National Heritage Policy of Germany
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Heritage European Network National Heritage Policy of Germany Munich, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Geopolitical data (2010)………………………………………………………………… 6 1. CHANGING PERSPECTIVE ON THE HERITAGE 1.1 Cooperation between private and public initiatives……………………………. 7 1.2 Heritage contribution to sustainable development……………………………… 8 1.3 Short and medium term priorities……………………………………………….. 8 1.4 Implementation of Council of Europe standards……………………………….. 9 1.4.1 Conventions……………………………………………………………………. 9 1.4.1.1 Granada Convention………………………………………………………. 9 1.4.1.2 La Valetta Convention…………………………………………………….. 9 1.4.1.2 La Valetta Convention…………………………………………………….. 9 1.4.1.3 Florence Convention………………………………………………………. 9 1.4.2 Recommendations………………………………………………………………. 9 2. AGENTS (ORGANISATION AND PEOPLE)…………………………………….. 11 2.1 National administrations………………………………………………………..... 11 2.1.1 Competent institutions……………………………………………………....... 11 2.1.2 Addresses of the institutions………………………………………………...... 11 2.1.3 Personnel working on conservation………………………………………...... 12 2.2 Regional and local government…………………………………………………… 12 2.3 Enterprises…………………………………………………………………………. 23 2.4 Professional membership organisations………………………………………….. 24 2.5 Voluntary initiatives……………………………………………………………….. 24 2.5.1 Legislation on voluntary organisations……………………………………….. 24 2.5.2 Cooperation between public authorities and voluntary organisations………………………………………………………………......... 24 2.5.3 Voluntary organisations……………………………………………………….. 24 2 2.6 Networks…………………………………………………………………………. 27 2.7 National training structures…………………………………………………….. 27 3. FINANCIAL POLICY………………………………………………………………. 30 3.1 Public funding sources………………………………………………………….... 30 3.1.1 State……………………………………………………………………………. 30 3.1.2 Regional and local government………………………………………………. 32 3.2 Private funding and sponsors…………………………………………………….. 32 3.3 Aids and grants – Public support……………………………………………….... 35 3.3.1 Direct aid………………………………………………………………………. 35 3.3.2 Tax relief……………………………………………………………………….. 35 4. KNOWLEDGE AND PROTECTION………………………………………………. 35 4.1 Inventories and documentation…………………………………………………… 35 4.1.1 Competent institutions………………………………………………………… 35 4.1.2 Types of inventories………………………………………………………….... 35 4.2 Systems of protection…………………………………………………………….... 36 4.2.1 Specific heritage legislation………………………………………………….... 36 4.2.2 Urban planning and environment legislation………………………………… 36 4.2.3 Heritage Protection: effects and implementation…………………………..... 37 4.2.4 Responsibilities structure for protection……………………………………… 37 5. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT…………………………………………. 38 5.1 Conservation work on heritage…………………………………………………..... 38 5.1.1 Contracting authority………………………………………………………….. 38 5.1.2 Contractor………………………………………………………………………. 38 5.1.3 Selection of contractors………………………………………………………… 38 5.1.4 Programming of works……………………………………………………….... 39 3 5.2 Use, re-use and enhancement…………………………………………………….. 39 5.3 Maintenance policy………………………………………………………………… 40 5.4 Insertion of contemporary creative work………………………………………… 40 5.5 Preservation of natural disasters and human damage………………………….. 41 6. ACCESS AND INTERPRETATION………………………………………………… 42 6.1 Public access to heritage…………………………………………………………… 42 6.2 Raising awareness of young people……………………………………………….. 42 6.3 Tourism and promotional activities……………………………………………..... 42 6.4 Publications…………………………………………………………………………. 45 7. DIGITISATION………………………………………………………………………… 46 7.1 Policy on digitisation………………………………………………………………… 46 7.2 Information systems and databases……………………………………………….. 46 8. STATISTICAL DATA……………………………………………………………….... 47 8.1 Changes in the number of protected sites……………………………………….... 47 8.2 Nature of the protected sites……………………………………………………….. 49 8.3 Type of ownership…………………………………………………………………… 51 8.4 Tourism and the heritage…………………………………………………………… 52 9. WORLD HERITAGE POLICY………………………………………………………. 52 9.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 52 9.1.1 Year of ratification or acceptance of the Convention……………………….... 52 9.1.2 Organisation or entity(ies) responsible for the preparation of the report…………………………………………………………………….... 52 9.2 Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties……………………….. 53 9.2.1 National inventories……………………………………………………………… 53 9.2.2 Tentative List…………………………………………………………………….. 53 9.2.3 Nominations…………………………………………………………………….... 53 4 9.3 Protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage…………………………………………………………………….. 55 9.3.1 General policy development……………………………………………………. 55 9.3.2 Status of service for protection, conservation and presentation……………… 55 9.3.3 Scientific and technical studies and research………………………………….. 55 9.3.4 Measures for identification, protection, conservation, presentation and rehabilitation………………………………………………………………... 56 9.3.5 Training………………………………………………………………………….. 56 9.4 International cooperation and fund raising……………………………………….. 56 9.5 Education, information and awareness building………………………………….. 57 5 Geopolitical data (2010) Federal Republic of Germany Area: 357.111 km2 Population: 82.002.356 (as at 31.12.2008) Density: 230 inhabitants/km2 Administrative structure: Federal system, 16 federal states (of which 3 city- states), 323 districts, 13.416 municipalities Official language: German Capital of the country: Berlin 6 1. CHANGING PERSPECTIVE ON THE HERITAGE 1.1 Cooperation between private and public initiatives Cooperation between private initiatives and government bodies to preserve cultural heritage has a long tradition in Germany. As early as the 19th century, societies for antiquities, local cultural traditions, monument conservation and architecture were founded to prevent the loss or decay of important cathedrals, cloister churches, castles and palaces. Additional initiatives were launched around 1900, in reaction to the transformation from an agrarian to an industrial society and the resulting loss of historical city- and landscapes as well as traditional types of building. These initiatives focused not only on preserving the architectural and archaeological heritage, but also on conserving nature and landscape, preserving traditional customs and folklore and promoting architecture in harmony with the landscape. Public funding was provided for cultural heritage, positions were created for curators and the first laws on nature and landscape conservation were passed. A third wave of public activism began in the 1970s. Many buildings damaged in World War II were not restored, but demolished and replaced with new construction; historical city centres were sacrificed to make way for cars. Numerous public initiatives fought these developments, forcing politicians to rethink their urban development policy and orient themselves on the existing stock of historical buildings. Civic engagement still plays a major role in preserving Germany’s cultural heritage. Numerous associations and interest groups work to maintain, restore and present architectural and archaeological monuments. They foster active public participation and information on cultural heritage. They usually work closely with the cultural heritage authorities of the German states (Länder) and the local government offices responsible for cultural heritage. Federal framework legislation on urban development and the states’ cultural heritage laws (see 4.2) provide for cooperation between the bodies responsible for preserving architectural heritage. Gottfried Kiesow: Denkmalpflege in Deutschland. Eine Einführung. Darmstadt, 2000. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 4th edition; ISBN 3-8062-1488-3; in German. Achim Hubel: Denkmalpflege. Geschichte. Themen. Aufgaben. Eine Einführung. Reclam Universal-Bibliothek, Band 18358. Stuttgart, 2006. Philipp Reclam Jun, 1st edition, ISBN 978-3-15-018358-8; in German. Dieter Josef Martin / Michael Krautzberger: Handbuch Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege einschließlich Archäologie. Recht, fachliche Grundsätze, Verfahren, Finanzierung. Munich, 2010. C. H. Beck, 3rd revised and expanded edition; ISBN 978-3-406-60924-4; in German. 7 1.2 Heritage contribution to sustainable development In Germany, the preservation of cultural heritage and the protection of the environment and natural resources are increasingly perceived as related, shared tasks, even though conflicts of interest and problems continue to arise between stakeholders. One of the main problems is that, until the reform of federalism in 2006, the federal level was responsible for concurrent legislation on environmental protection, while the states were responsible for protecting and maintaining the cultural heritage. Since 2006, the states have been able to pass laws differing from federal legislation. Federal law continues to apply in those states which have not passed other laws. As a result of EU directives, in Germany as in all other European Union member states, cultural heritage concerns must be considered in planning and decision-making processes, which must also include public participation. This has been implemented in Germany through the laws on environmental impact assessments; the amended Building Code to implement the SEA Directive, the Environmental Information Directive and the Public Participation Directive; and the Environmental Appeals Act. In practice, however, the extent and depth of assessment still fails to satisfy the requirements of environmental protection, which can be justified neither by law nor by the nature of the matter. 1.3 Short and medium term priorities At the start of the 21st century, cultural heritage policy