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Badr El-Sabah A. Fetoh 1, 2 and Kholoud A. Al-Shammery2

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Badr El-Sabah A. Fetoh 1, 2 and Kholoud A. Al-Shammery2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 2: 45-52 http://www.pvamu.edu/texged Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA Acaricidal ovicial and repellent activities of some plant extracts on the date palm dust mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus Meg. (acari: tetranychidae) Badr El-Sabah A. Fetoh 1, 2 and Kholoud A. Al-Shammery2 1- Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt 2-Department of Biology, College of Science, Hail University,1441 Hail, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History The ethanolic extracts of Demsisa, Duranta and Cumin plants were Received: April 11, 2011 tested on the adult females of the date palm dust mite, Oligonychus Accepted: July 20, 2011 afrasiaticus Meg. (Acari: Tetranychidae). The recorded results Available online: September 2011 showed that all the tested plant extracts were effective on O. ________________ afrasiaticus, however Demsisa extract was the most virulent one. Keywords 1 Biological control The concentration 1x10 p.p.m. gave the lowest mortality percent of O. afrasiaticus 39.00%, 33.33% and 12.00%, while the Plant extracts 5 Acaricides concentration 1x10 p.p.m. resulted in the highest mortality percent Ovicides 93.33%, 69.00% and 64.67% for Demsisa, Duranta and Cumin Repellents extracts, respectively. The LC50 values were 47.16, 1102 and 5 8 Date palm 8433.2 p.p.m. The LC90 values were 3.5x10 , 2.47x10 and Mites 1.30x109 p.p.m., respectively. Also, Demsisa plant extract showed Oligonychus afrasiaticus the highest toxicity index being 100%. The slope values of the toxicity lines were 0.445, 0.240 and 0.402 for Demsisa, Duranta and Cumin extracts, respectively. Furthermore, all the tested plant extracts exhibited ovicial and repellent activities and showed significant effects on the reproduction and feeding behaviors of O. afrasiaticus. 1. INTRODUCTION The date palm dust mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus Meg., is a serious pest in North Africa and the Near East and is known to occur in most date palm growing areas in the world including Egypt, KSA, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, UAE, Morocco, Bahrain, Sudan, Sultanate of Oman, Yemen, Mauritania, Iran, Chad, Mali, Niger and USA (Abdul Hussain, 1985; Bass’haih, 1999). In Saudi Arabia was reported to infest date fruits in orchards in Dirab, Unayzah and Al Sulayell districts and spreads in Hail, Qassium, Rayaid, Al-Kharg and Dammam regions (Talhouk, 1991 and Al-Shammery, 2008). It attacks the dates from their early stages of development, spinning its webs around the date bunches and multiplies in large numbers. Dust collected in the webs plus the exuviae of different developmental stages of the date dust mite, affect the date bunches giving it a dusty appearance. (Saleh and Hosny, 1979). Furthermore, it attacks cucumber, citrus, eggplants, bean and strawberry (Al- Shammery, 2008). _________________ Corresponding Author: [email protected] ISSN 2156-7549 2156-7549 © 2011 TEXGED Prairie View A&M University All rights reserved. 46 Badr El-Sabah A. Fetoh and Kholoud A. Al-Shammery: Acaricidal ovicial and repellent activities of some plant extracts It feeds on the juices, sucked from the plant-derived compounds that have been different infested plants and dates, rendering characterized as having pesticidal activity them unfit for human consumption are plant secondary metabolites (Schmutterer, (Mohamed, 2005). O. afrasiaticus has 6 1995). Plant secondary metabolites may have generations/year; the peak number of the to affect insect growth and behavior, acting mite was recorded around the middle of as antifeedants, toxins and insect growth July/in Iraq (Hussein, 1969). The infestation regulators (Campagne et al., 1992). Since of this mite species usually starts around mid the world's tendency today is to reduce of May to June when it builds dusty, creamy chemical pesticides and use botanical silky webs on date bunches around date fruit extracts and natural enemies as safe stands, where adults and immature stages controlling methods; the aim of the present live. Sever infestation with mite results in study is to evaluate the acaricidal, ovicial economic reduction in the quality and and repellent activities of some plant extracts quantity of crop production (Aldosari, 2009). on the date palm dust mite, Oligonychus Over the last several decades, various afrasiaticus. attempts to control insect pests have taken an effort toward effective eradication or 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS prevention through the development of Three plants were used to obtain their synthetic insecticides and acaricides. ethanolic extracts, these plants were: Synthetic chemicals have given many profits Demsisa, Ambrosia maritimal (Fam. and convenience to mankind, but a lot of Compositae), Duranta, Duranta plumeria them have revealed serious environmental (Fam. Verbenaceae) and Cumin, Cuminum problems and threatening to human life cyminum (Fam. Labiaceae). The whole plant (Kim et al., 2005). Natural products and parts of Demsisa, leaves of Duranta and plant extracts seem to resolve seeds of Cumin were used in this experiment environmental problems caused by the (Table 1). The plant materials were dried synthetic pesticides, and many researchers under room temperature in dark condition are trying to find out effective natural and ground; 150 gm of the powder were products to replace synthetic chemicals. extracted in 95% ethanol according to Plants may provide potential alternatives in Freedman et al. (1979). Five different the place of currently used insect pest control concentrations of the ethanolic extracts were agents because they constitute a rich source prepared as 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 of bioactive chemicals (Wink, 1993). They p.p.m. A culture of the date palm dust mite, are also selective to pests, have no or little Oligonychus afrasiaticus was reared at 25±1 harmful effects on non-target organisms and ◦C and 65±5% R.H. on bean plants, the environment, and act in many ways on Phaseoulus vulgaris in the laboratory. 150 various types of pest complex (Arnason et adult females of the date palm dust mite, O. al., 1989; Hedin et al., 1997). Many of afrasiaticus were collected from the stock them are applied to crops in the same way as culture and divided into three replicates for other agricultural chemicals. All of the each treatment. Table 1: The plants tested for their acaricidal activities against Oligonychus afrasiaticus. Common name Scientific name Family Parts used Source Demsisa Ambrosia maritimal Compositae Whole plant parts Giza, Egypt Duranta Duranta plumeria Verbenaceae Leaves Giza, Egypt Cumin Cuminum cyminum Labiaceae Seeds Local markets, Egypt The aciricidal effects for the tested (1947). Bean leaves were dipped in each plant extracts was evaluated by the leaf concentration of the tested three plant dipping technique according to Siegler extracts for 10 minutes, then left to dry. Each Badr El-Sabah A. Fetoh and Kholoud A. Al-Shammery: Acaricidal ovicial and repellent activities of some plant extracts 47 treatment was repeated three times. For each (Sarmah et al., 1999). Percent reduction in replicate used the bean leaves used were hatchability of the eggs was calculated by similar in shape and size. In untreated using the following formula: control the bean leaves were dipped in Egg mortality (%) = 100 – (No. unhatched ethanol only. eggs /treatment ÷ Total No. of eggs The mortality percentages of the /treatment) x 100 treated date dust mites after 24 hour were The repellent effect of the tested plant calculated, corrected by using Abbott’s extracts was carried out by leaf discs choice formula (1925) and statistically computed test. Leaf discs (2x2cm) were put on cotton according to Finney (1971). Computed pads in petri dishes, then sprayed with the percent mortality was plotted with calculated LC50 of each plant extract, then corresponding concentrations on logarithmic the treated and untreated discs were placed in probability paper to obtain the corresponding the petri dish in three replicates. Also, 30 Log-Concentration Probit (LCP Lines). The adult females of O. afrasiaticus were lethal concentrations of 50% and 90% (LC50 transferred in the middle of the treated and and LC90) for O. afrasiaticus were untreated leaf discs. After, 24, 48 and 72 determined for the established regression hours the number of mites on treated and lines. Also, toxicity index was calculated untreated leaf discs counted. Repellency according to the equation of Sun (1950). index was calculated according to Kim et al., After calculation of lethal (2005) as following: concentrations of LC50 of the different plant R= (C-T/ C+T) / 100, where: C= Number of extracts, their effects on the amount of laid mite on untreated (control) leaf disc, T= eggs, ovicidal and repellent responses on O. Number of mite on treated leaf disc. afrasiaticus were evaluated. Treatments and control means were For the determination of the effect of compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the tested plant extracts on the amount of p≤0.05 (SAS, 1998). laid eggs by the females of O. afrasiaticus, 30 gravid females were transferred to bean 3. RESULTS leaf discs. 3.1. Toxicological effects of three plant These leaf discs were sprayed with the extracts on the date palm dust mite, O. calculated LC50 of each plant extract for the afrasiaticus: treated test and 95% ethanol for untreated Results in Table (2) showed that, all control. The number of laid eggs was tested concentrations of the ethanolic counted for 24, 48 and 72 hours. This test Demsisa, Duranta and Cumin extracts
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