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Exotic Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Florida*

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Exotic Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Florida* Exotic Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Florida* WALTER R. COURTENAY, JR, HARRY F. SAHLMAN, WOODARD W. MILEY, II DAVID J. HERREMA Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33432, USA ABSTRACT S. Ramsey, pers. comm.). Almost 50 per cent of this traffic entered through the ports of Miami and Tampa, At least 38 species and several hybrids of exotic fishes Florida. A large percentage of fishes entering the have been found in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Twenty species and five hybrids are at present established United States through other ports of entry is trans- in the form of reproducing populations. The ornamental shipped to Florida. These imports constitute approxi- aquarium fish industry has been the major source of these mately 20 per cent of the fishes sold to home aquarists introductions. Several methods of introductions are con- (Boozer, 1973). sidered and recommendations presented toward preventing Holding, culture, and breeding of exotic fishes for repetitions in the future. Future dispersal of exotics by the ornamental aquarium fish trade is a major industry channelization projects should become part of environmental impact statements. in Florida, involving more than 250 fish farms (Axelrod, 1971), and supplying nearly 80 per cent of the US demand (Boozer, 1973). Ornamental aquarium fishes are 'accidentally' released from many of these farms into open waters through unprotected effluent INTRODUCTION pipes or are periodically dumped when tanks and ponds are drained. Reviews of this and other sources Any additive to an aquatic situation, whether of introduction are given by Courtenay & Robins chemical, physical, or biological, which alters water (1973) and later in this paper. quality or the quality and quantity of its ecosystems, The mild climate of southern Florida and the supply can be considered as a pollutant. Biological pollutants of well-water of nearly constant temperature are great in the form of introductions of non-indigenous or advantages to the ornamental aquarium fish industry. exofic (foreign) species of organisms may be equally as Lack of safeguards to prevent escape of fishes and a serious in impact to aquatic ecosystems as are chemical massive system of interconnecting waterways provide and physical additives (Lachner et al., 1970). Permiss- a continuing supply of exotic fishes with access to and ive habitats (those not fully occupied with regard the opportunity for establishment in open waters of to trophic levels and species niche concepts) and the state. weakened environments (those altered naturally or by The presence of exotic fishes in Florida waters was man), are particularly susceptible to establishment of first recorded by Burgess (1958). Crittenden (1962), non-indigenous or exotic species. In some cases, the Springer & Finucane (1963), Rivas (1965), Ware (1966), introduced forms may become dominant (Laycock, King (1968), Buntz &Manooch (1968, 1969 a,b), Buckow 1966; King, 1968; McDowall, 1968; Regier, 1968; (1969), Idyll (1969), Ogilvie (1969a, b) Buntz & Lachner et al., 1970; Courtenay & Ogilvie, 1971). Chapman (1970), Lachner et al. (1970), Courtenay & While the addition of chemical and physical pollutants Ogilvie (1971), and Courtenay & Robins (1973) have can be reduced or terminated at any time, a biological further documented introductions in Florida. pollutant, once established, typically cannot be Prior to 1970, no specific attempt had been made removed from the environment. to determine which species of exotic fishes were present During 1972, live fish imports into the United States in Florida waters except for a few local surveys. This totalled approximately 110 million individuals, mostly report represents the first comprehensive study of this destined for the ornamental aquarium fish trade (John subject and documents these introductions. Collec- * This study was supported by Florida Game and Fresh tions were made using minnow seines up to 24 ft Water Fish Commission Dingell-Johnson Project F-28, (7-2 m) in length, electrofishing devices, dip nets, and Florida. block nets, or with 5 per cent emulsified rotenone. 292 Biological Conservation, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 1974-0 Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1974—Printed in Great Britain Courtenay, Sahlman, Miley & Herrema: Exotic Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Florida 293 EXOTIC FISHES IN FLORIDA POECILIDAE Belonesox belizanus Kner—Pike killifish (E) Poecilia latipunctata (Meek)—Broadspotted Thirty-eight species and several hybrids of exotic molly (E) Poecilia petenensis (Gunther)—Swordtail molly (E) fishes have been found in Florida waters (Table I). Poecilia reticulata Peters—Guppy (E) Most of them were taken in 62 collections made in Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes)—Liberty molly central and southern Florida between 1 July 1970 and Poecilia hybrid (probably latipinna x velifera)—Black 31 July 1972. Twenty species and five hybrids are molly (E) known to be established as reproducing populations. Poecilia hybrid—Lyretail Black molly (E) Xiphophorus helleri Heckel—Green swordtail (E) Xiphophorus maculatus (Giinther)—Southern platyfish TABLE I (E) Xiphophorus variatus (Meek)—Variable platyfish (E) Introduced freshwater fishes collected in Florida, Xiphophorus variatus xiphidium (Gordon)—Shortblade 1968-72. ( E) following the common name denotes swordtail those species which are established as evidenced by Xiphophorus maculatus x helleri—Red swordtail (E) reproductive populations Xiphophorus maculatus x variatus—(several varieties) (E) ANABANTIDAE Xiphophorus helleri x variatus—(several varieties) (E) Anabas testudineus (Bloch)—Climbing perch (E)1 Betta splendens Regan—Siamese fightingfish 1 Not collected by us; reported by Herbert Axelrod, Ross Colisa lalia (Hamilton-Buchanan)—Dwarf gourami Socolof, and Elywn Segrest (pers. comm.). Ctenopoma nigropannosum (Reichenow)—Twospot 2 Not collected by us; collected by Ralph W. Yerger and climbing perch (E) William L. Wegener (pers. comm.). Helostoma temmincki Kuhl and Van Hasselt—Kissing 3 Not collected by us; reported by Vernon E. Ogilvie gourami (pers. comm.). Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus)—Paradisefish 4 Not collected by us; collected by Ralph W. Yerger. Trichogaster leeri (Bleeker)—Pearl gourami Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas)—Blue gourami Anabantidae Seven species of anabantids were collected, two of CHARACIDAE Colossoma nigripinnis (Cope)—Pacu 2 which, the twospot climbing perch (Ctenopoma Serrasalmus nattereri Kner—Caribe3 nigropannosum) and the climbing perch (Anabas Serrasalmus rhombeus (Linnaeus)—White piranha testudineus), appear to be established. Specimens of Siamese fightingfish (Betta splendens), dwarf gourami CICHLIDAE (Colisa lalia), kissing gourami (Helostoma temmincki), Aequidens pulcher (Gill)—Blue acaral paradisefish (Macropodus opercularis), blue gourami Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz)—Oscar (E) (Trichogaster trichopterus), and pearl gourami (Tri- Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus)—Black acara (E) chogaster leeri) were collected in Lake Worth Drainage Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard)—Rio Grande perch (E) District canal L-15, west of Atlantis and Lantana, Cichlasoma meeki (Brind)—Firemouth cichlid Palm Beach County. The dwarf gourami was also Cichlasoma octofasciatum Regan—Jack Dempsey (E) collected east of Ruskin, Hillsborough County. Ross Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard)—Pearl B. Socolof and Herbert R. Axelrod (pers. comm.) have cichlid informed us that climbing perch, as well as twospot Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill—Jewelfish (E) Tilapia aurea (Steindachner)—Blue tilapia (E) climbing perch, have been established in northwestern Tilapia melanotheron (Riippell)--Blackchin tilapia (E) Manatee County for several years. We collected the Tilapia mossambica (Peters)—Mozambique tilapia (E) latter species there. Unlike climbing perch which are herbivorous, CLARIIDAE twospot climbing perch are carnivores feeding in their Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)—Walking catfish (E) native habitat on small fishes and insect larvae (Sterba, 1962). Both fishes are relatively small (climb- CYPRINIDAE ing perch reach about 25 cm in length and twospot Barbus sp.—Tinfoil barb climbing perch about 17 cm) and both are somewhat Barbus conchonius Hamilton-Buchanan—Rosy barb 'shy', preferring areas of dense vegetation. Climbing Barbus gelius (Hamilton-Buchanan)—Golden barb perch have an extraordinary capability for wide and Brachidanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan)—Zebra danio Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)—Goldfish rapid dispersal by being able to traverse several Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus—Carp (E)4 hundred metres of land when humid conditions prevail (Sterba, 1962). Both species of these established LORICARHDAE anabantids have a very limited distribution at present Hypostomus sp.—Armoured Catfish (E) and are represented by small and unstable populations. 294 Biological Conservation All anabantids collected were escapees from species of exotic fish known to be established in ornamental aquarium fish farms. Everglades National Park (reported as Aequidens portaIegrensis by Kushlan, 1972). In some major Characidae canals west of Fort Lauderdale, the black acara is the An unusual collection made in an abandoned dominant species, comprising up to 64 per cent of all swimming pool in South Miami resulted in the capture fishes present by weight (biomass). Cichlasoma of two specimens of the white piranha (Serrasalmus bimaculatum was found in 24 of 44 collections made in rhombeus). It was reported that four to six piranhas
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