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Current Status of Knowledge of Sri Lankan Mycota

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Current Status of Knowledge of Sri Lankan Mycota Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/2 Current status of knowledge of Sri Lankan mycota Karunarathna SC1,2,3,4, Udayanga D1,2,3, Maharachchikumbura SN1,2,3, Pilkington M3, Manamgoda DS1,2,3, Wijayawardene DNN1,2,3, Ariyawansa HA1,2,3, Bandara AR1,2,3, Chukeatirote E1,2, McKenzie EHC6 and Hyde KD1*,2,3,4,5 1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand 4International Fungal Research & Development Centre, The Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650034, China 5Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 6Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Karunarathna SC, Udayanga D, Maharachchikumbura SN, Pilkington M, Manamgoda DS, Wijayawardene DNN, Ariyawansa HA, Bandara AR, Chukeatirote E, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD 2012 – Current status of knowledge of Sri Lankan mycota. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 2(1), 18-29, Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/2 The Sri Lankan mycota is inadequately described, although there are a number of studies on its biodiversity. Current estimates suggest that there could be as many as 25,000 species, of which only a little more than 2,000 are presently known, and this estimate does not take into account the large number of exotics introduced with food, plantation, and ornamental plants. In addition, only limited parts of the island have been explored. The available information is widely dispersed, difficult to access, and plagued by synonymy. This paper describes the current status of Sri Lankan Mycology, and makes suggestions for facilitating further research. Key words – biodiversity – lichens – microfungi – mushrooms – phytopathogens – quarantine Article Information Received 20 March 2012 Accepted 28 March 2012 Published online 27 April 2012 *Corresponding author: Kevin David Hyde – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction Information available on Sri Lankan Sri Lanka, though small, has a great fungi is scattered. There are difficulties in deal of biodiversity. This is due in part to the estimating exact numbers due to synonyms close juxtaposition of areas widely diverse in used and duplicate entries. The library at the altitude and rainfall. Sri Lanka has 2,500 years Peradeniya Botanical gardens contains the of recorded history and a prehistory of several works of T. Petch and D. N. Pegler together thousand years of human habitation. During with an extensive collection of original this time it has developed a cultural sensitivity illustrations of agarics, but few publications of to the environment and, although little of its a later date. Their original collections of primary forest remains, the patterns of local macrofungi, and some of microfungi however, agriculture have left areas of floristic diversity are now located at Kew. This absence of relatively intact. Tropical and subtropical original collections including types makes the regions are potentially the richest source of clarification of synonymies amongst the fungi new fungal species, and Sri Lanka is no very difficult, since herbarium specimens have exception. to be obtained from Kew, an expensive and 18 Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/2 time consuming procedure. Because of their Coleosporium (3 species), Uromyces (19 obvious economic importance the collections species), Hemileia (1 species), Melampsora 4 of soil fungi and plant pathogens are abundant, species, Pucciniastrum 2 species, Aecidium 20 as is the relevant literature. species, Blastopota 1 species, Cerotelium (1 This paper will address the current species), Cystospora (1 species), Diorchidium status of Sri Lankan Mycology, and makes (3 species), Phragmidium (4 species), Rave- suggestions for facilitating further research. nelia (8 species), Scopella (1 species); making a total of 168 species Berkeley & Broome Geography (1870-1877), Petch (1908-1948), and Petch & Sri Lanka lies between latitudes 5˚ 55’ Bisby (1950). In Ustilaginales 25 species and 9˚ 51’ north and longitudes 79˚ 41’ and 81˚ belong to 7 genera, in Exobasidiales 2 species 5’ east. It has an area of 65,600 square belong to single genus. kilometers and comprises three physiogeo- The larger Basidiomycetes are presently graphic units: the highlands, the midlands, and the best known group in Sri Lanka, with the lowlands. The highlands have an elevation records of 513 species of agarics in 50 genera of over 1,600 meters, and the midlands of such as Psalliota (Agaricus) 35 spp., Pleurotus between 1,600 and 300 meters; together they 12 spp., Marasmius 53 spp., Lentinus 14 spp. comprise the south central montane zone and Hygrophorus 27spp. Petch & Bisby encircled by the vast lowland plains. There are (1950); Coomaraswamy (1979, 1981a); also three regions demarcated by rainfall: the Coomaraswamy & De Fonseka (1981b); arid zone with an annual rainfall of 60-125 cm, Coomaraswamy & Kumarasingham (1988). the dry zone with 125-190 cm, and the wet The Herbarium of Horticultural Crop Research zone with over 190 cm. The wet zone and Development Institute (HORDI), comprises the montane zone, and the western Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka has 412 and south western lowlands. Small parts of the paintings of agarics by W. de Alwis, which are North West and south east belong to the arid now available in digital form. A zone whilst the rest of the lowlands make up comprehensive Agaric Flora of Sri Lanka was the dry zone (Fernando 1968). published by Pegler (1986). In the ‘Aphyllophorales’, 342 species in 51 genera History of Sri Lankan Mycology have been recorded. The dominant genera are, The first Sri Lankan fungi to be Polyporus (57 species), Fomes/Rigidoporus recorded were Peziza ceylonische and P. (32 species), Poria (23 species) and Stereum lembosa described by Houttyn in 1783. Later (26 species). Seventy five species of work by Berkeley & Broome (1870, 1871, Gasteromycetes in 37 genera have been 1873), Petch (1908a, 1908b, 1910, 1913, recorded, the dominant genera being: Geastrum 1915a, 1915b, 1916a, 1916b, 1916c, 1917a, (9 species) and Cyathus (4 species). In total, 1917b, 1919, 1922, 1923, 1924a, 1924b, 1125 species in 162 genera Berkeley & 1924c, 1924d, 1925, 1926a, 1926b, 1927, Broome (1870-1877), Petch (1908-1948), and 1928, 1945, 1948), and Petch and Bisby (1950) Petch & Bisby (1950). Seventy-two species of have raised the number of described species to Zygomycota in 17 genera, mostly soil over 2,000 in about 640 genera. T. Petch, a inhabitants, have been recorded, as have 252 British mycologist worked at the Royal Ascomycetes, mostly entomo- or phytopa- Botanical Gardens in Peradeniya between 1900 thogens. Only 130 species of Myxomycota in and 1925, also documented various plant 30 genera have been recorded in Sri Lanka pathogens and other fungi (Ainsworth 1976, (Petch & Bisby 1950) and there are no records Petch 1925). thereafter, probably due to their lack of Certain groups of fungi have been economic importance and the absence of local studied more intensively than others, because expertise. of their prominence (macrofungi), or practical Most references to the fungi in Sri importance (phytopathogens and mycorrhizae). Lanka are found scattered in journals, research The number of records in Uredinales are, reports, research institutions, University Uredo (58 species), Puccinia (41 species), proceedings and theses. 19 Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/2 Macrofungi Sri Lanka has a century long tradition of There have been very few studies on research into phytopathogens (Ainsworth the taxonomy and phylogeny of the macrofungi 1976). Numerous handbooks (UNESCO: Man in Sri Lanka since Houttuyn 1783; Berkeley & and the Biosphere (MAB) National Committee Broome from 1870-1877; Petch from 1905- for Sri Lanka publications) on the fungi 1925; Petch & Bisby (1950); Coomaraswamy parasitic on plants, associated with insects, or (1979, 1981a); Pegler (1986); Coomaraswamy found in soil were published in the 1970s and & Kumarasingham (1988). Over 500 species of 1980s (Coomaraswamy 1979, 1981a; agarics have been described or recorded, Coomaraswamy & De Fonseka 1981b; mostly by M.J. Berkeley, from the collections Coomaraswamy & Kumarasingham 1988). of G. Gardner, who was the Superintendent of Several countrywide checklists have been the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya during published (Coomaraswamy 1979). A list of 1844-1849. G. H. K. Thwaites, who took an plant pathogenic fungi with host names interest in the fungi helped Gardner at prepared by S. Sivanathan (unpublished) is Peradeniya and sent over 1200 dried specimens being updated. to M. J. Berkeley at Kew, for identification. Berkeley & Broome described 403 agaric Impact of plant pathogens, quarantine and species, of which 305 provided the type law enforcement collections for new species (Berkeley & There are detailed records of the serious Broome 1870, 1871, 1873). Based on O. damage caused by coffee rust (Hemileia Beccari’s collections in 1865, Cesati (1879) vastatrix) in 1870, which defoliated the plants, described a few agaric species a few years after and virtually ended coffee production in the Berkeley and Broome’s publications. F. V. Island causing the British to change their Höhnel visited Sri Lanka in 1907 and
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