihkaa nanh duulee aangal Tomorrow, he will run nihkaa adanh duulee aagal Tomorrow, we will run nihkaa duulee nakwantthak aagal Tomorrow, you will run nihkaa duulee nakhwantthak uugal Tomorrow, they will run nihkaa duulee adagadantthak gaagal 94

I am selling Htsii You are selling it ookat ~htsii He is selling ookat yahtsii We are sending it aatsii You are selling it ookat ohtsii They are selling ookat giiyahtsii

Past

I sold it ookat dhiHsaih You sold it ookat dh~htsaih He sold it ookat yeHsaih We sold it ookat dhaatsaih You sold it ooka t dhoh tsaih They sold it ookat giiyeHsaih

Future Tense

I will sell it ookat haHsaa You will sell it ookat h~htsaa He will sell it ookat yahahtsaa We will sell it ookat haatsaa You will sell it ookat hohtsaa They will sell it ooka t gahahtsaa I am singing ijih!ih are ijiinlih He is singing edlih We are singing ijiidilih You are singing adohtih They are singing igidlih

Past Tense

I sang yesterday k'eed~li' rit idiill' You sang yesterday k'eed~ll' rit idiinll' He sang yesterday k'eed~li' rit idiinll' We sang yesterday k'eedai' rit idiidill' You sang yesterday k'eedai rit adooll' They sang yesterday k'eedai' rit igidiinll'

Future Tense

I will sing duulee ehdlhtyah You will sing duulee ehdiinlyaa He will sing duulee ehdeelyaa We will sing duulee edidlidilyaa You will sing duulee a doh :tyaa They will sing duulee egehdeelyah I am sinking chinih!it You are sinking chiniinlit is chiinlit We are sink chiniidalit You chinuulit chigiinlit

Past Tense

I sank chinih!it You sank chiniinlit He sank chiniinlit We sank chiniidalit You sank chinuulit They sank chigi diinli t

Future Tense

I will sink chehnih!it You will sink chehnlinlit He will sink chehneelit We will sink chehniidalit You will sink chehnuh!it They will sink chehgineelit Present

I am sleeping dhiitshii You are sleeping dhiintshii He is sleeping dhihtshii Two us are sleeping dhiiditshii Two of you are sleeping dhohtshii Two them are sleeping gootshii We are sleeping dhaatshuh You are sleeping dhohtshuh They are sleeping gl!tshuh

Past Tense

I slept ihtshl' You slept iintshl' He slept iin tshl' Two of us slept iiditshl' Two of you slept ohtshi' Two of them slept giintshl' We slept aa tshu' You slept ohtshu' They slept gaantshu'

Future Tense

I will sleep hihtshyah You will sleep hiintshyah He will sleep heetshyah Two of us will sleep hiiditshyah Two of you will sleep hohtshyah Two of them will sleep giheetshyah We will sleep haatshuh You will sleep hohtshuh They will sleep gahaatshuh I am dlok dhihn'~!h You are smiling dlok He is smiling dlok nuu'~th We are smiling dlok dhiidi'~lh You are smiling dlok dhoo'~th They are smiling dlok

Past

I smiled dlok dhihn 'ai' You smiled dlok dhiin'al' He smiled dlok nuu'ai' We smiled dlok dhiida'ai' You smiled dlok dhoo'ai' They smiled dlok ginuu'ai'

Future Tense

I will smile dlok hinih 'a a You will smile dlok hinii'aa He will smile dlok hinee'aa We will smile dlok hiniida'aa You will smile dlok hinoo'aa They will smile dlok gihinee'aa I am speaking ginihkhii You are speaking giniikhii He is speaking giinkhii We are speaking giniidikhii You are speak ginohkhii They are speak gigiinkhii

Past Tense

I spoke gilhe' You spoke giinhe' He spoke giinhe' We spoke giidihe' You spoke goohe' They spoke gigiinhe'

Future Tense

I will speak gihihkhyah You will speak gitiinkhyah He will speak giteekhyah We will speak gihiidikhyah You will speak gohohkhyah They will speak gigiteekhyah 200

I am s nadHH'it You are spilling it najaant!'it spilling it nayijaat We are spilling it najaaH'it You are spilling nadoot!'it They are spilling nagidaat

Past Tense

I spilled it najidhiU'it You spilled it najidh~hH'it He spilled it nayijiltt'it We spilled it najidhaatl'it You spilled it nijidhooU'it They spilled it nagiijilH'it

Future Tense

I will spill it nadilH'aa You wlll spill it nad~hH'aa He will spill it nayidaat!'aa We will spill it nadaaH'aa You will spill it nadooU'aa They will spill it nagiidaaH'aa 01

I am standing up You are standing up is standing up nah'eh We are standing up naa'eh You are standing up They are standing up

Past Tense

I stood up nat'e' You stood up n~h'e' He stood up· nah'e' We stood up naa'e' You stood up nuu'e' They stood up ginah'e'

Future Tense

I will stand up hana!'ee You will stand up han~h'ee He will stand up hanah'ee We will stand up hanaa'ee You will stand up hanuu'ee They will stand up gahanah'ee 2 2

I am swimming k'ashivik You are swimming k divik He is swimming k'adivik We are swimming k'aildavik You are swimming k'ahoovik They are swimming k'agidivik

Past Tense

I ·swam k'aiishivik You swam k'aiindlvik He swam k'eedivlk We swam k'eedivik You swam k'okhoovik They swam k'ageedivik

Future Tense

I will swim k'ahihshivik You will swim k'ahilndivik He will swim k'aheedivik We will swim k 'ahiidivik You will swim k'ahookhwevik They will swim k'agaheedlvlk 0

Tense

I am thinking niinji'ihthat You are think niinji'iin He is thinking niinji'ahdhat We are thinking niinji'aadhat You are think niinji'ohthat They are thinking niinji'gadhat

Past Tense

I thought about it ganiinji'a{'that You thought about it ganiinji'~hthat He thought about it ganiinji'ahdhat We thought about it ganiinji'aadha t You thought about it ganiinji'oh that They thought about it ganiinji'ga dha t

Future Tense

I will think about it ganiinji'a.fthat You will think about it ganiinji'~hthat He will think about it ganiin j i'ah that We will think about it ganiinji'aadha t You will think about it ganiinj i'ootha t They will think about it ganiinj i'gahaa that 2 4

I am tired chihshindak You are tired chiindindak He is tired cheedindak We are tired chiidindak You are tired chuukhwindak They are chigeedindak

Past Tense

I was tired chihshindak iinll' You were tired chiindlndak iinll' He was tired cheedin dak iinll' We were tired chii din dak iinll' You were tired chuukhwindak iinll' They were tired chigeedlndak iinll'

Future Tense

I will get tired chihiishindak You will get tired chih.iindindak He will get tired chlheedindak We will get tired chihiidindak You will get tired chihuukhwlndak They will get tired chiglheedin dak 2 5

Tense

I am trying guk 'agw ihihn daii You are trying guk'agwiindaii He is trying guk 'agwan daii We are trying guk'agwihiidandaii You are trying guk'agohndaii They are trying guk 'agugwan daii

Past Tense

I tried guk'adhihnjik You tried guk'adhiinjik He tried guk'adhinjik We tried gukadhiidinjik You tried guk'adhuunjik They tried guk 'agidhinj ik

Future Tense

I will try guk 'agw ihihn daii You will try guk 'agw ihiindaii He will try guk 'agwaheendaii We will try guk 'agw ihiidindaii You will try guk'agohohndaii They will try guk'agugwaheendaii 2

I am waking up khachiisha'aih You are waking up khachlinda'aih is waking up khachida'aih We are waking up You are waking up They are waking up khachigaazh.ii

Past Tense

I woke up before k'eejit rit khachiisha'aih iinll' You woke up before k'eejit rit khachiinda'aih iinll' He woke up before k'eejlt rit khacheeda'aih iinll' We woke up before k'eejit rit khachaazhii iinll' You woke up before k'eejit rit khachoozhii iinll' They woke up before k 'ee jit rit khachigaazhii iinll'

Future Tense

I will wake up duulee khachiisha 'aa You will wake up duulee khachiinda'aa He will wake up dulee khacheeda'aa We will wake up duulee khachidaazhaa You will wake up duulee khachidoozhaa They will wake up duulee khachigidaazhaa 2

I am walking ihshah You are walking iinhah He is walking ahah We are walking iida'al You two are walking oh'al They two are walking geeda'al We are walking iidadaa You are walking ohdaa They are walking geedaa

Past Tense

I walked niizhih You walked niinzhlh He walked niinzhlh We two walked niida'oh You two walked nakhwo'oh They two walked naginiln'oh We walked niidajil You walked nakhwojil They walked naginiinjil

Future Tense

I will walk tlhshah You will walk tiinhah He will walk teehah We two will walk tiida'al You two will walk toh'al They two will walk gitee'al We will walk tiidadaa You will walk tohdaa They will walk giteedaa 2 8

I am wearing it nadalchuh You are it nad~hchuh He nadahchuh nadaachuh You are naduuchuh They are it na dahchuh

Past Tense

I wore it nadatchu' You wore it nad~hchu' He wore it nayidahchu' We wore it nadaachu' You wore it naduuchu' They wore it nagiiy i dah ch u'

Future Tense

I will wear it nadalchuh You will wear it nad~hchuh He will wear it nayidahchuh We will wear it nadaachuh You will wear it naduuchuh They will wear it nagiiyidahchuh lb

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