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The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: a Lasting Impact
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: A Lasting Impact MATTHEW BAILEY COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS The introduction of gunpowder did not immediately transform the battlefields of Europe. Designers of fortifications only had to respond to the destructive threats of siege warfare, and witnessing the technical failures of early gunpowder weaponry would hardly have convinced a European magnate to bolster his defenses. This essay follows the advancement of gunpowder tactics in late medieval and early Renaissance Europe. In particular, it focuses on Edward III’s employment of primitive ordnance during the Hundred Years’ War, the role of artillery in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and the organizational challenges of effectively implementing gunpowder as late as the end of the fifteenth century. This essay also seeks to illustrate the nature of the development of fortification in response to the emerging threat of gunpowder siege weaponry, including the architectural theories of the early Renaissance Italians, Henry VIII’s English artillery forts of the mid-sixteenth century, and the evolution of the angle bastion. The article concludes with a short discussion of the longevity and lasting relevance of the fortification technologies developed during the late medieval and early Renaissance eras. The castle was an inseparable component of medieval warfare. Since Duke William of Normandy’s 1066 conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of castles had become the earmark of medieval territorial expansion. These fortifications were not simply stone squares with round towers adorning the corners. Edward I’s massive castle building program in Wales, for example, resulted in fortifications so visually disparate that one might assume they were from different time periods.1 Medieval engineers had built upon castle technology for centuries by 1500, and the introduction of gunpowder weaponry to the battlefields of Europe foreshadowed a revision of the basics of fortress design. -
Annual Report 2007-2008
Annual Report 2007-2008 Annual Report 2007-2008 In accordance with the provisions of the Cultural Heritage Act 2002, the Board of Directors of Heritage Malta herewith submits the Annual Report & Accounts for the fifteen months ended 31 st December 2008. It is to be noted that the financial year–end of the Agency was moved to the 31 st of December (previously 30 th September) so as to coincide with the accounting year-end of other Government agencies . i Table of Contents Heritage Malta Mission Statement Pg. 1 Chairman’s Statement . Pg. 2 CEO’s Statement Pg. 4 Board of Directors and Management Team Pg. 5 Capital, Rehabilitation and Maintenance Works Pg. 7 Interpretation, Events and Exhibitions Pg. 17 Research, Conservation and Collections Pg. 30 The Institute for Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage Pg. 48 Conservation Division Pg. 53 Appendices I List of Acquisitions Pg. 63 II Heritage Malta List of Exhibitions October 2007 – December 2008 Pg. 91 III Visitor Statistics Pg. 96 Heritage Malta Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements Heritage Malta Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements Pg. 100 ii List of Abbreviations AFM Armed Forces of Malta AMMM Association of Mediterranean Maritime Museums CHIMS Cultural Heritage Information Management System CMA Collections Management System EAFRD European Agricultural Regional Development Funds ERDF European Regional Development Funds EU European Union HM Heritage Malta ICMCH Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage, Bighi MCAST Malta College -
MHA Newsletter July 2015
MHA Newsletter No. 6/2015 www.mha.org.au July 2015 Merħba! A warm welcome is extended to all our June 2014 members and friends. THE MALTESE HISTORICAL Joe Borg’s lecture about the great Siege on 16 June June 2014 was well attended, and he has sent us a summary of his ASSOCIATION (AUSTRALIA) talk. A link to the PowerPoint and lecture recording are provided in case you missed it. After the lecture, two invites you to attend the new members joined the MHA, Marie Pirotta and John Melbourne launch of the Bonnice. I am sure you will make them feel welcome, with true Maltese hospitality. John contributed the commemorative book: excellent pictorial essay on Fort St Elmo to the last newsletter. Malta and the ANZACS - You may recall that at our last AGM the MHA agreed to Nurse of the Mediterranean help sponsor the publication of Frank Scicluna’s book, Malta and the ANZACS - Nurse of the Mediterranean. It has finally been released. As an individual sponsor, I have already received a copy, which I have reviewed on page 6 of this newsletter. In a word, it is superb! The Maltese Consul General, Mr. Victor Grech, will officially launch the book in Melbourne at our next meeting on 21 July. The author, Frank Scicluna OAM, will be in attendance, speaking about his book and will be bringing copies for sale. It is a public event, so tell everyone you can think of. Malta’s role in World War I makes me particularly proud of my Maltese heritage. Joe Borg’s third lecture on the Great Siege was originally scheduled for this month but will be postponed to September. -
A Short Cultural History of Britain
S. L. Yeliseyev T. O. Kupinska A Short Cultural History of Britain Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” S. L. Yeliseyev T. O. Kupinska A Short Cultural History of Britain A manual for students of foreign languages departments of higher education institutions Luhansk SI “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” 2012 УДК 908:81.2Англ (076) ББК 26:81.2Англ–9 Є51 Rewievers: Mihalskiy I. S. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, the chair of Political Studies of SI “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” Krysalo O. V. - Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of Translation Studies Department SI “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” Demidov D. V. – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, senior lecturer of English Philology Department of SI “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University” Yeliseyev S. L. Є51 A Short Cultural History of Britain : a manual for students of foreign languages departments of higher education institutions / S. L. Yeliseyev, T. O. Kupinska ; State Institution “Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University”. – Luhansk : Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University Press, 2012. – 103 p. A Short Cultural History of Britain is a manual intended for students of foreign languages department, specialities “Language and Literature (English)”, “Philology. English and Oriental language and literature” and “Translation Studies”. Its aim is to give a general idea of artistic styles in European art from the Gothic style through the Romantic movement, and the detailed information on the history of theatre, music, visual arts and architecture of Great Britain. The content of the book conforms to the requirements of the syllabus of “Country Studies: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” for senior students. -
57B - 6 Nights in Malta Knights Focus
7 Days Itinerary #57B - 6 Nights in Malta Knights Focus The Maltese Islands Day 1 Arrival in Malta La Valette VIP Service - Meet and Greet and Chauffeur Service Upon Arrival Day 2 The Three Cities Maritime Museum Grand Harbour Boat Tour Private Visit with Fra John Critien at Upper Fort St. Angelo The Inquisitor's Palace Lunch at Don Berto Birgu Private Visit to St. Joseph's Oratory - The Sword & Hat of La Valette Grand Harbour Water Taxi to Valletta Private Afterhours Palazzo Visit - Casa Rocca Piccola Day 3 Valletta - The Capital The Fortress Builders Interpretation Centre Manoel Theatre Gilder Artisan Visit Reservations Grain Restaurant Private visit to the Hospital of the Knights Underground Valletta St. John's Co-Cathedral - Private Afterhours Visit Day 4 Valletta and Countryside Museum of Archaeology - Private Tour with Curator National Library of Malta - Private Tour Private visit to the St. Ursula Cloistered Monastery Exclusive dinner in the Gardjola Watchtower 1 Exclusive dinner in the Gardjola Watchtower Day 5 Western Malta and the Old Capital Region Private Falconry Experience Hagar Qim Verdala Palace - The President's Home Private Visit Ta' Betta Vineyards - Private Visit with the Owner with light lunch Blue Grotto Private Boat Experience The Dingli Cliffs and Cart Ruts Lace Making Artisan Experience Mdina - the Silent and Medieval City Mdina Private Palace Visit Traditional Instrument Artisan - Francesco Sultana Day 6 Gozo - Malta's Sister Island Gozo Channel Ferry A Day with the Chef The Xwejni Salt Pans The Citadella & Victoria Fungus Rock and Dwejra Bay Day 7 Departure Day La Valette VIP Service - Meet and Greet and Chauffeur Service Upon Departure Itinerary Inclusions Itinerary Exclusions Value (NET Total in Euro) The Maltese Islands Malta has been fought over for thousands of years, has temples that pre-date the pyramids at Giza and Stonehenge, has some of the clearest waters in the world, and boasts a capital city that is a baroque masterpiece. -
Syllabus, Deuterocanonical Books
The Deuterocanonical Books (Tobit, Judith, 1 & 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and additions to Daniel & Esther) Caravaggio. Saint Jerome Writing (oil on canvas), c. 1605-1606. Galleria Borghese, Rome. with Dr. Bill Creasy Copyright © 2021 by Logos Educational Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this course—audio, video, photography, maps, timelines or other media—may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval devices without permission in writing or a licensing agreement from the copyright holder. Scripture texts in this work are taken from the New American Bible, revised edition © 2010, 1991, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, D.C. and are used by permission of the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. No part of the New American Bible may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the copyright owner. 2 The Deuterocanonical Books (Tobit, Judith, 1 & 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and additions to Daniel & Esther) Traditional Authors: Various Traditional Dates Written: c. 250-100 B.C. Traditional Periods Covered: c. 250-100 B.C. Introduction The Deuterocanonical books are those books of Scripture written (for the most part) in Greek that are accepted by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches as inspired, but they are not among the 39 books written in Hebrew accepted by Jews, nor are they accepted as Scripture by most Protestant denominations. The deuterocanonical books include: • Tobit • Judith • 1 Maccabees • 2 Maccabees • Wisdom (also called the Wisdom of Solomon) • Sirach (also called Ecclesiasticus) • Baruch, (including the Letter of Jeremiah) • Additions to Daniel o “Prayer of Azariah” and the “Song of the Three Holy Children” (Vulgate Daniel 3: 24- 90) o Suzanna (Daniel 13) o Bel and the Dragon (Daniel 14) • Additions to Esther Eastern Orthodox churches also include: 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Odes (which include the “Prayer of Manasseh”) and Psalm 151. -
Avhandling Ne...Ng Heresy.Pdf
Negotiating Heresy The Reception of Origen in Jerome's Eschatological Thought Pålsson, Katarina 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pålsson, K. (2019). Negotiating Heresy: The Reception of Origen in Jerome's Eschatological Thought. Lunds universitet, Media-Tryck . Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Negotiating Heresy The Reception of Origen in Jerome’s Eschatological Thought KATARINA PÅLSSON CENTRE FOR THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES | LUND UNIVERSITY Jerome of Stridon (347-419/20) has largely been remembered for the controversies in which he was engaged. His work as a polemicist and a defender of what he considered to be orthodox teaching has been seen as defining. -
Fortification Drawings of the Baroque Age at the National Library of Malta
European Journal of Science and Theology, December 2019, Vol.15, No.6, 197-202 BOOK REVIEW Lines of defence: fortification drawings of the Baroque Age at the National Library of Malta Denis De Lucca, Stephen Spiteri and Hermann Bonnici (eds.) International Institute for Baroque Studies, University of Malta, Malta, 2015, 399 pp, ISBN: 978-99957-856-1-1, EUR 850 In 2015, the International Institute for Baroque Studies in collaboration with Malta Libraries published its magnum opus ‘Lines of Defence: Fortification Drawings of the Baroque Age at the National Library of Malta’. This work is edited by three academics of the Institute, namely Denis De Lucca (Director), Stephen Spiteri (a leading scholar in the field of historical research focused on fortress building) and Hermann Bonnici (an architect whose specialisation is the conservation/restoration of Malta’s fortifications). Albeit the publication’s main forward was penned by Juanito Camilleri (Rector of the University of Malta at the time of publication), one also finds an informal one by Oliver Mamo (the National Librarian and CEO of Malta Libraries at the time of publication) followed by a general introduction to the collection of drawings housed at the National Library of Malta (NLM) by Maroma Camilleri (Senior Librarian at the NLM). This publication is an all-encompassing compendium of graphical designs relating to the diverse fortifications studded all over the Maltese Islands. It brings together a unique collection, mostly preserved at the NLM in Valletta, of plans and drawings of mainly eighteenth century military architecture in Malta and Gozo. This significant publication constitutes the largest collection of original plans, elevations and axonometric-type/perspective drawings of fortifications, projected and/or realised on the islands during the rule of the Hospitaller Order (1530-1798). -
From Jerusalem to Malta: the Hospital's Character and Evolution1 from Peregrinationes, a Publication of the Accademia Internazionale Melitense
From Jerusalem to Malta: the Hospital's character and evolution1 From Peregrinationes, a publication of the Accademia Internazionale Melitense Anthony Luttrell The origins of the Order of St. John remain somewhat obscure, and the homelands of the founder Girardus, perhaps an Italian, and of the first Master Fr. Raymond de Podio, possibly French or Provençal, are unknown. The emergence of the Hospital was an aspect of the profound religious revival in the West which generated a reformed papacy, monastic renewal based on Cluny, lay movements for the support of charity and hospitals, and the first crusade. Probably in about 1070 various merchants from Amalfi, and perhaps from elsewhere in Southern Italy, founded a hospice for Latin pilgrims in Jerusalem which was attached to the Benedictine house of Sancta Maria Latina; subsequently a second house was established for women. These hospices were for pilgrims and especially for the poor rather than for the medically sick. Their staff may have been lay brethren under some vow of obedience. The hospices seem not to have had their own incomes or endowments, their resources coming from the Amalfitans and the Benedictines and perhaps also from pilgrims and other visitors2. The crusaders' conquest of 1099 brought fundamental change to Jerusalem which became a Christian city. The number of Latin pilgrims and poor increased, the Holy Sepulchre was occupied by Latin canons and the Greek Patriarch was replaced by a Latin one. The Benedictines of Sancta Maria Latina lost their predominance in Jerusalem. The Latin hospice survived under its competent leader Girardus; it was detached from Sancta Maria Latina and was somehow associated with the Holy Sepulchre nearby. -
A Note on the St. John Co-Cathedral Marble Tombstones: the Artisans, Foreign and Maltese
A Note on the St. John Co-Cathedral Marble Tombstones: The Artisans, Foreign and Maltese John Debono One cannot but feel hesitant in writing on the tombstones, masterpieces of marble, much like varied marquetry work in St John's when one can consult the long standing volume 'The Church of St John in Valletta' by Hannibal Scicluna, a composition which must necessarily remain an excellent and remarkable publication.! The aim of this brief study is to modestly review the documentation principally in the notarial archives concerning the tombstones, mainly in the period 1678 to 1819 and the marble craftsmen, local and foreign, who executed their masterpieces so expertly (see Table 1). Though it has been only possible to trace in those documentary archives evidence for some eighteen tombstones, it is to be presumed that most of the others largely followed a similar pattern of commissioning: i) some form of contract or a privately written agreement stipulating the names of the parties, ii) a time-limit set for the undertaking, iii) the price to be eventually paid at times in instalments or otherwise in full on termination of work, and iv) the supply of designs, none of which could be traced. One may wonder at the paucity of recorded public deeds that could be traced, when it was so customary to resort to such means in similar dealings between customer and supplier of services. It could be that some tomb stones were of foreign workmanship and then transhipped to Malta. Private agreements would render it difficult or impossible for future posterity to discover the documentation. -
City-Fortress of Valletta in the Baroque Age
Baroque Routes - December 2013 1 FEATURES: Mattia Preti 4th centenary The city-fortress of Valletta in the Baroque age The beginnings of the Manoel Baroque festival The passport to eternal life Journal of Baroque Studies Issue 1 2013 2 Baroque Routes - December 2013 Contents Mattia Preti events, 4th centenary celebrations in 2013 4 The beginnings of the Manoel Baroque festival 6 The city-fortress of Valletta in the Baroque age 8 A new centre on fortifications 18 in Valletta The passport to eternal life 19 Summer school on Baroque military architecture 22 Journal of Baroque Studies / MA dissertations 2013 24 International Institute for Baroque Studies website The website of the International Institute for Baroque Studies can be accessed at www.um.edu.mt/iibs. It contains detailed information about the Institute’s aims and objectives, its members of staff, as well as an overview of its past and on-going projects, programmes and courses. The website also contains information on the seminars, study tours, research, and consultancies undertaken by the Institute as well as information on the publications, dissertations, and long essays produced by the students who attended IIBS courses. Visitors to the website can now also download issues of the Baroque Routes Newsletter in PDF format directly from the site. The new website also offers detailed information on the various postgraduate and undergraduate courses offered by the Institute and provides facilities for online applications. Baroque Routes - December 2013 3 Foreword Prof. Denis De Lucca The publication of this newsletter happens Bastion of the Christian World,has already been at a time of rapid growth of the International widely advertised, together with the ongoing Institute for Baroque Studies at the University MA in Baroque Studies and diploma in baroque of Malta at both teaching and research levels. -
JMW Turner to Appear on the Next £20 Banknote
Press Office Threadneedle Street London EC2R 8AH T 020 7601 4411 F 020 7601 5460 [email protected] www.bankofengland.co.uk 22 April 2016 J.M.W. Turner to appear on the next £20 banknote Today, Bank of England Governor, Mark Carney, announced that J.M.W. Turner will appear on the next £20 banknote due to be issued by 2020. At the announcement at Turner Contemporary in Margate, the Governor revealed the image of Turner that will be used on the note. The selection of Turner is the first time the Bank of England has used the more open and transparent character selection process announced in December 2013. The process began in early 2015 with the formation of the Banknote Character Advisory Committee which as its first act selected the visual arts field. This was followed by a two month nomination period in summer 2015 during which members of the public could suggest a figure from the visual arts. The Bank received 29,701 nominations covering 590 eligible characters. The Committee, with input from public focus groups, then produced a shortlist which it discussed in detail with the Governor who made the final decision. Commenting on the decision, the Governor said: “I am delighted to announce that J.M.W. Turner has been chosen to appear on the next £20 note. Turner is perhaps the single most influential British artist of all time. His work was transformative, bridging the classical and modern worlds. His influence spanned his lifetime and is still apparent today. Turner bequeathed this painting to the nation, an example of his important contribution to British society.