CANADA- Soil Survey

Soils of the of Pembina

Report D77 SOILS REPORT NO. D77 1993

SOILS OF THE RURAL

by

Glenn Podolsky

.

CANADA-MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY

AGRICULTURE CANADA MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, PREFACE

This report and accompanying map provide detailed information on the soil resoui~ces of the Rural Municipality of Pembina . It is one in a new series of such reports providing a more detailed comprehensive soil survey to complement and expand on information contained in the reconnaiss~mce surveys for . New mapping techniques, more intensive field investigations, use of aerial photographs and topographic maps combined with improved methods of studying soils in the laboratory and accumulated knowledge of the properties and uses of soils over the years have all contributed to the increased information in these reports.

Information in this report is presented in both a descriptive form for users who wish to derive their own interpretations and also in an interpretive form to assist other users who require some initial assessment of soil behaviour under different management systems . Descriptive information is provided for all soils that occur in the project , as well as interpretations for land uses related to agriculture, irrigation farming, engineering and outdoor recreation .

Soil map information is provided at a scale of 1 :50,000 on a planimetric line map base. A detailed soil map at a scale of 1 :20,000 on an aerial photomosaic base covers an area around the town of where more intensive agricultural use and growing competition for other uses of land has a need for more detailed soil information. The 1 :50,000 map covers a large agricultural area where competition for nonagricultural uses is less intense.

During the course of this resurvey a large volume of site specific soil data was gathered that for practical reasons cannot be included in this report. These data have been input into the Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS). This computerized system of soil resource data management permits automated manipulation and statistical evaluation for both map and soil characterization and interpretation . Thematic interpretive maps showing general agricultural land capability or single feature maps showing various soil properties or landscape features such as texture, drainage class, slope, etc., can be derived from the basic soil maps and other data files in CanSIS . Individual requests for such data should be directed to : Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, Room 362, Ellis Building., University of Manitoba, Manitoba, R3T 2N2.

The staff of the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey trust that this report and accompanying maps will be of value, in terms of providing a basic inventory of the properties of soils, to all who may be involved in the planning, development and management of the soils in this project area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The report on the Soils of the R. M. of Pembina was conducted as a joint project of the Manitoba Department of Agriculture, the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Soil Science Department, University of Manitoba.

The soils were mapped in the summers of 1988 and 1989 by G . P. Podolsky, I . G . Podolsky, D. Swidinsky, W. Michalyna and M. Langman, assisted by D. Potter, D. Wilke and R . Von Hertzberg .

Laboratory analysis were provided by R. Mirza, K. C. Yeung, J. Madden and E. St. Jacques under the direction of P. Haluschak .

Map compilation and digitization in preparation for publication and addition to CanSIS cartographic file was provided by J . Griffiths, R. DePape, M. Brown and C. L. Aglugub.

Assistance in soil correlation was provided by R . E. Smith, W . Michalyna and G . F. Mills.

Pat Vouriot typed and assisted in the preparation of the report.

C . L . Aglugub for providing computer processing, programming and report formatting.

G . F. Mills for reviewing the manuscript . HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT

This soils report contains considerable information about the soils, their origin and formation, their classification and their potential for various uses such as dryland agriculture, irrigation, engineering and recreation . The report is divided into four parts : Part I provides a general description of the area; Part 2 describes the methodology used in the study; Part 3 discusses the development, scientific classification and morphological characteristics of the soils in the study area, and Part 4 provides an interpretation of soil properties and associated landscape features as they affect soil capability or suitability for various uses.

The accompanying soil maps are presented at two different scales. Soil information for the entire R. M. of Pembina is presented on a NTS base line map at a scale of 1 :50,000 . Detailed soils information is presented for the area around Manitou on a 1 :20,000 aerial photo base to assist the user in locating the soil areas in relation to physical features such as roads, field boundaries, building sites, etc. The following steps are suggested in using the report.

To assist the user in retrieving soil information quickly, the following steps are suggested:

If project consists of many individual maps, proceed with STEP 1 ., if only single map in pocket, proceed with STEP 2 to 6.

STEP 1 Consult the index to map sheets if the report contains many maps . Locate the areas of interest and note the map-sheet number(s) which identify the and range on each map .

STEP 2 Consult the soil map in pocket of report folder. Locate the area(s) of interest on the map and identify the pertinent map unit symbols . Arabic numerals placed as superscripts following map symbols indicate the approximate proportion of each soil type within the map unit .

STEP 3 Consult the extended legend accompanying the soil map for an alphabetical listing of soil symbols giving the soil name, classification, drainage and related information concerning landforms, nature and depth of materials, and dominant vegetation .

STEP 4 For interpretive information about the soils, consult the appropriate Table in Part 4 . Criteria utilized as guidelines in making these interpretations are provided in the Appendix .

STEP 5 Further information concerning the morphological properties and extent of the soils is presented in Part 3 where the soils are described alphabetically according to soil name .

STEP 6 Additional site specific information not contained in this report is available on request from the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba. Table 1 . SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA JANUARY, 1992

Map Project Report' Area in Map Unit' Survey; Map Map' Land Eval.s Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Status Hectares Descrip . Intensity Scale Base & Interp .

Detailed Studies and Survevs

D1 Pasquia (No. 11) Pub . 1960 57 200 a,b,d 3 1 :63,360 Color A D2 Glenlea Research Station Int. 1963 541 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo A D3 Morden Experimental Farm Int. 1961 256 a,b 1 1 :12,000 Photo A D4 Pub. 1968 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo U D5 Area Int. 1969 768 a 3 1 :63,360 B&W D6 McCreary Tile Drain Project Int. 1971 64 a,b 1 1 :5,000 B&W A D7 Brandon Experimental Farm Int. 1985 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo A D8 Portage Potato Farm Int. 1972 480 a,b 1 1 :4,800 Photo A D9 Portage la (No . 17) Pub . 1972 113 200 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D10 Morden-Winkler (No . 18) Pub . 1973 71 424 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D11 Deep Lake Int. 1975 1 400 a,b 1 1 :6,000 B&W R D12 Thompson Environmental Study Int. 1976 32 a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&W D13 Organic Soil Study of Int. 1975 29 456 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W A Alexander L .G.D . D14 Winnipeg Region (No . 29) Pub . 1975 306 000 a;b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,R D15 Brandon Region (No . 30) Pub . 1976 73 250 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,R D16 Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 1978 262 912 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,R D17 Roseau Pub . 1977 45 200 a,b 3 1 :20,000 B&W A D18 Orr Lake Int. 1977 20 a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&W D 19 Pelican-Rock Lake Pub. 1983 14 080 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D20 West Portage-MacGregor Pub . 1982 124 866 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,R D21 Minnewasta Pub . 1978 2 560 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D22 Killarney Pub . 1979 4 600 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D23 Matlock-Gimli-Riverton Pub . 1981 18 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D24 Pub. 1979 5 960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D'_'5 Sandy Lake Pub. 1980 1 720 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D'_'6 Brokenhead Pub. 1979 10 813 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,U D27 Rockwood Pub. 1980 12 928 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,U D28 Oak Lake Pub. 1979 1 293 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I D29 Bird River Pub . 1980 2 560 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D30 North Shore Lac du Bonnet Pub . 1980 2 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D31 Grindstone Point Pub . 1979 8 223 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D32 Paint Lake Int. 1980 2 880 a,b 2 1 :10,000 Photo A,E,R D33 Int. 1980 80 a,b 1 1 :5,000 Photo A,E,R D34 Dauphin ~ Pub. 1981 8 005 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D35 South Riding Mtn . Pub. 1991 23 488 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D36 West Pub . 1981 10 036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,I,R D37 Swan R . Townsite Pub . 1987 7 680 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D38 Hadashville-organic Pub . 1981 6 475 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,R D40 Falcon L-Brereton L Pre . 39 311 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D41 Quesnel Lake- North Shore Pre. 6 009 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D42 Duck Mountain Pub. 1982 3 036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D43 Spruce Woods Pre. 26 300 e 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R D45 Pine Creek Pub . 1983 1 942 a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D46 Arborg-Riverton Pub. 1982 2 590 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D47 Roblin Pub. 1983 4 096 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D48 Flin Fion Pub. 1989 4 600 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D49 St . Anne-, Part of L.D .G. Stuartburn Pub. 1985 105 280 a,b 3 1:50,000 B&W A,E,R,I D50 City of Brandon Pub . 1984 2 980 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D51 Westbourne Pub . 1995 51 456 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l Table 1 . SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA. (Cont'd)

Map Project Report' Area in Map Unit' Survey' Map Map' Land Eval.s Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Status Hectares Descrip. Intensity Scale Base & Interp .

D52 Notre Dame, Rathwell, Treheme Townsites Pub. 1984 6 144 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D53 Altona, Emerson, Gretna, Ile des Chenes, Landmark, Letellier, Rosenort, St . Jean Townsites Pub . 1984 14080 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D54 Russell, -Townsites Pub . 1984 3 791 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D55 St. Rose Du Lac-Townsite Pub. 1985 1 536 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D56 . Souris, Wawanesa, Virden, Townsites Pub . 1986 6 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D57 Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno Townsites, Lake Man . Shoreline Pub . 1987 1 856 a,b 2 7 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D58 Hallboro, Minnedosa- Townsites Pub . 1984 4 544 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D59 Beaudry Park Pub . 1986 640 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D60 Rural Municipalities of Dufferin, Grey, Roland, Thompson and Stanley Pub. 1988 325 000 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D61 Meditation Lake Pre. 3 072 a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R D62 Wanipigow Lake Pre. 8 960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R D63 Shellmouth Resevoir-N Pub . 1987 4 650 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D64 River Pub . 1987 4 095 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D65 Villages of Hamiota,Elkhorn, , Rapid City, Newdale, Birtle, Shoal Lake Pub . 1989 6204 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D66 Benito-Durban Pre . 18 432 a,b 2 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D67 St . Eustache, Springstein, Perimeter Strip, Brunkild, La Salle R. Pub. 1989 6 300 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I D68 Spruce Point Mine Area Pub. 1987 450 a,b 2 . 1:10,000 Photo E,R D69 Snow Lake Pub. 1990 3 800 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D70 Lorne Pub. 1987 93 240 3,2 1:50,000 B&W,Photo A,E,R,l D71 Whitemouth Peatland Pub. 1987 10 359 a,b 3 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D72 Woodlands R.M . Pre. 9 728 a,b 3 1:50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D73 Elk Island-Victoria Beach Pub. 1990 2 095 a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D74 South Norfolk R.M . Pub. 1988 70 912 a,b 2 1:20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D75 Victoria R.M . Pub . 1989 67 328 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D76 Rhineland Pub . 1991 93 241 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D77 Pembina Pub . 108 288 a,b 3 1 :50,000 B&W A,E,R,1 D78 Springfield* Data 98 270 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D79 Rockwood R.M .* Pre. 116 550 a,c 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,E,R,l D80 North Norfolk R.M . Pub . 1991 ' 115 503 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D81 Plum Lake Pub. 1989 15 500 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D82 Hanover R .M . Pre. 8 192 a,b 2 1 :20,000 A,E,R,l Data 65 536 a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D83 Louise R .M . Data 92 416 a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D84 Argyle R.M . Data 83 712 a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,l D85 North Cypress R.M. Data 115 206 a,b 2,3 1 ;20,000 Photo A,E,R,l D86 Strathcona R.M . Data 48 128 a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,1

* Upgrade of Data Base Table 1. SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (Cont'd)

Map Project Report' Area in Map Unit' Survey3 Map Map` Land Eval .s Designation Name (Soil Report No.) Status Hectares Descrip : Intensity Scale Base & Interp_--

Reconnaissance Surveys

R1 South Western (No . 3) Pub. 1940 709 600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W A R2 South Central (No. 4) Pub. 1943 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W A R3 Winnipeg and Morris (No . 5) Pub . 1953 1 419 200 d 3 1:125,000 Color A R4 and Virden (No. 6) Pub. 1956 1 372 400 d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R5 Carberry (No . 7) Pub. 1957 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R6 West-Lakc (No . 8) Pub . 1958 592 800 d 3 1 :125,000 Color A R7 Grandview (No . 9) Pub . 1957 689 200 d 3 1:125,000 Color A R8 Basin (No . 10) Pub . 1973 224 000 b 3 1:100,000 Color A R9 Fisher and (No . 12) Pub . 1961 949 200 a,c 3 1:100,000 Color A R10 Swan River (No . 13) Pub. 1962 316 000 a,c 3 1:125,000 Color A R11 South Eastern (No . 14) Pub . 1964 749 200 a,c 3 1:125,000 Color A,F R12 Lac du Bonnet (No . 15) Pub . 1967 764 800 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,R R13 Grahamdale (No . 16) Pub . 1971 764 800 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,U,R,E R14 Red Rose-Washow Bay (No. 19) Pub . 1975 704 400 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F R15 Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 1978 299 520 a,b 2 1 :40,000 Photo A,I,E R16 Ste . Rose (No . 21) Pub . 1981 676 705 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,I,R,E,F R17 Waterhen (No . 23) Pub . 1985 949 600 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,I,R,E,F R18 Data 599 200 a,b 3,4 1 :125,000 B&W A R19 (No . 22) Pub . 1982 791 700 a,b 4 1 :125,000 Color A,I,E,R,F R20 Grand Rapids Pre. 657 031 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R21 Cormorant . Int. 1975 920 000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R22 Wekusko Pre. 1 400 000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R23 Pointe du Bois Pre. 740 000 a,b R25 Pub . 1966 34 860 a,b 2 1 :31,680 Photo A R26 and Pre. 615 200 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A R28 Pasquia Lake Pub . 1984 2 330 a,b 3 1 :50,000 B&W A,E R29 Duck Mountain For. Reser . Pre. 363 264 a,b,c 4 1 :125,000 B&W A,F,E,R,l

Biophysical and Exploratory Surveys

BI , Churchill & Pub . 1973 3 600 000 e 4 1 :250,000 B&W Nelson 1 :50,000 B2 Churchill Transportation Data 1974 179 000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W Corridor B3 54C Int. 1976 1 370 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B4 54D Kettle Rapids Int. 1976 1 370 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B5 52M Carrol Lake Int. 1977 634 000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B5 62P Hecla Int. 1977 466 200 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B6 53D Deer Lake Int. 1978 629 700 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B6 63A Int. 1978 848 500 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B7 53M Int. 1978 1 405 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B8 53L Oxford House Int. 1978 1 441 100 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B8 63H Norway House Data 540 800 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B9 SE 1/4 64A Split Lake Int. 1979 342 400 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B9 63P Sipiwesk Int. 1979 1 405 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B10 53E Pre. 1 286 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W B11 63H Norway House Data 1 :125,000 MSS E1 Surface Deposits & Soils Int. 1963 g 5 1 :1,267,000 B&W of E2 Exploratory Terrain Int. 1974 g . 5 1 :1,000,000 B&W Study of Northern Manitoba and Southern Keewatin, N .W.T. Table 1 . SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR 1VIANITOBA (Cont'd)

1 . Report Status 2 . Map Unit Descriptions Code Pub .-Published Report and Map a-single series and phases Int.-Interim Report and Map Available b-series complexes defined as to proportion Pre.-Preliminary Map and Legend Available e-series complexes undefined as to proportion Data-Field Data Available Only d-associations e-biophysical units (materials and physiography) f-biophysical units (associations & complexes of associations) g-regional and local physiographic units

3 . Survey Intensity Levels

Code Name Scale Minimum Size Inspection Density Delineation(ha) (Approx . range) 1 Very detailed > 1 :12,000 < 1 .5 > 1 per 3 ha 2 Detailed 1 :12,000 to 1 :40,000 1 .5-16 1 per 3 to 50 ha 3 Semi-detailed 1 :40,000 to 1 :125,000 16 to 256 1 per 10 to 1 000 ha 4 Reconnaissance 1 :125,000 to 1 :250,000 256 to 625 1 per 100 to 1.10 000 ha 5 Exploratory 1 :250,000 to 1 :1,000,000 625 to 110 000 1 per 300 to 500 000 ha

4. Published Map Base Code 5. Land Evaluation and Interpretations Code Photo-Photomosaic A-Agriculture Capability B&W -Black and white line E-Engineering Color-Colored line F-Forestry 1-Irrigation Suitability U-Urban Planning and Community Development R-Recreation

TOTAL HECTARAGE COVERED 1990 To Date

Initial Reconnaissance - 19,271,010 Initial Detailed survey - 18,793 Detailed Resurvey 148,480 3,658,598 Biophysical Survey - 12,521,000

Published Reports and Maps, Information regarding, available at a cost of $4.00 per copy Biophysical Land Classification Maps and Reports (except Detailed Survey of Winnipeg is available by contacting office of the : Region(D14), Brandon Region(D15) and and Boissevain-Melita(No . 20) at a Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey cost of $6.00 each) from : Department of Soil Science, Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba Queen's Printer, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Statutory Publications Branch, Phone: (204) 474-6119 Manitoba Archives Bldg., Fax : (204) 275-5817 200 Vaughan St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C IT5 Preliminary Maps and other field data Phonc:945-3103 of Survey Projects in progress available from :

Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Office Rm. 362 Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Man . R3T 2N2 Phone: 474-6115 or 474-6118 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ii

HOW TO USE THIS SOIL REPORT ......

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA ...... iv

PART 1 ...... 1

1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 1 1 .1 LOCATION AND EXTENT ...... 1 1 .2 LAND USE ...... 1 1 .3 RELIEF ANDDRAINAGE ...... 1 1 .4 PHYSIOGRAPHY ...... 4 1 .5 SURFACE DEPOSITS ...... 4 1 .6 GEOLOGY ...... 6 1 .7 CLIMATE ...... 6 1 .8 VEGETATION ...... 9

PART 2 ...... 10

2 METHODOLOGY ...... 10 2.1 MAPPING AND MAP SCALE ...... 10 2 .2 MAP UNITS ...... 10 2.3 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS ...... 11 2 .4 PHASES ...... 11 2 .5 SAMPLING ...... : ...... 12

PART 3 ...... 13

3 DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS ...... 3 .1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT ...... 3 .2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION ...... 3 .3 GENERALIZED SOIL MAP ...... 3 .4 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES ...... Altamont Series (ATN) ...... Basker Series (BKR) ...... Carroll Series (CXF) ...... Capell Series (CXT) ...... Charman Series (CXV) ...... Croyon Series (CYN) ...... Croyon, Shaly Variant (CYN1) ...... Cazlake Series (CZK) ...... Series (DGF) ...... Dorset Series (DOT) ...... Dorset, Shaly Variant (DOT1) ...... Dezwood Series (DZW) ...... Eroded Slopes Complex (ERX) ...... Fifere Series (FFR) ......

viu Firdale Series (FIR) ...... 25 Fairland Series (FND) ...... 26 Ferris Series (FRS) ...... 26 Fresno Series (FSO) ...... 26 Guerra Series (GRR) ...... 27 Hebbot Series (HEB) ...... 27 Horose Series (HOS) ...... 27 Joyale Series (JYL) ...... 28 Knudson Series (KUD) ...... 28 Levine Series (LEI) ...... 28 Larrett Series (LRT) ...... 29 Leary Series (LRY) ...... 29 Leary, Shaly Variant (LRYI) ...... 29 Mowbray Series (MOW) ...... 29 Manitou Series (MXS) ...... 30 Nikkel Series (NKK) ...... 30 Nowell Series (NOW) ...... 30 Narish Series (NSH) ...... 31 Nayler Series (NYO) ...... 31 Pembina Series (PBI) ...... 31 Perillo Series (PER) ...... 32 Prodan Series (PDA) ...... 32 Pouchal Series (POU) ...... 32 Ramada Series (RAM) ...... 33 Tadpole Series (TDP) ...... 33 Tellier Series (TLI) ...... 33 Ullrich Series (ULH) ...... 34 Vandal Series (VDL) ...... 34 Watrine Series (WTI) ...... : ...... 34 Zinman Series (ZIM) ...... 35 Zaplin Series (ZPI) ...... 35

PART 4 ...... 36

4 USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS ...... 36 4 .1 INTRODUCTION ...... 36 4 .2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE ...... 36 Dryland Agriculture ...... 36 Soil Capability subclasses ...... 36 Irrigation Suitability ...... 36 4 .3 CAPABILITY AND MANAGEMENT ...... 37 4 .4 GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS ...... 37 Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes ...... 39 4 .5 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES ...... 47 . Definition of Soil Suitability Classes ...... 47 Soil Suitability Subclasses ...... 47 Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability ...... 47 4 .6 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED RECREATION USES ...... 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 61

APPENDIX A ...... 62 CORRELATION OF SOIL SERIES IN THE R. M . OF PEMBINA WITH SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY, REPORT NO. 4, 1943 ...... 62 APPENDIX B ...... 66 GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES ...... 66

APPENDIX C ...... 81 GLOSSARY ...... 81

APPENDIX D ...... 92 SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS ...... 92 ORGANIC HORIZONS ...... 92 MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS ...... 92 LOWER-CASESUFFIXES ...... 93

APPENDIX E ...... : ...... 97 DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS ...... 97 GENETIC MATERIALS ...... 97 Unconsolidated mineral component ...... 97 Qualifying Descriptors ...... 97 Organic component ...... 98 GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS ...... 98 Particle size classes for unconsolidated mineral materials ...... 98 Fiber classes for organic materials ...... 99 SURFACE EXPRESSION ...... 99 Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface classes ...... 99 Organic surface classes ...... 100

APPENDIX F ...... 101 DAILY SITE DESCRIPTION AND DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTION DATA ...... 101

APPENDIX G ...... 102 MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY ...... 102 LEGEND ...... 103 MAPSHEET INDEX ...... 105 TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM ...... 105 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 . Summary of Soil Survey Coverage for Manitoba ...... iv Table 2 . Climatic Data from Stations' at Manitou and Pilot Mound ...... 9 Table 3 . Relationship of the Soil Series in the Gt 2 and LBs Z Subregions to Soil Drainage, Subgroup and Parent Material ...... 18 Table 4. Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area ...... 19 Table 5. Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations ...... 40 Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area ...... 41 Table 7A . Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M. of Pembina ...... 43 Table 713. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series in the R.M. of Pembina ...... 45' Table 8. Acreage Factsheet ...... 45 Table 9. Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability for selected Engineering and Recreational Uses (Table l l and 12) ...... 48 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses ...... 49 Table 11 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses ...... 54 Table 12 . Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses ...... ~. .58...... Table 13 . Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M . of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943 . . . . 63 Table 14 . Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability ...... 67 Table 15 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil ...... 68 Table 16 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel ...... 69 Table 17 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill ...... 70 Table 18 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings' ...... 71 Table 19 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets ...... 72 Table 20. Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitary landfills . .' ...... 73 Table 21 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills ...... 74 Table 22 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills 74 Table 23 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons ...... 75 Table 24 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields ...... 76 Table 25 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds ...... 77 Table 26 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas ...... 78 Table 27 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas ...... 79 Table 28 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails ...... 80 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 . Location of Study Area ...... 2 Figure 2. Relief and Drainage Map ...... 3 Figure 3 . Physiographic Regions of the Study Area ...... 5 Figure 4. Geology of the Study Area ...... 7 Figure 5. Ecoclimatic Regions of the Study Area ...... 8 Figure 6. Generalized Soil Map ...... 15 Figure 7. Family Particle-Size Classes ...... 91 Figure 8. Soil Textural Classes ...... 91 PART 1

1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

1.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT The beauty and contrast of the Pembina Valley provides the centre of attraction for recreational The Rural Municipality of Pembina is situated activities and wildlife. Ski facilities have been on the U . S . boundary in the south central part of developed on the steep slopes of the valley at La the . It is bordered by the R. M. of Louise Riviere providing one of the most popular winter on the west, the R. M. of Lorne to the north, resorts in the Province. Mary Jane Reservoir Thompson in the northeast corner and the R. M. of located northwest of Manitou on Mary Jane Creek Stanley on the east side. The R. M . of Pembina is offers fishing and swimming . Campgrounds and comprised of 423 sections (108,288 ha) as shown in picnic sites are located at various points to take Figure 1 . Manitou, Darlingford and La Riviere are advantage of the diverse landscape and aesthetics of the larger centres in the municipality along with the area. The steeply sloping, heavily wooded areas other familiar names like Kingsley, Snowflake, of the Pembina Valley along with other areas Kaleida, Mowbray and Windygates . The Pembina throughout the municipality provide very good River Valley with its beauty and contrast affords a habitat for upland game birds, whitetail deer, wild rather unique landmark for the R. M . of Pembina as turkeys and other wildlife. The existing grid of it crosses from northwest to southeast. roads in the municipality is ideal for a unique scenic drive. This soil survey project is a semi-detailed resurvey at a scale of 1 :50,000 of an area formerly covered in the reconnaissance (1 :126,720 scale) 1 .3 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE survey of the South-Central Map Sheet Area (Report No. 4, 1943). The R. M. of Pembina occurs within The principal relief and drainage features of the 1 to 4 and Ranges 7 to 10. A small R. M. of Pembina are shown in Fi,Eure 2 . The window area around the town of Manitou was elevation of the study area ranges from mapped at a detailed 1 :20,000 scale. A tabulated approximately 1125 ft . (343 m) at the lowest point summary of soil survey coverage for Manitoba is in the Pembina trench to 1675 ft (511 m) at the top shown in Table 1 . For a quick acreage overview of of a hill in the northeast corner of the study . The the R . M. of Pembina refer to Table 8 . maximum relief therefore is about 550 ft (168 m). The mean altitude of the project area is in the 1550- 1600 ft . (472 m to 488 m) range . South of the main 1 .2 LAND USE channel the altitude fluctuates closer to the 1550 ft (472 m) level. In general, the local slope of the area Agriculture is the dominant land use throughout is toward the Pembina trench, however at the eastern the R. M. of Pembina. Other important uses of the edge of the study near the Darlingford Moraine the land resource are urban and rural residential, slope reverses toward the east. Most of the surficial wooded areas, aggregate quarries, recreation and topography is level to very gently undulating while wildlife. the rougher, hummocky morainic areas in the northern and eastern sections are very gently to Agriculture in the study area consists mainly of gently sloping. A large portion of the study is grain production, cattle farming, hog or poultry characterized by moderately to steeply sloping land operations, pasture, forage or any combination along the V-shaped Pembina Trench and adjacent thereof. Wheat and barley are the major cereal ravines. The alluvial floodplain on the valley floor is crops along with large acreages of flax and canola. generally level to very gently sloping. Many of the cattle operations take advantage of the rough slopes and low lying wet areas adjacent to The natural drainage of the project area is rivers, creeks and drains for grazing land . In facilitated almost entirely by the Pembina River and general, the economy of the study area is primarily its tributary creeks and channels. Some of the larger based upon agriculture and the agriculturally creeks feeding the Pembina are the Snowflake oriented businesses that have been established. Creek, draining the southwest corner, Mary Jane R.12 R .IO U. S. A . R.8 R.6

Figure 1 . Location of Study Area epa~e~ 2d1

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ew - ooeI sa - oss~ BBS - 0091 21Y - (All LGt - OOfI 2" f - OSbl L2 " - 00" I lis - 09£I bdl %£ - ON, S3-~13W 133! 1P1

R.9 8 U 5 4 R7 Creek in the northwest and the Little Pembina River The physiography of the study would be lacking in the east-central area. At the eastern boundary of without mention of the Pembina Trench which the municipality, waters accumulating at or just east dissects the municipality. Upstream from La Riviere of the Darlingford Moraine flow easterly across the Pembina River winds through a flat bottomed U- Pembina Mountain through numerous incised creeks shaped valley 150-200 ft (46-60 m) deep and 1 .6 to and channels including Shannon Creek and 2 .5 km wide. Downstream the trench becomes V- Deadhorse Creek, eventually entering the Red River. shaped with many alluvial and colluvial fans and terraces. The width at the rim ranges from 1 .6 km Drainage is generally good over the study area, at La Riviere to 4.8 km northeast of Snowflake and although natural sloughs, ponded areas and 6.4 km near Mowbray. The depth of the valley intermittent lakes do occur. The pothole type increases from 200 ft (60 m) at La Riviere: to about depressions are typical ofthe morainic landscapes on 400 ft (122 m) east of Windygates. the Darling-ford soils. The Manitou soils are characterized by larger sloughs or shallow lakes which tend to be widely separated . The "Snowflake" 1 .5 SURFACE DEPOSITS soils (South-Central Report No. 4, 1943) which occur mainly southwest of the Pembina Trench have Glaciation, glacial meltwaters and subsequent a higher incidence of imperfect drainage. non-glacial streams or laking have resulted in the deposition of variable depths of glacial till, fluvial deposits and lacustrine sediments in the study area. 1 .4 PHYSIOGRAPHY The surface deposits vary in form and properties within each physiographic unit depending largely on The R . M. of Pembina study area is situated the characteristics of the bedrock from which they within the Plain physiographic division were derived and the mode of transport and of the Interior Plains region. The majority of the deposition. The drift thickness on shale bedrock study is covered by the Manitou Plain subsection of over the study area ranges from .5 m. to about 25 the Pembina River Plain section i re 3). The m. and averages about 10 m. There are areas where northern and northeastern fringes of the area are in the bedrock occurs at or near the surface and two or the Pembina Hills subsection of the Pembina Hills three isolated pockets where the depth of overburden Upland section. The boundary between the Manitou is 30 m or more . Plain and the Pembina Hills at the east end of the study is well marked by the Darlingford Moraine. Deposits in the Pembina Hills portion of the study consists mainly of glacial till derived from a The Manitou Plain is characterized by a level to combination of shale, limestone and granitic rock gently undulating landscape associated with thick origin. These materials are loam to clay loam in morainal deposits, morainal veneers and local areas texture and are moderately to very strongly of lacustrine sediments . The topography of the till calcareous . At lower elevations in the landscape and plain generally conforms to the contour of the along broadly defined waterways, thin veneers of bedrock surface. Washboard moraines which trend loam to clay loam lacustrine sediments overlie the south-southwest occur north and east of Windygates. till . These moraine ridges are 1 .5 - 4.5 m high . Several isolated shale bedrock highs including a number of A large part of the study is covered by the glacially streamlined ridges near Manitou have a Manitou Plain which consists of a non to weakly drumlin form . Esker ridges are another feature calcareous, loam to clay loam ~ morainal till of which are scattered over the area and are often short dominantly shale origin. The soils on the higher segments of larger lineaments . positions are often shallow and in such sites the shale may come to within .5 metre of the surface. The Pembina Hills subsection of the study is Localized deposits of shallow loam to clay loam, distinguished by an undulating to hummocky lacustrine sediments occur throughout the plain. In morainal landscape with very gentle to strong slopes. areas where "Snowflake" soils were mapped in the Numerous sloughs and potholes are associated with South-Central Reconnaissance Report (1943), this complex area of ground moraine, end moraine, particularly south and west of the trench, there is a ice-contact stratified drift and bedrock hills. The greater incidence of a mixture of higher lime buff till Darlingford moraine is a major constructional (Darlingford) soils, grey shale till (Manitou) soils feature of the Pembina Hills . and intermixed water laid sediments . ridges Figure 3. Physiographic Regions of the Study Area

DIVISION SECTION T SUBSECTION D Manitoba Plain Dl Red River Plain .2 .3 Lower Assiniboine Delta

E Saskatchewan Plain E2 Tiger Hills Upland

E3 Pembina liills Upland .1 Pembina Hills .2 Pembina

E7 Pembina River Plain .1 Boissevain Plain .2 Manitou Plain

E9 Assiniboiae River Plain .2 Newdale Plain .4 Brandon Lakes Plain .S Upper Assiniboine Delta of shaly, glaciofluvial sands and gravels are found contributes to extreme variability of weather patterns along former meltwater channels. in each season.

The valley sides of the Pembina Channel are Climatic data generated by local stations at characterized by shale exposures at the lower levels Manitou and Pilot Mound is representative of the and boulder till at upper levels. Many of the slopes study area. The climatological data for the two retain well developed older high level terraces as stations is presented in Table 2. The average annual well as shaly colluvial and alluvial fans. Landslides temperature at Manitou is 1 .4°C and 1 .9°C at Pilot and slump blocks are common on the steeper slopes. Mound. Mean annual precipitation recorded at The composition of the terraces ranges from shaly Manitou is 540 mm and 517 mm at Pilot Mound . gravel to shaly loam to clay loam in texture. The Spring and fall precipitation is often uniformly most recent younger alluvium on the floodplain of distributed through the area. However, in summer the Pembina River includes two or three well when local showers and thunderstorms are frequent, developed levees with shaly loam to silty clay loam rainfall accumulation can be extremely variable from textures predominant. one area to another. .

The relationships that exist among climate, 1.6 GEOLOGY vegetation and soil in the study area are summarized in the ecoclimatic map shown in Figure;5 . The The bedrock geology for the R . M. of Pembina Ecoclimatic Regions cover a continuous geographic is shown in Figure 4. The entire project area is area and are characterized by distinctive ecological underlain by rock of the Upper Cretaceous Period. responses to macroclimate as expressed by Hard siliceous grey shales of the Riding Mountain vegetation, soil, fauna and aquatic systems. Soil Formation (Odanah Member) occupy a major portion types developed on similar parent material and under of the upland area. They correlate with the Pierre similar drainage conditions but in different shale in . The Odanah shale is a ecoclimatic regions are identified by different series principal component of the glacial drift, eskers and or association names to indicate that many of the fluvial deposits, and is the core of numerous associated ecologic conditions are dissimilar. drumlinoid ridges over the area. Soft greenish bentonitic shale of the Millwood Member outcrops The Pembina study area is characterized by along the mid and upper slopes of the Pembina conditions typical of the Grassland Transition (Gt) Trench south of La Riviere and in a narrow band on and Low Boreal Subhumid (LBs) ecoclimatic the eastern edge of the study. The three members regions . The Gt2 subregion covers the major part of (Morden, Boyne, Pembina) of the Vermillion River the study area. The cool subhumid climate of this formation are exposed in the lower part of the trench region provides sufficient moisture and length of north of Mowbray and Windygates. The soft shales growing season for persistence of dominantly native with numerous bentonite beds slump readily and play grassland vegetation and Chernozemic Black soils . an important role in mass wasting along the Pembina This subregion has a mean annual temperature of trench. Approximate thicknesses of the five 1 .6°C and a mean annual precipitation of 488 mm. members are: Odanah 186 m, Millwood 20 m, Ecologic conditions typical of the LBsZ subregion Pembina 24m, Boyne 46m -and Morden 55m. occur on the northern fringe of the study. The elevation, rougher topography and slightly cooler temperatures results in higher moisture effectiveness. 1 .7 CLIMATE The result is the development of a grassland-forest transition vegetation and leached Dark Gray Relative to worldwide climatic conditions, the Chernozemic to Dark Gray Luvisol soils. The LBsZ study area occupies a position in the interior of subregion has a moderately cold, subhumid climate beyond the range of the moderating with a mean annual temperature of 2 .1°C and a affects of oceans . Its location in mid-northern mean annual precipitation of 570 mm. latitudes offers a with short, cool summers and long cold winters. The climate of the Soil climate consists of soil temperature and soil area is influenced mainly by three types of air moisture both of which are related to aerial climate. masses; cold dry air from the continental polar It has a direct influence on most biological, chemical region, cool and moist air from the Pacific and and physical processes in the soil . Soil climate occasionally warm and moist air from the Gulf of conditions in the study area are described as Mexico. Frequent changes in these air masses dominantly Boreal, cool to moderately cool Figure 4. Geology of the Study Area

DIA\ Elm D KF KA K R o Creek TP. 8 St. Claud Treherne o

tre Dame

TP. 6

TP. 4

TP. 2

MESOZOIC

UPPER CRETACEOUS

Riding Mountain Formation : Millwood Formation(m)- soft greenish bentonitic shale. Odanah KRM m Member(o)- hard grey siGceous shale.

Vermillion River Fortnation:Morden Formation- blackcarbonaceous shale. Boyne Member- grey KvR calcareous speckled shale and carbonaceous shale. Pembina Member- thinly interbedded carbonaceous shale, bentonite and bentonitic shale.

KF Favel Formation : calcareous speckled shale; minor limestone, bentonite ,'oil shale' .

UPPER AND LOWER CRETACEOUS

KA Ashville Formation: dark grey carbonaceous shale, in part bituminous; minorsand and bentonite .

Swan River Formation: sandstone, in places glauconitic ;kaolinitic shale, minor lignite. May K SR include some non-marine jurassic beds in the north. Also includes channel and/or karst fill within paleozoic outcrop belt.

PALEOZOIC

MIDDLE DEVONIAN . Dw J Winnipegasis Formation: lower member- dolomitized platform facies. grey;local basil DA Formation : dolomitic shale and argillaceous dolomite,red to greenish breccia. Figure 5. Ecoclimatic Regions of the Study Area

tl P TAGc RAIRl TP. 12 MA GREG R LA G ' -

CAR ERRY \ TP. l0

RIVER o t sTA BuCK

V~~'~B v J /. CLA DE GtL") ~y~C. O rP.8

G ENBO 0 0

CA AN TP. 6

R. ' . M. PE B NA t4 TP. 4 p~c- P1L0 Kl~ RNEY B~Nq DUN ~ MA ITOU ~INKL E R t3 Gt rP 2 ~,UL I

R.16 R.14 R.12 R.10 R.8 R.6 R.4 R.2

SOIL CLIMATE

ECOCLIMATE SUBREGION' DOMINANT SOIL TEMPERATURE MOISTURE VEGETATION REGION' CLASS SUBCLASS ZONE

GRASSLAND Gt1,2,3,4 cherno7tmic boreal, cool to subhumid grassland and TRANSITION black,gleysols moderately cool aspen ;parkland

LOW BOREAL LBs2 chernozemic cryoboreal ,mod- subhumid grassland-forest subhumid dark gray, erately cold transition luvisols

'Ecoclimate Regions of Manitoba. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, 1985. Unpublished data, revised 1985.

'Subregions reflect climatic influence which is expressed in local soils and vegetation relations and which affect land use, management and potential biomass production . Table 2. Climatic Data from Stations' at Manitou and Pilot Mound

MANITOU PILOT MOUND

Mean Annual Temperature 1 .4°C 1 .9°C Frost Free Period (Days 0°C) 122 days 119 days Last Frost (Spring) May 18 May 20 First Frost (Fall) Sept. 18 Sept. 17 Degree Days (above 5°C) 1636 1670 Total Precipitation 540 mm 517 mm Mean Annual Rainfall 407 mm 388 mm Mean Annual Snowfall 138 cm 130 cm Corn Heat Units (2300 to 2400)

' Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service Climatic Normals, 1951 - 1980, Printed 1982 .

subhumid. These soils are characterized by a mean include hazel, chokecherry and . annual soil temperature (MAST) of 5-8°C and a mean summer soil temperature (IVISST) of 12-15°C The banks of the Pembina Channel are wooded at the 50 cm depth . Data from a soil temperature with oak and poplar. The lower slopes and floor of site at Manitou shows a MAST of 5 .9°C and a the valley are covered with woods of elm, Manitoba MSST of 13.2°C at 50 cm. maple, ash, birch and willow . It is very important that vegetative cover be maintained on the slopes for erosion control, conservation of water and wildlife, 1.8 VEGETATION as well as scenic and recreational value.

The study area occurs in the Aspen-Oak Section of the Boreal Forest Region of Canada (Rowe 1972). Since most of the study area is under cultivation, natural vegetation is restricted to steeply sloping, dissected areas, knoll positions and depressional poorly drained areas. The beauty and contrast of the Pembina Channel is largely attributed to the natural vegetative cover on the slopes, levees and floodplains in the valley.

Native vegetation on the Manitou Plain is dominantly tall prairie grasses and herbs with scattered groves of aspen. Meadow grasses and sedges occur in the wetter positions . Islands of oak trees are scattered throughout the area, particularly on mounds where the shale comes close to the surface.

The wooded areas of the Pembina Hills on the northern fringe of the study consist of mixed deciduous forest cover. The stands are mainly aspen with inclusions of oak, Manitoba maple and cottonwood. Poplar and willow dominate the lower slopes. Shrubs covering the well drained sites PART 2

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 MAPPING AND MAP SCALE 2.2 MAP UNITS

Semi-detailed (1 :50,000 scale) soil mapping was A map unit represents mappable portions of the completed throughout the R. M. of Pembina. This soil landscape that together have characteristics and map scale requires that inspections to be made to at properties varying within more or less narrow limits least one meter depth along road allowances and that are determined by the intensity of the survey. trails around the square mile at .4 km intervals resulting in an inspection density of approximately A map unit contains predominantly one or more one observation/30 ha. Occasionally additional soil than one soil or nonsoil individual plus a certain inspection traverses or checks were made where soil proportion (varying within prescribed limits) of complexity necessitated additional field observation. unnamed and undescribeil inclusions. They are Certain minor soils or phases may not be delineated on the basis of the types and relative encountered during field investigations and thus proportions of their soils or nonsoils, as well as on become part of the unnamed inclusions of the map. the basis of external criteria such as slope, stoniness Generally, the proportion of unidentified inclusions or erosion. increases as inspection density decreases or as natural soil variability increases. Soil maps show the distribution of kinds of soils and, as such, serve as a link so that the knowledge Semi-detailed soil maps provide soil information gained in one locality about the usefulness or which can be used for many purposes including local behaviour of a kind of soil can be extended to other regional planning (Mapping Systems Working bodies of the same soil. Group, 1981). Semi-detailed mapping was utilized in this area because of current landuse patterns and A map unit comprises all delineations that because of predicted future landuse. contain exactly the same symbol. This includes all the characters denoting soils, nonsoils, phases and Detailed (1 :20,000 scale) soil mapping was deciles. While they represent real portions of the conducted around the town of Manitou. The map landscapes, most map units are concepts because was produced by examining soils to at least one their total range of properties is made up of the meter depth at approximately 150 meter intervals aggregate of all their delineations and no one along two traverses (.8 km apart) per section as delineation will contain the full range of properties . well as at every 0.4 km along road allowances. The The proportions of each of the component soils and resulting inspection density is approximately one nonsoils and undescribed inclusions may vary within observation per 10 ha. Therefore most soils and reasonable limits from one delineation to another. phases are encountered during field observations and become identified components of map A map unit is named from its principal delineations . Generally, there are fewer unidentified component soils or nonsoils. It is described in terms inclusions in a detailed map than in a semi-detailed of the properties of these components, their relative map when comparing the same level of natural soil proportions and other external land attributes. In variability . this project, units are described in terms of named soil series and phases of soil series . The soil series Detailed soil maps provide soil information is defined as a naturally occurring soil body such which can be used for many purposes from broad that any profile within that body has a similar regional planning to "farm-gate" decisions. Detailed number and arrangement of horizons whose colour, mapping was utilized around Manitou because texture, structure, consistence, reaction and current intensive land use patterns and anticipated composition are within a narrowly defined range. If future land use concerns require a detailed and a soil has properties which vary slightly from the reliable soil resource map . prescribed range of the series, a soil series varian is established.

10 Map units will always contain small proportions map units, components are considered dominant if of inclusions . These inclusions may be soil or non- they occupy over 40 percent of the unit, significant soil mapping individuals that are named and have from 15-40 percent and minor if they occupy less their own map units elsewhere in the survey, or they than 15 percent. Minor components are described may be rare or insignificant soils or nonsoils that are only if they are highly contrasting. not recognized or named at all in the survey. They may, however, be mentioned in the description of soil types in the report. 2.4 PHASES

It is frequently desirable to indicate by map unit 2.3 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS symbol, a condition or quality of soil property or landscape feature that deviates significantly from the There are two major types of map units: simple normal definition of map units . These indicated and compound . The difference between them is variations or phases of soil properties and landscape defined in terms of the proportion and contrast of features, varying from delineation to delineation, their components. significantly affect soil behaviour and land management or use: A Simple Map Unit contains predominantly one soil or nonsoil. The proportion of its components It is not always easy to maintain a clear dis- vary according to their areal extent and contrasting tinction between a soil phase and a land phase. Soil characteristics as they may affect soil management or properties that are frequently used as phase criteria use . Its components vary as follows: the predomi- include texture, depth, surface peat, salinity and nant component comprises at least 65 percent with physical disruption . Properties of land that are used up to 35 percent of nonlimiting, similar components include slope, wind and water erosion, stoniness, (components that are alike in most properties and rockiness and altered drainage. behaviour), or up to 25 percent of nonlimiting dissimilar components (components that do not affect In this study the effect of four properties and management of the map unit but have a significant land features are shown as a character in the number of properties that vary from the predominant denominator of the map unit symbol and described component), or up to 15 percent of limiting, dissimi- outside the main soil map legend. The four lar components (components which have many con- properties and features are erosion, slope class, trasting properties and usually affect management degree of stoniness and salinity . The degree or differently). magnitude of each is designated in the following manner; A Compound Mao Unit contains predominantly two soils or nonsoils (or a combination of both). The proportions of the two major components may Erosion vary from one considerably exceeding the other to both being approximately equal. Complementary to x - noneroded or minimal the definition of a single map unit, the proportions 1 - weakly eroded of its components vary according to their areal 2 - moderately eroded extent and contrasting characteristics as they may 3 - severely eroded affect soil management or use. Its major compo- 0 - overblown nents vary as follows : if other components are similar and nonlimiting no single component Slope Class represents more than 65 percent; or if other compo- nents are dissimilar and nonlimiting no single x - 0 to .5% level component represents 75 percent or more; or if other b - .5 to 2 % nearly level components are dissimilar and limiting no single c - 2 to 5% very gently sloping component represents 85 percent or more . d - 5 to 9% gently sloping e - 9 to 15% moderately sloping A soil or nonsoil may occur in more than one f - 15 to 30% strongly sloping compound unit. The complex nature of soil g - 30 to 45% very strongly landscapes requires that the surveyor be allowed the sloping freedom to describe their combinations as they h - 45 to 70% extremely sloping occur. For the purpose of describing compound

11 Stoniness 2.5 SAMPLING x - nonstony 1 - slightly stony During the course of field investigations and 2 - moderately stony mapping, soil samples were taken at selected 3 - very stony locations for soil characterization, salinity and 4 - exceedingly stony irrigation suitability studies . Fifteen profiles were 5 - excessively stony described in detail and sampled for soil characterization analysis (Appendix F) . In areas Salinity where salinity was suspected to be sufficient to inhibit agricultural potential, soils were sampled at x - nonsaline (0-4 mS/cm) 10 to 25 cm and at 50 to 60 cm for electrical x - slightly saline (4-8 mS/cm) conductance measurements and soluble salt analysis . t - moderately saline (8-15 mS/cm) Selected surface and sub surface samples were u - strongly saline (> 15 mS/cm) routinely taken for additional analyses including texture, ph, organic matter, calcium carbonate, etc. The convention employed to indicate these features in the map symbol is as follows:

If none of the above properties are observed to be significant, the map symbol representing the normal or unaffected soil series is used alone without modifiers . '

If one or more phase features are recognized, the appropriate letter or number is placed below the soil series symbol in one of four designated locations in the map unit symbol . The designated order is erosion, slope class, stoniness and salinity. If a particular feature is not observed to be significant, an x is used in its appropriate designated location in the map symbol .

For example, the compound map unit coded:

Soil Series Percent of map unit -N i f N* KUDS - ULHS xclx

erosion stoniness salinity topography

Is interpreted to mean that 50 percent of the mapping unit consists of Knudson (KUDS) series having no erosion (x), very gently sloping (c) topography, slight (1) stoniness, no salinity (x): and 50 percent Ullrich (ULHS) series having no erosion (x), very gently sloping (c) topography, slightly stony (1) surface conditions and no (x) salinity.

Definitions ofthe erosion, topography, stoniness and salinity classes are given in the Glossary .

12 3 DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

3 .1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT components as compared to clayey soils . Soil profiles developed on moderately calcareous sedi- The principal factors affecting soil formation ments are generally deeper than soils developed on are: the physical and mineralogical composition of strongly calcareous sediments. Restrictions on the parent material ; the climate under which the soil normal soil development often result from periods of material has accumulated and existed since saturation in areas affected by surface ponding, accumulation; the plant and animal life on and in the lateral inflow, seepage or near surface groundwater . soil ; relief and drainage; the length of time the Under such conditions, leaching of soil material is forces of soil formation have acted on the soil minimal and in some cases, the translocation of material; and influence resulting from the work of soluble materials is towards the surface. Poor soil man. The characteristics of a soil at any given place drainage associated with depressional areas alters the are determined by the interaction of these soil soil environment from an oxidative state to a forming factors. reductive state depleted of oxygen. Such soils with restricted drainage are characterized by dull (gleyed) Soil characteristics are observed in the soil soil colours, the presence of reddish yellow or profile. A profile is the sequence of natural layers brown mottles of iron and manganese, the presence or horizons observed in vertical cross-section of lime carbonate and/or soluble salts near the extending from the surface down into the relatively surface and a high water table . Very poorly drained unweathered and unaltered soil parent material. The depressional sites are saturated throughout the year main or master horizons have been designated by the and soils are often characterized by accumulation of letters A, B and C for mineral horizons . Horizon shallow organic materials . characteristics and combinations of these horizons form the basis for soil classification . The A and B Soil development on the various parent materials horizons are a reflection of the active soil forming in the R. M . of Pembina study is influenced by the factors, climate and plant and animal life, chiefly regional climate, soil drainage, topography and plants operating on the parent material . Together groundwater hydrology. The soils of the area occur the A and B horizons make up the solum. In gen- dominantly in the Grassland Transition Ec:oclimatic eral, A horizons or surface layers are subjected to Region (Gt,) and have developed under cool the greatest amount of weathering and leaching subhumid climatic conditions which generally and/or organic matter accumulation . The B provide sufficient moisture and length of growing horizons, lying immediately below the A horizon season for persistence of dominantly native grassland contain most of the material leached from the A vegetation. This vegetation and climate have horizons; ie. clay, organic matter, iron and alu- resulted in a dominance of Chernozemic Black soils. minum. Dark Gray profiles with weakly leached surface horizons (Ahe) and an accumulation zone (Btj or Bt In some soils B horizons consist mainly of horizon) may occur on some well drained sites under material that has been altered only slightly by soil a more continuous tree cover, particularly areas forming processes, but has not been translocated. adjacent to ravines or valley walls . The imperfectly The C horizons represent the relatively unaltered drained soils are characterized by Gleyed Black and parent material from which the solum has developed . Gleyed Rego Black profiles with dark colored Ah horizons . Humic Gleysol soils found in association Within a particular climatic zone, soils differ with poorly drained areas also have dark colored Ah due to texture and mineralogical composition of the horizons which grade into a dull colored, mottled parent material . The soil profile that develops is parent material . Profile development of the also very much influenced by soil drainage and imperfectly and poorly drained soils :has been groundwater hydrology. Soils developed on sandy restricted by soil moisture regime and proximity of to loamy materials are more permeable to water and groundwater to the soil surface. permit greater leaching of soluble and colloidal

13 The Pembina Hills portion of the study is degree of expressions of pedogenic horizons. An characterized by a subregional climate, associated example of a Luvic Gleysol in which the dominant vegetation and soils representative ofthe Low Boreal process is considered to be gleying but clay Subhumid (LBs,) Ecoclimatic Region. This accumulation in the B horizon is also a major undulating to hummocky upland with slightly cooler process. temperatures, results in a slight increase in available moisture, consequently favoring the development of Subgroup - Subgroups are subdivisions ofgreat Chernozemic Dark Gray and Dark Gray Luvisol groups and are defined on the basis of kind and soils on the better drained sites. Poorly and very arrangement of horizons that indicate; the central poorly drained depressions throughout the subregion concept of the great group eg. Orthic; intergrades are characterized by Humic Luvic Gleysols and toward soils in other orders, eg. Gleyed, or special Rego Humic Gleysols. features such as lime carbonate in B horizons.

Soil development in recent alluvial deposits on Family - Families are established within a floodplains along creeks and rivers has been subgroup based on similarity of physical and influenced by periodic flooding and accretion of chemical properties that affect management. Among sediments on the soil surface. The resulting the properties considered important for recognizing immature soils are dominantly Cumulic Regosols families are particle size distribution, mineralogy, with little or no horizon development. The soils on soil climate, soil reaction and thickness of solum. the upper levees and terraces along the Pembina River Channel are largely Regosolic, however they Series - The series consists of soils that formed may exhibit weak or varying degrees of profile in a particular kind of material and have horizons development. whose color, texture, structure, consistence, thickness, reaction and chemical composition are similar in differentiating characteristics and in 3.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION arrangement in the soil profile.

Soils in the study area were classified according to the System of Soil Classification for Canada. 3.3 GENERALIZED SOIL MAP This system is hierarchical employing 5 levels of generalization or categories of classification. A generalized soil map and associated legend Beginning with the most generalized, these are included in Figure 6 showing map units for categories are the order, great group, subgroup, broad land use planning in the R. M. of Pembina. family and series. The classification is based on Each map unit is a unique, natural landscape that has measurable soil properties that can be observed in a distinct pattern of soils, relief and drainage the field, or can be inferred from other. properties features . A group typically consists of one or more observable in the field. The properties selected as soils of major extent and some soils of minor extent. criteria for the higher categories are the result of soil The map units are named according to the dominant genesis or of factors that affect soil genesis. and significant soil series identified in the area on Properties utilized to differentiate soils at the lower the detailed soil map. Soil phases, minor levels of family and series affect management . The components of compound map units and soil five levels of generalization are defined as follows: inclusions are not recognized on the generalized soil map. Order - Soil orders are defined on the basis of soil properties that reflect the soil environment and The generalized soil map provides an overview the kind and degree of dominant soil forming of soil distribution and landscapes in the R. M. of process. An example is Chernozem in which soils Pembina. It provides a basis for comparing the with dark coloured surface horizons develop under potential of large areas for general kinds of land use. subhumid climate and dominantly grassland This information is useful .for broad scale planning environments . such as regional agricultural planning, regional engineering, recreational planning, conservation and Great Group - Each order is subdivided into municipal, development plans. Similarly, areas of great groups based on differences in strength of soils with properties that are distinctly unfavorable dominant processes or a major contribution of a for certain land uses can be located . process in addition to a dominant one. Such processes result in particular kinds, arrangement and The generalized soil map, because of its small Figure 6. Generalized Soil Map

R 10 TP 4

La

TP 3

K ""Q

TP

R9 R8 R7

15 GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS LEGEND

Map Symbols DARLINGFORD-DEZWOOD GROUP: Deep, moderately to very strongly calcareous, loam to clay loam glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin. (26% of area) 0 Associated soils - DGF, HEB, DZW, PBI, NKK, FRS, ZPI, CZK, HOS, POU MANITOU-FIFERE GROUP: None to weakly calcareous, loam to clay loam till deposits derived from cretaceous shales. Shale bedrock may occur within 1 to 1 .5 meters. (18% of area) Associated soils - MXS, FFR, NYO, NOW, FSO

KNUDSON-ALTAMONT GROUP: A veneer of fine loamy (L-CL), weakly to moderately calcareous lacustrine sediments over moderately to very strongly calcareous glacial till of FK] mixed shale, limestone and granitic origin. (309'0 of area) Associated soils - KUD, LRT, ATN, ULH, JYL, TLI, ZIM, GRR, NSH, WTI

DORSET-LEARY GROUP: Deep, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, sandy to sandy skeletal fluvial outwash deposits . (1 % of area) F Associated soils - DOT, LRY

CROYON-VANDAL GROUP: A thin mantle of moderately to strongly calcareous, loam to clay loam lacustrine sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous fluvial outwash I-C] deposits. (.23% of area) Associated soils - CYN, VDL, CXT

RAMADA-FIRDALE GROUP: Deep, strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, FR] SiCL) lacustrine sediments. (2.2% of area) Associated soils - RAM, CXF, FIR, CXV, PDA, TDP

FAIRLAND GROUP: Deep, strongly to very strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL) FF] lacustrine sediments. (.133'0 of area) Associated soils - FND

MOWBRAY GROUP: Moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, loam (L, SiL, SiCL) Ro recent alluvial deposits . (8% of area) Associated soils - MOW, LEI, BKR

ERODED SLOPES COMPLEX: A complex ofundifferentiated materials on the steep slopes E] F of valley walls, river channels and ravines . (143'0 of area) Associated soil - ERX

PERILLO GROUP: Organic soils over stratified sediments. (.22% of area) FP Associated soil - PER Fu URBAN LAND: (.149'0 of area)

WATER BODIES: (.213'0 of area) FI scale does not show the kind of soil at a specific site. Therefore it is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or for selecting a site for a road, building or other kind of infrastructure . The kind of soils in any one map unit ordinarily differ from place to place in slope, depth, stoniness, drainage or other characteristics that affect their management . A general discussion of the major soil groups is included in Part 4 under generalized soil groups .

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES

Soil parent material and soil moisture regime characteristics have a major influence on soil profile type and so become the major features used in classifying and mapping soils . A quick, convenient, abbreviated key form summary of these relationships and the soil series recognized within major areas of similar physiographic and climatic conditions is presented in Table . The relationship of parent material and drainage to soil profile type (genetic subgroup) and soil series in the study area is summarized in able 4 .

Generalized descriptions for each soil series mapped in the survey area are presented in alphabetical order. Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it formed, including extent of the soil, genetic profile type, texture, parent material type, topography and drainage are discussed for each series . Following this, the range of important characteristics of the soil series in the survey area is presented. A brief description of the features which distinguish the named soil from similar soils is included . The generalized soil descriptions are based on summaries and averages of soil data systematically documented and recorded during the course of the field survey.

Information on the suitabililty and management requirement of each soil for various agricultural and nonagricultural uses is presented in Part 4 of this report. Table 3. Relationship of the Soil Series in the Gt 2 and LBs 2 Subregions to Soil Drainage, Subgroup and Parent Material

PARENT MATERI ALS

ECO LACUSTRINE SOIL SUB- TAXONOMIC TILL LACUSTRINE FLUVIAL OVER LACUSTRINE ALLUVIUM DRAINAGE REGION SUBGROUP OVER TILL FLUVIAL UN- ORGA- DIFFEREN- NIC Loamy (L,CL, Loamy (L,CL) F. Loamy Sand and Loamy (L, CL, Fine Loamy Loamy Loamy(L,CL, TIATED MESIC SiCL) Mixed Non-Weakly (CL, SiCL) Gravel SiCL) Over (CL, SiCL) (L,SiL, SiCL, SCL) PEAT Calcareous Till Cal .Shaly Till Over Till S + Gr. VFSL) Stratified

Well to Gt, Cumulic Regosol Mowbray Moderately (MOW) Well Orthic Black Darlingford Manitou Knudson Dorset Croyon Ramada Fairland (DGF) (MXS) (KUD) (DOT) (CYN) (RAM) (FND) Eluviated Black Larrett (LRT) Rego Black Hebbot Carroll (HEB) (CXF)

LBs2 Orthic Dark Gray Dezwood Fifere Altamont Leary Vandal Firdale (DZW) (FFR) (ATN) (LRY) (VDL) (FIR) Eroded Dark Gray Pembina Nayler Luvisol (PBI) (NYO) Slopes

Imperfect Gt, Gleyed Cumulic Levine (LEI) Complex Regosol (ERX) Gleyed Black Nikkei (NKK) Nowell Ullrich(ULH) Charman (NOW) (CXV) Gleyed Rego Ferris (FRS) Joyale (lYL) Capell (CXT) Prodan Black (PDA)

LBs, Gleyed Dark Gray Zaplin (ZPI) Fresno (FSO) Tellier (TLI)

Gleyed Solonetzic Zinman (ZIM) Dark Gray

Poor Gtz Rego Humic Cazlake (CZK) Guerra (GRR) Tadpole Basker (BKR) Gleysol (TDP)

LBs, Rego Humic Horose (HOS) Narish (NSH) Gleysol

Humic Luvic Pouchal (POU) Watrine (WTI) Gleysol Perillo Terric Mesisol (PER) Table 4. Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area

A. GLACIAL TILL Map Ecoclimatic Symbol Region

1 . Soils developed on deep (> 100 cm) moderately to very strongly calcareous loamy (loam to clay loam) glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin.

a) Well drained

* Darlingford Series (Orthic Black) DGF Gt2 * Hebbot Series (Rego Black) . HEB GO * Dezwood Series (Orthic Dark Gray) DZW LBs2 * Pembina Series (Dark Gary Luvisol) PBI LBs,2

b) Imperfectly drained

* Ferris Series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) FRS Gt2 * Nikkei Series (Gleyed Black) NKK GO * Zaplin Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) ZPI LB;2

c) Poorly drained

* Cazlake Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) CZK , GCZ * Horose Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) HOS LB;;2 * Pouchal Series (Humic Luvic Gleysol) POU LBs2

2 . Soils developed on non to weakly calcareous loamy, till deposits derived dominantly from cretaceous shales, these deposits may be underlain by weathered shale or shale bedrock within 1 to 1 .5 m.

a) Well drained

* Manitou Series (Orthic Black) MXS Gt2 * Fifere Series (Orthic Dark Gray) FFR LBs2 * Nayler Series (Dark Gray Luvisol) NYO LBs2

b) Imperfectly drained

* Nowell Series (Gleyed Black) NOW Gt2 * Fresno Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) FSO LBs2

B. LACUSTRINE OVER TILL

1 . Soil developed on a thin veneer (25 to 90cm) of dominantly fine loamy, weakly to moderately calcareous lacustrine sediments overlying moderately to very strongly calcareous glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic origin.

a) Well drained

* Knudson Series (Orthic Black) KUD GR2

19 * Larrett Series (Eluviated Black) LRT Gt2 * Altamont Series (Orthic Dark Gray) ATN LBs2

b) Imperfectly drained

* Joyale Series (Gleyed Rego Black) JYL Gt2 * Ullrich Series (Gleyed Black) ULH Gt2 * Tellier Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) TLI LBs2 * Zinman Series (Gleyed Solonetzic Dark ZIM LBs2 Gray)

c) Poorly drained

* Guerra Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) GRR Gt2 * Narish Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) NSH LBs2 * Watrine Series (Humic Luvic Gleysol) WTI LBs2

C. FLUVIAL DEPOSITS

1 . Soils developed on deep (> 100 cm) moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified medium sand to gravelly fluvial outwash or beach deposits with shale, limestone and granitic fragments .

a) Well drained

* Leary (Orthic Dark Gray) LRY LBs2 * Dorset (Orthic Black) DOT Gt2

D. LACUSTRINE OVER FLUVIAL l . Soils developed on a thin mantle (25 to 90 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SCL, SiCL, CL) sediments overlying moderately to strongly calcareous, sandy and gravelly deposits .

a) Well drained

* Croyon Series (Orthic Black) CYN Gt2 * Vandal Series (Orthic Dark Gray) VDL LBs2

b) Imperfectly drained

* Capell Series (Gleyed Rego Black) CXT Gt2

E. LACUSTRINE

1 . Soils developed on deep (> I m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL, SCL) lacustrine sediments .

a) Well drained

* Ramada Series (Orthic Black) RAM Gt2 * Carroll Series (Rego Black) CXF Gt2 * Firdale Series (Orthic Dark Gray) FIR LBs2 b) Imperfectly drained

* Charman Series (Gleyed Black) CXV GO * Prodan Series (Gleyed Rego Black) PDA GO

c) Poorly drained

* Tadpole Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) TDP GO

2 . Soils developed on deep (> 1 m) strongly to very strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, VFSL) lacustrine sediments.

a) Well drained

* Fairland Series (Orthic Black) FND GO

F. ALLUVIUM

Soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, dominantly loamy (VFSL, SL, L, SiL, SiCL, CL) recent alluvial deposits.

a) Moderately well to well drained

* Mowbray Series (Cumulic Regosol) MOW Gt2

b) Imperfectly drained

* Levine Series (Gleyed Cumulic Regosol) LEI GO

c) Poorly drained

* Basker Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) BKR Gt2

G. ORGANIC

1 . Organic soils developed on thin (40-160 cm), moderately decomposed, mesic fen peat overlying stratified sediments.

a) Poorly to very poorly drained

* Perillo Series (Terric Mesisol) PER Gt2

H. UNDIFFERENTIATED

1 . Soils developed on a complex of undifferentiated materials, with a wide range of properties and soil characteristics, adjacent to and including, valley walls, ravines, gullies and drainage channels.

Eroded Slopes Complex ERX Altamont Series (ATNl A representative profile of Basker soil is characterized by a light grayish brown Ahk horizon, The Altamont series consists of well to 5 to 20 cm thick, with iron stains, and a stratified, moderately well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil olive brown Ckg horizon, with prominent iron developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of weakly to mottles in the sandy strata. The profile also contains moderately calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, thin organic layers indicating former surfaces. SiCL), lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (L, Basker soils occur in close association with SiL, CL) mixed till deposits . These soils occur in Levine soils. Basker soils were previously mapped middle to upper slope positions of very gentle slopes as immature soils of the Association and on undulating landscapes. Surface runoff is Assiniboine Complex in the South-Central (1943) moderate, permeability is moderate, water table is report. below 2 m during the growing season. Altamont soils are noneroded, nonstony and nonsaline. They Carroll Series (CXF1 have high available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. The Carroll series is a Rego Black soil Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses developed on moderately well to well drained, interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy these soils are currently used for grain crop (CL, SiCL), lacustrine deposits . These soils occur production. on very gently sloping to undulating topography, in association with Ramada, Charman, Prodan and The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with Tadpole soils. Surface runoff is moderately slow, a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick; a and permeability is moderate. Careful management dark gray Ahe or AB horizon, 10 to 30 cm thick is required to reduce wind and water erosion, with rinsed ped surfaces; a brown to pale brown Bra especially in undulating topography . horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick; a transition pale brown IIBC horizon 10 to 20 cm thick. Occasionally a The Carroll soil profile has a very dark gray to white IICca horizon 4 to 6 cm thick is present. The black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; a dark parent material is typically pale brown to very pale gray ACk horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick and a Cca brown strongly calcareous mixed till. horizon of lime carbonate accumulation, 8 to 14 cm thick. The silty textured, pale brown Ck horizon is Altamont soils occur in close association with very erosive. This soil differs only slightly from the Kingsley, Knudson and Tellier soils. Altamont soils Ramada soil in not having a prominent Bm horizon. were previously mapped as the dominant associate of Carroll soils were previously mapped as the well the Altamont Association in the reconnaissance soil drained associate of the Carrol Association in both survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). the South-Central (1943) and Carberry (1957) soil reports. Basker Series (BKR) Capell Series (CXT) The Basker series consists of poorly to very poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed The Capell series consists of imperfectly on moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified, drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on a loamy (FSL,VFSL,L,SiL,SiCL), recent alluvial mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly deposits. These soils occur in depressional positions calcareous, stratified, loamy (SiL, L, CL), lacustrine of nearly level slopes on floodplain landscapes; sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, surface runoff is very slow to ponded. Permeability deep stratified, sandy to sandy-skeletal (GrS, GrLS), is slow; and the water table is at or near the surface glaciofluvial deposits. These soils occur in lower during the growing season. Basker soils are slope positions of gentle to moderate slopes on nonstony, and occasionally slightly saline. They have hummocky landscapes and have moderate to rapid a high available water holding capacity, and medium permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium organic matter content . Native vegetation includes water table during the growing season. Capell soils sedges, rushes and willows . The majority of these are occasionally slightly saline. They have medium soils are currently in native vegetation because they available water holding capacity, medium organic are subject to flooding and saturated conditions in matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native the spring. vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are currently

22 used for grain crop production. drainage and fine loamy sediments but differ from them in having a Bmgj horizon. Charman soils were In a representative profile of Capell soil the previously mapped as Black Meadow associates of solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is the Carroll and Holland Associations in the South- characterized by a very dark gray to black Apk or Central (1943) soil report. Ahk horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a dark gray to gray, calcareous AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick, a Crovon Series (CYN) light gray IICca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick with secondary carbonate accumulation and a light The Croyon series consists of moderately well yellowish brown IICk horizon with common, distinct to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on a iron mottles. mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, uniform, loamy (L, SiL, CL) lacustrine Capell soils occur in close association with sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, Croyon and Carvey soils . They are similar to stratified, deep sandy-skeletal (GrS, GrLS), Druxman soils by having the same sequence of glacio-fluvial deposits. These soils occur in middle parent materials and the same natural drainage but and upper slope positions of very gentle slopes on differ from Druxman soils because of a more weakly undulating landscapes; surface runoff is moderately developed profile than that typical of Druxman soils. rapid. They have medium permeability in the upper Capell soils were previously mapped as an loamy strata and rapid permeability in the coarser imperfectly drained associate of the Agassiz and substrata. The water table is usually below 2 m Marringhurst Associations in the reconnaissance soil during the growing season. Croyon soils have survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). medium available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility . Charman Series (CXV1 Native vegetation includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves . The majority of The Charman series consists of imperfectly these soils are currently used for grain crop drained Gleyed Black soil developed on strongly to production. very strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments . In areas of The solum is approximately 35 cm thick with seepage or groundwater discharge, soluble salts in a very dark gray Ah or Ap horizon, 10 to 15 cm the subsoil can be translocated near the surface in thick; a dark brown Bm horizon, 10 to 25 cm thick. sufficient quantities to affect crop growth. These It is underlain by a yellowish brown IICca horizon, soils occur in middle positions of very gentle slopes 10 to 20 cm thick with secondary carbonate on undulating landscapes and have moderately slow accumulation and a light yellowish brown IICk permeability, slow surface runoff, and a medium horizon . The parent material is typically stratified high water table during the growing season. with thin (<5 cm) layers of SiL, CS, GrS and SL Charman soils are noneroded, nonstony, and fre- textures . quently slightly saline . They have a moderately high available water holding capacity, high organic matter Croyon soils occur in close association with content, and medium natural fertility. Native Zarnet, Capell and Druxman soils . Croyon soils vegetation includes aspen, willows, shrubs and were previously mapped as loamy surface associates prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are cur- of the Marringhurst and Agassiz associations in the rently cultivated for grain crop production. reconnaissance soil survey of Sou1h-Central Manitoba (1943) . In a representative profile of Charman soil the solum is approximately 40 cm thick. The profile is Crovon, Shalv Variant (CYNI) characterized by a very dark gray to black Ah horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a dark grayish brown The Croyon series having a high proportion of Bmgj horizon, 12 to 30 cm thick, a transitional BC shaly fragments in the coarse substrata . horizon, 5 to 8 cm thick, and a pale brown, silty textured Ckgj horizon with iron mottles and fre- Cazlake $e_ries (CZK) quently gypsum crystals . The Cazlake series consists of poorly drained Charman soils occur in close association with Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on moderately Ramada, Prodan and Tadpole soils. They are to strongly calcareous (CL, L, SiCL), deep uniform similar to Prodan soils by having an imperfect till of mixed limestone, granite and shale origin.

23 These soils occur in level to depressional positions fragments. on gently to moderately sloping hummocky landscapes; surface runoff is very slow to ponded . Darlingford soils occur in close association They have slow permeability. Water table is at the with Dezwood, Nikkel and Cazlake soils. surface in the spring and within 1 m during the Darlingford soils were previously mapped as the growing season. Cazlake soils are noneroded, dominant associate of the Darlingford association in slightly stony and may be slightly saline. They have the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central a high available water holding capacity, high organic Manitoba (1943). matter content, and low natural fertility . Native vegetation is sedges, cattails and reeds. The majority Dorset Series (DOT) of these soils are currently in their natural state due to restricted drainage and high water tables. The Dorset series consists of moderately well to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on The solum is approximately 25 cm thick, with moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, a black Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 50 cm thick; a light sandy to sandy skeletal (S,GrS,GrCS), outwash and olive gray carbonated AC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick. glaciofluvial deposits . These soils occur in upper The C horizon is light gray with many prominent positions of gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes iron mottles . The surface also contains up to 40 cm and have very rapid permeability, moderate to of inwash due to soil erosion from upslope areas . moderately rapid surface runoff, and a low water table during the growing season. Dorset soils are Cazlake soils occur in close association with noneroded, nonstony, and nonsaline. They have a Darlingford, Nikkel and Ferris soils. They are low available water holding capacity, medium similar to Horose soils by having the same soil organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. development and parent . material, differing only in Native vegetation includes aspen-oak stands and tall that Horose soils are associated with Dark Gray prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are Chernozems. Cazlake soils were previously mapped currently used for grazing or are excavated for as poorly drained associates of the Darlingford gravel deposits. association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). In a representative profile of Dorset soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick. The profile is Darlingford Series (DGF) characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 12 to 18 cm thick, a dark brown Bm horizon, 15 to 22 cm The Darlingford series consists ofwell drained thick, a Cca horizon, 6 to 12 cm thick with lime Orthic Black soils developed on moderately to accumulation and a light brown Ck horizon, with strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy stratified sands and gravels. (L,CL,SiCL), nearly stone- mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper positions of Dorset soils occur in close association with very gentle to gentle slopes on undulating to rolling Mansfield soils . They are similar to Marringhurst landscapes and have medium to moderately slow soils by having well drained profile in glaciofluvial permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium deposits but differ from them in having a Bm water table during the growing season. Darlingford horizon. Dorset soils were previously mapped as soils are slightly eroded and slightly stony. They Blackearth associates of the Marringhurst have moderate available water holding capacity, Association in the South-Central (1943) soil report. medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie Dorset ._Shariant (DOTl) grasses interspersed with aspen poplar stands . The majority of these soils are currently used for grain The same as the Dorset Series described above crop production. but with a high proportion of shale derived fragments in the gravel . The high shale content of The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with these resources is unfavorable and limits potential a very dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm end uses. thick; a black Ah horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick; a brown to dark brown Bm or Btj horizon, 20 to 30 Dezwood .Series_ 1DZW1 cm thick. A pale brown Cca horizon 10 to 15 cm thick is usually present. The parent material is The Dezwood series consists of moderately typically yellowish brown mixed till with few coarse well to well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil

24 developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L, CL, SiCL) mixed shale, The Fifere series consists of well drained limestone and granite till deposits . These soils occur Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on weakly in middle and upper positions of gentle to moderate calcareous to neutral, shallow, uniform, fine loamy slopes on hummocky landscapes; surface runoff is and fine silty (SiL, L, CL) till derived fi~om shale moderate to rapid. They have medium to moderately bedrock. These soils occur in upper positions of slow permeability and a medium water table during gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky and ridged the growing season. Dezwood soils are slightly landscapes and have moderate permeability moderate eroded and slightly stony. They have medium to rapid surface runoff and a low water table during available water holding capacity, medium organic the growing season. Fifere soils are subject to matter content, and medium to high natural fertility. erosion. They have low available water holding Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses capacity, medium organic matter content, and interspersed with aspen-poplar groves. The majority medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often of these soils are currently used for grain crop includes oak, aspen-poplar and shrubs. The majority production. of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. The solum is approximately 40 cm thick with a dark grayish brown Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 20 In a representative profile of Fifere soil the cm thick; occasionally a thin light gray .Ae horizon, solum is approximately 70 cm thick. The profile is 2 to 4 cm thick; a pale brown Bt horizon, 20 to 40 characterized by a gray brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 cm thick. A light gray Cca horizon 15 to 30 cm to 18 cm thick, a light brownish gray Bt horizon, 25 thick is usually present. The parent material is to 35 cm thick and a light grayish brown transitional typically light gray mixed till with few coarse BC horizon, 10 to 30 cm thick. The parent material fragments . is typically light grayish brown non-calcareous shale till. A typical profile also contains numerous shale Dezwood soils occur in close association with fragments of various size throughout. . Ferris, Zaplin and Nikkel soils. Dezwood soils were previously mapped as gray black associates of the Fifere soils occur in close association with Pembina Association in the reconnaissance soil Manitou, Nayler and Fresno soils . They are similar survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). to Nayler soils by having a profile developed in well drained, non-calcareous shale till but differ from Eroded Slopes Complex (ERX) Nayler soils because of the absence of an Ae horizon greater than 5 cm in thickness. Fifere soils were The Eroded Slopes Complex has been used to previously mapped as associates of the Manitou classify steeply sloping, generally well drained association in the reconnaissance soil survey of landforms that have complex soil development on South-Central Manitoba (1943). materials that are variable in composition and have been influenced by mass wasting processes such as Frdale Series MR) slump, creep and erosion. In the study area the materials are dominantly loam to clay loam glacial The Firdale series consists of mode-ately well till, shale bedrock, till over shale bedrock and to well drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on colluvium, but may include some minor areas of moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, fine loamy fluvial gravels, sand or clay . Shale bedrock is often (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils exposed at the mid to lower slopes . The Eroded occur in upper positions of gentle to moderate slopes Slopes Complex includes the valley walls or eroded on undulating and dissected landscapes and have slopes of river valleys (Pembina Valley), incised moderate to moderately slow permeability, moderate stream channels and ravines that have down-cut to rapid surface runoff, and a low water table during through the glacial till and shale deposits. Active the growing season . Firdale soils are often moder- erosion and slump areas are common. ately eroded, nonstony, and nonsaline. 'They have medium available water holding capacity, medium Every attempt should be made to maintain a organic matter content, and high natural fertility. vegetative cover on the steep slopes for the Native vegetation includes aspen, oak and prairie conservation of water, soil and wildlife as well as grasses. The majority of these soils are, currently for scenic and recreational value. cultivated for grain crop production.

Frere Series (FFR) In a representative profile of the Firdale soil

25 the solum is approximately 60 cm thick. The profile The Ferris series consists of imperfectly is characterized by a dark gray Ap horizon, 20 to 30 drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on cm thick, a yellowish Bt horizon, 30 to 45 cm thick moderately to strongly calcareous deep, uniform, with clay accumulation, a Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm fine loamy and fine silty, slightly stony, mixed till thick, and a calcareous Ck horizon. deposits. These soils occur in lower positions of very gentle slopes on undulating landscape and have Firdale soils occur in close association with moderately slow permeability slow surface runoff Danlin and Tadpole soils. They are similar to and a medium water table during the growing Halstead soils by having a well drained Orthic Dark season. Ferris soils are noneroded, nonstony and Gray profile but differ from them in having fine slightly saline. They have high available water loamy rather than coarse loamy deposits . Firdale holding capacity, high organic matter content, and soils were previously mapped as Degraded Black high natural fertility. associates of the Carroll Association in the South- Central (1943) soil report. In a representative profile of Ferris soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick. The profile is Fairland Series ~ characterized by black, carbonated Ap horizon, 25 to 35 cm thick, a dark gray, transitional AC The Fairland series consists of moderately well horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick with iron mottles, and a to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on light gray to pale yellow Cca horizon 10 to 15 cm strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, thick with lime accumulation. The parent material is loamy (VFSL,L,SiL), lacustrine sediments . These typically light yellowish brown mixed till with iron soils occur in upper positions of gentle slopes on mottles . rolling landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderate surface runoff, and a low water table Ferris soils occur in close association with during the growing season. Fairland soils are often Zaplin and Nikkel soils . They are similar to Joyale slightly eroded, and usually nonstony, and nonsaline. soils by having a Gleyed Rego Black profile and They have a medium available water holding capac- mixed till at depth but differ because of a fine loamy ity, medium organic matter content, and high natural lacustrine veneer (30 to 90 cm thick) overlying the fertility. Native vegetation includes aspen, oak, mixed till . Ferris soils were previously mapped as shrubs and prairie grasses. The majority of these imperfectly drained blackearth associates of the soils are currently cultivated for grain crop produc- Pembina association in the reconnaissance soil tion . survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943).

In a representative profile of Fairland soil the Fresno Series (FSO) solum is approximately 25 cm thick . The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to very dark The Fresno series consists of imperfectly grayish brown Ap horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, a drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on weakly brown to dark brown Bin horizon, 10 to 15 cm calcareous to neutral, shallow uniform, fine loamy thick, a pale brown BC horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick and fine silty (SiL, L, CL), till derived from shale with carbonates and a light gray Cca horizon, 5 to bedrock . These soils occur in lower slope positions 10 cm thick, with lime accumulation. The parent of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky and material is typically very pale brown and calcareous. ridged landscapes and have moderate permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a high water Fairland soils occur in close association with table during the growing season. They have medium Torcan, Taggart and Vordas soils. They are similar available water holding capacity, medium organic to Torcan soils by having a well developed profile in matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native loamy sediments but differ from them in having a vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow strongly developed Bm horizon lacking gleying. grasses. The majority of these soils are currently Fairland soils are lighter in texture than the very used for grain crop production. similar Ramada soils . Fairland soils were previously mapped as Blackearth associates of the Carroll In a representative profile of Fresno soil the (Loam) Association in the South-Central (1943) soil solum is approximately 70 cm thick. The profile is report. characterized by a grayish brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, an Ahe or transitional AB Ferris Series_ (FRS) horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick with rinsed perl surfaces, a light grayish brown Bm or Bt horizon, 25 to 35

26 cm thick with a few, fine, faint iron mottles and a Manitoba (1943) . light grayish brown transitional BC horizon 10 to 20 cm thick with a few, fine faint iron mottles. The Hebbot Series QEB) parent material is typically light grayish brown, non-calcareous shale till with medium distinct The Hebbot series consists of well drained mottles . Rego Black soil developed on strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy Fresno soils occur in close association with (L,CL,SiCL), glacial till deposits derived from Nayler and Fifere soils. They are similar to Zaplin limestone, granite and shale. These soils occur in soils by having an imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark upper and crest positions of moderate to strong Gray profile but differ from them in having a much slopes on hummocky landscapes and have moderate higher content of shale bedrock derived material in to moderately rapid permeability, moderate surface their parent material . Fresno soils were previously runoff, and a low water table during the: growing mapped as imperfectly drained associates of the season. Hebbot soils are severely water eroded, Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey slightly stony, and nonsaline. They have a medium of South-Central Manitoba (1943). available water holding capacity, low organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native Guerra Series _IGRR1 vegetation includes scrub oak, aspen, shrubs and prairie grasses. The majority of these soils are The Guerra series consists of poorly drained currently cultivated for grain and forage production. Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on a mantle (35 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, In a representative profile of Hebbot soil much uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SiCL), lacustrine of the solum is eroded. The profile is characterized deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, by a dark gray to very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to deep, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SiC L), mixed 15 cm thick, a brown to pale brown Cca horizon, 10 till deposits. These soils occur in level to to 15 cm thick, and a yellowish brown Cl: horizon . depressional positions of very gentle slopes on Hebbot soils occur in close association with hummocky landscapes and have slow permeability Darlingford, Nikkel and Cazlake soils. They are very slow surface runoff and a high water table similar to Darlingford soils by having a well drained during the growing season. Guerra soils are profile in loamy till but differ from them in having occasionally slightly saline. They have a medium no Bm horizon. Hebbot soils were previously available water holding capacity, high organic matter mapped as Blackearth, shallow phase associates of content, and low natural fertility. Native vegetation the Darlingford Association in the South-Central often includes sedges, rushes and willows . The (1943) soil report. majority of these soils are currently used for natural grazing . Horose Series (HOS)

In a representative profile of Guerra soil the The Horose series consists of poorly drained solum is approximately 25 cm thick . The profile is Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on moderately characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy 30 cm thick, a very dark gray transitional AC and coarse loamy (L, CL, SICL) mixed till of horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with many prominent iron limestone, granite and shale origin. These soils mottles, and a dark olive gray Ck horizon with many occur in level to depressional positions of moderate prominent iron mottles . The parent material is slopes on hummocky landscapes and have very slow relatively free of coarse fragments . permeability, very slow surface runoff and a high water table during the growing season. Horose soils Guerra soils occur in close association with are noneroded, slightly stony and slighlay saline. Knudson, Joyale and Ullrich soils. They are similar They have medium available water holding capacity, to Narish soils by having a Rego Humic Gleysol high organic matter content, and low natural profile developed in mixed calcareous till but differ fertility . Native vegetation often includES sedges, from Narish soils because Narish profiles are reeds and willows. The majority of these soils are associated with Dark Gray soils while Guerra currently under natural conditions. profiles are associated with Black soils. Guerra soils were previously mapped as the poorly drained In a representative profile of Horose soil the blackearth associate of the Altamont association, in solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 20 to

27 35 cm thick, a light olive brown AC horizon, 5 to drained blackearth associates of the Altamont 10 cm thick, and a light yellowish brown Ck horizon association in the reconnaissance soil survey of with many, large, prominent iron mottles. A typical South-Central Manitoba (1943). profile also contains a Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick below the AC horizon . Knudson Series (KUD)

Horose soils occur in close association with The Knudson series consists of moderately well Dezwood, Pembina and Zaplin soils . They are to well drained Orthic Black soil developed on a similar to Cazlake soils by having the same Rego shallow mantle (30 to 100 cm) of weakly to Humic Gleysol profile development and poor moderately calcareous thin, uniform, fine loamy to drainage but differ from Cazlake soils because the clayey, glaciolacustrine deposits, over moderately to Horose series is associated with Dark Gray soils strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy to while the Cazlake series is associated with Black fine silty mixed till deposits . These soils occur in soils . Horose soils were previously mapped as middle positions of very gentle slopes on undulating poorly drained associates of the Pembina association, landscape and have medium permeability, moderate in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central surface runoff and a medium water table during the Manitoba (1943). growing season. Knudson soils have moderate available water holding capacity, moderate organic loyale Series (JYL) matter content, and high natural fertility.

The Joyale series consists of imperfectly In a representative profile of Knudson soil the drained Gleyed Rego Black soil developed on a solum is approximately 60 cm thick. The profile is mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly characterized by a black Ap horizon, 15 to 25 cm calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), thick, with a brown to grayish brown Bin horizon 8 lacustrine deposits over moderately to very strongly to 12 cm thick with medium subangular blocky calcareous, deep uniform, fine loamy (CL, SICL), structure, a very pale brown Cca horizon 6 to 10 cm mixed till deposits. These soils occur in lower slope thick, and a yellowish brown IICk horizon. A typical positions of very gentle slopes on undulating profile also contains a thin pebble line at the landscapes and have moderate permeability, slow lacustrine-till interface. surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Joyale soils are usually slightly Knudson soils occur in close association with saline. They have a medium available water holding Joyale and Guerra soils. They are similar to capacity, medium organic matter content, and Darlingford soils by having similar profile medium natural fertility . Native vegetation often characteristics but differ from them in having a thin includes tall prairie and meadow grasses. The mantle of fine loamy to clayey glaciolacustrine majority of these soils are currently used for grain deposits overlying glacial till . Knudson soils were crop production. previously mapped as blackearth associates of the Altamont association in 'the reconnaissance soil In a representative profile of Joyale soil the survey of South -Central Manitoba (1943). solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray to black Apk or Levine Series (LEI) Ahk horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, a light gray Cca or AC horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with distinct iron The Levine series consists of imperfectly mottles, and a very pale brown IICk horizon with drained Gleyed Cumulic Regosol soil developed on many prominent iron mottles. A typical profile also moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, contains a thin pebble line at the lacustrine/till coarse loamy to fine loamy (VFSL, L, CL) recent contact. alluvial deposits . These soils occur in floodplains on level slopes in level landscapes . They have rapid Joyale soils occur in close association with permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a Knudson, Ullrich and Guerra soils. They are similar medium water table during the growing season. to Prodan soils by having a Gleyed Rego Black Levine soils are occasionally slightly saline and are profile developed dominantly in imperfectly drained subject to periodic inundation during spring runoff fine loamy deposits but differ from Prodan soils or after heavy rains. They have a moderate to low because of the presence of a compact till substrate available water holding capacity, low organic matter within a meter of the mineral surface. Joyale soils content and medium natural fertility . The majority of were previously mapped as minor, imperfectly these soils are currently used for grain crop

28 production. Leary_SeriesL_R_Y3

In a representative profile of Levine soil the The Leary series consists of well to rapidly solum is approximately 15 cm thick . The profile is drained Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on moder- characterized by a dark gray Apk or Ahk horizon 10 ately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, sandy to 20 cm thick and a light yellowish brown Ck (S,CS) to sandy-skeletal (GrS, Gr), glaciofluvial horizon. The underlying strata may vary in colour deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper slope from light to dark. The thin dark colored mineral positions of moderate slopes on hummocky land- and organic layers are former surface horizons that scapes and have very rapid permeability, moderate have been exposed to soil forming processes for a surface runoff and a low water table during the significant period before burial by alluvial deposits. growing season. Leary soils are often slightly Medium, distinct yellowish brown iron mottles occur eroded, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have low throughout the soil . available water holding capacity, low orgaraic matter content, and low natural fertility . Native vegetation Levine soils were previously mapped as often includes forests of dominantly burr oak. The inclusions of the Eroded Slopes Complex and majority of these soils are currently excavated for Assiniboine Complex in the reconnaissance soil road construction and the aggregate industry. survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). In a representative profile of Leaqr soil the Larrett Series (LRZ1 solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a dark gray Ah or Ap horizon, 10 The Larrett series consists of well to to 20 cm thick, a dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, 5 to moderately well drained Eluviated Black soil 20 cm thick, a brown transitional BC horizon, 15 to developed on a mantle (25 to 100 cm) of weakly to 30 cm thick and a light yellowish brown Ck horizon moderately calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, with thin layers of coarse sand, fine sand and gravel . SiCL), lacustrine sediments over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (L, Leary soils are similar to Vandal soils by SiL, CL) mixed till deposits . These soils occur in having an Orthic Dark Gray soil profile but differ middle to upper slope positions of very gentle slopes from Vandal soils by not having a loamy overlay on on undulating landscapes; surface runoff is the sand and gravel deposits . Leary soils were moderate. Permeability is moderate; water table is previously mapped as the Degraded Black associates below 2 m during the growing season. Larrett soils of the Leary Association in the South-Central are noneroded, nonstony and nonsaline. They have Manitoba (1943) soil report. high available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and high natural fertility. Leary, Shalv Variant (LRY1) Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses interspersed with aspen-oak groves. The majority of The same as the Leary Series but with a high these soils are currently used for grain crop proportion of shaly fragments in the sand and gravel. production . Mowbray_ Series (MOW) The solum is approximately 60 cm thick with a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick; an The Mowbray series consists of a well drained, eluvial gray Ae horizon, 2 to 5 cm thick with rinsed Cumulic Regosol soil developed on deep, moderately ped surfaces; a brown to pale brown Bt horizon, 10 to strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, CL, SiCL) to 25 cm thick; a transition pale brown IIBC horizon recent alluvial sediments. These deposits are 10 to 20 cm thick. Occasionally a white IICca stratified and contain dark colored bands of former horizon 4 to 6 cm thick is present. The parent Ah horizons in the profile. The soils are located in material is typically pale brown to very pale brown upper terrace and floodplain areas that have been strongly calcareous mixed till . inundated during years of high floodwaters . They occur in association with die Levine and Basker Larrett soils occur in close association with soils. Topography is very gently to moderately Kingsley, Knudson and Tellier soils . Larrett soils sloping, runoff is moderate and permeability is were previously mapped as an associate of the moderate. Altamont Association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943) . The soil is characterized by a dark gray to gray surface horizon (Ah or Ap) 8 to 20 cm thick and a lighter colored (C) substratum with dark bands The Nikkel series consists of imperfectly consisting of former organic layers or buried Ah drained Gleyed Black soil developed on moderately horizons. These soils may exhibit weak profile to strongly calcareous deep, uniform, fine loamy and development. coarse loamy (L, CL, SICL), mixed till deposits of granite, limestone and shale origin. These soils Mowbray soils occur in close association with occur in lower slope positions of gentle slopes on the Levine and Basker series. The were previously hummocky landscapes and have moderate mapped as the well drained, immature soils of the permeability, moderately slow surface runoff and a Neelin Association and Assiniboine Complex in the medium water table during the growing season. South-Central (1943) soil report. Nikkel soils are noneroded, slightly stony and occasionally slightly saline. They have a medium Mowbray, Shalv Variant (MOWl) available water holding capacity, medium organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native The same as the normal Mowbray series but vegetation often includes tall prairie and meadow with a high percentage of shale derived fragments in grasses . The majority of these soils are currently the control section. used for grain crop production.

ManitouSeries (MXS) In a representative profile of Nikkel soil the solum is approximately 45 cm thick. The profile is The Manitou series consists of well drained characterized by a black Ap or Ah horizon, 20 to 25 Orthic Black soil developed on weakly calcareous to cm thick, a dark grayish brown Bin. horizon, 5 to 15 neutral, deep, uniform, loamy and fine loamy (CL, cm thick with many, faint, fine iron mottles, a light L, SiCL) glacial till derived predominantly from gray Cca horizon, 5 to 10 cm thick of lime shale bedrock deposits . These soils occur in middle accumulation and a pale brown Ck horizon with and upper positions of very gentle slopes on many, fine, distinct iron mottles. The parent material undulating landscapes and have medium is typically relatively stone free. permeability, moderate surface runoff and a medium water table during the growing season. Manitou soils Nikkel soils occur in close association with are slightly eroded and nonstony. They have medium Darlingford, Ferris and Cazlake soils. They are available water holding capacity, medium organic similar to Ullrich soils by having Gleyed Black matter content, and medium natural fertility . Native profile and a fine-loamy till substrate but differ from vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses them in not having 25 to 100 cm of lacustrine veneer interspersed with aspen-oak groves . The majority of overlying the till substrate . Nikkel soils were these soils are currently used for grain crop previously mapped as imperfectly drained blackearth production . associates of the Darlingford association in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central In a representative profile of Manitou soil the Manitoba (1943) . solum is approximately 75 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a very dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, Nowell Series (NOMI 15 to 20 cm thick, with fine shale flakes, a dark gray Bm horizon, 20 to 60 cm thick and a The Nowell series is characterized by a Gleyed transitional BC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick. The Black solum, imperfect soil drainage, and materials parent material is typically light gray non-calcareous of non to weakly calcareous fine loamy morainal till derived from shale. deposits that are derived dominantly from Cretaceous shales. These deposits are usually Manitou soils occur in close association with shallow and are underlain by shale bedrock at depths Fifere and Darlingford soils. They are similar to commonly within 2 m. They occur in association Fifere soils by having shale till parent material but with other Black soils in the Manitou Plain and in differ from Fifere soils because of a relatively darker transitional areas to the Pembina Hills, mainly in the surface color and lack of Bt horizon. Manitou soils mid to lower slopes of very gently sloping, were previously mapped as the dominant associate of undulating landscapes; runoff is moderately slow. the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil Permeability is moderate to moderately slow and survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). may be restricted in areas where the bedrock may be nearer the surface. Most of these soils are under Nikkei Series (NKK) cultivation.

30 The solum has a very dark gray to black Ap landscapes and have rapid permeability rapid surface and Ah horizon 20 to 30 cm thick; a dark gray to runoff and a low water table during the growing grayish brown Bin horizon 15 to 20 cm thick with season. Nayler soils are slightly eroded, slightly distinct mottles; and a transitional BC horizon 10 to stony and nonsaline. They have a low available 15 cm thick. The C horizon is weakly mottled and water holding capacity, low organic matter content, variable in carbonate content; depth to carbonates and low natural fertility . Native vegetation often varies from 60 cm to greater that 100 cm. includes forests of burr oak and aspen poplar. The majority of these soils are currently used for Nowell soils occur in association with the improved pasture and forage crop production. Fifere and Manitou soils. The Nowell soils were previously mapped as the intermediately drained In a representative profile of Nayler soil the Blackearth associates of the Manitou Association in solum is approximately 90 cm thick. The profile is the South-Central (1943) soil report. characterized by a gray brown Ap or Ah horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, a light yellowish brown Ae horizon, Narish Series (NSM 5 to 30 cm thick with fine, platy structure, a light yellowish gray Bt horizon 20 to 60 cm thick with The Narish series consists of poorly drained thin clay skins and a yellowish brown non-calcareous Rego Humic Gleysol soil developed on a mantle (25 C horizon. The parent material is typically composed to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, of gray shaly till containing weathered Odanah shale uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SICL), lacustrine fragments. deposits over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (CL, L, SICL), mixed till Nayler soils occur in close association with deposits. These soils occur in level to depressional Fifere and Fresno soils. They are similar to Fifere positions of very gentle slopes on hummocky soils by having well drained profiles developed in landscapes and have slow permeability, very slow non-calcareous shale till but differ from Fifere soils surface runoff and a high water table during the by possessing Ae horizons below their Ap or Ahe growing season . horizons at least 5 cm thick. Nayler soils were previously mapped as gray-wooded associates of the In a representative profile of the Narish soil the Manitou association in the reconnaissance soil survey solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is of South-Central Manitoba (1943) . characterized by a black Ah or Ahk horizon, 15 to 30 cm thick, a very dark gray transitional AC Pembina Series (PB11) horizon, 5 to 15 cm thick with many, fine, prominent iron mottles, and a dark olive gray C The Pembina series consists of moderately well horizon with many, fine prominent, iron mottles . to well drained Dark Gray Luvisol soil developed on The parent material is typically relatively free of moderately to very strongly calcareous, deep, coarse fragments . uniform, loamy, mixed till deposits. These soils occur in middle to upper positions of moderate to Narish soils occur in close association with strong slopes on hummocky landscapes and have Altamont and Tellier soils . Narish soils are virtually moderate permeability, rapid surface runoff and a the same as Guerra soils differing from them only low water table during the growing season. Pembina because they occur in close association with Dark soils are moderately to severely eroded in upper Gray soils found in locally cooler soil climate areas . slope positions, slightly stony and nonsaline. They Narish soils were previously mapped as poorly have high available water holding capacity, moderate drained minor associates of the Altamont association organic matter content and moderate natural fertility. in the reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). In a representative profile of Pembina soil the solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is Nayler Series (NYO) characterized by a dark grayish brown Ah or Ap horizon, 15 to 20 cm thick, a light gray Ae horizon, The Nayler series consists of well to rapidly 5 to 8 cm thick with platy structure, a brown to pale drained Orthic Dark Gray Luvisol soil developed on brown, clay loam to silty clay textured Bt horizon 15 weakly calcareous to neutral, uniform, deep, loamy to 30 cm thick and a white Cca horizon of lime (SiCL, L, CL), glacial till of shale bedrock origin. accumulation. These soils occur in upper slope and crest positions of gentle to moderate slopes on hummocky to ridged Pembina soils occur in close association with

31 Dezwood and Darlingford soils. They are similar to (CL, SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils Poyser soils by having a luvisolic profile developed occur in middle positions of very gentle slopes on in mixed till but differ from them because of an Ah undulating landscapes and have moderate to mod- or Ahe horizon more than 5 cm thick in undisturbed erately slow permeability, moderately slow surface profiles. Pembina soils were previously mapped as runoff, and a high water table during the growing the dominant well drained, wooded associate of the season. Prodan soils are noneroded, nonstony, and Pembina association in the reconnaissance soil frequently slightly saline. They have a high avail- survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). able water holding capacity, high organic matter content, and high natural fertility . Native vegetation Perill Series (PER) includes prairie-meadow grasses, tall prairie grasses and mixed shrubs. The majority of these soils are The Perillo series consists of very poorly currently cultivated for grain crop production . drained Terric Mesisol soil developed on a mantle (40 to 160 cm) of moderately decomposed organic In a representative profile of Prodan soil the material composed of fen peat over moderately to solum is approximately 25 cm thick. The profile is strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, loamy (L, SiL, characterized by a very dark gray Ah horizon, 18 to VFSL), lacustrine sediments . These soils occur in 25 cm thick, a dark gray to gray AC horizon, 8 to depressional positions of nearly level slopes on 15 cm thick with moderate calcareousness, a Cca rolling to hummocky landscapes and have slow horizon, 5 to 8 cm thick and a light brownish gray permeability, very slow surface runoff and a very Ckgj horizon with yellowish brown mottles. high water table during the growing season . Perillo soils are occasionally slightly saline. They have a Prodan soils occur in close association with high available water holding capacity, very high Ramada, Charman and Tadpole soils. They are organic matter content, and low natural fertility. similar to Charman soils by having imperfect drain- Native vegetation often includes sedges, reeds, and age and loamy sediments but differ from them in clumps of willow or swamp birch. The majority of having no prominent Bmgj horizon. Prodan soils these soils are currently used for natural grazing. were previously mapped as Calcareous Black Meadow associates of the Carroll and Holland In a representative profile of Perillo soil the Associations in the South-Central (1943) soil report. solum is approximately 50 cm thick. The profile is characterized by a black Oh horizon, 5 to 15 cm Pouchal Ser_ies(FOUI thick, a black Om horizon, 20 to 45 cm thick, a black Ah horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, with a few The Pouchal series is characterized by a Humic large iron mottles and a light brownish gray AC Luvic Gleysol profile developed under poorly horizon 10 to 25 cm thick with many large promi- drained conditions on moderately to very strongly nent iron mottles. The mineral soil parent material calcareous loamy (loam to clay loam) glacial till of is typically light gray in color with numerous promi- shale, limestone and granitic origin. The soils occur nent mottles and manganese concretions . A typical in depressional positions of undulating to hummocky profile also contains snail shells on the surface and landscapes in association with Dark Gray Chernozem throughout the profile . (Dezwood) and Gray Luvisolic (Pembina) soils . A variable depth of inwash material is usually present Perillo soils occur in association with sloughs, in the surface due to erosion from the upper slopes, lakes and areas of restricted drainage. They are particularly in cultivated areas. Runoff is negligible similar to Tadpole peaty phase soils but differ from except when drainage has been improved; them in having an organic surface horizon greater permeability is moderately slow. These soils are than 40 cm thick overlying the mineral soil saturated for most of the spring and early summer. substrate . Perillo soils were previously mapped as Vegetation consists of sedges and rings of willows . shallow peat and muck inclusions of many soil Many areas have been cleared and cultivated at one associations or organic deposits in the reconnaissance time, but now are used for hay or pasture. soil survey of the South-Central (1943). The Pouchal soil has a Dark Gray Ah (Ap) Prodan Series (PDA) horizon 10 to 15 cm thick, a gray to light gray loam Aeg horizon 5 to 8 cm thick, a clay Btg 25 to 35 cm The Prodan series is a Gleyed Rego Black, thick, and a thin transitional BC to the parent till carbonated soil developed on imperfectly drained, material. strongly to very strongly calcareous, fine loamy

32 Pouchal soils occur in close association with accumulation can occur to inhibit or retard the Dezwood, Zaplin and Horose soils. They were growth of normal hydrophytic vegetation. previously mapped as the poorly drained degraded meadow soil of the Pembina Association in the The Tadpole soil profile has a moderately South-Central (1943) soil report. decomposed organic layer, 2 to 6 cm thick; a very dark gray Ah horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick; a dark Ramada Series1RA11_~ gray ACk horizon, 4 to 6 cm thick; a Ccag, horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick, and an olive to olive gray Ckg The Ra,mada series consists of well to horizon with distinct yellowish brown mottles. In moderately well drained Orthic Black soil developed areas affected by salts, white pseudomycelia of on strongly to very strongly calcareous, deep, uni- gypsum are common in the surface horizons. form, fine loamy (CL,SiCL,SCL), lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in middle and upper Tadpole soils are finer textured and less positions of very gentle slopes on undulating land- permeable than the very similar and increasingly scapes and have moderate to moderately slow more coarse textured Vordas, Poolex and sandy permeability, moderately rapid surface runoff, and Mockry and Sewell soils. The similar Carvey soils a low water table during the growing season . Rama- have coarser textured sandy to gravelly subsurface da soils are occasionally slightly eroded and are layers that are much more rapidly permeable than nonstony and nonsaline. They have a medium the Tadpole soils . Tadpole soils are similar to the available water holding capacity, medium organic Guerra soils except they do not have a till substrate matter content, and high natural fertility. Native as does Guerra. They were mapped as tl7e poorly vegetation includes prairie grasses, aspen, oak and drained meadow associate of the Carroll Association shrubs. The majority of these soils are currently in the South-Central (1943) soil report. cultivated for grain crop production. Tellier Series (TLD In a representative profile of Ra.mada soil the solum is approximately 30 cm thick . The profile is The Tellier series consists of imperfectly characterized by a very dark gray Ap horizon, 10 to drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on a 20 cm thick, a dark grayish brown to brown Bin mantle (25 to 100 cm) of moderately to strongly horizon, 8 to 12 cm thick, a BC horizon, 6 to 10 cm calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), thick with weak calcareousness and a pale brown to lacustrine deposits over moderately to strongly light yellowish brown Ck horizon. calcareous, deep, uniform fine loamy (CL, L, SICL) mixed till deposits . These soils occur in lower slope Ramada soils occur in close association with positions of very gentle slopes on undulating Carroll, Charman and Prodan soils . They are landscapes and have moderate penneability, similar to Charman soils by having a well developed moderate surface runoff and a medium water table profile in fine loamy sediments but differ from them during the growing season. Tellier soils have in having a prominent Bin horizon as opposed to a medium available water holding capacity, medium Bmgj horizon in the imperfectly drained Charman organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. soils. Ramada soils were previously mapped as Native vegetation often includes tall prairie and Blackearth associates of the Carroll and Holland meadow grasses. The majority of these soils are Associations in the South-Central (1943) soil report. currently used for grain crop production .

Tadpole Series (MP) In a representative profile of the Tellier soil the solum is approximately 45 cm thick . The profile is The Tadpole series is a Rego Humic Gleysol, characterized by dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to developed on poorly drained, strongly to very 20 cm thick, a very dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, strongly calcareous, fine loamy (CL, SiCL), 20 to 30 cm thick with a few fine faint iron mottles, lacustrine sediments. These soils occur in level to a grayish brown, carbonated, transitional IIBC depressional positions ofgently sloping to undulating horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick and a dark yellowish topography in association with Carroll, Firdale, brown IICk horizon with common, distinct., fine iron Charman and Danlin soils. Surface runoff is very mottles. slow and permeability is restricted. Free water occurs at or near the surface for a considerable part Tellier soils occur in close association with of the year. In areas where seepage water contains Altamont and Narish soils . Tellier soils were appreciable soluble salt, a sufficient salt previously mapped as minor imperfectly drained

33 associates of the Altamont association in the water table during the growing season. Vandal soils reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central have low available water holding capacity, medium Manitoba (1943). organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses, Ullrich S~ries (UL1ED aspen, poplar and scrub oak. The majority of these soils are currently used for mixed farming, but The Ullrich series consists of imperfectly where gravel deposits are sufficiently deep they have drained Gleyed Black soil developed on a mantle (25 been mined as a source for gravel. to 100cm) of moderately to a strongly calcareous, uniform, fine loamy (L,CL,SiCL), lacustrine In a representative profile of Vandal soil the deposits over moderately to . strongly calcareous, solum is approximately 45 cm thick. The profile is deep, uniform, fine loamy (L,CL), mixed till characterized by a very dark grayish brown Ap or deposits. These soils occur in middle to lower slope Ah horizon, 10 to 18 cm thick, a grayish brown Bt positions of very gentle slopes on undulating or Btj horizon, 20 to 35 cm thick, a yellowish landscapes and have moderate permeability, brown IICca horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick with moderately slow surface runoff and a medium water numerous coarse fragments and a brown to light table during the growing season. Ullrich soils have brown IICk horizon with mixed shale, limestone and medium available water holding capacity, medium granite gravel. The parent material is typically organic matter content, and medium natural fertility. stratified with very gravelly and coarse sand layers Native vegetation often includes tall prairie grasses (8 to 10 cm). A typical profile also contains thin interspersed by aspen-oak groves . The majority of (< 2 cm) lenses of silt loam to very fine sandy loam these soils are currently used for grain crop at depth. production. Vandal soils occur in close association with In a representative profile of Ullrich soil the Croyon and Capell soils . They are similar to solum is approximately 35 cm thick. The profile is Altamont soils by having an Orthic Dark Gray characterized by black to very dark gray Ap or Ah profile developed mostly in loamy deposits but differ horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick, a very dark brown Bin from them in having a sandy and gravelly substrate horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick with fine, faint iron rather than a fine loamy glacial till substrate . mottles, a transitional dark brown IIBC horizon, 5 to Vandal soils were previously mapped as a minor 10 cm thick and a grayish brown IICk horizon with associate of the Leary Association in the common distinct, iron mottles. reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central Manitoba (1943). Ullrich soils occur in close association with Knudson, Joyale and Guerra soils. They are similar Watrine Series (WTIl to Nikkei soils by having an imperfectly drained Gleyed Black profile and a fine loamy till substrate . The Watrine series is characterized by a Humic However, they differ from Nikkei soils in having a Luvic Gleysol solum, poor soil drainage and a thin loamy textured lacustrine mantle overlying glacial veneer (up to 90 cm) moderately to strongly till. Ullrich soils were previously mapped as calcareous fine loamy (L-CL) lacustrine or fluvial imperfectly drained associates of the Altamont lacustrinesediments overlying moderately to strongly association in the reconnaissance soil survey of calcareous glacial till of shale, limestone and granitic South-Central Manitoba (1943). origin. The soils occur in depressional positions of undulating landscapes in association with the Dark Vandal Series "Ll Gray and Luvisolic, Altamont and Kingsley soils . Some inwash material is usually present at the The Vandal series consists of well drained surface due to erosion from upper slopes, Orthic Dark Gray soil developed on a thin mantle particularly in cultivated areas . Runoff is negligible (30 to 100cm) of moderately to strongly calcareous, except when the surface drainage has been stratified, loamy (SiL, L, CL), lacustrine deposits improved. Permeability is moderately slow. over moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, stratified, sandy skeletal (GrS, LGrS) glaciofluvial The solum has a dark gray loam Ah or Ahe deposits. These soils occur in middle and upper horizon 8 to 12 cm thick, a gray to light gray loam positions of very gentle to moderate slopes on Aeg horizon 5 to 8 cm thick, a clay loam to clay Btg hummocky landscapes and have moderate over rapid horizon 25 to 35 cm thick, and a variable permeability, moderate surface runoff and a low transitional BC horizon commonly extending to the

34 till contact within a meter. The inwash material slow . Permeability is moderate; water table is above the Ah is variable, but commonly less then 15 between 1 to 2 m during the growing season. Zaplin cm . soils are noneroded, slightly stony and nonsaline. They have a medium available water holding The Watrine soils were previously mapped as capacity, medium organic matter content, and the poorly drained, degraded-meadow associate of medium natural fertility. Native vegetation often the Altamont Association in the South-Central (1943) includes tall prairie grasses and aspen-oak groves. soil report. The majority of these soils are currently used for grain crop production. Zinman Series (ZIMI The solum is approximately 45 cm thick with The Zinman series is characterized by a Gleyed a dark gray Ap or Ah horizon, 10 to 20 cm thick; a Solonetzic Dark Gray solum, imperfect soil very dark brown Bt or Btj horizon, 20 to 30 cm drainage, and a thin veneer of moderately to strongly thick with a few, fine, faint mottles; and a grayish calcareous fine loamy to clayey lacustrine sediments brown transitional BC horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick. over water modified glacial till deposits. They occur The Ck horizon is dark With many fine, distinct within the Manitou Plain at elevations approximately mottles. 457 to 465 m a.s.l . and are associated with localized areas of salinity and seepage; they occupy Zaplin soils occur in close association with the intermediate to lower slope positions of near Dezwood and Horose soils . Zaplin soils were level to gently sloping, undulating topography; previously mapped as imperfectly drained minor surface runoff is slow. Permeability. is slow to very associates of the Pembina association in the slow, particularly in the B horizon: Gypsum and reconnaissance soil survey of South-Central other soluble salts (magnesium and sodium sulfates) Manitoba (1943) . are usually present below the solum.

The solum has a dark gray Ah or Ap horizon 10 to 15 cm thick; a gray Ahe or Ae horizon 5 to 10 cm thick; a black to very dark gray columnar Bnl horizon 10 to 18 cm; an amorphous very dark gray Bn2 horizon that is quite compact and breaks into subangular blocky peds. Some salts and gypsum are usually present in the lower part of the B horizon and in the transitional BC horizon . The depth of lacustrine veneer or water modification (inwash) varies from less than 30 cm to greater than 75 cm; the underlying till is dominantly clay loam in texture, but can vary in composition in terms of shale, granitic and limestone fragments .

The Zinman soils occur in close association with Altamont, Joyale and Guerra soils . The Zinman soils were previously mapped as imperfectly drained alkalinized (Solonetz) members of the Altamont and Snowflake Associations in the South-Central (1943) report.

Zaplin Series (ZPI)

The Zaplin series consists of imperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Gray soil developed on moderately to strongly calcareous, deep, uniform, fine loamy (L, CL, SICL), till deposits of mixed limestone, granite and shale origin. These soils occur in lower slope positions of gentle slopes on hummocky landscapes; surface runoff is moderately

35 PART 4

4 USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS

4.1 INTRODUCTION agriculture. The first three classes are considered capable of sustained production of common field This section provides predictions of per- crops, the fourth is marginal for sustained arable formance or soil suitability ratings for various uses agriculture, the fifth is suitable only for improved of soils based on field observations of soil and permanent pasture, the sixth is capable of use only landscape characteristics, laboratory data and on for native pasture while the seventh class is for soils observations of soil behaviour under specified condi- and land types considered incapable of use for arable tions of land use and management . Suitability agriculture or permanent pasture. ratings or interpretations are intended only to serve as guides for planners and managers. Caution, with Soil Capability subclasses are divisions within an understanding of the limitations of the soil map classes which group soils with similar kinds of must be exercised when applying suitability ratings limitations and hazards for agricultural use. The to soil map units . The value of any rating or various kinds of limitations recognized at the sub- interpretation depends upon the nature and composi- class level are defined in Table . tion of individual map unit delineation which in turn depends on the scale of mapping and intensity of A summary of the soils in the study area show- ground truthing employed in the survey. ing their major characteristics and their interpretive classification for dryland agriculture is presented in In this section, interpretive soil information is Table 6 . The areal extent in hectares and percent provided for the following land use evaluations : coverage by series and phases for the soils in the R.M. of Pembina is summarized in Table 7. An 1 . Agriculture overall acreage factsheet or summary for the municipality is provided in Table . a) dryland farming capability b) irrigation suitability Irrigation Suitability 2. Engineering Uses Irrigation Suitability of soils is determined by 3. Recreation Uses evaluating the nature of both internal and external soil characteristics (PFRA, 1964). The classification of soils for irrigation suitability consists of two 4.2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE categories: class, and subclass.

Dryland_Agriculture The suitabili , class groups soils having the same relative suitability or degree of limitation or Soil capability classification for dryland hazard for irrigation use. Four classes are utilized agriculture is based on an evaluation of both internal grading from Class l, which is very good to Class and external soil characteristics that influence soil 4, which is poor. suitability and limitations for agricultural use. In this classification, mineral soils are grouped into The four classes are: capability classes, and subclasses and units based on their limitations for dryland farming, risk of damage Class 1 - Very good: These are soils of fine sandy when the soils are used and the way they respond to loam to clay loam texture which are well management (Anon, 1965) . There are seven capa- suited for irrigation use. The soils have bility classes, each of which groups soils together good water retention capacity, good that have the same relative degree of limitation or permeability, low salt content, good hazard for agricultural use. The limitation becomes drainage and low general gradient of land progressively greater from Class 1 to Class 7 . The surface. class indicates the general suitability of the soils for

36 Class 2 - Good: These are soils of loamy fine sand The classification criteria for irrigation suitabil- to light clay texture which are moderately ity are summarized in Table 1.4, Appendix B. The well suited for irrigation use. Slight soils of the study area are evaluated for irrigation limitation to use results from soil factors suitability in Table . such as water holding capacity, permeability, depth of material, salt content, topographic factors such as slope 4.3 CAPABILITY AND MANAGEMENT and pattern or drainage restrictions arising from surface drainage and depth The soils in the rural municipality of Pembina to water table. offer a wide range in agricultural capability. Class 1 soils comprise approximately 12 percent of the Class 3 - Fair: These are coarse or fine textured study. These are dominantly well drained, loam to soils which are fair to marginally suitable clay loam soils developed on deep lacustrine because ofsome unfavourable characteris- sediments or overlays on till . The class 1 soils have tics that limit production and cause no significant limitations for crop production. The management problems under irrigation lass 2 soils which represent 52 percent of the area use. Soil, topographic or drainage are largely the imperfectly drained soils with a factors are more restrictive than in Class wetness limitation. Soils having a very gently 2. sloping landscape or moderate stoniness are included. Class 2X is made up of soils having a Class 4 - Poor: These are soils that are considered moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect poor to unsuitable for irrigation use of two or more adverse characteristics which singly because of severe drainage problems, are not serious enough to affect the cla:;s rating. impermeable geologic material, salinity, Class 3 soils cover 14 percent of the study and are very low water holding capacity, very characterized by the imperfectly drained solonetzic rapid permeability, topography or a soil types and other weakly saline soils . Areas of combination of these problems. well drained, droughty soils are in this class as 3M. Class 4 soils account for 1 percent of the municipality . Included in this group are the The suitability subclass identifies soils with moderately saline soils, moderately sloping areas and similar kinds of limitations and hazards related to soils with exceedingly stony phases. Class 5 soils both internal and external soil characteristics . The are spread out over 6 percent of the area and include internal characteristics include both permanent and largely the poorly drained gleysols, excessively non-permanent properties ; the permanent properties stony land and strong slopes . The well drained, are those that will not change over time whereas the droughty, gravelly soils are also in this cla:;s . Class non-permanent properties may be altered with time 6_ land accounts for 16 percent of soils . The major by specific management. The properties which unit in this class is the Eroded Slopes Complex affect irrigation suitability of soil are listed as which includes very rough topography with steep follows: slopes along deep ravines and river channels . Some very poorly drained pothole soils are also placed in 1 . Internal Characteristics this class.

a) Permanent - Texture, uniformity and depth of geologic deposit, hydraulic 4.4 GENERALIZED SOIL GROUPS conductivity and water storage capacity Approximately 90~'0 of the project area is made b) Non-permanent - Structure, drainage, up of four basic soil groups i re ). The proper fertility, reaction, salinity, exchangeable maintenance and management: of these soils is of sodium utmost importance for sustained agricultural production. The Darlingford-Dezwood Group of 2 . External Characteristics good to excellent soils is well suited to any type of farming practise. Slight to moderate stoniness may a) Topography, erosion, stoniness, veg- cause some interference to cultivation and require etative cover some clearing . Local areas of moderate to strong slopes subject the soil to wind and water erosion, thus requiring careful management such as crop

37 residue cover, grassed waterways, reduced tillage, etc. Shallow soils on knolls or hillocks should be sown down to cover crops.

The Manitou-Ffere Grouu of soils includes very good arable land which is adaptable to a wide range of crops . However, when the weathered shale till on which these soils are developed becomes dry, the soil slacks to a powdery dust which is very susceptible to wind erosion. Dust clouds which are carried high in the air are characteristic of the Manitou soil area during dry, windy days. Soil management protective measures such as residue cover, reduced tillage and shelterbelts must be adopted in order to prevent further erosion. Areas of shallow soils over shale bedrock, particularly on the knolls, have a tendency to be droughty.

Some of the best agricultural soils in the study area belong to the Knudson-Altamont Grouo. These loam to clay loam lacustrine overlays are found on level to very gently undulating landscapes . Soil drifting can occur where cover is removed and the surface is exposed . Good soil conservation and management practices should be employed in order to maintain a productive land base.

A rather unique area which requires quite a different perspective on land use and management is the Eroded Slopes Complex. This group includes the steep slopes of ravines and river channels, particularly the Pembina River. Generally the land is non arable due to the steep, erosional slopes . The area is best maintained under tree cover and used for limited grazing. Recreational potential is excellent, e.g. skiing at La Riviere, in accordance with the beauty and contrast of the valley. The rugged wooded slopes provide excellent refuge for wildlife habitat. Vegetative cover must be maintained and , encouraged for the conservation of soil, water and wildlife. Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes

Class 1 tices. These soils are low to medium in productivity for a narrow range of crops but may have higher Soils in this class have no important limitations productivity for a specially adapted cro:p. The for crop use. The soils have level or gently sloping limitations include the adverse effects of one or more topography ; they are deep, well to imperfectly of the following : climate, accumulative undesirable drained and have moderate water holding capacity. soil characteristics, low fertility, deficiencies in the The soils are naturally well supplied with plant storage capacity or release of soil moisture to plants, nutrients, easily maintained in good tilth and fertil- structure or permeability, salinity, erosion, topogra- ity; soils are moderately high to high in productivity phy, overflow, wetness, stoniness, and depth of soil for a wide range of cereal and special crops. to consolidated bedrock.

Class 2 lass

Soils in this class have moderate limitations Soils in this class have very severe limitations that reduce the choice of crops or require moderate that restrict their capability to producing perennial conservation practices . The soils have good water forage crops, and improvement practices are feas- holding capacity and are either naturally well sup- ible. These soils have such serious soil, climatic or plied with plant nutrients or are highly responsive to other limitations.that they are not capable of use for inputs of fertilizer. They are moderate to high in sustained production of annual field crops. However, productivity for a fairly wide range of crops. The they may be improved by the use of farm machinery limitations are not severe and good soil management for the production of native or tame species of and cropping practices can be applied without perennial forage plants. Feasible improvement serious difficulty . practices include clearing of bush, cultivation, seeding, fertilizing and water control. Class 3 Some soils in Class 5 can be used for cultivated Soils in this class have moderate limitations field crops provided unusually intensive management that restrict the range of crops or require moderate is used. Some of these soils are also adapted to conservation practices . The limitations in Class 3 special crops requiring soil conditions unlike those are more severe than those in Class 2 and conserva- needed by the common crops. tion practices are more difficult to apply and main- tain . The limitations affect the timing and ease of Class 6 tillage, planting and harvesting, the choice of crops and maintenance of conservation practices . The Soils in this class are capable only of producing limitations include one or more of the following : perennial forage crops and improvement practices moderate climatic limitation, erosion, structure or are not feasible. Class 6 soils have some natural permeability, low fertility, topography, overflow, sustained grazing capacity for farm animals, but wetness, low water holding capacity or slowness in have such serious soil, climatic or other limitations release of water to plants, stoniness and depth of soil as to make impractical the application of improve- to consolidated bedrock . Under good management, ment practices that can be carried out on Class 5 these soils are fair to moderately high in productivity soils . Soils may be placed in this class because their for a fairly wide range of field crops. physical nature prevents the use of farm machinery, or because the soils are not responsive to improve- Class 4 ment practices, or because stock watering facilities are inadequate. Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the choice of crops or require special conser- Class 7 vation practices or both . These soils have such limitations that they are only suited for a few crops, Soils in this class have no capability fbr arable or the yield for a range of crops may be low, or the culture or permanent pasture because of extremely risk of crop failure is high . The limitations may severe limitations. Bodies of water too small to seriously affect such farm practices as the timing and delineate on the map are included in this class . ease of tillage, planting and harvesting, and the These soils may or may not have a high capability application and maintenance of conservation prac- for forestry, wildlife and recreation .

39 TABLE 5

Table 5 . Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations

Adverse climate: This subclass denotes a adversely affected by droughtiness owing significant adverse climate for crop pro- to inherent soil characteristics. They are duction as compared to the "median" usually soils with low water-holding climate which is defined as one with capacity. sufficiently high growing season temperatures to bring field crops to N- Salinity: Designates soils which are maturity, and with sufficient precipitation adversely affected by the presence of to permit crops to be grown each year on soluble salts. the same land without a serious risk of partial or total crop failures. P- Stoniness: This subclass is made up of soils sufficiently stony to significantly Undesirable soil structure and/or low hinder tillage, planting, and harvesting permeability: This subclass is used for operations. Stony soils are usually less soils difficult to till, or which absorb productive than comparable non-stony water very slowly or in which the depth soils. of rooting zone is restricted by conditions other than a high water table or R- Consolidated bedrock: This subclass consolidated bedrock. includes soils where the presence of bedrock near the surface restricts their Erosion: Subclass E includes soils where agricultural use. Consolidated bedrock at damage from erosion is a limitation to depths greater than 1 meter from the sur- agricultural use. Damage is assessed on face is not considered as a limitation, the loss of productivity and on the diffi- except on irrigated lands where a greater culties in farming land with gullies . depth of soil is desirable.

Low fertility: This subclass is made up of T- Topography: This subclass is made up of soils having low fertility that either is soils where topography is a limitation. correctable with careful management in Both the percent of slope and the pattern the use of fertilizers and soil amendments or frequency of slopes in different direc- or is difficult to correct in a feasible way . tions are important factors in increasing The limitation may be due to lack of the cost of farming over that of smooth available plant nutrients, high acidity or land, in decreasing the uniformity of alkalinity, low exchange capacity, high growth and maturity of crops, and in levels of carbonates or presence of toxic increasing the hazard of water erosion. compounds. W Excess water: Subclass W is made up of Inundation by streams or lakes : This sub- soils where excess water other than that class includes soils subjected to brought about by inundation is a inundation causing crop damage or limitation to their use for agriculture. restricting agricultural use. Excess water may result f r o m inadequate soil drainage, a high water Coarse wood fragments : In the rating of table, seepage or runoff from surrounding organic soils, woody inclusions in the areas . form of trunks, stumps and branches (> 10 cm diameter) in sufficient quantity X- Cumulative minor adverse characteristics: to significantly hinder tillage, planting This subclass is made up of soils having and harvesting operations. a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect of two or more adverse Moisture limitation: This subclass characteristics which singly are not consists of soils where crops are serious enough to affect the class rating. Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area

Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability

ATN Altamont l 3S FFR /ldxx Fifere 3T 3TS ATN /xbxx Altamont 1 3S FFR /xd4x Fifere 4P 4S ATN /xcxx Altamont 2T 3S FIR Firdale 1 1 BKR Basker 6WI 41) FIR /xcxx Firdale 2T 2T BKRp Basker 61 4D FIR /xdxx Findale 3T 3T BKR /xcxx Basker 51 4D FIR /xexx Firdale 4T 4T CXF Carroll 1 I FIR /lexx Firdale 4T 4T CXF /xdxx Carroll 3T 3T FND Fairland 1 I CXT Capell 2W 2SD FND /xcxx Fairland 2T 2T CXV Citarman 2W 2D FRS Ferris 2W 3D CYN Croyon 3M 2S FRS /xbxx Ferris 2W 31) CYN I Croyon 3M 2S FRS /xxxs Ferris 3N 3DS CYN1 /xcxx Croyon 3M 2T FRS /xcls Ferris 3N 3DS CYN1 /lcxx Croyon 3M 2T FRS /xc3x Ferris 3P 3DS CYN1 /xdxx Croyon 3MT 3T FSO Fresno 2W 3D CYN I /2dxx Croyon 3MT 3T FSO /xcxx Fresno 2T 3D CZK Cazlakc 6W 4DS GRR Guerra 5W 4D DGF Darlingford 2X 3S GRRp Guerra 6W 4D DGF /xbxx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xxxs Guerra 5W 4D DGF /xbix Darlingfond 2X 3S GRRp /xxxs Guerra 6W 4D DGF /lbxx Darlingfond 2X 3S GRR /xxxt Guerra 5W 4DS DGF /xxlx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xx2x Guerra 5W 4D DGF /xx2x Darlingfot+d 2P 3S GRR /xx3x Guerra 5W 41) DGF /lxlx Darlingford 2X 3S GRR /xx3t Guerra 5W 4DS DGF /xcxx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB Hebbot 2X 3S DGF /xclx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB /xcxx Hebbot 2T 3S DGF /Iclx Darlingfoni 2T 3S HEB /xclx Hebbot 2T 3S DGF /Icxx Darlingford 2T 3S HEB /Idlx Hebbot 3T 3ST DGF /2cix Darlingford 2T 3S HOS Horosc 6W 4D DGF /xb4x Dariingford 4P 4S JYL Joyale 2W 3D DGF /xdxx Darlingford 3T 3ST JYL /xxxs Joyale 3N 3SD DGF /ldxx Darlingford 3T 3ST JYL /xxxt Joyale 4N 4S DGF /ld2x Darlingford 3T 33T JYL /xbxx Joyale 2W 3D DGF /2dlx Darlingford 3ET 3ST JYL /xbxs Joyale 3N 3SD DOT Dorset SM 4S JYL /xblx Joyale 2W 3D DOTI Dorset 5M 4S JYL /xxlx Joyalc 2W 31) DOTI /xbxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD Knudson 1 3S DOT1 /xcxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xxlx Knudson l 3S DOT I /xc I x Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xbxx Knudson 1 3S DOTI /xdxx Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xcxx Knudson 2T 3S DOT I /xd4x Dorset 5M 4S KUD /xclx Knudson ''T 3S DOTI /xexx Dorset 5M 4ST LEI Levine 31 3D DZW Dezwood 2X 3S LEI /xcxx Levine 31 3D DZW /xxlx Dezwood 2X 3S LRT Larrett I 3S DZW /xbxx Dczwood 2X 3S LRY Leary SM 4S DZW /xcxx Dczwood 2T 3S LRY I Leary SM 4S DZW /xclx Dezwood 2T 3S LRY 1 /xbxx Leary 5M 4S DZW /lcxx Dezwood 2T 3S LRY /lelx Leary 5M 4ST DZW /xdxx Dezwood 3T 3ST MOW Mowbray 21 1 DZW /idxx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW 1 Mowbray 21 l DZW /xdlx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW l /xbxx Mowbray 21 1 DZW /Idlx Dczwood 3T 3TS MOW /xcxx Mowbray 2T 2T DZW /ld2x Dezwood 3T 3TS MOW I /xcxx Mowbray 2T 2T DZW /2d 1x Dezwood 3T 3TS MOW1 /xclx Mowbray 2T 2T DZW /xelx Dezwood 4T 4T MOW /xdxx Mowbray 3T 3T DZW /le2x Dezwood 4T 4T MOW I /xdxx Mowbray 3T 3T ERX Eroded Slope Complex 6T 4T MOW l /xd2x Mowbray 3T 3T FFR Fifere 2X 3S MOW I /xc3x Mowbray 31) 3S FFR /xbxx Fifere 2X 3S MXS Manitou 2X 3S FFR /xcxx Fifere 2T 3S MXS /xxlx Manitou 2X 3S FFR /xdxx Fifere 3T 3TS MXS /xbxx Manitou 2X 3S

41 Table 6. Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation Map Symbol Agricultural Irrigation and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability and Phase Soil Name Capability Class Suitability

MXS /xcxx Manitou 2T 3S PDA Prodan 2W 2D MXS /xclx Manitou 2T 3S PDA /xxxs Prodan 3N 3S MXS /xc5x Manitou 51, 4S PER Perillo 03W 4D MXS /xdxx Manitou 3T 3ST POU Pouchal 6W 4DS MXS /xdlx Manitou 3T 3ST RAM Ramada 1 I MXS /ldxx Manitou 3T 3ST RAM /xcxx Ramada 2T 2T MXS /xexx Manitou 4T 4T RAM /xdxx Ramada 3T 3T MXS /lexx Manitou 4T 4T RAM /2dxx Ramada 3T 3T NKK Nikkel 2W 3D RAM /3dxx Ramada 3T 3T NKK /xxlx Nikkei 2W 3D TDP Tadpole 5W 4D NOW Nowell 2W 3DS TDP /xxxs Tadpole 5W 4D NSH Narish 5W 4D TDPp /xxxs Tadpole 5W 4D NYO Nayler 2X 3S TLI Tellier 2W 3D NYO /xx3x Nayler 3P 3S TLI /xexx Tellier 2T 31) NYO /xx4x Nayler 4P 4S ULH Ullrich 2W 3D NYO /xcxx Nayler 2T 3S ULH /xxxs Ullrich 3N 3D NYO /xexx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xbxx Ullrich 2W 3D NYO /lexx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xcxx Ulirich 2T 3D NYO /lelx Nayler 4T 4T ULH /xclx Which 2T 3D NYO /2exx Nayler 4T 4T VDL Vandal 3M 2S NYO /xfxx Nayler 5T 4T VDL /xc3x Vandal 3M 3S NYO /lflx Nayler 5T 4T WTI Watrine 5W 4D PBl Pembina 2X 3S ZIM Zirtman 3D 4SD PBI /xbxx Pembina 2X 3S ZIM /xxlx Zinman 3D 4SD PBI /xcxx Pembina 2T 3S ZIM /xxxs Zinman 3D 4SD PBl /ldxx Pembina 3T 3ST ZIM /xbxx Zinman 3D 4SD PBI /ldlx Pembina 3T 3ST ZIM /xcxx Zinman 3D 4SD Pill /xelx Pembuna 4T 4T ZP1 Zaplin 2W 3DS PBI /lexx Pembina 4T 4T ZPl /xcxx Zaplin 2W 3DS PBI /lelx Pembina 4T 4T ZZ$ Water 7W 4D PBI /lflx Pembina 5T 4T Table 7A. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M. of Pembina Soil Code Soil Code and Phase Area Percent and Phase Area Percent

$ER xxxx 15461 .4000 13 .6432 FFR xcxx 602.6080 0.5317 $UR xxxx 155.0000 0.1368 FFR xd4x 108 .1200 0.0954 $ZZ xxxx 241.9600 0.2135 FFR xdxx 4.1600 0.0037 ATN xbxx 95.0480 0.0839 FFR xxxx 590.9200 0.5214 ATN xcxx 132.4800 0.1169 FFR 1dxx 27.1560 0.0240 ATN xxxx 1057.3280 0.9330 FIR xcxx 286.9200 0.2532 BKR xcxx 1657.7600 1 .4628 FIR xdxx 93 .8800 0.0828 BKR xxxx 469.3640 0.4142 FIR xexx 103 .1600 0.0910 BKRp xxxx 82.6800 0.0730 FIR xxxx 82 .0000 0.0724 CXF xdxx 19.0000 0.0168 FIR lexx 17.4440 0.0154 CXT xxxx 60.7320 0.0536 FND xcxx 26.0400 0.0230 CXV xxxx 49 .9200 0.0440 FND xxxx 126.6400 0.1117 CYN1 xcxx 45 .7200 0.0403 FRS xbxx 117.1480 0.1034 CYN1 xdxx 17.6400 0.0156 FRS xc3x 40.2400 0.0355 CYN1 xxxx 36.0800 0.0318 FRS xxxx 627 .2560 0.5535 CYN1 lcxx 9.4800 0.0084 FRS xcls 25 .2480 0.0223 CYN1 2dxx 16.4160 0.0145 FRS xxxs 96 .2280 0.0849 CZK xxxx 201 .7120 0.1780 FSO xcxx 26.5920 0.0235 DGF xblx 952.9480 0.8409 FSO xxxx 10.7600 0.0095 DGF xb4x 21 .2000 0.0187 GRR xx2x 11. .4800 0.0101 DGF xbxx 5135 .2080 4.5313 GRR xx3x 39 .8800 0.0352 DGF xclx 1724.4160 1 .5216 GRR xxxx 3269 .0880 2.8847 DGF xcxx 6214 .3880 5.4836 GRRp xxxx 1041. .9600 0.9194 DGF xdxx 480 .7880 0.4242 GRRp xxxs 181. .4000 0.1601 DGF xxlx 12.9960 0.0115 GRR xxxs 1582.0160 1.3960 DGF xx2x 47.4400 0.0419 GRR xx3t 15 .9600 0.0141 DGF xxxx 1652.0280 1 .4578 GRR xxxt 261. .4800 0.2307 DGF lbxx 121 .1280 0.1069 HEB xclx 3 .5200 0.0031 DGF lclx 92.2920 0.0814 HEB xcxx 22 .6000 0.0199 DGF lcxx 200.0880 0.1766 HEB xxxx 9.4160 0.0083 DGF ld2x 19.8800 0.0175 HEB ldlx 8.7360 0.0077 DGF ldxx 31 .6440 0.0279 HOS xxxx 73 .7000 0.0650 DGF lxlx 30.5280 0.0269 1YL xblx 51 .6000 0.0455 DGF 2clx 6.2000 0.0055 JYL xbxx 861 .0440 0.7598 DGF 2dlx 8.7200 0.0077 JYL xxlx 88 .5600 0.0781 DOT xxxx 23.9600 0.0211 JYL xxxx 3223 .3440 2 .8443 DOT1 xbxx 7.6000 0.0067 JYL xbxs 150.8000 0.1331 DOT1 xclx 31 .8600 0.0281 JYL xxxs 4229.2920 3 .7319 DOT1 xcxx 245.4400 0.2166 JYL xxxt 354.8800 0.3131 DOT1 xd4x 20.8800 0 .0184 KUD xbxx 3483 .8880 3 .0742 DOT1 xdxx 142.1200 0.1254 KUD xclx 54 .1920 0.0478 DOT1 xexx 114.7200 0.1012 KUD xcxx 1309 .0480 1 .1551 DOT1 xxxx 18.8000 0.0166 KUD xxlx 49 .5440 0.0437 DZW xbxx 447.3280 0.3947 KUD xxxx 6959 .6440 6.1412 DZW xclx 486.4160 0.4292 LEI xcxx 1780 .6400 1 .5712 DZW xcxx 5948 .6600 5.2491 LEI xxxx 736 .7920 0.6501 DZW xdlx 166.1960 0.1467 LRT xxxx 129.9680 0.1147 DZW xdxx 299.6320 0 .2644 LRY le1x 16.1200 0.0142 DZW xclx 88.9600 0 .0785 LRY1 xbxx 464 .0800 0.4095 DZW xxlx 4.7760 0 .0042 MOW xcxx 304 .4920 0.2687 DZW xxxx 332.7600 0.2936 MOW xdxx 18.1600 0.0160 DZW Icxx 106.5680 0.0940 MOW xxxx 345.8880 0.3052 DZW 1dlx 261.7000 0.2309 MOW1 xbxx 128.5200 0.1134 DZW ld2x 41.5200 0.0366 MOW1 xc1z 173.6000 0.1532 DZW ldxx 3.3200 0.0029 MOWI xc3x 243.3600 0.2147 DZW le2x 28.4040 0.0251 MOWl xcxx 2218 .7400 1 .9578 DZW 2dlx 127 .0480 0.1121 MOWI xd2x 34.2800 0.0302 FFR xbxx 168 .8800 0.1490 MOWI xdxx 259 .6800 0.2291

43 Table 7A. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series and Phases in the R.M.,of,Pembina (Cont'd) Soil Code Soil Code and Phase Area Percent and Phase Area Percent

MOW1 xxxx 698.3000 0.6162 PBI 1elx 44.6080 0.0394 MXS xbxx 3148.9560 2.7786 PBI lexx 1.0080 0.0009 MXS xc1x 238.3200 0.2103 PBI lf1x 40.2240 0.0355 MXS xc5x 153.7600 0.1357 PDA xxxx 709 .8480 0.6264 MXS xcxx 7406.5120 6.5355 PDA xxxs 216 .7400 0.1913 MXS xdlx 64.1120 0.0566 PER xxxx 254 .2000 0.2243 MXS xdxx 2291.0120 2.0216 POU xxxx 97.3760 0.0859 MXS xexx 47.2400 0.0417 RAM xcxx 294.1200 0.2595 MXS xx1x 48.5200 0.0428 RAM xdxx 23.6800 0.0209 MXS xxxx 3843.8960 3 .3919 RAM xxxx 115.7280 0.1021 MXS ldxx 83.3640 0.0736 RAM 2dxx 59.6800 0.0527 MXS lexx 86.3880 0.0762 RAM 3dxx 18.8000 0.0166 NKK xxlx 10.1200 0.0089 TDP xxxx 50 .2800 0.0444 NKK xxxx 681 .3000 0.6012 TDPp xxxx 291 .9280 0.2576 NOW xxxx 341 .5960 0.3014 TDPp xxxs 65.4000 0.0577 NSH xxxx 3 .2800 0.0029 TDP xxxs 221 .8000 0.1957 N YO xcxx 44.8400 0.0396 TLI xcxx 103 .4640 0.0913 N YO xexx 34.3200 0.0303 TLI xxxx 227 .8720 0.2011 N YO xfxx 44.6800 0.0394 ULH xbxx 255 .4360 0.2254 NYO xx3x 119.9200 0.1058 ULH xclx 2.7600 0.0024 NYO xx4x 130.1600 0.1149 ULH xcxx 80.5800 0.0711 N YO xxxx 91 .2400 0.0805 ULH xxxx 3208.2520 2.8310 N YO 1elx 22.2160 0.0196 ULH xxxs 230 .2280 0.2032 N YO lexx 7.4760 0.0066 VDL xc3x 70.2400 0.0620 N YO 1flx 66.9120 0.0590 WTI xxxx 13.7600 0.0121 N YO 2exx 19.4800 0.0172 ZIM xbxx 137 .6600 0.1215 PBI xbxx 264.3600 0.2333 ZIM xcxx 56.5440 0.0499 PBI xcxx 64.3600 0.0568 ZIM xxlx 154 .2160 0.1361 PBI xelx 62.8000 0.0554 ZIM xxxx 2373 .5880 2.0945 PBI xxxx 51.1600 0.0451 ZIM xxxs 286 .8040 0.2531 PB1 1dlx 2.3520 0.0021 ZPI xcxx 106.5880 0.0941 PBI ldxx 1 .1040 0.0010 ZPI xxxx 456 .3000 0.4026 Table 7B. Areal Extent in Hectares and Percent Coverage by Soil Series in the R.M . of Pembina Soil Code Area Percent Soil Code Area l?ercent

$ER 15461 .4000 13.6432 KUD 11856.31.60 10.4621 $UR 155 .0000 0.1368 LEI 2517.4320 2.2214 aZZ 241 .9600 0.2135 LRT 129.9680 0.1147 ATN 1284.8560 1 .1338 LRY1 480.2000 0.4237 BKR 2209.8040 1 .9499 MOW 4425.0200 3.9047 CXF 19.0000 0.0168 MXS 17412.0800 15.3645 CXT 60.7320 0.0536 NICK 691.4200 0.6101 CXV 49.9200 0.0440 NOW 341.5960 0.3014 CYN 1 125 .3360 0.1106 NSH 3.2800 0.0029 CZK 201 .7120 0.1780 NYO 581.2440 0.5129 DGF 16751 . 8920 14.7819 PBI 531.9760 0.4694 DOT1 605.3800 0.5342 PDA 926.5880 0.8176 DZW 8343 .2880 7.3621 PER 254.2000 0.2243 FFR 1501 . 8440 1 .3252 POU 97.3760 0.0859 FIR 583.4040 0.5148 RAM 512.0080 0.4518 FND 152.6800 0.1347 TDP 629.4080 0.5554 FRS 906.1200 0.7996 TLI 331.3360 0.2924 FSO 37.3520 0.0330 ULH 3777.2560 3 .3331 GRR 6403.2640 5.6503 VDL 70.2400 0.0620 HEB 44.2720 0.0391 WTI 13.7600 0.0121 HOS 73.7000 0.0650 ZIM 3008.8120 2.6550 JYL 8959 .5200 7.9059 ZP1 562.8880 0.4967

Table 8. Acreage Factsheet - Rural Municipality of Pembina

Hectares Acres % of Area

Total Area 113,326.84 279,917.29 1003'0

Agricultural Capability Classes: Class 1 13,210 32,628 11 .6% Class 2 59,137 146,068 52 .24'0 Class 3 15,776 38,967 13 .9% Class 4 908 2,243 .8% Class 5 6,211 15,341 5.5% Class 6 17,792 43,946 15.7g'o Class 7 242 598 .2% Table 8. Acreage Factsheet - Rural Municipality of Pembina (Cont'd) Hectares Acre. % of Area Irrigation Suitability Classes: Class 1 1,999 4,938 2 .04% Class 2 3,947 9,749 4.0396 Class 3 79,119 195,424 , 80.89'0 Class 4 27,752 68,547 13 .029'0

Soil Drainage Classes: Well 68,843.5 170,042 613'0 Imperfect 21,546.5 53,219 193'0 Poor 8,946.6 22,096 89'0

Erosion Classes: Erosion 1 1,371 .66 3,388.00 1 .2% Erosion 2 237.54 586.72 .29'0 Erosion 3 18.80 46.44 .021

Slope Classes: b .5-2R'o 16,012 .83 39,551 .69 14.1% c 2-5% 32,641 .70 80,625 .00 28.8% d 5-9`90 4,754.78 11,744 .31 4.2% e 9-15R'a 694.34 1,715 .02 .6% f 15-303'0 151 .82 375.00 .1%

Stoniness Classes: 1 slightly stony 5,223 .34 12,901 .65 4.6% 2 moderately stony 183.00 452.01 .23'0 3 very stony 529.60 1,308 .11 .5% 4 exceedingly stony 280.36 692.49 .3%

Salinity Classes: s slightly saline 7,285.96 17,996.32 6.49'0 t moderately saline 632.32 1,561 .83 .6% u stongly saline 0% 4.5 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED (V) Very Poor - Soils have one or more fE:atures so ENGINEERING USES unfavorable for the proposed use that the limitation is very difficult and This section provides information which can be expensive to overcome or the soil used by engineers and land use planners concerned would require such extreme alteration with engineering and related geatechnical aspects of that the proposed use is economically soil. It is intended to supplement the information on impractical. the soil map with additional data on engineering properties of soils. Soil Suitability Subclasses

The criteria used to evaluate soil suitability for The basic soil properties that singly or in selected engineering and related recreational uses are combination with others commonly affect soil adopted from guides found in Coen et al (1977), and suitability for selected engineering properties and from guidelines developed by the Soil Conservation recreation uses are provided in Table ,9, These Service, Department of Agriculture subclass designations serve to identify the kind of (USDA, 1971), and the Canada Soil Survey Com- limitation or hazard for a particular use. mittee (CSSC, 1973). Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability Definition of Soil Suitabilitv Classes Guides for assessing soil suitability for ten Evaluation of soil suitability for engineering and engineering related uses are given in Appendix B. recreation uses is based on both internal and external Tables 15 to 24. These tables provide as specifically soil characteristics. Four soil suitability classes are as possible, definitions of the soil properties which used to evaluate both mineral and organic soils and result in the specific suitability or degree of limita- hence, mapping units for selected uses. These tion. In assessing soil suitability for various engin- ratings express relative degrees of suitability or eering uses, the degree of suitability is determined limitation for potential uses of natural or essentially by the most restrictive or severe rating assigned to undisturbed soils . The long term effects of the any one of the listed soil properties . For example, potential use on the behaviour of the soil are con- if the suitability is "Good" for all but one . soil sidered in the rating . property and it is estimated to be "Very Poor", then the overall rating of the soil for that selected use is The four suitability class ratings are defined as "Very Poor" . Suitability of individual soil prop- follows: erties, if estimated to be "Fair" or "Poor", can be accumulative in their effect for a particular use. (G) Good - Soils in their present state have few Judgement is required to determine whether the or minor limitations that would affect severity of the combined effects of several soil the proposed use . The limitations properties on suitability for a particular use will would easily be overcome with mini- result in downgrading an evaluation. This is left to mal cost. the discretion of the interpreter . It is incorrect to assume that each of the major soil properties influ- (F) Fair - Soils in their present state have one encing a particular use has an equal effect. Class or more moderate limitations that limits established for rating the suitability of individ- would affect the proposed use . ual soil properties take this into account. For a These moderate limitations would be selected use, therefore, only those soil properties overcome with special construction, which most severely limit that. use are specified. design, planning or maintenance. Engineering descriptions of the soils and their (P) Poor - Soils in their present state have one estimated properties significant to engineering are or more severe limitations that would provided in Table I . These data, in addition to severely affect the proposed use. To information contained in other sections of 1he report overcome these severe limitations have been used to rate the soils according to their would require the removal of the suitability for ten selected engineering uses in Table limitation or difficult and costly alter- 11 . When using these interpretations, consideration ation of the soil or of special design must be given to the following assumptions: or intensive maintenance. 1 . Interpretations are based on predictions of soil

47 behavior under defined conditions of use and and dry out slowly after heavy rains present prob- management as specified in the preamble to lems where intensive use is contemplated. It is each of Tables 15 through 28 (Appendix B) . difficult to maintain grass cover for playing fields and golf courses on droughty soils . The feasibility 2 . Soil ratings do not include site factors such as of many kinds of outdoor activities are determined nearness to towns and highways, water supply, by other basic soil properties such as depth to aesthetic values, etc. bedrock, stoniness, topography or land pattern, and the ability of the soil to support vegetation of differ- 3 . Soil ratings are based on natural, undisturbed ent kinds as related to its natural fertility. soil . The suitability of the various soil series and 4. Soil suitability ratings are usually given for the phases for selected recreation uses is shown in Table entire soil, but for some uses, they may be 12, according to four classes, Good, Fair, Poor and based on the limitations of an individual soil Very poor defined previously in the section on horizon or other earthy layer, because of its Engineering Uses . Subclasses are employed to overriding importance. Ratings rarely apply to identify the kind of limitation or hazard for a par- soil depths greater than 1 to 2 meters, but in ticular use. An explanation of subclass symbols is some kinds of soils, reasonable estimates can be provided in Table 9 . given for soil material at greater depths . It should be noted here that the term "soil" has The guidelines for various recreation uses are been used throughout the report in the presented in Appendix B, Tables 25 to 28 and 18. pedologic sense and differs in concept from that commonly used by engineers . Table 9 . Codes utilized to identify 5. Poor and very poor soil ratings do not imply limitations in evaluating soil that a site cannot be changed to remove, correct suitability for selected or modify the soil limitations. The use of soils Engineering and Recre- rated as poor depends on the nature of the ational Uses (Table 11 and limitations, whether or not the soil limitation 12) can be altered successfully and economically, and on the scarcity of good sites. a subgrade properties b thickness of topsoil 6. Interpretations of map units do not eliminate the c coarse fragments on surface need for on-site evaluation by qualified pro- d depth to bedrock fessionals. Due to the variable nature of soils, e erosion or erodibility and the scale of mapping, small, unmappable f susceptibility to frost hazard inclusions of soils with different properties may g contamination hazard of groundwater be present in an area where a development is h depth to seasonal water table planned . The need for or importance of on-site i flooding or inundation studies depends on the use to be made of the j thickness of slowly permeable soil and the kinds of soil and soil problems material involved. k permeability or hydraulic conductivity 1 shrink-swell properties 4.6 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED m moisture limitations or deficit RECREATION USES n salinity or sulphate hazard 0 organic matter This section provides interpretations of the soil p stoniness suitability for recreational development . All types of q depth to sand or gravel soil can be used for recreational activities of some r rockiness kind . s surface texture t topographic slope class Soils and their properties determine to a large u moist consistence degree, the type and location of recreational facil- w wetness or soil drainage class ities . Wet soils are not suitable for campsites, z permafrost roads, playgrounds or picnic areas. Soils that pond

48 Table 10 . Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses

Map Soil Textural Classification 4'o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (pH) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No. 40 No . 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm tivity tivity tial Table (m) (cm/hr) (ms/cm)

ATN Altamont 30-80 CL-C CL to CH A-6,A-7 85-95 75-85 60-75 .5-2 .0 7 .0-7 .6 <0.5 low mod. >2 80-100+ L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-75 40-60 < . 15 7.8-8 .2 < 1 low mod.

BKR Basker 20-60 FSL-SiL ML to CL A-4,A-7-6 100 100 65-100 - 7.8-8 .2 - low mod. at or strat. near 60-100 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4,A-7-6 100 100 75-100 - 7.8-8 .2 - low mod. surface strat.

CXF Carroll 0-20 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 0.5-2 .0 7.3-7 .8 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod . 20-75 SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 85-95 1 .5-5 .0 7.4-7 .8 <0.2 low mod . >2 75-100 L-SiCL CL Afi,A-7-6 100 100 80-90 0.5-2 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.3 low mod.

CXT Capell 0-20 SCL-L CL - 95-100 85-95 40-55 1 .5-5 .0 7.6-8 .0 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. 0.8 20-40 SCL-L SC or CL A-6,A-4 95-100 85-95 30-50 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. 40-70 Gr-SL SM A-1,A-2 - <50 15-30 15-50 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . low 70-100 GrS SP or GP A-1 - <45 < 5 >50 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . low

CXV Charman 0-20 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 < 1 .5 7.4-7 .8 <0.5 low mod. 20-80 SiCL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 < 1 .5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. 1 .2 80-100 SiL-SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 90-100 0.1-5 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.5 low mod.

CYN Croyon 0-25 SCL-L CL - 100 85-95 60-80 1 .5-5 7.2-7 .8 <0.5 low mod. >2 20-50 L-CL CL A-6 90-100 60-95 35-75 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. 50-100 CS-GrS SP A-1 - 20 < 5 >50 7.8-8 .2 < 0.5 low low

CYN-1 Croyon-1 25-50 L-CL CL Afi 90-100 60-95 35-75 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. >2 50-100+ CS-GrS shale SP A-1 - <20 < 5 > 25 7.8-8 .2 < 0.5 low low fragments

CZK Cazlake 30-80 L-CL ML to CL A-4,A-6 90-100 85-95 70-90 .15-5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 mod. mod. at 80-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 75-95 40-60 .15-5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 mod. mod. surface

DGF Darling- 25-70 SiCL-L ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-90 75-95 60-85 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. >2 ford 70-100+ CL-L CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 .15- .5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod.

DOT Dorset 2U-50 GrLS-Grs GP-St' A-1 35-60 - <5 >10 7 .4-7 .8 - low low >2 50-100 S-Gr GP-SP A-1 35-60 - < 5 >10 7.8-8 .2 - low low Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 4'o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (pH) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No . 40 No . 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm tivity tivity tial Table (m) (cm/hr) (MS/cm)

DZW Dezwood 25-70 SiCL-L ML to CL A-4,A-6 85-90 75-95 60-85 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. >2 70-100+ CL-L CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 < .15-.5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod. mod.

ERX Eroded 30-120 L-CL CL A-6 80-90 70-90 - .05-.5 7.8-8 .2 low low mod. possible Slopes seepage Complex lower slope

FND Fairland 0-25 VFSL-SiL ML A-4,A-6 100 100 90-100 1 .5-5 .0 7.0-7 .4 <0.2 low mod. 25-60 SiL-L ML A-4,A-6 100 100 90-100 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.2 low mod. >2 60-100 SiL ML A-4 100 100 95-100 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.3 low mod.

FIR Firdale 0-40 CL CL A-7fi 100 100 90-100 0.5-2.0 6.6-7 .3 < 1.6 low mod. 40-60 sic CL,MH A-6,A-7-6 100 100 95-100 0.2 6.6-7 .3 <0.2 low mod. >2 60-110 SiCL CL A-6 100 100 95-100 0.5-2.0 6.6-7 .3 <0.3 low mod. 110+ SiL CL,ML A-6,A-4 100 100 95-100 0.5-2.0 7.47 .8 <0.3 low mod.

FFR Fifere 30-80 CL CL to CH A-6,A-7-6 90-95 80-95 75-90 1 .5-5 6.6-7.0 <0.5 low mod. >2 80-100 L-CL CL A-6 85-95 80-90 70-85 1 .5-5 7.6-8.2 <0.5 low mod.

FRS Ferris 0-40 L-SiCL OL - 95-100 85-95 60-95 0.5-1 .5 7.6-8.2 < 1.6 low mod. seasonal 40-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-85 40-75 < .5 7.8-8.4 > 1.6 low mod. 0.7

FSO Fresno 30-80 CL CL to CH A-6,A-7 90-95 80-95 75-90 1 .5-5 7.0-7.4 <0.5 low mod. 1 .2 80-110 L-CL CL A-6 85-95 80-90 70-85 1 .5-5 7.8-8.2 < 1.6 low-mod. mod.

GRR Guerra 40-70 SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 < . 15 7.8-8.4 > 1.6 mod.-high mod. at surface 70-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 < . 15 7.8-8.4 > 1.6 mod.-high mod.

HEB Hebbot 0-25 CL-L OL - 95-100 80-95 60-90 1 .5-5 7.2-7 .6 <0.5 low mod. > 1.5 25-70 SiCL-L ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-95 75-85 55-80 1 .5-5 7.8-8.2 .5-1 .5 low mod. 70-100 CL-L CL A-6 85-90 55-80 40-70 <0.5 7.8-8.2 < 1.6 low mod.

HOS Horose 0-25 L OL - 80-95 75-95 60-85 1 .5-.5 7.2-7.6 < .5 low low at 25-75 L-C ML to CH A-4,A-7 80-95 70-75 60-85 < .5 7.2-7.8 > 1.6 low-mod. mod.-high surface 75-110 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 80-90 55-75 40-65 .15-5 7.9-8.2 > 2 mod.-high mod.

50 Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 96 Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (pH) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No . 40 No. 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm tivity tivity tial Table (m) (cm/hr) (MS/cm)

JYL Joyale 30-60 SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 < .5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 mod. mod. 0.8 60-100+ L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 < .5 7.8-8 .2 >2 high mod.

KUD Knudson 0-50 CL CL-0L - 100 100 70-85 1 .5-5 7.2-7 .6 <0.5 low mod. > 1 .5 50-70 SiCL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-90 75-85 60-75 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. 70-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 .15-5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low mod.

LEI Levine 20-100 strat. ML to CL A-4,A-7-6 100 100 65-100 .5-2 .0 7.8-8 .4 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. flood SiL-CL prone

LRT Larrett 0-50 CL CL-0L - 100 100 70-85 1 .5-5 7.2-7 .6 <0.5 low mod. > 1 .5 50-70 SiCL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-90 75-85 60-75 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 <0.5 low mod. 70-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 .15-5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low mod.

LRY Leary 0-25 LFS SM A-2 85-100 90-100 10-20 15-25 7.47 .8 <0.5 low low > 2 25-75 GrLS-FGr GW or GP A-1 35-60 - < 5 > 25 7.8-8 .4 <0.5 low low 75-110 S-Gr GW or GP A-1 35-60 - < 5 > 15 7.8-8.4 < 1 low neg.

LRY1 Leary 0-25 LFS SM - 85-100 90-100 10-20 5-15 7.4-7.8 <0.5 low neg. >2 25-75 GrLS-FGr,Shaly GW or GP A-1 35-60 - <5 > 15 7.8-8 .4 <0.5 low neg. 75-100 S-Gr,Shaly GW or GP A-1 35-60 - < 5 > 15 7.8-8 .4 < 1 low neg.

MOW Mowbray 30-100 SiL-CL ML,CL A-4,A-6 100 85-95 65-90 .5-1 .5 7.4-7 .8 <0.5 low low-mod . > 1.5

MOWI Mowbray Similar to Mowbray but with shale fragments present Shaly Variant

MXS Manitou 40-80 L-CL ML to MH A-6,A-7-6 95-100 85-95 65-80 1 .5-5 6.7-7 .3 < .5 low mod . >2 80-110 L-CL ML to MH A-6,A-7-6 90-100 75-90 60-80 1 .5-5 7.8-8 .2 < .5 low mod .

NKK Nikkel 40-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-85 40-75 < 1 .5 7.8-8 .4 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. 1 .2

NOW Nowell 40-80 L-CL ML to MH A-4,A-7-6 95-100 85-95 65-80 1 .5-5 6.8-7 .2 < .5 low mod. 1 .2 80-110 L-CL ML to MH A-4,A-7fi 95-100 75-90 60-80 .5-1 .5 7.8-8 .2 < 1.6 low-mod . mod.

NSH Narish 40-70 SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 .5-1 .5 7.8-8 .4 < 1.6 low-mod . mod. at 70-110 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-75 40-60 < .5 7.6-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod mod surface Table 10 . Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification 4Yo Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (pH) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No. 10 No. 40 No . 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm tivity tivity tial Table (m) (cm/hr) (mS/cm)

NYO Nayler 30-80 CL CL to CH A-6,A-7-6 90-95 80-95 75-90 1.5-5 .0 6.6-7.0 < 0.5 low mod. > 2 80-110 L-CL CL A-6 85-95 80-90 70-85 1 .5-5 .0 7.6-8 .2 < 0.5 low mod.

PBI Pembina 25-70 CL-C MH to CL A-6,A-7-6 85-90 75-95 60-85 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8.2 <0.5 low mod.- > 2 high 70-100+ L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-75 40-60 <0.5 7.8-8.2 <0.5 low mod.

PDA Prodan 0-30 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 1 .5-5 .0 7.6-8 .0 <0.5 low mod. 30-60 CL-SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 95-100 1 .5-5 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.5 low mod. 0.7 60-100 VFSL-SiL ML to CL A-6 100 100 95-100 0.5-1 .5 7.8-8 .4 1 .6 mod . low-mod .

PER Perillo 0-60 OM Pt - - - - - 7.8-8 .2 - - - at 60-85 FSL-SiL OL - 100 100 40-95 0.5-5 .0 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 mod . - surface 85-125 FS-SiL SM to ML A-2-4,A-4 100 100 25-90 1 .5-15.0 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 mod . low

POU Pouchal 25-75 CL-C CL,CH,MH A-6,A-7-6 90-95 85-95 70-90 < . 15 7.0-7.4 < .5 low high at 70-110 L-CL CL A-6,A-7-6 90-95 80-90 60-85 .15- .5 7.8-8 .2 < .5 low mod. surface

RAM Ramada 0-20 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 0.5-2 .0 7.3-7 .8 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. 20-75 SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 85-95 1 .5-5 .0 7.4-7 .8 <0.2 low mod. >2 75-100 L-SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 80-90 0.5-2 .0 7.8-8 .4 <0.3 low mod.

TLI Tether 40-80 L-SiCL CL or ML A-4 85-100 75-95 60-90 .5-1 .5 7.8-8.2 < .5 low mod. 1 .2 80-100+ L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-80 40-70 < .2 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod.

TDP Tadpole 0-30 CL CL A-7-6 100 100 90-100 - 7.6-8.0 < 1 .6 low-mod. mod. at 30-60 CL-SiCL CL A-6,A-7-6 100 100 95-100 - 7.8-8.4 < 1 .6 low-mod. mod. surface 60-100 strat. ML to CL A-4,A-6 100 100 95-100 - 7.8-8 .4 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. VFSL-SiL-SiCL

ULH Which 40-80 CL-C CL-CH A-4 85-100 75-95 60-90 .5-1 .5 7.8-8.2 <0.5 low mod. 1 .2 80-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-80 40-70 .15- .5 7.8-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod.

VDL Vandal 25-50 L-CL CL A-6 90-100 60 35-65 1 .5-5.0 7.8-8.0 <0.5 low mod. >2 50-100+ CS-GR GP to SP A-1 - <20 <5 > 25 7.8-8 .0 <0.5 low low Table 10. Engineering Description of Soils and their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering Uses (Cont'd) Map Soil Textural Classification `/!o Passing Sieve Disturbed Reaction Elec- Sulphate Shrink- Depth to Sym- Series Depth Hydraulic (pH) trical Hazard Swell Seasonal bol Name (cm) USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No. 40 No. 200 Conduc- Conduc- Poten- Water 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm tivity tivity tial Table (m) (cm/hr) (MS/cm)

WTI Watrine 40-70 SiCL-CL ML or CL A-4,A-6 85-95 75-85 60-75 .5-1 .5 7.8-8 .4 < 1 .6 low-mod . mod. at 70-110 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-75 40-60 < .5 7.6-8 .2 < 1 .6 low-mod mod surface

ZP1 Zaplin 0-40 L-SiCL CL,ML A-4 95-100 85-95 60-95 .5-2 .0 7.6-8 .0 < 1 .6 low mod. seasonal 40-100 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-95 55-85 40-75 < .25 7.8-8 .4 <1 .6 mod. mod. .7

ZIM Zinman 25-70 CL-C CH A-7-6 95-100 90-100 75-90 < . 15 7.8-8 .4 > 2.0 high high 1 .2 70-110 L-CL CL A-4,A-6 85-90 55-80 40-70 .15- .50 8.2 >2.0 high mod. seepage Table 11 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses .

Map Symbol Top Sand & Road Perm. Bldgs. Local Roads Sanitary Landfill Cover Sewage Septic and Phase Soil Name Soil Gravel Fill w/Basements and Streets Trench Area Material Lagoons Fields

ATN Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk ATN /xbxx Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk ATN /xcxx Altamont Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk BKR Basker Pi Va Pw Vi Vi Vi Viw Pw Vi Vi BKRp Basker Vwi Va Vh Viw Vi Vi Viw Pw Vi Vi BKR /xcxx Basker Pi Va Pw Vi Vi Vhi Vhi Pw Vi Vhi CXF Carroll Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk CXF /xdxx Carroll Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk CXT Capell Fbs Fq Fw Pw Fw Vak Vkg Pq Vk Phg CXV Charman Fsb Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fa Ph CYN Croyon Fbs G G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN1 Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN 1 /xcxx Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN1 /lcxx Croyon Fbs Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYN 1 /xdxx Croyon Ftb Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CYNI /2dxx Croyon Pb Fqa G G G Vsk Vk Pq Vka Gg CZK Cazlake Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh DGF Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xbxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xblx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /Ibxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xxlx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xx2x Darlingford Fp Va Fa Fap Fa Fsp G Fsp Fk Fk DGF /lxlx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DGF /xcxx Darlingfond. Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /xclx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /lclx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /lcxx Darlingford Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /2clx Darlingford Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DGF /xb4x Darlingford, Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp G Pp Pp Fk DGF /xdxx Darlingfoid Ft Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DGF /Idxx Darlingfond Ft Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DGF /ld2x Darlingford Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fps G Fsp Pt Fk DGF /2dlx Darlingford Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DOT Dorset Pbs G G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vsk Vks Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xbxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vks Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xcxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOTI /xclx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xdxx Dorset Pbs Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOT1 /xd4x Dorset PPS Pp Pp Pp Pp Vak Vkg Vs Vak Gg DOTI /xexx Dorset Pts Fa G Ft Ft Vsk Vkg Vs Vak Ft DZW Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xxlx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xbxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk DZW /xcxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /xc 1x Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /lcxx Dezwood Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk DZW /xdxx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /ldxx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /xdlx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /ldlx Dezwood Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /id2x Dezwood Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fap G Fsp Pt Fk DZW /2dlx Dezwood Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk DZW /xelx Dezwood Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fts Vt Fkt DZW /le2x Dezwood Pt Va Fa Ftp Fat Fap Ft Fts Vt Fkt ERX Eroded Slope Complex Vt Va Pt Vt Vt Pt Vt Vt Vt Vt FFR Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fs Fk Fk FFR /xbxx Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Fk Fk Table 11 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses . (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Top Sand & Road Perm. Bldgs. Local Roads Sanitary Landrill Cover Sewage Septic and Phase Soil Name Soil Gravel Fill w/Basements and Streets Trench Area Material Lagoons Fields

FFR /xcxx Fifere Fb Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Ft Fk FFR /xdxx Fifere Fbt Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Pt Fk FFR /Idxx Fifere Fbt Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk Fs Pt Fk FFR /xd4x Fifere Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp Fk Pp Ppt Fk FIR Firdale Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fa Fk FIR /xcxx Firdale Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fat Fk FIR /xdxx Firdale Fst Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk FIR /xexx Firdale Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fst Vt Fkt FIR /lexx Firdale Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fst Vt Fkt FND Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fak Fk FND /xcxx Fairland G Va Fa Fa Fa G G G Fak Fk FRS Ferris Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xbxx Ferris Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xxxs Ferris Pn Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FRS /xcls Ferris Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Flot Fk FRS /xc3x Ferris Pp Va Fwp Pwp Fwp Pwp Fw Pp Fpt Fk FSO Fresno Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk FSO /xcxx Fresno Fbs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Ftk Fk GRR Guerra Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRRp Guerra G Va Vwa Vhw Vw Vhw Vhw Vw Vh Vh GRR /xxxs Guerra Pn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRRp /xxxs Guerra Pn Va Vh Vhw Vw Vhw Vhw Vw Vh Vh GRR /xxxt Guerra Vn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRR /xx2x Guerra Fsp Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh GRR /xx3x Guerra Pp Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Ppw Vh Vh GRR /xx3t Guerra Vn Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Ppw Vh Vh HEB Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk HEB /xcxx Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk HEB /xc 1 x Hebbot Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk HEB /Idlx Hebbot Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk HOS Honose Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh JYL Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxxs Joyale Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxxt Joyale Vn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xbxx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xbxs Joyale Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk 1YL /xblx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk JYL /xxlx Joyale Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk KUD Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xxlx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xbxx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk KUD /xcxx Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk KUD /xc 1 x Knudson Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk LEI Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi Pi LEI /xexx Levine Fis Va Faw Piw Pi Pi Pi Fs Vi Pi LRT Larrett Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk LRY Leary Ps G G G G Vek Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY 1 Leary Ps Fa G G G Vsk Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY1 /xbxx Leary Ps Fa G G G Vak Vkg Vs Vk Gg LRY /lelx Leary Pst G G Ft Ft Vsk Vkg Vs Via Ftg MOW Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fa Fk MOW1 Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fa Fk MOW I /xbxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi FS Fa Fk MOW /xcxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi F. Fat Fk MOW 1 /xcxx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fat Fk MOW1 /xclx Mowbray Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Fat Fk MOW /xdxx Mowbray Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Pt Fk MOW I /xdxx Mowbray Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fis Fi Fs Pt Fk

55 Table 11 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area for Selected Engineering Uses. (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Top Sand & Road Perm. Bldgs. Local Roads Sanitary Landrill Cover Sewage Septic and Phase Soil Name Soil Gravel Fill . w/Basemenes and Streets Trench Area Material Lagoons Fields

MOWl /xd2x Mowbray Ftp Va Fa Fap Fa Fsp Fi Fsp Pt Fk MOWl /xc3x Mowbray Pp Va Fap Pp Fap Pp Fi Pp . Fpt Fk MXS Manitou FS Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fs Fk Fk MXS /xxlx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fka Fk Fs Fk Fk MXS /xbxx Manitou Fs Va Pa Fa Fa Fks Fk FS Fk Fk MXS /xcxx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Fkt Fk MXS /xclx Manitou Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fk FS Flat Fk MXS /xc5x Manitou Vp Va VP VP VP Vp Fk VP Vp Fk MXS /xdxx Manitou Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /xdlx Manitou Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /ldxx Manitou Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fak Fk Fs Pt Fk MXS /xexx Manitou Pt Va Fa Fat Fap Fak Ft Fat Vt Ft MXS /lexx Manitou Pt Va Fa Fat Fap Fsk Ft Fat Vt Ft NICK Nikkel Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw FS Fk Fhk NKK /xxlx Nikkei Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fhk NOW Nowell Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Ph Fw Fs Fk Fkh NSH Narish Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh NYO Nayler Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fks Fkg Fa Fk Fk NYO /xx3x Nayler Pp Va Fap Pp Fap Pp Fk Pp Fkp Fk NYO /xx4x Nayler Pp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp Fk Pp Pp Fk NYO /xcxx Nayler Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fk Fk Fs Fltt Fk NYO /xexx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /lexx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /lelx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Fkt Fat Vt Ft NYO /2exx Nayler Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fk Flt Fat Vt Ft NYO /xfxx Nayler Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Fltt Pt Pt Vt Pt NYO /lflx Nayler Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Ft Pt Pt Vt Pt PBI Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk PBI /xbxx Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fk Fk PBI /xcxx Pembina Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs FIQ Fk PBI /ldxx Pembina Fat Va Fa Fa Fa FS G FS Pt Fk PBI /ldlx Pembina Fat Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk PBI /xelx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fat Vt Flt PBI /lexx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fa Ft Fat Vt Fkt PBI /lelx Pembina Pt Va Fa Fat Fat Fs Ft Fat Vt Fkt PBl /lflx Pembina Vt Va Fat Pt Pt Fat Pt Pt Vt Pt PDA Prodan Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph PDA /xxxs Prodan Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Ph PER Perillo G Va Vaw Vaw Vaw Vsw Vw Vsw Vah Vh POU Pouchal Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vhw Vh Pw Fak Vh RAM Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G FS Fk Fk RAM /xcxx Ramada Fs Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fkt Fk RAM /xdxx Ramada Fts Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk RAM /2dxx Ramada Fat Va Fa Fa Fa FS G FS Pt Fk RAM /3dxx Ramada Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Pt Fk TDP Tadpole Fs Va Pw Vwh Pw Vhw Vhw Pw Ph Vh TDP /xxxs Tadpole Pn Va Pw Vwh Pw Vwh Vh Pw Ph Vh TDPp /xxxs Tadpole , Pns Va Vhw Vwh Va Vhw Vhw Vw Vha Vh TLI Tellier Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk TLI /xexx Tellier Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fa FIQ Fk ULH Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fh ULH /xxxs Ullrich Pn Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fhk ULH /xbxx Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fk Fk ULH /xcxx Ullrich Fs Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw Fs Fit Fk ULH /xc I x Ulldch Fa Va Faw Pw Faw Pw Fw FS Fkt Fk VDL Vandal Fbs G G G G Vak Vk Pq Vka Gg VDL /xc3x Vandal Pp G Fp Pp Fp Vak Vk Pp Vka Gg WTI Watrine Fs Va Vh Vh Pw Vw Vh Pw Vh Vh

56 Table 11 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Ariea for Selected Engineering Uses. (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Top Sand & Road Perm. Bldgs. Local Roads Sanitary Landfill (:over Sewage Septic and Phase , Soil Name Soil Gravel Fill w/Basements and Streets Trench Ana Material Lagoons Fields

ZIM Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Phs Fw Pa G Vk ZIM /xxlx Zinman Pa Va Pal Pwa Pa Pha Fw Ps G Vk Z1M /xxxs Zinman Pen Va Pal Pwa Pa Phe Fw Pe G Vk ZIM /xbxx Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Phe Fw Ps G Vk ZIM /xcxx Zinman Ps Va Pal Pwa Pa Pha Fw Pa Ft Vk ZPI Zaplin Fb Va Faw Pw Faw Phw Fw Fe Fk Fkh ZPl /xcxx Zaplin Fb Va Faw Pw Faw Phw Fw Fs Fld Fk ZZS Water Vw Va Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw Vh Table 12 . Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses

Map Symbol Play Picnic Camp Path And Permanent Bldgs. and Phase Soil Name Ground Area Area Trails Without Basements

ATN Altamont Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa ATN /xbxx Altamont Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa ATN /xcxx Altamont Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa BKR Basker Viw Vwi Vwi Pw Vh BKRp Basker Vsi Vwi Vwi Vs Vh BKR /xcxx Basker Piw Viw Viw Pw Vi CXF Carroll Fks Fs Fks Fs Fa CXF /xdxx Carroll Pt Fs Fks Fs Fa CXT Capell Few Few Few Few Fw CXV Charman Few Few Few Few Few CYN Croyon Fs Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 Croyon Fs Fam Fs Fs G CYN1 /xcxx Croyon Fat Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /lcxx Croyon Fst Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /xdxx Croyon Pt Fsm Fs Fs G CYN1 /2dxx Croyon Pt Fsm Fs Fs G CZK Cazlake Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh DGF Darlingfond Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xbxx Darlingfond Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xblx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lbxx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xxlx Darlingfotd Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xx2x Darlingford Fsp Fs Fsp Fs Fa DGF /lxlx Darlingford Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xcxx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xclx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lclx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /lcxx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /2clx Darlingford Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /xb4x Darlingford pp pp pp pp Fap DGF /xdxz Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /ldxx Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DGF /ld2x Darlingford Pt Fs Fop Fs Fa DGF /2dlx Darlingford Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DOT Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOTI Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT] /xbxx Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT1 /xcxx Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOTI /xc 1 x Dorset Ps Fs Fs G G DOT1 /xdxx Dorset Pts Fs Fs G G DOTI /xd4x Dorset Ptp pp pp pp Fp DOT1 /xexx Dorset Vt Ft Fst G Ft DZW Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xxlx Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xbxx Dezwood Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xcxx Dezwood Fts Fs Fs Fs Fe. DZW /xclx Dezwood Re Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /lcxx Dezwood Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xdxx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /ldxx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xdlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /ldlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fe. DZW /ld2x Dezwood Pt Fs Fsp Fs Fe. DZW /2dlx Dezwood Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa DZW /xelx Dezwood Vt Fst Re Fs Fts DZW /le2x Dezwood Vt Fst Ftp Fs Fat ERX Eroded Slope Complex Vt Vt Vt pt Vt FFR Fifere Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xbxx Fifcre Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xcxx Fifere Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xdxx Fifere Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa

58 Table 12. Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Play Picnic Camp Path And Permanent Bldgs. and Phase Soil Name Ground Area Area Trails Without Basements

FFR /ldxx Fifere Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa FFR /xd4x Fifere Ptp Pp Pp Pp Pap FIR Firdale Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xcxx Firdale Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xdxx Firdale Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa FIR /xexx Firdale Vt Fat Fat Fs Fat FIR /lexx Firdale Vt Fst Fst Fs Fat FND Fairland G G G G Fa FND /xcxx Fairland G G G G Fa FRS Ferris Fws Fws Fws Fws Faw FRS /xbxx Ferris Fwa Fwa Fws Fwa Faw FRS /xxxs Ferris Fsw Pn Pn Fsw Faw FRS /xcla Ferris Fwt Pn Pn Fsw Faw FRS /xc3x Ferris Pp Fp Pp Fwp Pap FSO Fresno Fw Fws Fwa Fws Fwa FSO /xcxx Fresno Fwt Fws Fws Fws Fwa GRR Guerra Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh GRRp Guerra Vws Vws Vws Vs Vaw GRR /xxxs Guerra Pw Pwn Pwn Pw Vh GRRp /xxxs Guerra Vw Vws Vws Vwa Vwh GRR /xxxt Guerra Pwn Vn Vn Pw Vh GRR /xx2x Guerta Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh GRR /xx3x Guercs Pwp Pw Pwp Pw Vh GRR /xx3t Guerra Pwn Vn Vn Pw Vh HEB Hebbot Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /xcxx Hebbot Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /xclx Hebbot Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa HEB /Idlx Hebbot Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa HOS Horose Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh JYL Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw JYL /xxxs Joyale Fsw Pn Pn Fsw Faw JYL /xxxt Joyale Pn Vn Vn Fsw Faw JYL /xbxx Joyale Fsw Faw Faw Paw Faw JYL /xbxs Joyale Fwn Pn Pn Fsw Faw JYL /xblx Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw JYL /xxlx Joyale Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw Faw KUD Knudson Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xxlx Knudson Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xbxx Knudaon Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa KUD /xcxx Knudson Fat Fs Fs Fs Pa. KUD /xclx Knudson Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa LEI Levine Fis Fis Pi Faw Pi LEI /xcxx Levine Fsi Fai Pi Fsw Pi LRT Larceett Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa LRY Leary Ps Fs Fs G G LRY 1 Leary Pa Fs Fs G G LRY 1 /xbxx Leary Ps Fs Fs G G LRY /lelx Leary Vt Fat Fte G Ft MOW Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW1 Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW1 /xbxx Mowbray Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa mow /xcxx Mowbray Fat Fs Fs Fs Fa Mow l /xcxx Mowbray Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa MOW1 /xclx Mowbray Fat Fs Fs Fs Pa. MOW /xdxx Mowbray Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MOWI /xdxx Mowbray Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MOWI /xd2x Mowbray Pt FS Fsp Fs Pa. MOW1 /xc3x Mowbray Pp Pip Pp Fap Pap MXS Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xxlx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xbxx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa

59 Table 12 . Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses (Cont'd)

Map Symbol Play Picnic Camp Path And Permanent Bldgs. and Phase Soll Name Ground Area Area ~ Trails Without Basements

MXS /xcxx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xclx Manitou Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xc5x Manitou VP VP VP VP Pp MXS /xdxx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xdlx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /ldxx Manitou Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa MXS /xexx Manitou Vt Pet Fat Fs Fat MXS /lexx Manitou Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NICK Nikkel Fws Fws Fws Fws Fwa NICK /xxlx Nikkel Fws Few Few Few Few NOW Nowell Fws Few Few Few Few NSH Narish Pw Pw Pw Pw Vh NYO Nayler Fs Fs Fs Fs Pa. NYO /xx3x Nayler Pp Fps Pp Pep Pap NYO /xx4x Nayler Pp Pp Pp Pp Pep NYO /xcxx Nayler Fst Fs Fs Fs Fa NYO /xexx Nayler Vt Pot Pet Fs Fat NYO /lexx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /lelx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /2exx Nayler Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat NYO /xfxx Nayler Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt NYO /lflx Nayler Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt PBI Pembina Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xbxx Pembina Fs Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xcxx Pembina Pet Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /1 dxx Pembina Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /idlx Pembina Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa PBI /xelx Pembina Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat PBI /lexx Pembina Vt Pet Fat Fs Fat PBI /lelx Pembina Vt Pet Pet Fs Fat PBl /lflx Pembina Vt Pt Pt Pet Pt PDA Prodan Fsw Fsw Few Few Few PDA /xxxs Prodan Fws Pn Pn Few Few PER Perillo Vsw Vsw Vaw Vsw Vaw POU Pouchal Vw Vw Vw Pw Vh RAM Ramada Fs Fs Fs Fs Pa. RAM /xcxx Ramada Pet Fs Fs Fs Pa. RAM /xdxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa RAM /2dxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa RAM /3dxx Ramada Pt Fs Fs Fs Fa TDP Tadpole Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw TDP /xxxs Tadpole Pw Pwn Pwn Pw Pw TDPp /xxxs Tadpole Vw Vw Vw Vs Va TLI Tellier Fsw Few Fsw Few Few TLI /xcxx Tellier Fwt Few Fsw Few Few ULH Which Fsw Few Fsw Few Few ULH /xxxs Ullrich Few Pn Pn Few Paw ULH /xbxx Ullrich Fsw Faw Fsw Few Few ULH /xcxx Which Fwt Faw Fsw Few Few ULH /xclx Ullrich Fwt Fsw Few Few Few VDL Vandal Fsq Fsm Fs Fs G VDL /xc3x Vandal Pp Pep Pp Pep Fp WTI Watrine Pws Pw Pw Pw Vh ZIM Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xxlz Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xxxs Zinman Pws Psn Pen Ps Pa ZIM /xbxx Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZIM /xcxx Zinman Pws Pws Pws Ps Pa ZPI Zaplin Few Fws Fsw Few Few ZP1 /xcxx Zaplin Fwt Fws Few Few Few ZZS Water Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Koppen-Geiger, System of Climate Classification Survey, 1987. The Canadian System of Soil er R. GeiQer and W. Ph Classification . Second Edition. Publication No. 1646, Research Branch Agriculture Canada. Manitoba Mineral Resources Division 1980, Mineral Map of Manitoba Map 80-1 . Bannatyne, Barry B . 1970. The Clays and Shales of Manitoba Mines Branch Department of Mines and Mapping System Working Group. 1981 . A il Natural Resources. Publication No. 67-1 . Mapping System for Canada: Revised . Research Branch . Agriculture Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture, 1972 . Soil Climatic Map of Canada. Research Branch, Michalyna W., Podolsky G. and St. Jacques, E., Department of Agriculutre, . Soils of the Rural Municipalities of Grey. Dufferin. Roland. Thomp,son. and part of Stanley, Report No . Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Ecoclimatic Regions D60, 1988 . Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey. of Manitoba Unpublished data. PFRA, 1964 Handbook for the Classification of Ellis, J. H. and Shafer, Wm . H., 1943 . Irrigated Land in the Prairie _Provinces. PFRA, Reconnaissance Soil Survey of South Central Regina, Saskatchewan . Manito a, Soils Report No . 4, Manitoba Soil Survey, Manitoba Department of Agriculture. Rowe, J . S . 1972. Forest Regions of Canada. Publication No. 1300. Department of the Elson, J . A . Surficial Geology of the Tiger Hills Environment, Canada Forestry Service, Ott,awa Region, Manitoba, Canada 1970. Sie, D. and Little, J ., 1976 r undwater Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Availability Man Series Brandon Area. Manitoba Service Canadian Climate Normals . Volumes 2. 3. Natural Resources, Water Resources. 4 and 6, 1951-1980, Printed 1982 . APPENDIX A

CORRELATION OF SOIL SERIES IN THE R. M. OF PEMBINA WITH SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY, REPORT NO . 4, 1943 Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943

Soil Soil Soil Association or Associate Symbol Name u rou of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks

ATN Altamont Orthic Dark Gray Altamont The Altamont well drained, Gray-Black associate.

BKR Basker Rego Humic Gleysol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The poorly drained, immature Meadow soil.

CXF Carroll Rego Black Carroll, Holland Well drained Carroll or Holland Blackearth or Blackearth, shallow phase.

CXT Capell Gleyed Rego Black Marringhurst, Agassiz The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil having a loam to clay loam overlay on sand and gravel.

CXV Charman Gleyed Black Carroll, Holland Carroll or Holland, intermediately drained Meadow-Prairie associate.

CYN Croyon Orthic Black Marringhurst, Agassiz Well drained, Blackearth associate with a loam to clay loam overlay on sand and gravel.

CZK Cazlake Rego Humic Gleysol Darlingford Poorly drained, Meadow associate of the Darlingford .

DGF Darlingford Orthic Black Darlingford Well drained Blackearth associate.

DOT Dorset Orthic Black Marringhurst The dominant, well drained Blackearth.

DZW Dezwood Orthic Dark Gray Pembina The well drained, Gray-Black associate of the Pembina.

FFR Fifre Orthic Dark Gray Manitou The typical well drained, Gray-Black associate of the Manitou.

FIR Firdale Orthic Dark Gray Carroll, Holland The typical well drained, Gray-Black associate ofthe Carroll or Holland association .

FND Fairland Orthic Black Carroll (Loam),Holland The dominant well drained, Blackearth associate of these associations .

FRS Ferris Gleyed Rego Black Darlingford Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate.

FSO Fresno Gleyed Dark Gray Manitou The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate of the Manitou. Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M. of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No. 4, 1943 (Cont'd)

Soil Soil Soil Association or Associate Symbol Name Subgroup of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks

GRR Guerra Rego Humic Gleysol Altamont The poorly drained, Meadow soil of the Altamont.

HEB Hebbot Rego Black Darlingford The well drained, Blackearth, shallow phase associate.

HOS Horose Rego Humic Gleysol Pembina Poorly drained, Meadow associate of the Pembina.

JYL Joyale Gleyed Rego Black Altamont The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate of the Altamont association .

KUD Knudson Orthic Black Altamont Altamont, well drained Blackearth associate.

LEI Levine Gleyed Cumulic Regosol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The intermediately drained, immature soils on recent alluvium .

LRT Larrett Eluviated Black Altamont A well drained, leached blackearth associate.

LRY Leary Orthic Dark Gray Leary The dominant, well drained Gray-Black associate of the Leary association.

MXS Manitou Orthic Black Manitou The dominant Blackearth associate of the Manitou association.

MOW Mowbray Cumulic Regosol Neelin, Assiniboine Complex The well drained, immature soils on recent alluvium.

Nikkel Gleyed Black Darlingford The intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate of the Darlingford .

NOW Nowell Gleyed Black Manitou Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil of the Manitou association.

NSH Narish Rego Humic Gleysol Altamont The poorly drained Meadow soil associate.

NYO Nayler Dark Gray Luvisol Manitou The well drained, Gray-Black Wooded associate of the Manitou association. Table 13. Correlation of Soil Series in the R. M . of Pembina with Soil Associations and Associates of the South-Central Reconnaissance Survey, Report No . 4, 1943 (Cont'd)

Soil Soil Soil Association or Associate Symbol Name Subgroup of the South-Central Map (1943) Remarks

PBI Pembina Dark Gray Luvisol Pembina The well drained, Gray-Black Wooded associate.

PDA Prodan Gleyed Rego Black Carroll, Holland Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie associate.

PER Perillo Terric Mesisol Peat Organic deposit or shallow peat.

POU Pouchal Humic Luvic Gleysol Pembina The poorly drained, Degraded-Meadow or swamp podzol .

RAM Ramada Orthic Black Carroll, Holland The dominant well drained Blackearth of the Carroll or Holland association .

TDP Tadpole Rego Humic Gleysol Carroll The poorly drained, meadow associate of the Carroll association.

TLI Tellier Gleyed Dark Gray Altamont The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate.

ULH Ullrich Gleyed Black Altamont Intermediately drained, Meadow-Prairie soil.

VDL Vandal Orthic Dark Gray Leary The Gray-Black associate of the Leary association.

WTI Watrine Humic Luvic Gleysol Altamont Poorly drained, Degraded Meadow (swamp podzol) associate.

ZIM Zinman Gleyed Solonetzic Altamont The intermediately drained, Alkalinized Dark Gray (Solonetzic) Gray-Black associate.

ZPI Zaplin Gleyed Dark Gray Pembina The intermediately drained, Gray-Black associate of the Pembina.

NOTE: The "Snowflake Association" is made up of soils developed on a complex of parent materials that are a mixture of the Manitou, Darlingford, Carroll and ICnudson (Altamont) soils . APPENDIX B

GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES Table 14. Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability

Land Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Characteristics Subclass Very Good - V Good - G Fair - F Poor - P SOILS S Texture very coarse textured v Fine sandy loams to Loamy fine sand to light . Sand to permeable clay gravel to clay very fine textured h clay loams clay

Water holding capacity low available moisture q 40 to 60 sat . % 35 tn 65 sat . % 25 to 75 sat . % <25 or > 75 sat . % capacity > 15cm storage in 1 .2m > 12 .5cm storage in 1 .2m > 7.5cm storage in 1 .2m <7.5cm stornge in 1 .2m < l0cm/hr . hydraulic < 12 .5cm/hr . hydraulic < 17.5cm/hr. hydraulic > 17 .5cm/hr hydraulic cond . cond . cond . cond . Geological Deposit shallow deposit over .9m or more of fine .6m or more of fine sandy .5m or more of sandy < .5m of sand loam or sand or gravel k sandy loam or loam or heavier, or .75m loam or heavier, or .6m heavier, or .6m of loamy heavier plus of loamy fine sand or plus of loamy sand sand or sand sand loam Shallow deposit over >3m of permeable >2m of permeable > lm of permeable < lm of permeable material impervious substrata b material material material

Salinity and Alkalinity'-' a <4ms/cm in 0- .6m <4 ma/cm in 0- .6m <8ms/cm in 0- .6m >8 ms/cm in 0 - .6m < 8ms/cm below .6m < 12ma/cm below .6m < 15ms/cm below .6m > 15 ms/cm below .6m <6 S.A.R . <8 S.A.R . ~< 12 S.A.R . > 12 S.A.R . EXTERNAL FEATURES Stones - rock clearing r none to light clearing Light to medium clearing Light to heavy clearing Excessively stony

Topography T g < 1 % and 0.1 % in <3 % in general gradient <5 % in general gradient > 5 % in general* Slope general gradient (3-5% slope) (5-10% slope) gradient (> 10% slope)" excess gradient (0-3 % slope) DRAINAGE D restricted outlet No problem anticipated Moderate drainage Moderate to severe Drainage improvement not problem anticipated but drainage problem considered feasible may be improved at anticipated but may be relatively low cost improved by expensive but feasible measures i water table below 2.4m most of could be above 1.5m for a within 1 .5m most of year within lm most of year year short period then recedes to 2.4m or lower Rev . l~i:

* Criteria for gravity (flood) irrigation requirements . If sufficient gypsum is present in the soil, the S .A.R. may- ** Estimated adjustments to slope criteria for overhead or be lowered by leaching the soil (a very slow process), and sprinkler type irrigation methods. the Hydraulic conductivity may then improve.

The degree of salinity may vary widely within shore distances, and there may be no clear indication of the area, occupied by each salinity class. Unless a very detailed mapping and sampling program is carried out, it is impossible to estimate the acreage occupied . Table 15. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil.

The term "topsoil" includes soil materials used to cover barren surfaces exposed during construction, and materials used to improve soil conditions on lawns, gardens, flower beds, etc. The factors to be considered include not only the characteristic of the soil itself, but also the ease or difficulty of excavation, and where removal of topsoil is involved, accessibility to the site.

Degree of Soil Suitability Symbols' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V u Moist Consi.stmce2 Very friable, friable Loose, firm Very firm Cemented i Flooding None May flood occasionally Frequent flooding Constantly flooding for short periods

w Wetness= Wetness is not determining if better than very poorly drained. Very poorly drained and permanently wet soils

t Slope 0-5% 5-9% 9-15% >15% p Stoniness' Stones 10 m apart Stones 2 - 10 rn apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones 0.1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5) c Coarse fragments': <3% 3 - 15% 15 - 35% >35% percent, by volume s Texture= FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC if S, LS, C and SiC if 2:1 Marl, diatomaceous SL, SC if 1 :1 clay is 2:1 clay is dominant ; clay is dominant . earth dominant C and SiC if 1 :1 clay is organic soils' dominant b Depth of TopsoiN >40 cm 15 - 40 cm 8 - 15 cm <8 cm n Salinity of Topsoil' E.C . 0 - 1 E.C . 1 - 4 E.C . 4 - 8 E.C . > 8 ' Rev . 199

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. For an explanation of texture, consistence, stoniness, coarse fragments and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Non-woody organic materials are assessed as good sources for topsoil if mixed with or incorporated into mineral soil . The remaining soil material (at least 8 cm) must be reclaimable after the uppermost soil is removed. E.C. = Electrical Conductivity (millisiemens/cm). Table 16. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel .

The purpose of this table is to provide guidance for assessing the probable supply as well as quality of the sand or gravel for use as road base material and in concrete. The interpretation pertains mainly to the characteristics of substratum to a depth of 150 cm, augmented by observations made in deep cuts as well as geological knowledge where available.

Degree of Soil Suitability Item Affecting Use Symbol' Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Unified Soil Sw SW-SM SM Group SP SP-SM SW-SC All other groups and SP-SC bedrock GW GP-GM GM GP GW-GM GP-GC GW-GC

h Depth to Seasonal Water Not class determining if deeper than 50 cm 50 cm Table q Depth to Sand and Gravel <25 cm 25-75 cm2 > 75 cm' p Stoniness' Not class determining if stones > .5 m apart Stones 0.1-0 .5 m apart Stones < 0.1 m apart (Class 0, 1, 2 and 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) d Depth to Bedraek > 100 cm 50-100 cm I < 50 cm Rev . 99

' The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation . Rated good it it is known that the underlying gravel or sand deposit is thick (> 100 cm). ' For an explanation of stoniness and rockiness, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Table 17. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill .

Fill material for building or roads are included in this use. The performance of the material when removed from its original location and placed under load at the building site or road bed are to be considered . Since surface materials are generally removed during road or building construction their properties are disregarded. Aside from this layer, the whole soil to a depth of 150-200 cm should be evaluated. Soil materials which are suitable for fill can be considered equally suited for road subgrade construction . Degree of Soil Suitability Affecting Symbol' Items UseZ Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V a Subgrade' a. AASHO group 0-4 5-8 >8 index' b. Unified soil Gw, GP, Sw, SP CL (with P.16 < 15) CL (with P.I6 of 15 OL, OH and Pt classes SM, GC' and SC' and ML or more), CH and MH' 1 Shrink-swell potential Low Moderate High f Susceptibility to frost action' Low Moderate High t Slope 0-15% 15-30% 30-45% >45% p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones 0.5-2 m apart Stones 0.1-0.5 m Stones <0.1 m apart (class 0, 1 and 2) (class 3) apart (Class 4) (Class 5) r Rockiness' Rock exposures >35 Rock exposure 10-35 Rock exposure 3.5-10 Rock exposure <3.5 m apart and cover m apart and cover 10- mapart and cover 25- m apart and cover 50- < 10% ofthe surface 25 % ofthe surface 50% ofthe surface 90% of the surface w Wetness' Excessively drained to Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drained moderately well or permanently wet drained soils d Depth to Bedrock > 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm < 20 cm b Depth to Seasonal Water Table > 150 cm 75-150 cm 50-75 cm <50 cm Rev . i The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation . z The first, three items pertain to soil after it is placed in a fill ; the last six items pertain to soil in its natural condition before excavation for road fill. 3 This item estimates the strength of the soil material, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads. 4 Use AASHO group index only where laboratory data are available for the kind of soil being rated; otherwise, use Unified soil groups . Downgrade suitability rating to fair if content of fines is more than about 30 percent. P.I . means plasticity index. Upgrade suitability rating to fair if MH is largely kaolinitic, friable, and free of mica. Use this item only where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and where moisture transportable by capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing front. 9 For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) . Table 18 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings' .

This guide applies to undisturbed soils to be evaluated for single-family dwellings and other structures with similar foundation requirements. The emphasis for rating soils for buildings is on foundation requirements; but soil slope, susceptibility to flooding and other hydrologic conditions, such as wetness, that have effects beyond those related exclusively to foundations are considered too. Also considered are soil properties, particularly depth to bedrock:, which influence excavation and corosivity, landscaping and septic tank absorption fields. Degree of Soil Suitability' Symbol' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V w Wetness' With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : Very rapidly, rapidly Moderately well Imperfectly, poorly, Permanently wet and well drained . drained . and very poorly soils. Without Basements : Without Basements : drained . Without Basements : Very rapidly, rapidly Imperfectly drained . Without Basements : Perntattently wet ' well and moderately Poorly and very poorly soils. well drained . drained .

h Depth to Seasonal Water With Basements: With Basements: With Basements: With Basements: Table > 150 cm 75-150 cm 25-75 cm <25 cm Without Basements: Without Basements: Without Basements: Without Basements: >75 cm 50-75 cm 25-50 cm <25 cm

i Flooding None None Occasional flooding Frequent flooding (once in 5 years) (every year) ! t Slope° 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% a Subgrade` a. AASHO group 0-4 5-8 > 8 index' b. Unified soil classes GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I! < IS) CL (with P.I! of 15 OH, OL and Pt SM and GC and and ML or more), CH and MH SC f Potential Frost Low (FI, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4) Action' p Stoniness' Stones > 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart (Class 0 to 1) (Class 21) (Class 3'6 to 4) (Class 5') r Roc{uuess'"" Rock exposure . 100 m Rock exposure 30-100 Rock exposure <30 m Rock exposure too apart and cover <2% m apart and cover 2- apart and cover > 10% frequa.-it to allow of the surface 10% of the surface of the surface location of permanent buildings

d Depth to Bedrock" With Basements: With Basements: With Basements: With Basements: .150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm < 50 cm Without Basements: Without Basements: Without Basements: > 100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm Rev . 1992 By halving the slope limits, this table can be used for evaluating soil suitability for buildings with large floor areas, but with foundation requirements not exceeding those of ordinary three-storey dwellings. 2 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. 3 Some soils assessed as fair or poor sites from an aesthetic or use standpoint, but they will require more site preparation and/or maintenance. 4 For an explanation of rockiness, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). 5 Reduce the slope limits by one half for those soils subject to hillside slippage. 6 This item estimates the strength of the soil, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads. when available, AASHO Group Index Values from laboratory tests were used; otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used. Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962), pp. 23-25. s P.1. means plasticity index. 9 Frost heave only applies where frost penetrates to the assumed depth of the footings and the soil is moist. The potential frost action classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp. 5-8. io Rate one class better for building without basements. Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment such as backhoes. Table 19 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets'.

This guide applies to soils to be evaluated for construction and maintenance of local roads and streets. These are improved roads and streets having some kind of all-weather surfacing, commonly asphalt or concrete, and are expected to carry automobile traffic all year. They consist of: (1) the underlying local soil material (either cut or fill) called the subgrade; (2) the base material of gravel, crushed rock, or lime or soil cement stabilized soil called the subbase; and (3) the actual road surface or pavement, either flexible or rigid. They also are graded to shed water and have ordinary provisions for drainage. With the probable exception of the hardened surface layer, the roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cuts and fills are limited, usually less than 2 meters. Excluded from consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast moving, heavy trucks .

Properties that affect design and construction of roads and streets are: (1) those that affect the load supporting capacity and stability of the subgrade, and (2) those that affect the workability and amount of cut and fill. The AASHO and Unified Classification give an indication of the traffic supporting capacity . Wetness and. flooding affect stability. Slope, depth of hardrock, stoniness, rockiness, and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade. Degree of Soil Suitability Symbol' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V w Wetness' Very rapidly, rapidly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils well and moderately drained well drained i Flooding None Infrequent Occasional Frequent (once in 5 years) (once in 2-4 years) (every year) t S7ope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30 % d Depth to Bedrock' > 100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm a Subgrades a. AASHO group 0-4 5-8 >8 index` b. Unified soil GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I .' < 15) CL (with P.I! of 15 or OH, OL and Pt classes SM, GC and SC' and ML more), CH and MH f Susceptibility to Frost Low (Fl, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4) Heave p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones 0.5-2 m apart Stones 0.1-0.5 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) r Roctunese Rock exposures > 100 Rock exposures 30-100 Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures too m apart and cover m apart and cover 2- apart and cover > 10% frequent to permit <2% of the surface 10% of the surface of the surface location of roads and streets Rev. 1992 These guidelines, with some adjustment of slope and rockiness limits, will also be useful for assessing soils for use as parking lots . 2 Symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. 3 For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Canada Soil Information System (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). 4 Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment and is rippable by machinery. 5 This item estimates the strength of soil materials as it applies to roadbeds. When available, AASHO Group Index Values from laboratory tests were used; otherwise, the estimated Unified classes were used. The limitations were estimated assuming that the roads would be surfaced. On unsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy, poorly graded soils may cause washboard or rough roads. Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962) pp. 23-25. Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (less than 200 mesh) is greater than about 30 percent. P.I. means plasticity index. Frost heave is important where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface and moisture transportable by Capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing point. The susceptibility classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962) pp . 5-8. Table 20. Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitary landfills' .

The trench-type sanitary landfill, in which dry garbage and trash is buried daily is an trench and covered with a layer of soil material . Suitability of the site is dependent upon the potential for pollution of water sources through groundwater contact with the refuse, or leachate arising from the site. Those properties affecting ease of excavation of the site must be supplemented with geological and hydrological knowledge to provide subsurface soil and groundwater data to a depth of at least 3 to 4.5 m, a common depth of landfills. Degree of Soil Suitability Symbol, Items Affecting Use Good - G' Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Depth to Seasonal High Not class determining if mom than 180 cm 100-180 cm < 100 cm Water Table w Wetness" Not class determining if better than imperfectly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very drained poorly drained or pcrmanenUy wet soils

i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent k Permeability' <5 cm/hr <5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-15% 15-30% 30-45% >45% s Sod Texture'A SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL', CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, gravel, (dominant to a depth of sand 150 cm) d Depth to Hard Bedrock > 150 cm > 150 cm 100-150 cm < 100 cm Rippable > 150 cm 100-150 cm 100-150 cm < 100 cm p Stoniness' Stones > 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones <:0.1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Clan 3 and 4) (Class 5)

r Nature of Bedrock Impermeable Highly permeable, fractured, easily soluble . Rcv. 1

Based on soil depth (120 cm) commonly investigated in making soil surveys. The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. If probability is high that the soil material to a depth of 3 to 4.5 m will not alter a rating of good or fair, indicate this by an appropriate footnote, such as "Probably good to a depth of 3.5 m", or "Probably fair to a depth of 3.5 m" . 4 For an explanation of stoniness, texture and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). 5 Reflects ability of soil to retard movement of leachate from the landfills; may not reflect a limitations in arid and semiarid areas. 6 Reflects ease of digging and moving (workability) and trafficability in the immediate area of the trench where there may not be surfaced roads . Soil high is expansive clays may need to be given a suitability rating of poor. Table 21 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills.

In the area-type sanitary landfill refuse is placed on the surface of the soil in successive layers . The daily and final cover material generally must be imported. A final cover of soil material at. least 60 cm thick is placed over the fill when it is completed.

The soil under the proposed site should be investigated so as to determine the probability that leachates from the landfill can penetrate the soil and thereby pollute water supplies.

Degree of Soil Suitability Symbol' Items Affetaing Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Depth to Seasonal Water > 150 cm 150-100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm Table w Wetness- Rapid to moderately Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drained or well drained permanently wet soils i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent It Permeability~'s Not class determining if less than 5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% Rev. 1 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. Reflects influence of wetness on operation of equipment. For an explanation of drainage, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Reflects ability of the soil to retard movement of leachate from landfills; may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas. 5 Due to possible groundwater contamination, impermeable bedrock is considered poor and permeable bedrock is rated very poor.

Table 22. Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills .

The term cover material includes soil materials used to put a daily and final covering layer in area-type sanitary landfills. This cover material may be derived from the area of the landfill or may be brought in from surrounding areas.

Degree of Soil Suitability Symbols' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V u Moist Consistence' Very friable, friable Loose, firm Very firm Cemented s Texture" SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, sand, gravel d Depth to bedrock' > 150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm c Coarse fragments' < 15% 15-35% >35% p Stoniness' Stones > 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5) t Slope <9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% w Wetness' Not class determining ifbetter than poorly Poorly drained Very poorly drained or -T drained . permanently wet soils. Rev . 1992 The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. For an explanation of consistence, texture, coarse fragments, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Soils having a high proportion of non-expansive clays may be given a suitability rating one class better than is shown for them in this table. Thickness of material excluding topsoil, which will be stockpiled (see guide for topsoil).

74 Table 23 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons .

Factors affecting the ability of undisturbed soils to impound water or sewage and prevent seepage are considered for evaluating soils on their suitability for reservoir and lagoon areas. This evaluation considers soil both as a vessel for the impounded area and as material for the enclosing embankment. As the impounded liquids could be potential sources of contamination of nearby water supplies, e.g. sewage lagoons, the landscape position of the reservoir as it affects risk of flooding must also be considered .

Degree of Soil Suitability Affecting Symbol' Items Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P . Very Poor - V h Depth to Water Table > 150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cal i Flooding' None None Subject to infrequent Subject to frequent flooding (once in 50 high level flooding years) k Soil Permeabffity 0-0 .5 cm/hr 0.5-5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr > 15 cm/hr t Slope 0-2% 2-5% 5-9% >9% o Organic Matter <2% 2-10% 10-30% >30% c Coarse Fragments' <20% 20-35% >35% <25 cm in diameter, % by volume p Stoniness', >25 cm <3% 3-15% 15-50% >50% diameter, percent of surface (Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) area d Depth to Bedroclr' > 150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm j Thiclmess of Slowly > 100 cm 50-100 cm 50-25 cm <25 crn Permeable Layer a Subgrade Unified Soil GC, SC, CL, & CH GM, ML, SM & MH SW & SP OL, Off & Pt Classes GP, GW Rev. lM.

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. If the floor of the lagoon has nearly impermeable material at least 50 cm thick, disregard depth to water table. Disregard flooding if it is not likely to enter or damage the lagoon (flood waters have low velocity and depth less than 150 cm) . 4 For an explanation of coarse fragments and stoniness classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). 5 Surface exposures of non rippable rock are rated poor. If underlying bedrock is impermeable, rating should be one class better. Table 24. Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields .

This guide applies to soils to be used as an absorption and filtering medium for effluent from septic tank systems. A subsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent from the septic tank is distributed reasonably uniformly into the natural soil is assumed when applying this guide. A rating of poor need not mean that a septic system should not be installed in the given soil, but rather, may suggest the difficulty, in terms of installation and maintenance, which can be expected.

Degree of Soil Suitability Symbol' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V h Permeabt'h'tyl Rapid to moderately Moderate Slow Very Slow rapid Percolation RaW About 8-18 min/cm' 18-24 min/cm Slower than 24 min/cm (Auger hole method) h Depth to Seasonal Water > 150 cm' 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm Table i Flooding Not subject to flooding Not subject to flooding Subject to occasional Floods every year flooding (once in 5 years) t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30% d Depth to Hard Rock, > 150 cm 100-150 cm6 50-100 cm <50 cm bedrock or other impervious materials ev . 9

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. The suitability ratings should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of the tile line. Soils having a percolating rate less than about 8 min/cm are likely to present a pollution hazard to adjacent waters. This hazard must be noted, but the degree of hazard must, in each case, be assessed by examining the proximity of the proposed installation to water bodies, water table, and related features. The symbol g is used to indicate this condition. Refer to U.S . Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (1969) for details of this procedure. Seasonal means for more than one month. It may, with caution, be possible to make some adjustment for the severity of a water table limitation in those cases where seasonal use of the facility does not coincide with the period ofhigh water table. A seasonal water table should be at least 100 cm below the bottom of the trench at all times for soils rated Good (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, 1969) . The depths used to water table are based on an assumed tile depth of 50 cm. Where relief permits, the effective depth above a water table or rock can be increased by adding appropriate amounts of fill. Where the slope is greater than 9 %, a depth to bedrock of 100-150 cm is assessed as poor. Table 25 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds.

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for playgrounds, football, badminton, and for other similar organized games. These areas are subject to intensive foot traffic. A nearly level surface, good drainage, and a soil texture and consistence that gives a firm surface generally are required . The most desirable soils are free of rock outcrops and coarse fragments.

Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site. Degree of Soil Suitability Fair - F Poor - P w Wetneas' Rapidly, well and Moderately well Imperfectly drained soils moderately well drained drained soils subject to subject to seepage or and pernuinently wet soils with no ponding occasional seepage or ponding, and poorly soils. or seepage. Water table ponding of short drained soils. Water below 75 cm during duration and table above 50 cm season of use . imperfectly drained during season of use. soils. Water table below 50 cm during season use.

Flooding None during season of Occasional flooding . use. May flood once every 2-3 years during season ofuse . k Permeability Moderately slow and slow

c

<0 .1 m apart p Stones 2-10 rn apart Stones (Class 2) (Class 5)

r Rock exposures 30-100 Rock ouu:rops too m apart and cover about frequent to permit 2-1096 of the surface playground location

s

In Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity' > 15 .0 cm and/or 7.5-15 cm and/or <7.5 cm and/or low adequate rainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or rainfall and/or high low evapotranspiration moderate evapotrans- evapotranspiration piration

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation . See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 19'78) . s Downgrade to a very poor suitability rating if the slope is greater than 5 96 . a Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, surface wetness, dust, and maintenance. Adverse soil textures may be partially or completely overcome with the addition of topsoil. 5 Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. 6 Depth to sand or gravel is considered a limitation in the levelling operations may expose sand or gravel, thereby bringing about adverse surface textures and undesirable amounts of coarse fragments. The addition of topsoil after the levelling process would overcome this limitation . This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth. It incorporates the concept of supply through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone. In soils where the water table is within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence vegetation growth . 8 Consult glossary for definitions of terms used.

77 Table 26 . Guide for assessing soil suitability ~ for picnic areas.

This guide applies to soils considered for intensive use as park-type picnic areas. It is assumed that most vehicular traffic will confined to the access roads. Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site. Degree of Soil Suitability Symbols' Property affecting use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V Very rapidly, rapidly, Moderately well drained Imperfectly drained Very poorly drained well and moderately soils subject to soils subject to seepage and permanently wet well drained soils not occasional seepage or or ponding. Poorly soils. subject to seepage or ponding and imperfectly drained soil . Water ponding . Water table drained toils not subject table above 50 cm and below 50 cm during to ponding or seepage . often near surface for a season of use. Water Table above 50 month or more during cm for short periods season of use . during season of use

i Flooding None during season of May flood 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 Prolonged flooding use . per year for short times during season of during season of use. periods during season of use . use .

t Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% >30%

S Surface Soil TeXture7-' SL, FSL, VFSL, L SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC, SiC,C ", Si Peaty soils; loose sand LS, and sand other than subject to blowing. loose sand .

c Coarse Fragments on 0-20% 20-50% >50% Surface p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0.1-1 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) r Rockiness'" Rock exposure roughly Rock exposure roughly Rock exposure < 10 m Rock exposure too 30-100 m or more apart 10-30 mapart and cover apart and cover > 25 % frequent to permit and cover < 10% of the 10-25 % of the surface. of the surface. location of picnic areas. surface.

In Useful Moisture Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity' Water storage capacity` > 15 cm and/or 7.5-15 cm and/or <7.5 cm and/or low adequate rainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or rainfall and/or high low evapotranspiration. moderate evapotranspiration . evapotranspiration . Rev . 199 i The symbols are used to indicate the property affecting use. 2 See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravel and cobbles. Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20% by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust and soil permeability . Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Very shallow soils are rated as having severe or very severe limitations for stoniness or rockiness. The nature and topography of the bedrock exposures may significantly alter these ratings. As such, on-site investigations will be necessary in map units containing bedrock when these are considered as possible sites. This property attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth. It incorporates the concept of supply through rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone. In soils where the water table is within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence vegetation growth . Consult glossary for definitions of terms used. Table 27. Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas.

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for tents and camp trailers and the accompanying activities of outdoor living. It is assumed that little site preparation will be done other than shaping and levelling for campsites and parking areas. The soil should be suitable for heavy foot traffic by humans and limited vehicular traffic. Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site.

Back country campsites differ in design, setting and management but require similar soil attributes. These guidts should apply to evaluations for back country campsites but depending on the nature of the facility the interpreter may Wish to adjust the criteria defining a given degree of limitation to reflect the changed requirement. For example, small tent sites may allow rock exposures greater than 10 m apart to be considered a slight limitations. Degree of Soil Suitability Symbol' Items Affecting Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V w Wetness' Very rapidly, rapidly, Moderately well drained Imperfectly drained Very poorly drained well and moderately well soils subject to occasional soils subject to seepage and permAnently wet drained soils with no seepage or ponding and or ponding and poorly soils. seepage or ponding. imperfectly drained soils drained soils. Water Water table below 75 cm with no seepage or table above 50 cm during season of use. ponding. Water table during season of use. below 50 cm during season of use

Flooding None Very occasional flooding Occasional flooding Flooding during every during season of use. during season of use. season of use. Once in 5-10 years. Once in 2-4 years. k Permeability Very rapid to moderate Moderately slow and Very slow . inclusive. slow . t Slope 0-9 % 9-15% 15-30% >30% s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, L SiL, SCL, CL, SiCL, SC, sic, C' ; Si Peaty soils: loose sand Texture" LS, and sand other than subject to blowing. loose sand . Coarse Fragments 0-20% 20-50% >50% on Surface" P I Stoninessx` Stones > 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart (Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5) r I Rockiness'" No rock exposures Rock exposures > 10 m Rock exposures < 10 m Rock exposures too apart and cover <25% apart and cover >25% frequent to permit of the area . of the area . campground location . ev7. ~

The symbol are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Surface soil texture influences soil rating as it affects foot trafficability, dust, and soil permeability . Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles. Some gravelly soils may be rated as having slight: limitations if the content of gravel exceeds 2096 by only a small margin, providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. Very shallow soils are rated as having a limitation for rockiness and/or stoniness. Table 28 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails .

It is assumed that the trails will be built at least 45 cm wide and that obstructions such as cobbles and stones will be removed during construction. It is also assumed that a dry, stable tread is desirable and that muddy, dusty, wom or eroded trail treads are undesirable. Hiking and riding trails are not treated separately, but as the design requirements for riding trails are more stringent, a given limitation will be more difficult to overcome. Poor or very poor suitability does not indicate that a trail cannot or should not be built. It does, however, suggest higher design requirements and maintenance to overcome the limitations. Degree of Soil Suitability Affecting Symbol' Items' Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V s Texture'-' SL, FSL, VFSL, LS, L SiL, CL, SiCL, SCL SC, SiC, C' ; Sand, Si Peaty soils; loose sand subject to blowing c Coarse Fragment 0-20% 20-50% >50% 'I Content" p Stoniness' Stones >2 m apart - Stones 1-2 mapart Stones 0.1-1 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart (Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5) w Wetness' Very rapidly, rapidly Moderately well drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils. well, and moderately soils subject to drained soils. Water well drained soils. occasional seepage and table above 50 cm and Water table below 50 cm ponding and imperfectly often near surface for a during season of use. drained soils. Water month or more during table cnay be above 50 season of use . cm for short periods during season of use . r Rockiness-' Rock exposures >30 m Rock exposures 10-30 m Rock exposures < 10 m Rock exposures too apart and cover < 10% apart and cover 10-25% apart and cover > 25 % frequent to permit of the surface. of the surface. of the surface. location of paths and trials . t Slopes 0-15% 15-30% 30-60% >60% i Flooding Not subject to flooding Floods 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 times Subject to prolonged I during season of use . during season ofuse . during season of use . flooding during season of I use. Rev . 99

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitations. The items affecting use listed in this table are those which have been shown to cause significant differences in trail response. Elevation, aspect, position on slope, and snow avalanching may have slight affects or influence trail management and should be considered in the final site evaluation. Items such as vegetation, fauna, and scenic value are not considered in the guidelines (Epp, 1977). Texture refers to the soil texture which will form the tread texture. This is the surface texture on level areas but may be a subsurface texture on slopes. Textural classes are based on the less than 2 mm soil fraction. Texture influences soil ratings as it influences foot trafficability, dust, design or maintenance of trails, and erosion hazards. See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978). Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair. Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles. Gravels tend to cause unstable footing when present in high amounts, and are also associated with increased erosion. Cobbles (and stones) must be removed from the trail tread, increasing construction and maintenance difficulties . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20 % by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size. The type of rock outcrop (flat lying vs cliffs), and the orientation of the structure (linear cliffs vs massive blocks) can greatly alter the degree of the limitation . Each site with a Rockiness limitation based on the percent rock outcrop above should be evaluated on its own merits and the degree of limitation should then be modified appropriately if necessary. Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the slope of the tread. APPIENDI

GLOSSARY

AASHO classification (soil engineering) - The offi- Bulk density - The weight of oven dry soil (105 cial classification of soil materials and soil degrees C) divided by its volume at field mois- aggregate mixtures for highway construction ture conditions, expressed in grams per cubic used by the American Association of State centimeter. Highway Officials. Buried soil - Soil covered by an alluvial, loessial, or Acid soil - A soil having a pH less than 7 . See pH other deposit, usually to a depth greater than and Reaction, soil . the thickness of the solum.

Alkaline soil - A soil having a pH greater than 7 . Calcareous soil - Soil containing sufficient calcium See Reaction, soil . carbonate (often with magnesium carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with hydro- Alluvium - A general term for all deposits of rivers chloric acid . and streams . Calcium Carbonate Equivalent - Refers to the per- Arable soil - Soil suitable for plowing and cultiva- cent of carbonates in the soil expressed on the tion. basis of calcium carbonate. Terms used to express the carbonate contents of soils are: Association - A sequence of soils of about the same age, derived from similar parent material, and noncalcareous ...... <:1% occurring under similar climatic conditions but weakly calcareous...... 1-5~'a showing different characteristics due to vari- moderately calcareous...... 6-15% ations in relief and in drainage . strongly calcareous ...... 16-253'0 v. strongly calcareous . . . . . 26-40% 1/3 Atmosphere Moisture - The moisture percentage extremely calcareous ...... >40% on dry weight basis of a soil sample that has been air dried, screened, saturated and sub- Capillaa fringe - A zone of essentially saturated soil jected to a soil moisture tension of 345 cm of just above the water table. The size distribu- water through a permeable membrane for a tion of the pores determines the extent and period of 48 hours. It approximates the soil degree of the capillary fringe. moisture retention capacity . Carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) -The ratio of the Available nutrient - That portion of any element or weight of organic carbon to the weight: of total compound in the soil that can be readily nitrogen in a soil or in an organic material. absorbed and assimilated by growing plants. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) - A measure of Available soil moisture - The portion of water in a the total amount of exchangeable cations that soil that can be readily absorbed by plant roots: can be held by a soil. Expressed in milliequiv- generally considered to be that water held in alents per 100g of soil. the soil up to approximately 15 atmospheres pressure. la - As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter: usually con- Bearing_capacitv - Capacity of soil (in moist to wet sisting largely of clay minerals . As a soil conditions) to support loads such as buildings, textural class, soil materials that contain 40 or people, vehicles, and animals. more percent clay, less than 45 percent sand and less than 40 percent silt. Bedrock - The solid rock that underlies soil and regolith or that is exposed at the surface. Cobbles - Rock fragments 8 to 25 cm in diameter .

Boulders - Stones which are larger than 60 cm in Color - Soil colors are compared with a Munsell diameter. color chart. The Munsell system specifies the

81 relative degrees of the three simple variables of 3 . Any vegetation producing a protective mat color: hue, value and chroma. For example: on or just above the soil surface. lOYR 6/4 means a hue of lOYR, a value of 6, and a chroma of 4. Creep (soil) - Slow mass movement of soil and soil material down rather steep slopes primarily Complex (soil) - A mapping unit used in detailed under the influence of gravity, but aided by and reconnaissance soil surveys where two or saturation with water and by alternate freezing more soil series that are so intimately inter- and thawing. mixed in an area that it is impractical to separ- ate them at the scale of mapping used. Decile portion - A one-tenth portion. As used in the soil map symbol A7-B3 means that the A soils Concretions - Hard grains, pellets or nodules from cover seven tenths and the B soils cover three concentration of compounds in the soil that tenths of the map unit. cement soil grains together. Delta - A fluvial or glaciofluvial fan shaped deposit Conductivity, electrical - A physical quantity that at the mouth of a river that empties into a lake measures the readiness with which a medium or sea. (irrigation water and soil extracts) transmits electricity . It ex-presses the concentration of Deflocculate - To separate or to break up soil aggre- salt in terms of the conductance (reciprocal of gates into individual particles by chemical or the electric resistance in ohms) in milliSiemens physical means or both . per cm (or expressed as deciSiemens per meter - dS/m). Degradation (of soils) - The changing of a soil to a more highly leached and more highly weathered Consistence (soil) - The mutual attraction of the condition, usually accompanied by morphologi- particles in a soil mass, or their resistance to cal changes such as the development of an separation or deformation. It is described in eluviated light colored (Ae) horizon. terms such as loose, soft, friable, firm, hard, sticky, plastic or cemented. DisQersion - Is rated high, moderate or low depend- ing on how readily the soil structure breaks Consumptive use factor (CU) - The ratio of con- down or slakes because of excess moisture. A sumptive use of water by a crop to potential rating of high indicates that soil aggregates evapotranspiration and transpiration . An acti- slake readily; vely growing crop that completely covers the a rating of low indicates that aggregates are soil over a large area and that has an ample resistant to dispersion and remain clumped supply of readily available soil water has a together. consumptive use factor of 1 .0 . Drainage (soil) - (1) The rapidity and extent of the Consumptive use of water - The sum of the depths removal of water from the soil by runoff and of water transpired by the plants and evapor- flow through the soil to underground spaces. ated from the soil surface and from intercepted (2) As a condition of the soil, it refers to the precipitation . It may be less or greater than frequency and duration ofperiods when the soil potential evapotranspiration . is free of saturation.

Contour - An imaginary line connecting points of Drainage in soil reports is described on equal elevation on the surface of the soil. the basis of actual moisture content in excess of field capacity and length of the saturation Cover - This term generally has one of the following period within the plant root zone. The terms meanings: are as follows:

1 . Vegetation or other material providing Very rapidly drained - Water is removed from protection the soil very rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward very rapidly if 2 . In forestry, low growing shrubs and her- underlying material is pervious. There may be baceous plants under trees (i.e., ground very rapid subsurface flow during heavy rain- cover vs . tree cover) fall provided there is a steep gradient. Soils have very low available water storage capacity wide range in available water supply, texture, (usually less than 2 .5 cm) within the control and depth, and are gleyed phases of well section and are usually coarse in texture, or drained subgroups . These soils generally have shallow, or both . Water source is precipita- mottling below the surface layers and generally tion . have duller colors with depth, generally brownish gray with mottles of yellow and gray. Rjpidly drained - Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water Poorly drained - Water is removed so slowly in flows downward if underlying material is relation to supply that the soil remains wet for pervious . Subsurface flow may occur on steep a comparatively large part of the time the soil gradients during heavy rainfall . Soils have low is not frozen . Excess water is evident in the available water storage capacity (2.5-4 cm) soil for a large part of the time. Subsurface within the control section, and are usually flow or groundwater flow, or both, in addition coarse in texture, or shallow, or both . Water to precipitation are main water sources; there source is precipitation. may also be a perched water table, with pre- cipitation exceeding evapotranspiration . Poorly Well drained - Water is removed from the soil drained soils have a wide range in available readily but not rapidly. Excess water flows water storage capacity, texture, and depth, and downward readily into underlying pervious are gleyed subgroups, Gleysols, and Organic material or laterally as subsurface flow. Soils soils. have intermediate available water storage capacity (4-5 cm) within the control section, Very Doorly drained - Water is removed from and are generally intermediate in texture and the soil so slowly that the water table remains depth. Water source is precipitation. On at or on the surface for the greater part of the slopes subsurface flow may occur for short time the soil is not frozen . Excess water is durations but additions are equalled by losses . present in the soil for the greater part of the These soils are usually free of mottles within time . Groundwater flow and subsurface flow 100 cm of the surface but may be mottled are major water sources. Precipitation is less below this depth. Soil horizons are usually important except where there is a perched water bright colored. table with precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration . These soils have a wide Moderately well drained - Water is removed range in available water storage capacity, from the soil somewhat slowly in relation to texture, and depth, and are either Gleysolic or supply. Excess water is removed somewhat Organic. slowly due to low perviousness, shallow water table, lack of gradient, or some combination of Dryland farming - The practice of crop production these. Soils have intermediate to high water in low rainfall areas without irrigation . storage capacity (5-6cm) within the control section and are usually medium to fine in Eluvial horizon - A horizon from which material has texture. Soils are commonly mottled in the 50 been removed in solution or in water suspen- to 100 cm depth. Colors are dull brown in the sion. subsoil with stains and mottles. Eolian - Soil material accumulated through wind Imperfectly drained - Water is removed from action. the soil sufficiently slowly in relation to supply to keep the soil wet for a significant part of the Erosion - The wearing away of the land surface by growing season. Excess water moves slowly detachment and transport of soil and rock downward if precipitation is major supply . If material through the action of moving water, subsurface water or groundwater, or both, is wind or other geological processes . The rat- the main source, flow rate may vary but the ings of erosion are: soil remains wet for a significant part of the growing season. Precipitation is the main Erosion 1 slightly eroded - soil with a source if available water storage capacity is sufficient amount of the A high; contribution by subsurface flow or grou- horizon removed that ordinary ndwater flow, or both, increases as available tillage will bring up and mix the water storage capacity decreases. Soils have a B horizon or other lower lying

83 horizons with surface soil in the reduction or alternating reduction and oxida- plow layer. tion. These soils have lower chromas or more prominent mottling or both in some horizons Erosion 2 moderately eroded - soil with than the associated well-drained soil . all of the A horizon and a part of the B or other lower lying 1 olic - An order of soils developed under wet horizons removed. The plow conditions and permanent or periodic reduction. layer consists mainly of the These soils have low chromas or prominent original horizons below the A mottling or both, in some horizons. or below the original plow lay- er. Gravel - Rock fragments 2 mm to 7 .5 cm in diam- eter . Erosion 3 severely eroded - soils have practically all of the original Ground Moraine - An unsorted mixture of rocks, surface soil removed . The plow boulders, sand, silt and clay deposited by layer consists mainly of C hor- glacial ice. The predominant material is till; izon material, especially on most till is thought to have accumulated under knolls and steep upper slope the ice by lodgment, but some till has been let positions. down from the upper surface of the ice by ablation. Resorting and modification may have Evapotranspiration - The combined loss of water taken place to some extent by wave-action of from a given area, and during a specific period glacial melt waters . The topography is most of time, by evaporation from the soil surface commonly in the form ofundulating plains with and transpiration from plants . gently sloping hills and enclosed depressions .

Field Moisture Equivalent - The minimum moisture Groundwater - Water beneath the soil surface, content at which a drop of water placed on a usually under conditions where the voids are smoothed surface of the soil will not be completely filled with water (saturation) . absorbed immediately by the soil, but will spread out over the surface and give it a shiny Halophytic vegetation - Vegetation that grows nat- appearance. urally in soils having a high content of various salts. It usually has fleshy leaves or thorns and Flood plain - The land bordering a stream, built up resembles desert vegetation. of sediments from overflow of the stream and subject to inundation when the stream is at Horizon (soil) - A layer in the soil profile approxi- flood stage. mately parallel to the land surface with more or less well-defined characteristics that have been Fluvial deposits - All sediments past and present, produced through the operation of soil forming deposited by flowing water, including glaciofl- processes. uvial deposits. Horizon boundarv - The lower boundary of each Frost heave - The raising of the surface caused by horizon is described by indicating its distinct- ice in the subsoil . ness and form . The distinctness depends on the abruptness of vertical change (thickness). Friable - Soil aggregates that are soft and easily The form refers to the variation of the bound- crushed between thumb and forefinger. ary plane.

Glaciofluvial deposits - Material moved by Distinctness - and subsequently sorted and deposited by abrupt - less than 2 cm streams flowing from the melting ice. These clear - 2 to 5 cm deposits are stratified and may occur in the gradual - 5 to 15 cm form of outwash plains, deltas, kames, eskers diffuse - more than 15 cm and kame terraces. Form - Gleved soil - An imperfectly or poorly drained soil smooth - nearly plain in which the material has been modified by wavy - pockets are wider than deep irregular - pockets are deeper than wide Lacustrine deposits - Material deposited by or broken - parts of the horizon are uncon- settled out of lake waters and exposed by nected with other parts lowering of the water levels or elevation of the land . These sediments range in texture from Humic layer- - A layer of highly decomposed sand to clay and are usually, varved (layered organic soil material containing little fibre. annual deposits).

Hydraulic Conductivity - Refers to the effective Landforms - See Description of Landforms flow velocity or discharge velocity in soil at unit hydraulic gradient. It is an approximation Landscane - All the natural features such as fields, of the permeability of the soil and is expressed hills, forest, water, etc., which distinguish one in cm per hour. The classes are described in part of the earth's surface from another part. general or specific terms as: Leaching - The removal from the soil of materials High > 15 Very rapid > 50 in solution. Rapid 15-50 Medium 0 .5-15 Mod. rapid 5 .0-15 Liquid limit (upper plastic limit) -The water content Moderate 1 .5-5 .0 corresponding to an arbitrary limit between the Mod. slow 0 .5-1 .5 liquid and plastic states of consistency of a soil . Low <0 .5 Slow 0.15-0 .5 The water content at this boundary is defined as Very slow 0.015-0.15 that at which a pat of soil cut by a groove of Extremely slow < .015 standard dimensions will flow together for a distance of 1.25 cm under the impact of 25 Hydrologic cycle - The conditions through which blows in a standard liquid limit apparatus . water naturally passes from the time of precipi- tation until it is returned to the atmosphere by Lineal shrinkage - This is the decrease in one dime- evaporation and is again ready to be precipi- nsion expressed as a percentage of the original tated. dimension of the soil mass when the moisture content is reduced from a stipulated percentage Hvdrophvte - Plants growing in water or dependent (usually field moisture equivalent) to the shrin- upon wet or saturated soil conditions for kage limit. growth . Mapping Unit - Any delineated area shown on a Illuvial horizon - A soil horizon in which material soil map that is identified by a symbol . A carried from an overlying layer has been pre- mapping unit may be a soil unit, a cipitated from solution or deposited from miscellaneous land type, or a soil complex. suspension . The layer of accumulation . Marsh - Periodically flooded or continually wet Impeded drainage - A condition that hinders the areas having the surface not deeply submerged . movement of water by gravity through the It is covered dominantly with sedges, cattails, soils . rushes or other hydrophytic plants .

Inclusion - Soil type found within a mapping unit Mature soil - A soil having well-developed soil that is not extensive horizons produced by the natural processes of enough to be mapped separately or as part of a soil formation. complex . Mesophvte - Plants requiring intermediate moisture Infiltration - The downward entry of water into the conditions and are not very resistant to drought. soil Microrelief - Small-scale, local differences in relief Irrigation - The artificial application of water to the including mounds, swales or hollows. soil for the benefit of growing crops . Milliequivalent (me,) - One-thousandth of an equival- Irrigation requirement (IR) - Refers to the amount ent. An equivalent is the weight in grains of an of water exclusive of effective precipitation that ion or compound that combines with or is required for crop production. replaces one gram of hydrogen. The atomic or

85 formula weight divided by valence. the fraction finer than 2 mm is that defined for the sandy particle size class . Mottles - Irregularly marked spots or streaks, usually yellow or orange but sometimes blue. Loamy-skeletal - Particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy They are described in order of abundance (few, 35% or more by volume with enough fine earth common, many), size (fine, medium, coarse) to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; the fraction and contrast (faint, distinct, prominent). finer than 2 mm is that defined for the loamy Mottles in soils indicate poor aeration and lack particle-size class. of good drainage. Clayey-skeletal - Particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy Organic carbon - Carbon derived from plant and 35% or more by volume with enough fine earth animal residues . to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; the fraction finer than 2 mm is that defined for the clayey Organic matter - The fraction of the soil which particle size class. . consists of plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of Sandy - The texture of the fine earth includes soil organisms and substances synthesized by sands and loamy sands, exclusive of loamy the soil population. It is determined on soils very fine sand and very fine sand textures; that have been sieved through a 2.0 mm sieve. particles 2 mm- 25 cm occupy less than 35% It is estimated by multiplying the organic by volume. carbon by a factor of 1 .72. Loamy - The texture of the fine earth includes Outwash - Sediments "washed out" beyond the loamy very fine sand, very fine sand, and finer by flowing water and laid down in thin textures with less than 35% clay; particles 2 beds or strata. Particle size may range from mm-25 cm occupy less than 35% by volume. boulders to silt. Coarse-loamy A loamy particle size that has Ovendrv soil - Soil that has been dried at 105 15% or more by weight of fine sand (0.25-0.1 degrees C until it has reached constant weight. mm) or coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 cm, and has less than 18% clay in the Parent material - The unaltered or essentially unal- fine earth fraction. tered mineral or organic material from which the soil profile develops by pedogenic pro- Fine-loamy - A loamy particle size that has cesses. 15% or more by weight of fine sand (0.25-0 .1 mm) or coarser particles, including fragments Particle size, soil - The grain size distribution of the up to 7.5 cm, and has 18-35% clay in the fine whole soil including the coarse fraction. It earth fraction. differs from texture, which refers to the fine earth (less than 2mm) fraction only. In ad- Coarse-silty - A loamy particle size that has dition, textural classes are usually assigned to less than 15% of fine sand (0.25-0.1 mm) or specific horizons whereas soil family par- coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 ticle-size classes indicate a composite particle cm, and has less than 18% clay in the fine size of a part of the control section that may earth fraction. include several horizons. See Textural Triangle at end of Glossary . Fine-silty - A loamy particle size that has less than 15% of fine sand (0.25-0.1 mm) or The particle-size classes for family coarser particles, including fragments up to 7.5 groupings are as follows: cm, and has 18-35% clay in the fine earth fraction. Fragmental - Stones, cobbles and gravel, with too little fine earth to fill interstices larger than Clayey - The fine earth contains 35% or more 1 mm . clay by weight and particles 2mm-25 cm occupy less than 35% by volume. Sandy-skeletal - Particles coarser than 2 mm occupy 35% or more by volume with enough Fine-clayey - A clayey particle size that has fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; 35-60% clay in the fine earth fraction.

86 Very-fine-clayey - A clayey particle size that and well supplied with water . has 60% or more clay in the fine earth fraction. Profile, soil - A vertical section of the soil through Ped - An individual soil aggregate such as granule, all its horizons and extending into the parent prism or block formed by natural processes (in material . contrast with a clod which is formed artificial- ly). Reaction, soil - The acidity or alkalinity of a soil .

PedoloQV - Those aspects of soil science involving Soil reaction classes are characterized as follows : constitution, distribution, genesis and classifica- tion of soils. extremely acid pH < 4.5 very strongly acid 4.5 to 5.0 Percolation - The downward movement of water strongly acid 5.1 to 5.5 through soil ; specifically, the downward flow medium acid 5.6 to 6.0 of water in saturated or nearly saturated soil at slightly acid 6.1 to 6 .5 hydraulic gradients of 1 .0 or less . neutral 6.6 to 7 .3 mildly alkaline 7 .4 to 7 .8 Permafrost - mod. alkaline 7 .9 to 8 .4 strongly alkaline 8 .5 to 9 .0 1 . Perennially frozen material underlying the very strongly alkaline >9 .0 solum . 2 . A perennially frozen soil horizon . Regolith - The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock and soil material on the earth's surface . Permafrost table - The upper boundary of perma- frost, usually coincident with the lower limit of Relief - The elevation of inequalities of 'the land seasonal thaw (active layer). surface when considered collectively.

Permeability - The ease with which water and air Runoff - The portion of the total precipitation on an pass through the soil to all parts of the profile. area that flows away through stream channels . See hydraulic conductivity. Surface runoff does not enter the soil . Ground- water runoff or seepage flow from groundwater pH - The intensity of acidity and alkalinity, enters the soil before reaching the strE;am. expressed as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of 7 is neu- Saline Soil - A nonalkali soil containing soluble tral, lower values indicate acidity and higher salts in such quantities that they interfere with values alkalinity (see Reaction, soil). the growth of most crop plants . The conductiv- ity of the saturation extract is greater than 4 Phase, soil - A soil phase is used to characterize millisiemens/cm (ms/cm), the exchangeable-so- soil and landscape properties that are not used dium percentage is less than 15, and die pH is as criteria in soil taxonomy . The major phase usually less than 8 .5 . Approximate limits of differentiae are : slope, erosion, deposition, salinity classes are: stoniness, texture, salinity, and calcareousness. non-saline 0 to 4 mS/cm Plastic Limit - The water content corresponding to weakly saline 4 to 8 mS/cm an arbitrary limit between the plastic and the mod . saline 8 to 15 MS/cm semisolid states of consistency of a soil . strongly saline > 15 ms/cm

Plasticity Index - The numerical difference between Salinization - The process of accumulation of salts the liquid and the plastic limit. The plasticity in the soil . index gives the range of moisture contents within which a soil exhibits plastic properties . Salt-Affected Soil - Soil that. has been adversely modified for the growth of most crop plants by Potential evapotranspiration (PE) - The maximum the presence of certaia types of exchangeable quantity of water capable of being lost as water ions or of soluble salts . It includes soils having vapor, in a given climate, by a continuous an excess of salts, or an excess of exchangeable stretch of vegetation covering the whole ground sodium or both.

87 Sand - A soil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in immediate surface of the earth that serves as a diameter. The textural class name for any soil natural medium for the growth of land plants . containing 85 percent or more of sand and not Soil has been subjected to and influenced by more than 10 percent of clay. genetic and environmental factors of: parent material, climate (including moisture and Saturation Percentage - The moisture percentage of temperature effects), macro- and microorgan- a saturated soil paste, expressed on an oven dry isms, and topography, all acting over a period weight basis . of time.

Seena~e - Solum - The upper horizons of a soil above the parent material and in which the processes of l . The escape of water downward through soil formation are active. It usually comprises the soil. the A and B horizons.

2 . The emergence of water from the soil Stones - Rock fragments greater than 25 cm in along an extensive line of surface in con- diameter. trast to a spring where water emerges from a local spot. niness - The percentage of land surface occupied by stones . The classes of stoniness are Series, soil - A category in the Canadian System of defined as follows: Soil Classification . It consists of soils that have soil horizons similar in their differentiating Stones O. Nonstonv -- Land having less than characteristics and arrangement in the profile, 0.01 % of surface occupied by stones . except for surface texture and are formed from a particular type of parent material. Stones 1 . Slightly stony -- Land having 0.01-- 0.1% of surface occupied by stones. Stones Shrinkage limit - This is the moisture content at 15-30 cm in diameter, 10-30 in . apart. The which an equilibrium condition of volume stones offer only slight to no hindrance to change is reached and further reduction in cultivation. moisture content will not cause a decrease in the volume of the soil mass. Stones 2 . Moderately stony - Land having 0.1-3 % of surface occupied by stones. Stones Shrinkage ratio - This is the ratio between the 15-30 cm in diameter, 2-10 m apart. Stones volume change and a corresponding change in cause some interference with cultivation. moisture content. It equals the apparent specific gravity of the dried soil . Stones 3. Very stony -- Land having 3-15% of surface occupied by stones . Stones 15-30 cm Silt - (a) Individual mineral particles of soil that in diameter, 1-2 m apart. There are sufficient range in diameter between 0.05 to .002 mm. stones to constitute a serious handicap to culti- (b) Soil of the textural class silt contains greater vation. than 80 percent silt and less than 12 percent clay. Stones 4. Exceedingly stony - Land having 15-50% of surface occupied by stones. Stones Slickenside - Smoothed surfaces along planes of 15-30 cm in diameter, 0.7-1 .5 m apart. There weakness resulting from the movement of one are sufficient stones to prevent cultivation until mass of soil against another in soils dominated considerable clearing has been done. by swelling clays. Stones 5. Excessively stony -- Land having Sodium-Adsorption Ratio (S .A .R.) - A ratio for soil more than 50% of surface occupied by stones. extracts and irrigation waters used to express Stones 15-30 cm in diameter, less than 0.7 m the relative activity of sodium ions in exchange apart. The land is too stony to permit cultiva- reactions with other cations in the soil SAR = tion. Na/((Ca+ Mg)/2)'/Z where the cation concentra- tions are expressed as milliequivalents per litre. Storage Capacity - Refers to the maximum amount of readily available water that can be stored Soil - The unconsolidated mineral material on the within the rooting zone of a crop in a given

88 soil . For practical irrigation purposes, 50 By convention an aggregate is described in the percent of the total soil water between field order of grade, class and type, e .g . strong, medium, capacity and wilting point may be considered as blocky. In the parent material of soils the material readily available. with structural shapes may be designated as pseudo-blocky, pseudo-platy, etc. Stratified materials - Unconsolidated sand, silt and clay arranged in strata or layers. In stratified Soil Survey - The systematic examination, descrip- materials, a bed is a unit layer distinctly separ- tion, classification, and mapping of soil in an able from other layers and is one or more cm area. thick but a lamina is a similar layer less than 1 cm thick . Sulfate Hazard - Refers to the relative degree of attack on concrete by soil and water containing Structure - The combination or arrangement of various amounts of sulfate ions. It is estimated primary soil particles into aggregates of secon- from electrolyte measurements and salt analysis dary soil particles, units or peds, which are on selected profiles and soil samples, and by separated from each other by surfaces of weak- visual examination of free gypsum within the ness . Structure is expressed in terms of grade, profile during the course of soil investigation . size class and shape Lype. Grade refers to the distinctness of aggregate development, and is Swamp - See Description of Landforms described as structureless, weak, moderate or strong. Structureless refers to the absence of Texture. soil - The relative proportions of the fine observable aggregation of definite orderly earth (less than 2 mm.) fraction of a soil. Tex- arrangement; the term amorphous is used if soil tural classes are usually assigned to specific is massive or coherent, single-grained if non- horizons whereas family particle size classes coherent. The weak to strong aggregates vary indicate a composite particle size of a portion in size and are described by class as fine, of the control section that may include several medium, coarse, and very coarse depending on horizons. See Texture Triangle at end of the shape types . The shape types refers to the Glossary . The size range of the constituent dominant configuration of the aggregates and primary particles are as follows: the way they are accommodated. The general shape types are plate-like, block-like and Diameter (mm) prism-like. The terms are: Very coarse sand 2.0-1 .0 Platy - Having thin, plate-like aggregates with Coarse sand 1 .0-0.5 faces mostly horizontal . Medium sand 0.5-0.25 Fine sand 0.25-0.10 Prismatic - Having prism-like aggregates with Very fine sand 0.10-0.05 tops and edges, appear plane, level and some- Silt 0.05-0.002 what angular. Clay < 0.002 Fine clay < 0.0002 Columnar - Having prism-like aggregates with vertical edges near the top of columns, not Till, glacial - Unstratified glacial deposits consisting sharp. of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders intermingled in any proportion. Granular - Having block-like aggregates that appear as spheroids or polyhedrons having Tilth - The physical condition of soil as related to plane or curved surfaces which have slight or its ease of tillage, fitness as a seedbed;, and its no accommodation to the faces of the surround- impedance to seedling emergency and root ing peds. penetration.

Blocky - Having block-like aggregates with sharp, Topography - Refers to the percent slope and the angular corners. pattern or frequency of slopes in different directions . A set of 10 slope classes are used Subangular blocky - Having block-like aggregates to denote the dominant but not necessarily most with rounded and flattened faces and rounded cor- abundant slopes within a mapping unit. ners .

89 Slope Slope Percent Approx . Water table depths - (cm) Class Name slope degrees Generally High < 100 1 level 0-0.5 0 Very High 0-50 2 nearly level .5-2 .5 .3-1 .5 Moderately High 250-100 3 very gentle 2-5 1-3 Medium High 100-150 4 gentle 6-9 3 .5-5 Generally Low > 150 5 moderate 10-15 6-8.5 Medium Low 150-200 6 strong 16-30 9-17 Low >200 7 very strong 31-45 17-24 Moderately Low 200-300 8 extreme 46-70 25-35 Very Low >300 9 steep 71-100 35-45 10 very steep > 100 >45 Water-holding capacity - The ability of a soil to hold water against the force of gravity in a Underground runoff - (or seepage) Water flowing freely drained soil. towards stream channels after infiltration into the ground. Weathering - The physical and chemical disintegra- tion, alteration and decomposition of rocks and Unified Soil Classification System; (engineering) - minerals at or near the earth's surface by atmos- A classification system based on the identifica- pheric agents. tion of soils according to their particle size, gradation, plasticity index and liquid limit. Xerophvte - Plants capable of surviving extended periods of soil drought. Urban Land - Areas so altered or obstructed by urban works or structures that identification of soils is not feasible:

Variant. soil - A soil whose properties are believed to be sufficiently different from other known soils to justify a new series name; but compris- ing such a limited geographic area that creation of a new series is not justified.

Varve - A distinct band representing the annual deposit in sedimentary materials regardless of origin and usually consisting of two layers, one thick light colored layer of silt and fine sand laid down in the spring and summer, and the other a thin, dark colored layer of clay laid down in the fall and winter.

Water balance, soil - Is the daily amount of readily available water retained by the soil . The daily soil-water balance is decreased by the amount that the daily consumptive use exceeds the daily rainfall. When daily rainfall exceeds the con- sumptive use, the daily balance increases by the amount of the difference unless the soil-water balance is at storage capacity, in which case the excess is assumed to be lost by runoff or deep percolation .

Water table - (groundwater surface; free water surface; groundwater elevation) Elevation at which the pressure in the water is zero with respect to the atmospheric pressure. Figure 7. Family Particle-Size Figure 8. Soil Textural Classes Classes

- FT~e_ LS iltY-1 _1_L ~ I Koorse ~ Coorse Loam y I Silty ~ i

0 10 20 30 A0 50 60 70 80 90 100 PER CENT SAND

Textural Class Class Group Symbol Name

Coarse S sand LS loamy sand

Moderately SL sandy loam Coarse LVFS loamy very fine sand VFS very fine sand

Medium Si silt SiL silt loam L loam VFSL very fine sandy loam

Moderately SCL sandy clay loam Fine CL clay loam SiCL silty, clay loam

Fine SC sandy clay C clay sic silty clay

Very Fine HC heavy clay APPENDIX D

SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS

ORGANIC HORIZONS an accumulation of organic matter in which the original structures are easily discern- Organic horizons are found in Organic soils, and ible. commonly at the surface of mineral soils. They may occur at any depth beneath the surface in buried F This is an organic horizon characterized by soils, or overlying geologic deposits . They contain an accumulation of partly decomposed or- more than 1790 organic carbon (approximately 30% ganic matter. The original structures in organic matter) by weight. Two groups of these part are difficult to recognize. The hori- horizons are recognized, O horizons and the L, F, zon may be partly comminutetl by soil and H horizons. fauna as in moder, or it may be a partly decomposed mat permeated by fungal O This is an organic horizon developed mainly hyphae as in mor . from mosses, rushes, and woody materials . H This is an organic horizon characterized by Of The fibric horizon is the least decomposed an accumulation of decomposed organic of all the organic soil materials. It has matter in which the original structures are large amounts of well- preserved fiber that indiscernible . This material differs from are readily identifiable as to botanical the F horizon by its greater humification origin. A fibric horizon has 40% or more chiefly through the action of organisms . It of rubbed fiber by volume and a is frequently intermixed with mineral pyrophosphate index of 5 or more. If the grains, especially near the junction with rubbed fiber volume is 75% or more, the the mineral horizon. pyrophosphate criterion does not apply. MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS Om The mesic horizon is the intermediate stage of decomposition with intermediate Mineral horizons are those that contain less than amounts of fiber, bulk density and water-- 30% organic matter by weight as specified for holding capacity . The material is partly organic horizon. altered both physically and biochemically. A mesic horizon is one that fails to meet A This is a mineral horizon or horizons formed at the requirements of fibric or humic . or near the surface in the zone of leaching or removal of materials in solution and suspension Oh The humic horizon is the most highly or of maximum in situ accumulation of organic decomposed of the organic soil materials . matter, or both. Included are: It has the least amount of fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest saturated 1 . horizons in which organic matter has accumu- water-holding capacity . It is very stable lated as a result of biological activity (Ah); and changes very little physically or ch- emically with time unless it is drained . 2. horizons that have been eluviated of clay, The humic horizon has less than 10% iron, aluminum, or organic matter, or all of rubbed fiber by volume and a them (Ae); pyrophosphate index of 3 or less. 3 . horizons having characteristics of 1) and 2) LFH These organic horizons developed primarily above but transitional to underlying B or C from leaves, twigs, woody materials and a (AB or A and B); minor component of mosses under imperfectly to well drained forest conditions . 4. horizons markedly disturbed by cultivation or pasture (Ap). L This is an organic horizon characterized by B This is a mineral horizon or horizons character- secondary carbonates in concretions or soft, ized by one or more of the following : powdery forms.

1 . an enrichment in silicate clay, iron, cc Cemented (irreversible) pedogenic concretions . aluminum, or humus, alone or in combination (Bt,Bf,Bfh,Bhf, and Bh) ; e A horizon characterized by the eluviation of clay, iron, aluminum, or organic matter alone or in 2 . a prismatic or columnar structure that exhibits combination. When dry, it is usually higher in pronounced coatings or stainings and signifi- color value by 1 or more units than an underlying cant amount of exchangeable Na (Bn); B horizon. It is used with A (Ae) .

3 . an alteration by hydrolysis, reduction, or f A horizon enriched with amorphous material, oxidation to give a change in color or struc- principally A1 and Fe combined with organic ture from horizons above or below, or both, matter. It usually has a hue of 7 .5YR or redder and does not meet the requirements of 1) and or its hue is l0YR near the upper boundary and 2) above (Bm,Bg) . becomes yellower with depth. When moist, the chroma is higher than 3 or the value is 3 or less. C This is a mineral horizon or horizons compara- It contains 0 .6% or more pyrophosphate-extrac- tively unaffected by the pedogenic processes table A1+Fe in textures finer than sand and operative in A and B, excepting (i) the process of 0.43'0 or more in sands (coarse sand, sand, fine gleying, and (ii) the accumulation of calcium and sand, and very fine sand) . The ratio of magnesium carbonates and more soluble salts pyrophosphate-extractable AI+Fe to clay (less (Cca,Csa,Cg, and C) . Marl and diatomaceous than 0 .002mm) is more than 0.05 and organic C earth are considered to be C horizons . exceeds 0.5% . Pyrophosphate-extractable Fe is at least 0.3%, or the ratio of organic C to R This is consolidated bedrock that is too hard to pyrophosphate-extractable Fe is less than 20, or break with the hands or to dig with a spade when both are true. It is used with B alone (Bf), with moist and that does not meet he requirement of a B and h (Bhf), with B and g (Bfg), and with C horizon . The boundary between the R layer other suffixes. The criteria for "f" do not apply and overlying unconsolidated material is called a to Bgf horizons . The following horit;ons are lithic contact. differentiated on the basis of organic carbon con- tent: Bf - 0.5% to 53'0 organic carbon . Bhf-more W This is a layer of water in Gleysolic, Organic, or than 5% organic carbon. Cryosolic soils . It is called a hydric layer in Organic soils. g A horizon characterized by gray colors, or prominent mottling, or both, indicative ofperma- LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES nent or periodic intense reduction. Chromas of the matrix are generally 1 or less. It is used with b Buried soil horizon . A and e (Aeg) ; with B alone (Bg); with B and f (Bfg) ; with B, h, and f (Bhfg); with B and t c A cemented (irreversible) pedogenic horizon. (Btg); with C alone (Cg); with C and k (Ckg); The ortstein of a Podzol, and a layer cemented and several others . In some reddish parent by calcium carbonate and a duripan are materials, matrix colors of reddish hues and high examples. chromas may persist despite long periods of reduction. In these soils, horizons are designated ca A horizon with secondary carbonate enrichment as g if there is gray mottling or if there is where the concentration of lime exceeds that marked bleaching on ped faces or along cracks . present in the unenriched parent material . It is more than 10 cm thick, and if it has a CaC03 e- Aeg This horizon must meet the definitions of quivalent of less than 15 percent it should have at A,e, and g. least 5 percent more CaC03 equivalent than the parent material (IC) . If it has more than 15 per- Bg These horizons are analogous to Bm hor- cent CaC03 equivalent it should have 1/3 more izons but they have colors indicative of CaC03 equivalent than the IC. If no IC is poor drainage and periodic reduction. present, this horizon is more than 10 cm thick They include horizons occurring between and contains more than 5 percent by volume of A and C horizons in which the main fea-

93 tures are (i) colors of low chroma, that is : contains 0.5% more organic carbon than chromas of 1 or less, without mottles on the IC, or both. It contains less than 17% ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are organic carbon by weight. lacking; or chromas of 2 or less in hues of lOYR or redder, on ped surfaces or in the Ahe An Ah horizon that has undergone matrix ifpeds are lacking, accompanied by eluviation as evidenced, under natural more prominent mottles than those in the conditions, by streaks and splotches of C horizon; or hues bluer than 10Y, with or differing shades of gray and often by platy without mottles on ped surfaces or in the structure. It may be overlain by a matrix if peds are lacking. (ii) colors in- darker-colored Ah and underlain by a dicated in (i) and a change in structure lighter colored Ae. from that of the C horizons . (iii) color indicated in (i) and illuviation of clay too Bh This horizon contains more than 1 % slight to meet the requirements of Bt; or organic carbon, less than 0 .3% accumulation or iron oxide too slight to pyrophosphate-extractable Fe, and has a meet the limits of Bgf. (iv) colors indicated ratio of organic carbon to pyrophosphate= in (i) and removal of carbonates . Bg extractable of 20 or more. Generally the horizons occur in some Orthic Humic color value and chroma are less than 3 Gleysols and some Orthic Gleysols . when moist.

Bfg, Bhfg, Btg, and others. When used in any Bhf Defined under 'f. of these combinations the limits set for f, hf, t, and others must be met. j Used as a modifier of the suffixes e, f, g, n, and t to denote an expression of, but failure to meet, Bgf The dithionite-extractable Fe of this hor- the specified limits of the suffix it modifies . It izon exceeds that of the IC by 1 % or must be placed to the right and adjacent to the more. Pyrophosphate-extractable Al + Fe suffix it modifies. For example Bfgj means a Bf is less than the minimum limit specified horizon with weak expression of gleying; Bfjgj for 'f' horizons. This horizon occurs in means a B horizon with weak expression of both Fera Gleysols and Fera Humic Gleysols, 'fand 'g' features . and possibly below the Bfg of gleyed Podzols . It is distinguished from the Bfg Aej It denotes an eluvial horizon that is thin, of gleyed Podzols on the basis of the ext- discontinuous or slightly discernible. ractability of the Fe and Al. The Fe in the Bgf horizon is thought to have accumulated Btj It is a horizon with some illuviation of as a result of the oxidation of ferrous iron. clay, but not enough to meet the limits of The iron oxide formed is not associated Bt. intimately with organic matter or with Al, and it is sometimes crystalline . The Bgf Btgj, Bmgj . Horizons that are mottled but do not horizons are usually prominently mottled, meet the criteria of Bg. with more than half of the soil material occurring as mottles of high chroma. Bfj It is a horizon with some accumulation of pyrophosphate-extractable A1 and Fe but Cg, Ckg, Ccag, Csg, Csag. When g is used not enough to meet the limits of Bf. with C alone, or with C and one of the lower-case suffixes k, ca, s, or sa, it must Bntj or Bnj . Horizons in which development of meet the definition for C and for .the par- solonetzic B properties is evident but ticular suffix. insufficient to meet the limits for Bn or Bnt. h A horizon enriched with organic matter. It is used with A alone (Ah); or with A and e (Ahe); k Denotes the presence of carbonate, as indicated or with B alone (Bh); or with B and f (Bhf). by visible effervescence when dilute HCl is added . Most often it is used with B and m (Bmk) Ah A horizon enriched with organic matter or C (Ck), and occasionally with Ah or Ap (Ahk, that either has a color value at least one Apk), or organic horizons (Ofk, Omk). unit lower than the underlying horizon or m A horizon slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxida- lattice clays . It forms below an eluvial hor- tion, or solution, or all three, to give a change in izon, but may occur at the surface of a soil color or structure, or both . It has : that has been partially truncated . It usually has a higher ratio of fine clay to total clay 1 . Evidence of alteration in one of the following than IC . It has the following properties : forms : 1 . If any part of an eluvial horizon remains a) Higher chromas and redder hues than the and there is no lithologic discontinuity underlying horizons . between it and the Bt horizon, the Bt horizon contains more total and fine clay b) Removal of carbonates, either partially than the eluvial horizons, as follows : (Bmk) or completely (Bm) . a) If any part of the eluvial horizon has 2 . Illuviation, if evident, too slight to meet the less than 153'o total clay in the fine requirements of a Bt or a podzolic B. earth fraction (2mm) the Bt horizon must contain at least 3% more clay, 3. Some weatherable minerals . e.g ., Ae 10% clay Bt minimum 13% clay. 4. No cementation or induration and lacks a brittle consistence when moist. This suffix b) If the eluvial horizon has more than can be used as Bm, Bmgj, Bmk, and Bms . 15% and less than 40% total clay in the fine earth fraction, the ratio of the clay n A horizon in which the ratio of exchangeable Ca in the Bt horizon to that in the: eluvial to exchangeable Na is 10 or less . It must also horizon must be 1 .2 or more, e.g ., have the following distinctive morphological 20% clay increase in the Bt over Ae. characteristics : prismatic or columnar structure ; dark coatings on ped surfaces, and hard to very c) If the eluvial horizon has more than hard consistence when dry . It is used with B, as 40% total clay in the fine earth frac- Bn or Bnt. tion, the Bt horizon must contain at least 8 % more clay than the eluvial p A horizon disturbed by man's activities, such as horizon, e .g . Ae 50% clay ; Bt at least cultivation, logging, habitation, etc. It is used 58% clay. with A and O. 2 . A Bt horizon must be at least 5 cm thick. s A horizon with salts, including gypsum, which In some sandy soils where clay ac- may be detected as crystals or veins, as surface cumulation occurs in the lamellae, the total crusts of salt crystals, by depressed crop growth, thickness of the lamellae should be more or by the presence of salt-tolerant plants. It is than 10 cm in the upper 150 cm of the commonly used with C and k (Csk), but can be profile . used with any horizon or combination of horizon and lower-case suffix . 3. In massive soils the Bt horizon should have oriented clays in some pores and also as sa A horizon with secondary enrichment of salts bridges between the sand grains . more soluble than calcium and magnesium car- bonates, in which the concentration of salts 4. If peds are present, a Bt horizon shows exceeds that present in the unenriched parent clay skins on some of the vertical and material . The horizon is 10 cm or more thick. horizontal ped surfaces and in the fine The conductivity of the saturation extract must be pores, or shows oriented clays in. 1 % or at least 4 ms/cm and must exceed that of the C more of the cross section, as viewed in horizon by at least one-third. . thin section.

t An illuvial horizon enriched with silicate clay . It 5 . If a soil shows a lithologic discontinuity is used with B alone (Bt), with B and g (Btg), between the eluvial horizon and the! Bt hor- with B and n (Bnt), etc. izon, or if only a plow layer overlies the Bt horizon, the Bt horizon need show only Bt A Bt horizon is one that contains illuvial layer clay skins in some part, either in some fine

95 pores or on some vertical and horizontal ped surfaces. Thin sections should show that some part of the horizon has about 1 % or more of oriented clay bodies.

Btj, Btj, and Btg are defined under j and g. u A horizon that is markedly disrupted by physical or faunal processes other than cryoturbation. Evidence of marked disruption such as the inclu- sion of material from other horizons, absence of the horizon, etc . must be evident in at least half of the cross section of the pedon. Such turbation can result from blowdown of trees, mass move- ment of soil on slopes, and burrowing animals . It can be used with any horizon or subhorizon with the exception of A or B alone; e.g. Aeu, Bfu, BCu. x A horizon of fragipan character. A fragipan is a loamy subsurface horizon of high bulk density and very low organic matter content. When dry, it has a hard consistence and seems to be cemented . When moist, it has moderate to weak brittleness . It frequently has bleached fracture planes and is overlain by a friable B horizon. Air dry clods of fragic horizons slake in water. y A horizon affected by cryoturbation as manifested by disrupted and broken horizons, incorporation of materials from other horizons and mechanical sorting in at least half of the cross section of the pedon . It is used with A, B, and C alone or in combination with other subscripts, e.g. . Ahy, Ahgy, Bmy, Cy, Cgy, Cygj, etc. z A frozen layer. It may be used with any horizon or layer, e.g. Ohz, Bmz, Cz, Wz. APPENDIX

DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS

GENETIC MATERIALS other nearshore sediments transported and depos- ited by wave action. Unconsolidated mineral component These are materials that either have, settled The unconsolidated mineral component consists from suspension in bodies of standing frersh water of clastic sediments that may or may not be strat- or have accumulated at their margins through ified, but whose particles are not cemented together . wave action. They are essentially of glacial or post-glacial origin but include poorly consolidated and weathered Marine - Unconsolidated deposits of clay, silt, sand, bedrock. or gravel that are well to moderately well sorted and well stratified to moderately stratified (in Anthropoeenic - Man-made or man-modified some places containing shells). They have settled materials, including those associated with mineral from suspension in salt or brackish water bodies exploitation and waste disposal. or have accumulated at their margins through shoreline processes such as wave action and long- Colluvial - Massive to moderately well stratified, shore drift. nonsorted to poorly sorted sediments with any range of particle sizes from clay to boulders and Morainal - Sediment generally consisting of well blocks that have reached their present position by compacted material that is nonstratified and direct, gravity-induced movement. contains a heterogeneous mixture of particle sizes, often in a mixture of sand, silt, and clay They are restricted to products of mass-wa- that has been transported beneath, beside, on, sting whereby the debris is not carried by wind, within and in front of a glacier and not modified water, or ice (excepting snow avalanches) . by any intermediate agent .

Eolian - Sediment, generally consisting of medium Sanrolite - Rock containing a high proportion of to fine sand and coarse silt particle sizes, that is residual silts and clays formed by alteration, well sorted, poorly compacted,and may show chiefly by chemical weathering. internal structures such as cross bedding or ripple laminae, or may be massive . Individual grains The rock remains in a coherent state, intersti- may be rounded and show signs of frosting . tial grain relationships are undisturbed and no downhill movement due to gravity has occurred . These materials have been transported and deposited by wind action . Undifferentiated - A layered sequence of more than three types of genetic material outcropping on a Fluvial - Sediment generally consisting of gravel and steep erosional escarpment . sand with a minor fraction of silt and clay . The gravels are typically rounded and contain intersti- Volcanic - Unconsolidated pyroclastic sediments. tial sand . Fluvial sediments are commonly These include volcanic dust, ash, cinders, and moderately to well sorted and display stratifica- pumice. tion, but massive, nonsorted fluvial gravels do occur . These materials have been transported Qualifying Descriptors and deposited by streams and rivers . Finer tex- tured Fluvial deposits of modern rivers are These have been introduced to qualify the genetic termed Alluvium. materials and to supply additional information about the mode of formation or depositional environment. Lacustrine - Sediment generally consisting of either stratified fine sand, silt, and clay deposited on the Glacial - Used to qualify nonglacial genetic materials lake bed ; or moderately well sorted and stratified or process modifiers where there is direct evi- sand and coarser materials that are beach and dence that glacier ice exerted a strong but sec-

97 ondary or indirect control upon the mode of mineral sources. The microrelief is hummocky, origin of the materials or mode of operation of with many pools present. The waters are neutral the process . The use of this qualifying descriptor or slightly acid. The dominant peat materials are implies that glacier ice was close to the site of the shallow to deep mesic to humic forest and fen deposition of a material or the site of operation of peat. a process . GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS Glaciofluvial - Fluvial materials showing clear evidence of having been deposited either directly Material modifiers are used to qualify in front of or in contact with glacier ice. unconsolidated mineral and organic deposits. Particle-size classes serve to indicate the size, Glaciolacustrine - Lacustrine materials deposited in roundness, and sorting of unconsolidated mineral contact with glacial ice. deposits. Fiber classes indicate the degree of d- ecomposition and fiber size of organic materials . Glaciomarine - Materials of glacial origin laid down in a marine environment, as a result of settling Particle size classes for unconsolidated mineral from melting, floating ice and ice shelves . materials

Organic component Blocky: An accumulation of angular particles greater than 256 mm in size. The organic component consists of peat deposits containing > 30% organic matter by weight that may Bouldery: An accumulation of rounded particles be as thin as 10 cm if they overlie bedrock but are greater than 256 mm in size. otherwise greater than 40 cm and generally greater than 60 cm thick . Clayey: An accumulation of particles where the The classes and their definitions follow. fine earth fraction contains 35% or more clay (<0.002 mm) by weight and par- ticles greater than 2 mm are less than B Bog 35% by volume. N Fen S Swamp Cobbly: An accumulation of rounded particles having a diameter of 64-256 mm. Bog - A bog is a peat-covered or peat-filled area, generally with a high water table. Since the Gravelly: An accumulation of rounded particles surface of the peatland is slightly elevated, bogs ranging in size from pebbles to boulders. are either unaffected or partly affected by nutrient-rich groundwaters from the surrounding Loamy: An accumulation of particles of which mineral soils . The groundwater is generally fine earth fraction contains 35% or less acidic and low in nutrients (ombrotrophic). The clay (<0.002 mm) by weight and dominant peat materials are sphagnum and forest particles greater than 2 mm are less than peat, underlain, at times, by fen peat . 35% by volume.

Fen - A fen is a peat-covered or peat-filled area with Pebbly: An accumulation of rounded particles a high water table, which is usually at the sur- having a diameter of 2-64 mm. face. The dominant materials are shallow to deep, well to moderately decomposed fen peat. Rubbly : An accumulation of angular fragments The waters are mainly rich in nutrients (minerotr- having a diameter of 2-256 mm. ophic) and are derived from mineral soils. The peat materials are therefore higher in both nutri- Sandy : An accumulation of particles of which the ents and pH than the peats associated with bogs. fine earth fraction contains more than 70% by weight of fine sand or coarser Swamp - A swamp is a peat-covered or peat-filled particles. Particles greater than 2 mm area . The peat surface is level or slightly con- occupy less than 35% by volume. cave in cross section. The water table is fre- quently at or above the peat surface. There is Silty: An accumulation ofparticles of which the strong water movement from margins or other fine earth fraction contains less than 15%

98 of fine sand or coarser particles and has underlying topography . less than 359'o clay. Particles greater than 2 mm occupy less than 35% by Fan - A fan-shaped form similar to the segment of a volume. cone and having a perceptible gradient from the apex to the toe. Fiber classes for organic materials Humm - A very complex sequence of slopes The amount of fiber and its durability are import- extending from somewhat rounded depressions or ant characterizing features oforganic deposits in that kettles of various sizes to irregular to conical they reflect on the degree of decomposition of the knolls or knobs . There is a general lack of material . The prevalence of woody materials in concordance between knolls or depressions. peats is also of prime importance. Slopes are generally 9-703'0 (5-35 degrees).

Fibric: The least decomposed of all organic Inclined - A sloping, unidirectional surface: with a materials ; there is a large amount of well generally constant slope not broken by marked ir- preserved fiber that is readily identifiable regularities . Slopes are 2-709'0 (1-35 degrees). as to botanical origin . Fibers retain their The form of inclined slopes is not related to the character upon rubbing. initial mode of origin of the underlying material .

Mesic: Organic material in an intermediate stage Level - A flat or very gently sloping, unid'v7ectional of decomposition; intermediate amounts surface with a generally constant slope not bro- of fiber are present that can be identified ken by marked elevations and depression:,. Slopes as to their botanical origin. are generally less than 29'0 (1 degree) .

Humic : Highly decomposed organic material; Rolling - A very regular sequence of moderate small amounts of fiber are present that slopes extending from rounded, sometimes can be identified as to their botanical confined concave depressions to broad, rounded origin. Fibers can be easily destroyed by convexities producing a wavelike pattern of rubbing. moderate relief. Slope length is often 1 .6 km or greater and gradients are greater than 5% (3 Woody: Organic material containing more than degrees). 503'0 of woody fibers. Ridged - A long, narrow elevation of the surface, SURFACE EXPRESSION usually sharp crested with steep sides. The ridges may be parallel, subparallel, or intersecting . The surface expression of genetic materials is their form (assemblage of slopes) and pattern of tee - Erosional slopes, greater than 70~'0 (35 forms . Form as applied to unconsolidated deposits degrees), on both consolidated and refers specifically to the product of the initial mode unconsolidated materials . The form of' a steep of origin of the materials . When applied to consoli- erosional slope on unconsolidated materials is not dated materials, form refers to the product of their related to the initial mode of origin of the under- modification by geological processes. Surface ex- lying material . pression also indicates the manner in which unconsolidated genetic materials relate to the under- Terraced - Scarp face and the horizontal or gently lying unit. inclined surface (tread) above it.

Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface Undulating - A very regular sequence of gentle classes slopes that extends from rounded, sometimes confined concavities to broad rounded convexities Apr9n - A relatively gentle slope at the foot of a producing a wavelike pattern of low local relief. steeper slope and formed by materials from the Slope length is generally less than 0.8 km and the steeper, upper slope. dominant gradient of slopes is 2-5% (1-3 de- grees). Blanket - A mantle of unconsolidated materials thick enough to mask minor irregularities in the un- Veneer - Unconsolidated materials too thin to mask derlying unit but still conforming to the general the minor irregularities of the underlying unit surface. A veneer will range from 10 cm to 1 m in thickness and will possess no form typical of the material's genesis.

Organic surface classes

Blanket - A mantle of organic materials that is thick enough to mask minor irregularities in the under- lying unit but still conforms to the general underlying topography.

Bowl - A bog or fen occupying concave-shaped depressions .

Domed - A bog with an elevated, convex, central area much higher than the margin. Domes may be abrupt (with or without a frozen core) or gently sloping or have a stepped surface.

Floating - A level organic surface associated with a pond or lake and not anchored to the lake bot- tom.

Horizontal - A flat peat surface not broken by marked elevations and depressions.

Plateau - A bog with an elevated, flat, central area only slightly higher than the margin . Ribbed - A pattern of parallel or reticulate low ridges associated with fens .

Sloping - A peat surface with a generally constant slope not broken by marked irregularities .

Veneer - A thin (40 cm-lm) mantle of organic materials which generally conforms to the under- lying topography. They may or may not be associated with discontinuous permafrost. APPENDIX 1F

DAILY SITE DESCRIPTION AND DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTION DATA

During the course of the field program, approximately 1819 Daily Site Description Forms were filled out to capture site and landscape observations covering the municipality . These daily site observations are backed up with samples for laboratory analysis to confirm attributes or properties that cannot be sufficiently determined on site, e.g. textural class or presence of salts .

Fifteen profiles were characterized with observations recorded on a Detailed Soil Description Form. All fifteen profiles were sampled and brought to the laboratory for physical and chemical analysis .

The data accumulated from Daily Site Descriptions, Detailed Soil Descriptions and laboratory analysis performed on the soil samples have resulted in the generation of voluminous information that can no longer be accommodated in this report. This data now resides in one of the several Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Databases.

Daily Site Descriptions can be accessed on an interactive basis through the University of Manitoba Computer System by way of the Soil Information Management System (Moils). For the R.M . of Pembina a project code PMB was assigned and used for selection and querying ofthe database. Similarly, the Detailed Soil Descriptions data (profiles) can also be accessed the same way in a batch mode. A printed output is generated and can be picked up at the I/O window of the Computer Centre on the 6th Floor, Engineering Building, University of Manitoba.

In both cases, a TSO user ID and account number with the University of Manitoba Computer System is necessary to be able to logon on the computer system. For assistance and special requests of soil data contact: Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, Rm. 362 Ellis Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2.

Selected Detailed Profile Descriptions Available from the R.M. of Pembina Series Name cati n Sample Year Site Number Zinman (ZIM) NW 5-3-8W 1988 1 Zinman (ZIM) NE 31-2-8W 1988 2 Manitou (MXS) SE 1-4-9W 1988 3 Knudson (KUD) NW 7-4-9W 1988 4 I Darlingford (DGF) NW 35-2-8W 1988 5 Joyale (JYL) SE 7-4-IOW 1988 6 Manitou (MXS) NE 8-3-8W 1988 7 Knudson (KUD) SW 18-3-8W 1988 8 Darlingford (DGF) NW 14-4-8W 1988 9 Darlingford (DGF) NW 17-4-8W 1988 10 Manitou (MXS) SW 15-2-8W 1989 1 Mowbray var. (MOW,) SE 22-1-8W 1989 2 Darlingford (DGF) NE 8-1-9W 1989 3 Tadpole peaty (TDP ) NE 29-3-9W 1989 4 Manitou (MXS) SW 24-3-9W 1989 5 :J APPENDIX G

1VIAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY

Simple Map Units

Series Symbol --~"DGF2~ CXV Topography Degree of Series with (very gently stoniness no phases sloping) (moderate)

Compound Map Units

Series Symbol i s-ti DGF' - FRS3 J LS - GRRS Degree of lclx Degree of xxxs t- Salinity Salinity (weakly)

Degree of Topography Degree of No or Minimal Topography Erosion (Very gently Stoniness Phase Features (level) (slight) sloping) (slightly)

In a compound unit where two series share the same denominator, the phases apply to both series accordingly. Phases

Degree of Erosion Stoniness

x noneroded or minimal x nonstony 1 slightly eroded 1 slightly stony 2 moderately eroded 2 moderately stony 3 severely eroded 3 very stony 0 overblown 4 exceedingly stony 5 excessively stony

Slope Class Degree of Salinity ~ond. (mS/cml x 0- .5% level to nearly level b .5-2% nearly level c 2-5% very gently sloping x nonsaline 0-4 d 5-9% gently sloping s weakly saline 4-8 e 9-15% moderately sloping t moderately saline 8-15 f 15-30 % strongly sloping u strongly saline 15 + g 3045% very strongly sloping h 45-70% extremely sloping Variants

A shaly variant of a normal series includes a high proportion of shale derived fragments in the parent material. e.g. CYN1, MOW1

- Croyon, shaly variant - Mowbray, shaly variant

102 LEGEND

Soil Legend for R .M. of PEMBINA

Soil Surface Soil Symbol Soil Name Texture Drainage Mode of Deposition Family Particle Size Subgroup

ATN Altamont CL WELL Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy O.DG BKR Basker SICL POOR Fluvial Loamy R.HG BKRp Basker Peaty POOR Fluvial Loamy R.HG CXF Carroll CL WELL Lacustrine Fine Loamy R.BL CXV Charman CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GL.BL

CYN Croyon L-CL WELL Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal O.BL CYN1 Croyon,Shaly Variant L-CL WELL Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal 0.131, CZK Cazlake CL POOR Till Fine Loamy R.HG CXT Capell CL IMPER Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal GLR.BL DZW Dezwood L-CL WELL Till Fine Loamy O.DG

DGF Darlingford L-CL WELL Till Fine Loamy 0.131, DOT Dorset LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal O.BL DOT1 Dorset,Shaly Variant LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal 0.131, ERX Eroded Slope Complex Var . WELL-IMP Variable Variable FRS Ferris CL IMPER Till Fine Loamy GLR.BL

FFR Fifere L-CL WELL Till Fine Loamy O.DG FSO Fresno L IMPER Till Fine Loamy GL.DG FND Fairland L WELL Lacustrine Loamy 0.131, FIR Firdale SICL WELL Lacustrine Fine Loamy O.DG GRR Guerra L POOR Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy R.HG

GRRp Guerra,peaty Peaty POOR Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy R.HG HEB Hebbot CL WELL Till Fine Loamy R.BL. HOS Horose CL POOR Till Fine Loamy RAG JYL Joyale CL IMPER Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy GLR.BL KUD Knudson CL WELL Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy 0.131,

LEI Levine SICL IMPER Fluvial Loamy GLCU.R LRY Leary LS WELL Fluvial Sandy Skeletal O.DG LRY1 Leary,Shaly Variant LS WELL Fiuviai Sandy Skeletai O.LG LRT Larrett L WELL Lacustrineffill Fine Loamy E.131, MOW Mowbray SiCL WELL Fluvial Loamy CU.R.

103 Soil Legend for R .M. of PEMBINA (Cont'd)

Soil Surface Soil Symbol Soil Name Texture Drainage Mode of Deposition Family Particle Size Subgroup

MOW] Mowbray,Shaly Var. SiCL WELL Fluvial Loamy CU .R. MXS Manitou L-CL WELL Till Fine Loamy 0.131, NOW Nowell CL IMPER Till Fine Loamy GL .BL NSH Narish CL POOR Lacustrine/Till Fine Loamy R.HG NKK Nikkel CL IMPER Till Fine Loamy GL .BL

NYO Nayler L WELL Till Fine Loamy D.GL PDA Prodan CL IMPER Lacustrine Fine Loamy GLR.BL POU Pouchal CL POOR Till Fine Loamy HU .LG PBI Pembina L-CL WELL Till Fine Loamy D.GL PER Perillo M.Peat V.POOR Organic/Lacustrine Organic/Loamy T.M

RAM Ramada CL WELL Lacustrine Fine Loamy O.BL TLI Tellier CL IMPER Lacustrine/Till Fine Loamy GL .DG TDP Tadpole CL POOR Lacustrine Fine Loamy R.HG TDPp Tadpole,peaty Peaty POOR Lacustrine Fine Loamy R.HG ULH Ullrich CL IMPER Lacustrine/Till Fine Loamy GL .BL

VDL Vandal L-CL WELL Lacustrine/Fluvial Loamy/Sandy Skeletal O.DG WTI Watrine CL POOR Lacustrine/Till Fine Loamy HU .LG ZIM Zinman CL-C IMPER Lacustrine/Till Clayey/Loamy GLSZ.DG ZPI Zaplin CL IMPER Till Fine Loamy GL .DG MAP SHEET INDEX

_ I 1 Townsite Manitou Tp . 4 Detailed Study 1 1 :20 000 I Lk Riviere R.10 anitou p. 3 arlingfo~ -

R.M . of Pembina Tp . 2 1 :50 000

Tp . I

R .9 R .8 R .7

TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM

31 32 33 34 35 36

30 29 28 27 26 25

19 20 21 22 23 24

18 17 16 15 14 13

7 8 9 10 I I 12

6 5 4 3 2 1