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Perasti U Visu – Kula, Kuća I Palača

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Perasti U Visu – Kula, Kuća I Palača K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) 30 Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Katarina Horvat-Levaj Institut za povijest umjetnosti, Zagreb Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Izvorni znanstveni rad – Original scientific paper predan 28. 10. 2002. Sa‘etak U okviru fortifikacijskog i stambenog graditeljstva otoka Visa isti~u ljiva je po prvotnom konzolno istaknutom kruni{tu, zamijenjenom se kula, ku}a i pala~a koje po~etkom 17. stolje}a podi‘e u naselju nakon povi{enja ugaonim stra‘arnicama (elementu rijetkom u sred- Luka (dana{nji Vis) do{ljak iz Perasta – Vicko Perasti. Kula (iz 1617. njodalmatinskom podru~ju, ali zato karakteristi~nom za ju‘nojad- godine), osobita je ponajprije po spajanju funkcija privatne i javne ransko podru~je, osobito Boku kotorsku). Od Perastijeve ku}e kao utvrde, neophodne za naselje bez zidina, kakav je bio Vis (prema najkvalitetniji dio isti~e se osebujna gra|evina polivalentne namjene oporuci Perastijevi nasljednici kulu nisu smjeli podijeliti, {tovi{e, zbog – predvorje, lo‘a i obrambena terasa, mostom povezana s kulom. odr‘avanja kule priznato im je potkraj 17. stolje}a plemstvo ste~eno Perastijeva pak pala~a svojom urbanisti~kom impostacijom pred- izvan Hvarske komune). Ujedno, uz svoje suvremene fortifikacijske stavlja u okviru stambene arhitekture Visa sponu izme|u renesansne zna~ajke (escarpa, kordonski vijenci, pu{karnice i topovnice) zanim- ladanjske arhitekture i gradskih pala~a baroknog razdoblja. Klju~ne rije~i: otok Vis, Vicko Perasti, privatna utvrda, kula, ku}a, pala~a, 17. stolje}e »Ne samo na Jadranskom nego ni na Sredozemnom moru je sagradio, ni kada je sagra|ena, ni u koje je svrhe slu‘ila. nema otoka koji bi na tako malenoj povr{ini imao toliko [tovi{e nema na toj kuli ni jednog natpisa, koji bi nas na to tvr|ava i kula koliko ih ima otok Vis« napisao je svojevre- upu}ivao, o njoj nije zabilje‘eno ni{ta ni u jednoj knjizi meno Grga Novak.1 No osim velikog broja fortifikacijskih koja govori o Visu.«3 gra|evina, osobitost ovoga udaljenog i strate{ki zna~ajnog Nepoznanice o povijesti kule razrije{io je arhivskim istra‘i- otoka jest i ~injenica da je ve}ina kula privatna. Jedina javna vanjem prije ~etrdesetak godina Grga Novak, a nadopunio ih dr‘avna fortifikacija na Visu venecijanski je ka{tel iz 16. ne{to kasnije Cvito Fiskovi}.4 Nepoznanice o njezinim arhi- stolje}a u Komi‘i, te kasnije tvr|ave uz vi{ku luku, podignu- tektonskim zna~ajkama, na temelju otvaranja i arhitekton- te za kratke dominacije Engleza te potom Austrije tijekom skog snimanja cijele unutra{njosti kule,5 kao i okolnih gra- 19. stolje}a. Nepostojanje sigurne za{tite koju bi pru‘ale grad- ske zidine nadomje{teno je ponekad utvr|ivanjem sakralnih |evina koje su joj pripadale, poku{at }e se rije{iti ovom pri- zdanja, kao {to je to slu~aj s nekada{njim benediktinskim likom. Povezivanjem pak obaju elemenata – povijesnih po- samostanom Musterom povi{e Komi‘e, osiguranim srednjo- dataka i analize gra|evne strukture – naslu}uju se odgovori vjekovnom kulom i baroknim bastionom. No jo{ vi{e od cr- na pitanja o nekim njezinim arhitektonskim osobitostima. kava, utvr|ivanje kulama postaje tijekom 16. i 17. stolje}a Prema arhivskim dokumentima, kulu je na svom zemlji{tu i nezaobilazan element stambenih gra|evina, bilo da su to ku- uz svoju ku}u dao sagraditi 1617. godine Vicko (Vinko) Diu- }e u naseljima, bilo ljetnikovci, ili pak gospodarstva razasu- li iz Perasta (Vincenzo da Perasto).6 Do{av{i iz Boke kotor- ta po rubovima Vi{koga polja i u skrovitim uvalama. ske u Vis potkraj 16. stolje}a,7 Vicko prozvan Perasti podi- Me|u tim kulama svojim se arhitektonskim zna~ajkama i gao je ovdje najprije svoje stambene rezidencije, koje i same polo‘ajem isticao tzv. ka{til sred Luke sv. Jurja u dana{njem sadr‘e fortifikacijske elemente – pala~u uz more, obilje‘enu naselju Vis. Naime, u odnosu na ve}inu vi{kih privatnih ku- inicijalima V. P. i 1600. godinom, te »veliku ku}u« u Luci, la, jednostavnih gra|evina koje ~esto uklju~uju i stanovanje spomenutu u dokumentima8 – no gradnja kule uz potonju – tzv. ku}e-kule – jedino je ova opremljena tipi~nim fortifi- bila je neophodna zbog opasnosti od Turaka, uskoka i sje- kacijskim oblikovnim i funkcionalnim elementima. No, ia- vernoafri~kih gusara.9 Iako je molba za gradnju morala biti ko podignuta uz more, tako da »svatko tko dolazi u Vis opazi upu}ena hvarskom knezu 1615. godine, da bi je potom odob- je na prvi pogled«,2 dugo je ostala tajanstvena svojom ne- rio i generalni providur Dalmacije 1616. godine,10 kula se poznatnom pro{lo{}u i nepristupa~nom unutra{njo{}u, kako nije javljala u uobi~ajenim venecijanskim izvje{}ima o sta- to dalje bilje‘i Novak: »A ipak nitko u Visu ne zna ni tko ju nju utvrda jer je bila u privatnom vlasni{tvu. Pa ipak, od 31 K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) Vis, pogled na Perastijevu kulu i ku}u (foto: K. Horvat-Levaj) Vis, view of Luka with Perasti’s tower samog po~etka isticao se i njezin javni zna~aj. Naime, ve} u spomenutoj molbi Perasti opravdava gradnju kule, osim za{- titom za sebe i svoju obitelji, i ~injenicom da u naselju Visu, za razliku od Komi‘e, nema nikakva utvr|enja. Njezina va‘- nost vidljiva je i iz oporuke Vicka Perastija 1622. godine, kojom ostavlja kulu svojim sinovima (Luki, Antunu i Niko- li) uz uvjet da je ne smiju prodati ni podijeliti.11 Gradnja kule i specijalni status koji joj je oporu~no odredio Vicko Perasti pokazali su se to opravdaniji zbivanjima do kojih je ubrzo do{lo 1624. godine. Komi‘a, naime, uz nedav- no podignut venecijanski ka{tel, ponovno dobiva prema pro- jektu vojnog in‘enjera Agostina Albertija jo{ jednu utvrdu oko nekada{njeg samostana Mustera. Nasuprot tome, adek- vatni projekt istog in‘enjera za bastionsku tvr|avu oko cr- kve Gospe od Spilica izme|u vi{kih naselja Luke i Kuta (gdje bi se u slu~aju opasnosti mogli skloniti stanovnici obaju naselja) ostaje neizveden.12 Zanimljiva je koincidencija da spomenuti Alberti, ina~e u Dalmaciji nepoznat,13 iste godine projektira modernizaciju utvrda Perasta – Ka{tela sv. Kri‘a i Veriga na ulazu u Boku kotorsku.14 I kasniji arhivski izvori svjedo~e o osobitom zna~enju kule Vicka Perastija, kako za njegove potomke, tako i za Vis, od- Vis, plan Luke s ozna~enim Perastijevim kompleksima (1. kula, 2. nosno Hvarsku komunu i Venecijansku Republiku. Naime, ku}a, 3. pala~a) 15 pojedini poku{aji (1629., 1646., 1709., 1730. godine) da Vis, map of Luka with marked Perasti’s complex (1. tower, 2. house, se na bilo koji na~in naru{i njezina obrambena efikasnost 3. palace) 32 Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Perastijeva kula, zapadno pro~elje, zazidana vrata – donja s tragovi- Perastijeva kula, tragovi nekada{njega kruni{ta na zapad- ma upori{ta pokretnog mosta i gornja s tragovima zidanog mosta nom pro~elju i ugaona stra‘arnica (foto: K. Horvat-Levaj) (foto: K. Horvat-Levaj) Perasti’s tower, the remains of the former crown on the west Perasti’s tower, west façade, walled up door – lower with the façade and corner sentry-box remains of the hold of the moving bridge and upper with the remains of the stone bridge Perastijeva kula, unutra{nji zid sa zazidanim otvorima nekada{njega kruni{ta (foto: Perastijeva kula, unutra{nji zid s tragovi- M. Reni}) ma zavr{ne terase, ulazom u stra‘arnicu i Perasti’s tower, inner wall with walled up openings of the former crown topovnicama (foto: M. Reni}) Perasti’s tower, inner wall with the re- mains of the final terrace, entrance to the sentry-box and cannon boxes 33 K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) Perastijeva kula i lo‘a, tlocrti, postoje}e stanje i rekonstrukcija prve gra|evne faze (arh. snimka: I. Ten{ek, I. Valjato-Vrus) Perasti’s tower and lodge, plans, present situation and reconstruction of the first building phase 34 Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 26/2002. (30–48) K. Horvat-Levaj: Perasti u Visu – kula, ku}a i pala~a Perastijeva kula, presjek s pogledom na jug i zapadno pro~elje s varijantama mogu}eg izgleda kruni{ta, rekonstrukcija prve gra|evne faze (arh. snimka: I. Ten{ek, I. Valjato-Vrus) Perasti’s tower, cross-section with the view of the south and west façade with the variants of possible appearance of the crown, reconstruction of the first building phase (okolnim gradnjama, uklanjanjem topova i sl.) sprje~avani zolno istaknutoga zavr{noga kruni{ta, zapravo zaslona koji su, na molbu Perastijevih, intervencijom samih venecijan- je {titio spomenute otvore (za lijevanje vru}eg ulja i olova). skih providura, uvijek uz isto obrazlo‘enje o fortifikacijskom Segmentnim nadvojima zaklju~eni su i izvorni mali prozori zna~enju kule i njezinoj oporu~noj za{titi. [tovi{e, zahva- kule, obrubljeni kamenim okvirima profiliranima stepeni- ljuju}i brizi o kuli, Perasti su uspjeli 1687. godine ponovo com uz brid svijetlog otvora. Postavljeni u sredi{nju os fasa- dobiti priznanje svojeg ugarskog plemstva (s prezimenom da, te smje{teni i na razini kruni{ta, upu}uju da je ono bilo u Diuli), koje im je u 16.
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