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Multi-Page.Pdf WTP- 136 ,AJORLDSAd4 TE-CHdIOAL_ rAPER NJ.¢UVEER,` 38 Public Disclosure Authorized Coconut Production Present Status and Priorities for Research Alan H. Green, editor FILECOPY EED VI AN FCTRIGINTITU D)UNT * N TDEVELG Public Disclosure Authorized EVE ON AND TI 'Co NMIRONMI M~PRI Public Disclosure Authorized TENU ERELNT LANDUFACTURI Public Disclosure Authorized RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 72 Jeffcoateand Saravanapavan, The Reductionand Controlof Unaccounted-forWater: Working Guidelines (also in Spanish, 72S) No. 73 Palange and Zavala, WaterPollution Control: Guidelinesfor Project Planning and Financing(also in Spanish, 73S) No. 74 Hoban, EvaluatingTraffic Capacity and Improvementsto RoadGeometry No. 75 Noetstaller, Small-ScaleMining: A Review of theIssues No. 76 Noetstaller, IndustrialMinerals: A TechnicalReview (also in French, 76F) No. 77 Gunnerson, WastewaterManagement for CoastalCities: The OceanDisposal Option No. 78 Heyneman and Fagerlind, University Examinationsand StandardizedTesting: Principles, Experience, and PolicyOptions No. 79 Murphy and Marchant, Monitoringand Evaluationin ExtensionAgencies (also in French, 79F) No. 80 Cemea, InvoluntaryResettlement in DevelopmentProjects: Policy Guidelines in WorldBank-Financed Projects(also in Spanish, 80S,and French, 80F) No. 81 Barrett, UrbanTransport in West Africa No. 82 Vogel, Cost Recoveryin the HealthCare Sector: Selected Country Studies in WestAfrica No. 83 Ewing and Chalk, The ForestIndustries Sector: An OperationalStrategyfor DevelopingCountries No. 84 Vergara and Brown, The New Faceof the WorldPetrochemical Sector: Implications for Developing Countries No. 85 Ernst & Whinney, Proposalsfor Monitoringthe Performanceof ElectricUtilities No. 86 Munasinghe, IntegratedNational Energy Planningand Management:Methodology and Application to Sri Lanka No. 87 Baxter, Slade, and Howell, Aid and AgriculturalExtension: Evidence from the WorldBank and Other Donors No. 88 Vuylsteke, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. I: Methodsand Implementation No. 89 Nankani, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. II: SelectedCountry CaseStudies No. 90 Candoy-Sekse, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. III: Inventoryof Country Experienceand ReferenceMaterials No. 91 Reij,Mulder, and Begemann, WaterHarvestingfor Plant Production:A ComprehensiveReview of the Literature No. 92 The Petroleum Finance Company, Ltd., WorldPetroleum Markets: A Frameworkfor ReliableProjection No. 93 Batstone, Smith, and Wilson, The SafeDisposal of HazardousWastes: The SpecialNeeds and Problems of DevelopingCountries No. 94 Le Moigne, Barghouti, and Plusquellec, Technologicaland InstitutionalInnovation in Irrigation No. 95 Swanson and Wolde-Semait, Africa'sPublic Enterprise Sector and Evidenceof Reforms No. 96 Razavi, The New Era of PetroleumTrading: Spot Oil, Spot-RelatedContracts, and FuturesMarkets No. 97 Asia Technical Department and Europe, Middle East, and North Africa Technical Department, Improvingthe Supplyof Fertilizersto DevelopingCountries: A Summary of the World Bank's Experience No. 98 Moreno and Fallen Bailey,Alternative TransportFuels from Natural Gas No. 99 International Comnission on Irrigation and Drainage, Planningthe Management,Operation, and Maintenanceof Irrigationand DrainageSystems: A Guidefor the Preparationof Strategiesand Manuals (also in French, 99F) No. 100 Veldkamp, RecommendedPractices for Testing Water-PumpingWindmills No. 101 van Meel and Smulders, WindPumping: A Handbook No. 102 Berg and Brems, A Casefor PromotingBreastfeeding in Projectsto LimitFertility (List continues on the inside back cover) WORLDBANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 136 Coconut Production Present Status and Priorities for Research Alan H. Green, editor The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright Q 1991 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 1991 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department, at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index ofPublications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116Paris, France. ISSN: 0253-7494 Alan H. Green was a tree crops adviser with the World Bank until his retirement in 1984. He is now a consultant to the Agriculture and Rural Development Department of the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coconut production: present status and priorities for research / Alan H. Green, editor. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494;no. 136) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN0-8213-1809-8 1. Coconut palm. 2. Coconut palm-Research. 3. Coconut industry. I. Green, Alan H., 1924- . II. Series. SB401.C6C574 1991 338.1'461-dc2O 91-14730 CIP - iii - ABSTRACT The coconut is primarily a smallholders'crop with a recorded history of cultivationgoing back for more than 3,000 years and now thriving throughout the humid tropics. Every part of the palm is utilized and it is an important component of intercroppingand multi-storeycropping systems. The purpose of this paper is to introducethe coconut crop to non-specialists, discuss the constraints to increasedproductivity, the current status of research, and the priorities for further research in a number of disciplines. The basis of every improvementin crop productivityis good quality planting material and this results from long-termbreeding programs aimed at genetic improvementfollowed by efficientpropagation. The developmentof precocious,high-yielding hybrids, and seedgardentechniques to mass-produce them, has greatly increased the yield potential of current planting material. Nevertheless,as a result of the long breeding cycle, very few generations have been achieved, and coconut breeding is still in its infancy. The current state of genetic conservationand breeding techniques and results are described. The constraintsmentioned above in part explain the long-sustained attempts to obtain vegetative propagation. The status of this research is discussed in a paper which describedboth embryo and tissue culture. Agronomic research, like breeding, is very time-consuming,and even the responses of mature palms take several years to fully measure. The same problem constrains the transfer of technologyto smallholders,who can rarely afford the delayed returns to better inputs, even though very significant yield increases can be achieved which are economicallyviable. Nevertheless, a number of inexpensivetechniques are availablewhich can improve yield or value through modified practices. Much of the current knowledge of agronomy refers to research on traditionaltall palms. Insufficientis known of the differentneeds of hybrids, and this aspect requires accelerated research. Many diseases plague the coconut palm. Some are relatively trivial but several are lethal. Of the latter, the casual organismsof some of the most important remain to be unequivocallydemonstrated. In most cases the utilizationof natural or geneticallyengineered resistance is the only probable solution. The coconut palm suffers less from pests and biological control of rhinoceros beetle, the most serious in many areas, is well developed. However, some significantproblems remain to be overcome,particularly pests which attack the inflorescenceand immaturenuts. The ultimate fate of the senile palm is to be removed to make way for its more productive successor. The developmentof techniques to fully utilize
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