DOCSLIB.ORG

People in Between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
People in Between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman bron Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname. Krips Repro, Meppel 1981 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/beet027peop01_01/colofon.php © 2017 dbnl / erven Chris de Beet / Miriam Sterman III Acknowledgments The fieldwork which forms the basis of this study lasted almost two years and was carried out between November 1972 and December 1974. Financial support for the research was provided by the Netherlands Foundation for the Scientific Study of the Tropics (WOTRO) (W 51-72). We are glad to express our thanks to the WOTRO officials who made this research possible. We are indebted to Prof. J. Voorhoeve and Cynthia Rosenblat who initiated us in Sranan tongo. Hesdy Zamuel, who studied at that time in Utrecht, taught us some basic knowledge of the Matawai language. Prof. A. Trouwborst kindly shared with us the results of his preliminary research in Matawai. During our stay in Suriname many people were helpful and stimulated us in our research. In the first place we would like to mention the names of the former President of Suriname, Dr. J.H.E. Ferrier and his wife. We appreciate their interest in our work. Thanks is also due to Dr. Ir. J. Ruinard for the pleasant and effective way he fulfilled his task as WOTRO representative. Gary and Rosemary Brana-Shute, Salle and Corrie Kroonenberg, Rob and Annet van Lissa and Bisoen Bihari were helpful in various ways. Wim Hoogbergen assisted us in the collection of data of a sample of young migrants and in archival work. Mrs. Themen provided assistence when we worked in the Landsarchief, both in 1974 and in the summer of 1976. Bonno Thoden van Velzen supervised our research from the early stage of planning our fieldwork to the final stage of writing. His passion for Bush Negro societies has proved to be contagious. We much Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname IV appreciate his patient encouragement. Henk Heeren made an invaluable contribution by his diligent reading of the manuscript and his suggestions have greatly improved the composition of the book. Richard and Sally Price's careful studies on different aspects of Saramaka society have influenced our study of the neighbouring Matawai more than can be indicated. We also thank them for generously sharing their archival sources and profound knowledge of Maroon societies with us. We further owe acknowledgement to various people who read and commented on drafts of some chapters, and in particular Gila Walker and Rosemary Brana-Shute who both contributed to the improvement of the English text and whose editorial suggestions were invaluable. Part of the typing was done by Kootje van Spanje. We are greatly indebted to our parents who encouraged and supported us throughout all stages of our research. As in all ethnographic work we owe most to the Matawai. We highly appreciate their generosity and the way in which they were willing to share their experiences with us. It is to them that we dedicate this book. Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname VI Tables, Figures and Maps Tables Part I 1 Individual mobility of 60 lineage members and their spouses of the village of Boslanti 2 Composition of tribal 65 households of the four upstream villages 3 Matawai local endogamy 100 4 Conjugal residence 102 5a Marital status of women in 122 ten upstream villages according to age 5b Marital status of men in ten 122 upstream villages according to age 5c Marital status of women in 123 seven downstream villages according to age 5d Marital status of men in 123 seven downstream villages according to age 6 Present marital status, 125 cumulative marital experience, and divorce ratios: down and upriver Matawai 7 Male and Female 136 Sponsorship in Matawai and Saramaka society 8 Sponsorship and kinship 137 9 Distribution of children 139 raised in their own village, in other villages and in the coastal area Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname 10 Fosterage of children of 140 married and divorced mothers 11 Fosterage related to marital 142 status of mothers 12 Voluntary and crisis 144 fosterage 13 Fosterage for women with 145 and without dependent children Part II 1 Origin of supernatural 292 ancestor (neseki) in mother's and father's kin group Part III 1 Matawai population figures 372 1775 2 Matawai population figures 373 1783 3 Matawai population figures 374 1830-1974 Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname VII 4 The total Matawai 376 population of 17 villages at January 1, 1974 compared with the composition of the population of Suriname 1963 (non tribal population) 5 Age Specific Mortality 377 Rates calculated on the base of all deaths in the period 1962-1974 6 Age at which the first child 381 is born for males and females from the upstream area 7 Cohort fertility of Matawai 392 women (calculations based on surviving women at January 1, 1974) 8 Childless upriver males 394 and females born before 1940 and the number of their marital partners 9 Development of child 396 mortality during the period 1914-1973 10 Place of birth of children 399 of migrant mothers according to the age of mother (born before and after January 1, 1941) 11 Seasonal variation in birth 405 before and after 1960 12 The population of 416 Paramaribo and the Suriname district 13 Main motives for moves to 419 the coastal area of adult male population from the upstream area. Data collected in the period 1973-74 Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname 14 Residence of men and 423 women from Libasei 1 according to age. For migrants the time spent in the tribal villages and for non-migrants the time spent in the coastal area during the years 1973 and 1974 15 Money income for 141 426 adult males in four upriver villages over a two year period 16 Migrancy of adults and 433 children from libasei and bausei 17 Migration and sex ratio in 433 four Matawai areas 18 Sex ratios, migration and 434 marital status 19 Migration and marital 435 status of all Matawai adults originating from 17 villages according to sex, area of origin and present place of residence (January 1, 1974) Part IV 1 Residence of Matawai 445 migrants in residential zones 2 Clustering of Matawai 446 migrants from up- and downriver in residential zones around Paramaribo 3 Migration of adults of 448 down- and upriver to Paramaribo and the outskirts 4 Employment of Matawai 452 migrant males in the coastal area Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname 5 Participation of Matawai in 460 ceremonies in town 6 Participation in bar cliques 462 of Matawai men from up- and downriver on eight Saturday evenings over the last few months of 1974 7 Percentages of 464 out-marrying men and women of the tribal and migrant population of the down and upriver areas 8 Extra-tribal marriages of 465 Matawai males and females for first marriages, all marriages and for the latest and present marriages 9 Marriage relations of tribal 467 and migrant Matawai with non-Matawai (present and latest relation), according to ethnic affiliation Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname VIII Figures Introduction 1 Monthly rainfall for 7 Paramaribo and Boslanti 2 Male and female 17 absenteeism of adults of four upriver villages (migrants excluded) during the years 1973 and 1974 Part I 1 Rivalry about the 38 fulfillment of political functions between two matri-segments 2 Matrilineal descendants of 52 an upriver woman who remained behind downriver 3 Layout of an upriver 56 village inhabited by members of one matrilineage 4 Distant kin (doo famii) 73 traced by a man of Boslanti 5 Change of terms of address 75 6 Mean number of own 145 children, compared to mean number of children raised by women according to their age 7 Actual pattern and 146 simulated model of fostering and raising chances for women according to age Part II Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname 1 The succession of 204 gaamanship among the Matawai Part III 1 Matawai population growth 374 2 Age Specific Fertility 378 Rates of Matawai 3 Age and birth of first child 381 4 Age differences of marital 383 partners (169 marriages in the upriver area) 5 Compilation of marital 386 histories (a) based on 164 cases from four upriver villages (L 1) and (b) based on 164 cases from six upriver villages (L 2) 6 Distribution of birth 388 intervals according to length 7 Cumulative fertility of the - (a)389 cohorts -1910, 1910-1920, (b)390 1921-1930, 1931-1940, (c)391 1941-1950, 1951-1958 for up- and downriver 8 Female and male sterility 393 of the population of 10 upstream villages 9 Development of child 396 mortality during the period 1914-1973 10 Seasonality of male 406 absenteeism and conception 11 Seasonality of rainfall and 408 conception 12 Seasonality of births of 412 mothers with stable reproductive ability and of mothers with less stable reproductive ability Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname 13 Factors affecting seasonal 414 variation in births 14a Population distribution of 428 migrants compared with the total population from Libasei 1 14b Population distribution of 429 migrants compared with the total population from Libasei 2 Chris de Beet en Miriam Sterman, People in between: the Matawai Maroons of Suriname IX 14c Population distribution of 430 migrants compared with the total population from Bausei 1 14d Population distribution of 431 migrants compared with the total population from Bausei 2 14e Population distribution of 432 migrants compared with the total Matawai population Part IV 1 The process of clustering 450 of kinsmen in a neighbourhood in the outskirts of Paramaribo.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OSO. Tijdschrift Voor Surinaamse Taalkunde, Letterkunde En Geschiedenis
    OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 bron OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16. Stichting Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, [Nijmegen] 1997 Zie voor verantwoording: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_oso001199701_01/colofon.php Let op: werken die korter dan 140 jaar geleden verschenen zijn, kunnen auteursrechtelijk beschermd zijn. [Nummer 1] Afbeeldingen omslag De afbeelding op de voorzijde van de omslag is van G.W.C. Voorduin, Een plantage-slavenkamp, 1860-2. Kleurenlitho, 27 × 42,5. Leiden: Foto- en prentencollectie van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Op de achterzijde van de omslag is een reproductie A. Borret, ‘Creoolse met kist en bundel op het hoofd’, KITLV, cat. nr. 1.33.5 OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 4 N. Box 1825 (collectie Surinaams Museum, foto Roy Tjin). OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 5 Elmer Kolfin De muze met een missie Verbeeldingen van slavernij in de West c. 1650-1860 Twee eeuwen verbeelding van Surinaamse slavernij, van pakweg 1680 tot 1860, heeft welgeteld één fraai olieverfschilderij opgeleverd, flink wat gravures op landkaarten en in boeken, een behoorlijk aantal steendrukken en ook nogal wat tekeningen en aquarellen. Dat bracht Kalff ertoe in 1923 te schrijven dat in Suriname de slavenzweep de muze op de vlucht joeg (Kalff, 1923: 370). Maar hij reserveerde de muze alleen voor de schone kunsten, meer in het bijzonder voor mooie schilderijen. Het onderscheid van Kalff tussen esthetische en praktische afbeeldingen is echter niet zo eenvoudig te trekken. In dit artikel zou ik de muze daarom een ruimer terrein willen toebedelen en nagaan welke vormen ze aanneemt als het om verbeelding van slaven gaat en wat haar daarbij bezielt.
    [Show full text]
  • Aardrijkskundige Beschrijving
    BEKNOPTE AARDRIJKSKUNDIGE BESCHRIJVING VAN SURINAME door W. L. LOTH, Gouvernements landmeter in Suriname. JVlK'r J_A._VI_T VAN I*A.Ï_A.]M__Rl__o. AMSTERDAM. — J. 11. de BUSSY. — 1898. BEKNOPTE AARDRIJKSKUNDIGE BESCHRIJVING VAN SURINAME DOOR W. L. LOTH, Gouvernement* lamimeter in Suriname, MKÏ KAART VAN PAKAMARIBO. AMSTERDAM. - J. H. DE BUSSY. — 1898. INHOUD. Blz. 1". llgging, gbenzen, omtbek .' 5 2°. Hoogte . 5 3°. Laagland, Savanna, Hoogland 6 •4". Klimaat 7 s°. Middelen van veekeer 7 6". Namen dee districten en kunne geenzen. 15 7°. Voortbrengselen 19 B°. Bevolking 20 9°. Beschrijving der districten 21 I°. Ligging, grenzen, omtrek. De Kolonie Suriname, gelegen aan de noordkust van Zuid-Amerika, tusschen 51° en 58° "Westerlengte van Green- wich en 2° en 6° Noorderbreedte, beslaat eene oppervlakte van vijftien millioen Hectaren (150000 K. Ms . of 2784 □ G. mijlen). Zij grenst ten Noorden aan den Atlantischen Oceaan, ten Oosten aan Fransen Guyana (Cayenne), ten Zuiden aan Brazilië en ten Westen aan Engelsch Guyana (Demerara). De oostelijke grens loopt over de rivier de Marowijne, de zuidelijke over het Tumuchumac- en het Acarai-gebergte en de westelijke over de rivier de Corantijn. Slechts ongeveer een derde deel van bovengenoemde opper- vlakte der Kolonie is doorreizigers bezocht; van het overige deel is niets bekend. 2°. Hoogte. Over eene geschatte breedte van 50 K. M. is het noorde- lijk deel van Suriname bijna geheel vlak en ligt het ter hoogte van het peil van gewoon hoog water en dus beneden het peil der springvloeden. Dit lage deel wordt ten Zuidenbegrensd door eene kromme lijn, loopende van de Marowijne ter hoogte van de Wane- 6 kreek in W.
    [Show full text]
  • Processenverbaal Verkiezing 2015
    AANBIEDING van het proces-verbaal van het Centraal Hoofdstembureau aan De Nationale Assemblee. Het Centraal Hoofdstembureau biedt aan De Nationale Assemblee aan het proces-verbaal van zijn werkzaamheden d.d. 15 juni 2015 als bedoeld in artikel 1 van de Kiesregeling. Het Centraal Hoofdstembureau, De heer Eugene G. Merkus MBA, Lid tevens Voorzitter Mevrouw mr. Maya Manohar, Lid tevens Plaatsvervangend voorzitter De leden: De heer Raymond J. Landburg Lid De heer mr. Delano P. A.Landvreugd MBA Lid De heer Dennis E. Menso Lcs. Lid De heer Luciano S. Mentowikromo Lid Mevrouw mr. Joan M. Nibte Lid De heer Robby E. K. Raghoe Lid Mevrouw mr. Anuska A. Ramdhani Lid Mevrouw drs. Elviera L. Sandie Lid De heer mr. Ricardo A. Vreden Lid De heer Ir. Steven W. Vrieze Lid DE NATIONALE ASSEMBLEE Ingek 16:54,A4(1.,t_ 20 iS Agenda no. 1 ) Verwezen - (' Naar MODEL XI-A PROCES-VERBAAL van de zitting van het Centraal Hoofdstembureau tot het vaststellen van de uitslag van de verkiezing van leden van De Nationale Assemblee in de kieslcringen I tot en met X. (Artikel 133 van de Kiesregeling) Het Centraal Hoofdstembureau heeft in het daartoe aangewezen lokaal zitting genomen op maandag 15 juni 2015 10.00 uur des voormiddags in Ballroom van de Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken aan de Prof. W. J. A. Kemkampweg no. 37, Paramaribo. Het is samengesteld uit: De heer Eugene G. Merkus MBA, Lid tevens Voorzitter Mevrouw mr. Maya Manohar, Lid tevens Plaatsvervangend voorzitter De leden: De heer Raymond J. Landburg Lid De heer mr. Delano P.
    [Show full text]
  • Document Joint 1 Résolution 1 Amendements De Manille À L'annexe De La Convention Internationale De 1978 Sur Les Normes De
    DOCUMENT JOINT 1 RÉSOLUTION 1 AMENDEMENTS DE MANILLE À L'ANNEXE DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE DE 1978 SUR LES NORMES DE FORMATION DES GENS DE MER, DE DÉLIVRANCE DES BREVETS ET DE VEILLE (CONVENTION STCW) LA CONFÉRENCE DE MANILLE (2010), RAPPELANT l'article XII 1) b) de la Convention internationale de 1978 sur les normes de formation des gens de mer, de délivrance des brevets et de veille (ci-après dénommée "la Convention") concernant la procédure d'amendement par une conférence des Parties, AYANT EXAMINÉ les amendements de Manille à l'Annexe de la Convention qui ont été proposés et diffusés aux Membres de l'Organisation et à toutes les Parties à la Convention, 1. ADOPTE, conformément à l'article XII 1) b) ii) de la Convention, les amendements à l'Annexe de la Convention dont le texte figure en annexe à la présente résolution; 2. DÉCIDE que, conformément à l'article XII 1) a) vii) de la Convention, les amendements qui figurent en annexe seront réputés avoir été acceptés le 1er juillet 2011 à moins que, avant cette date, plus d'un tiers des Parties à la Convention, ou des Parties dont les flottes marchandes représentent au total 50 % au moins du tonnage brut de la flotte mondiale des navires de commerce d'une jauge brute égale ou supérieure à 100, n'aient notifié au Secrétaire général qu'elles élèvent une objection contre ces amendements; 3. INVITE les Parties à noter que, conformément à l'article XII 1) a) ix) de la Convention, les amendements qui figurent en annexe entreront en vigueur le 1er janvier 2012 lorsqu'ils seront réputés avoir été acceptés dans les conditions prévues au paragraphe 2 ci-dessus; - 2 - 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Results from a School Survey
    CHAPTER 2 Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Results from a School Survey Isabelle Léglise and Bettina Migge 1 Introduction The population of the Guiana plateau is characterised by multilingualism and the Republic of Suriname is no exception to this. Apart from the country’s official language, Dutch, and the national lingua franca, Sranantongo, more than twenty other languages belonging to several distinct language families are spoken by less than half a million people. Some of these languages such as Saamaka and Sarnámi have quite significant speaker communities while others like Mawayana currently have less than ten speakers.1 While many of the languages currently spoken in Suriname have been part of the Surinamese linguistic landscape for a long time, others came to Suriname as part of more recent patterns of mobility. Languages with a long history in Suriname are the Amerindian languages Lokono (Arawak), Kari’na, Trio, and Wayana, the cre- ole languages Saamaka, Ndyuka, Matawai, Pamaka, Kwinti, and Sranantongo, and the Asian-Surinamese languages Sarnámi, Javanese, and Hakka Chinese. In recent years, languages spoken in other countries in the region such as Brazilian Portuguese, Guyanese English, Guyanese Creole, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole (see Laëthier this volume) and from further afield such as varieties of five Chinese dialect groups (Northern Chinese, Wu, Min, Yue, and Kejia, see Tjon Sie Fat this volume) have been added to Suriname’s linguistic landscape due to their speakers’ increasing involvement in Suriname. Suriname’s linguistic diversity is little appreciated locally. Since indepen- dence in 1975, successive governments have pursued a policy of linguistic assimilation to Dutch with the result that nowadays, “[a] large proportion of the population not only speaks Dutch, but speaks it as their first and best language” (St-Hilaire 2001: 1012).
    [Show full text]
  • PLANTAGES LANGS DE BOVEN SURINAME Totaal 1320 Slaven
    PLANTAGES LANGS DE BOVEN SURINAME totaal 1320 slaven 1 VICTORIA 47 slaven Houtgrond aan de Suriname links in het afvaren; grenzend stroomopwaarts aan de militaire post Victoria, stroomafwaarts aan de mond van de Compagniekreek. Eigenaar J.J.B. de Mesquita uit Paramaribo. Albion Braaf Chuitames Everta Wilesia Banel Buenos Daluis Lila 2 BERG EN DAL 318 slaven (ST: Bergi1), houtgrond aan de Suriname rechts in het opvaren, aan de Toetayakreek en aan de voet van de Blauweberg, ook de Parnassusberg genoemd; grenzend opwaarts aan de houtgrond Karelswoud en stroomafwaarts aan de mond van de Polloniekreek. Eigenaren Rothuys, de erven Baron de Lindau, Muller, Sanches, de Meij, allen uit Europa. Assat Erat Keeldar Pera Sympson Auterbach Farren Kobbel Peterhof Tensch Bartel Faveur Koharij Poedelkap Trolle Beukenhout Freya Koning- Proeger Tumus Bifrost Goozen verdraag Prijor Udorpho Blonowski Graville Koningvri Quovilar Ulm Bolieu Gregoor Lamp Rasper Valet Boudorfer Groté Lapuchin Rottenburg Vanbelli Brodki Hartley Lauderbroek Scherley Vandams Bronners Heimdal Lemberg Scholer Vermeer Bugmair Helmig Macarthey Schoppe Vermicel Chaudio Helstone Malone Schott Walden Curintha Herrenberg Marem Seedorf Wladislaw Danarag Hierst Meltior Siktis Wondel Delcharwin Hirschaw Mink Sloos Woudman Demidaf Hofstede Molach Sluis, van Yockel Demitri Hongerbron Moreaus Staufer Yorks Deugd Horb Moskow Stutgart Domas Hortens Muringen Sugden Drakenstein Hurtak Nunnely Sweeting Duim, van Jorden Olenski Sykes 3 REMONCOURT 6 slaven Houtgrond aan de Suriname rechts in het afvaren; grenzend stroomopwaarts aan de houtgrond Berg-en- Daal, stroomafwaarts aan de houtgrond Solitaire. De eigenares van deze plantage was mej. S.D. Sanches. De plantage Remoncourt had geen eigen slaven. De zes slaven die er werkten, behoorden toe aan de plantage Cornelis Vriendschap (aan de Orleanekreek) waarvan mej.
    [Show full text]
  • Maroons and the Communications Revolution in Suriname's Interior
    CHAPTER 7 Maroons and the Communications Revolution in Suriname’s Interior Alex van Stipriaan 1 Introduction From the first until the last day of slavery, enslaved people liberated them- selves by escaping from the plantation colony and setting up new, indepen- dent communities. These escapees, who came to be called Maroons, settled in the tropical rain forest of Suriname’s interior, far away from the seat of colonial power in Paramaribo. Yet they stayed tied to the colonial economy in several ways. The general impression people have is that Maroons lived in total isola- tion in Suriname’s interior until quite recently, about one or two generations ago, but this must now be largely discounted as a myth. This is certainly true in the case of Maroon men.1 Women, on the other hand, remained comparatively isolated until quite recently as gender-based labour division and traditional notions of womanhood mostly linked women to the domestic sphere and the village context. This chapter examines the extent to which contact with the outside world formed part of the Maroons’ existence, and how contact has influenced Maroon lifestyles throughout history.2 Crucially, I explore how Maroons’ adoption of new communication technologies is impacting patterns of com- munication with the wider world and among the Maroons themselves. This contribution does not simply deal with how objects are being adopted by sub- jects, rather it focuses on what happens to people and their context when they use new technologies and also how new technologies are transformed due to their use in specific social contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • STATEMENT by GAANMAN GAZON MATODJA, PARAMOUNT CHIEF of the NDJUKA {AUKANER) PEOPLE Transcribed and Translated from Ndjuka by Kenneth Bilby
    STATEMENT BY GAANMAN GAZON MATODJA, PARAMOUNT CHIEF OF THE NDJUKA {AUKANER) PEOPLE Transcribed and Translated from Ndjuka by Kenneth Bilby So. The person speaking here today, on the words, things in my territory no longer work as well 26th of March, is Gaanman Gazon Matodja of as I would like. Diitabiki. Today he will speak to the people of the In the past, when someone had a disagreement United States. Well, I can declare to the people of with someone else in the Ndjuka area -let's say the United States that the person who occupied they fought- then they would fight with their fists. this post before me was Gaanman Akoontu Velanti They would fight with their fists. There were cer­ of Diitabiki. It was his office, and now I am sitting tain matters that I as Gaanman (Paramount Chief) in his place to carry on the work. By my count, this would concern myself with directly. But if I sent elder, Gaanman Akoontu Velanti, occupied this the Kabiteni and the Basia, then they would go and office for 14 years before he passed away. When debate the case [in the context of a kuutu, a council Gaanman Akoontu Velanti died, I took over his meeting]. Whoever was in the right, they would office to keep his place for him. I have been in this decide in his favor; whoever was in the wrong, they office, I believe, for 26 years. So I state. would decide against him. Well, I oversee the area from the Cottica River And if someone went too far, fighting another all the way to Gaan Boli.
    [Show full text]
  • 25Th Anniversary Issue
    1984 April, 2008 April, 2008 —George Orwell, Orwell, —George 25th Anniversary Issue 26, No. 4 Volume The PRSRT STD U.S. Postage PAID 808 Wisteria Drive Cocoa, FL Melbourne, FL 32901-1926 32922 Permit 20 ©2008 Space Coast Area Mensa Permission to reprint non-individually copyrighted material is hereby granted to all Mensa publications, provided proper credit is given to both Author and Editor, and a separate copy of the publication is sent to both author and editor. For permission to use individually copyrighted material, contact the editor. Opinions expressed are those of the individual writers and do not reflect the opinions of Space Coast Area Mensa or American Mensa Ltd., as neither holds any opinions. Mensa is registered at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as the collective mark of the international membership association. Send your change of address to both The SCAM at the above address and to: American Mensa Ltd., 1229 Corporate Drive West, Arlington, TX 76006-6103. The SCAM logo designed by Keith Proud ExCommunication March 5, 2008 SPACE COAST AREA MENSA Website: www.spacecoast.us.mensa.org Minutes of the ExComm Meeting: (All Area Codes are 321 except as noted) he ExComm met at the home of George Patterson on Treasurer BUD LONG T Wednesday, March 5, 2008. Called to order at 6:28 pm by Executive Committee 660 Alaska Rd., Merritt Island, FL 32953 LocSec George Patterson. Members present: George Patterson, 455-9749 [email protected] Terry Valek, and Bud Long. Thomas Wheat and Joe Smith were unable to attend. Local Secretary Recording Secretary GEORGE PATTERSON THERESA VALEK Minutes for the February 6, 2008 meeting were approved as 301 Sand Pine Rd., Indialantic, FL 32903 626-8523 published in the March 2008 SCAM.
    [Show full text]
  • Bittersweet: Sugar, Slavery, and Science in Dutch Suriname
    BITTERSWEET: SUGAR, SLAVERY, AND SCIENCE IN DUTCH SURINAME Elizabeth Sutton Pictures of sugar production in the Dutch colony of Suriname are well suited to shed light on the role images played in the parallel rise of empirical science, industrial technology, and modern capitalism. The accumulation of goods paralleled a desire to accumulate knowledge and to catalogue, organize, and visualize the world. This included possessing knowledge in imagery, as well as human and natural resources. This essay argues that representations of sugar production in eighteenth-century paintings and prints emphasized the potential for production and the systematization of mechanized production by picturing mills and labor as capital. DOI: 10.18277/makf.2015.13 ictures of sugar production in the Dutch colony of Suriname are well suited to shed light on the role images played in the parallel rise of empirical science, industrial technology, and modern capitalism.1 Images were important to legitimating and privileging these domains in Western society. The efficiency considered neces- Psary for maximal profit necessitated close attention to the science of agriculture and the processing of raw materials, in addition to the exploitation of labor. The accumulation of goods paralleled a desire to accumulate knowledge and to catalogue, organize, and visualize the world. Scientific rationalism and positivism corresponded with mercantile imperatives to create an epistemology that privileged knowledge about the natural world in order to control its resources. Prints of sugar production from the seventeenth century provided a prototype of representation that emphasized botanical description and practical diagrams of necessary apparatuses. This focus on the means of production was continued and condensed into representations of productive capacity and mechanical efficiency in later eighteenth-century images.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION of SURINAM 1920-1970 to Norine VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE
    THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM 1920-1970 To Norine VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 65 THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SURINAM 1920 - 1970 A socio-demographic analysis H. E. LAMUR THE HAGUE - MAR TINUS NIJHOFF 1973 I.S.B.N. 90.247.1556.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish first and foremost to record my thanks to Professor W. Steigenga for his constant guidance and encouragement. I am also grateful to him for the freedom he allowed me, both as regards the framework of the investigation and the analysis of the data collected. His critical approach contributed in no small degree to the study being brought to a successful conclusion, and my only hope is that I have succeeded in making fuIl use of his commen tso I also wish to express my gratitude to Professor A. J. F. Köbben for his criticism and valuable suggestions. The data for the study were collected and partially processed by H. A. C. Boldewijn, W. J. Doest, D. P. Kaulesar Sukul, R. 1. Korsten, M. R. Kortram, A. R. Lamur and H. C. Limburg. Their enthusiasm, which never faltered even through the trying periods when the data were being gathered, afforded me great support. I owe them my warm est thanks. I am also grateful to Mr. J. Pinas for his assistance. For permis sion to collect the data for this study 1 wish to thank the District Commissioners, the Heads of the Offices for Population Administration and the Head of the Central Office for Population Administration. When subjecting some of the data to statistical analysis I enlisted the aid of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College Of
    Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College of William and Mary, Virginia, USA, and Anse Chaudière, Martinique Maroons in the Americas have always been champions at seizing the moment, whether in battles against their colonial enemies or in carving out imaginative economic niches in more recent times. This essay focuses on Maroon men from central Suriname who, in the second half of the nineteenth century, migrated to French Guiana where they monopolized the river transport system that supplied thousands of non-Maroon goldminers in that colony and, in the process, created a new of way of life for themselves and their descendants. The Oyapok region of French Guiana, which borders the Brazilian state of Amapá, might best be considered the distant frontier of a distant frontier B many thousands of kilometers from the metropolitan political center of Paris, many hundreds through the forest from the colonial capital of Cayenne, and, from the perspective of the Saramaka Maroons of central Suriname, at the farthest edge of the known geographical universe. In 1900, the mayor of the Commune de l=Oyapok gave the total population as 304. (He did not include members of the Aindigenous tribes of autochthonous or African origin living in the region@ which, according to a 1901 document, lived there Aunder the administrative protection of the customs service.@) Despite plans on the drawing board in 2002 for a bridge between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and the Brazilian town of Oiapoque and for a road between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and Cayenne (which would in theory permit direct road travel between, say, Macapá and Cayenne) the region has long remained a backwater B in 1971, for example, the largest town in the region, St-Georges-de-l'Oyapok, boasted only two cars.1 By 1900, when Saramaka Maroon migrants from Suriname (the main Atribe .
    [Show full text]