Volume 2011 Article 19

2011

Sourcing Red River Jasper: An Archaeological and Geological Investigation of a Gravel Chert in the Red River Drainage

Elsbeth L. Dowd Lyme Art Association, [email protected]

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Cite this Record Dowd, Elsbeth L. (2011) "Sourcing Red River Jasper: An Archaeological and Geological Investigation of a Gravel Chert in the Red River Drainage," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2011, Article 19. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2011.1.19 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2011/iss1/19

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sourcing Red River Jasper: An Archaeological and Geological Investigation of a Gravel Chert in the Red River Drainage

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This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2011/iss1/19 ĔĚėĈĎēČĊĉĎěĊė ĆĘĕĊėǣ ēėĈčĆĊĔđĔČĎĈĆđĆēĉ ĊĔđĔČĎĈĆđ ēěĊĘęĎČĆęĎĔēĔċĆ ėĆěĊđčĊėęĎēęčĊĊĉĎěĊėėĆĎēĆČĊ

Elsbeth Linn Dowd

„•–”ƒ –

 ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡƒŽ‹–Š‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‹•ƒ—†‡”•–—†‹‡† Š‡”––Šƒ–™ƒ• ™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†„›’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡” Šƒ‹ –‘Žƒ–‡’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ȋƒ††‘Ȍ’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ ‹–• ‘‘ ‘ —””‡ ‡ ƒ– •‹–‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡† ‹˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• –ƒ„—Žƒ” Š‡”– Šƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” ƒ”‰‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” Žƒ‹•Ǥ  Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‡”•‡ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰‹ ‘Ž‘”ˆ”‘„”‘™–‘›‡ŽŽ‘™–‘”‡†ǡ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ƒ†Ž‹‡Ž› ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ‹‹–‡†•‡–‘ˆ•‘—” ‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǡƒ†ƒ•–”‡ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›„‡†”‘  •‘—” ‡™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡††‘™•–”‡ƒ„› –Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”‹–‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ǥ

–”‘†— –‹‘

 ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽ‹–Š‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘™ƒ•‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡† „›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ž‹˜‹‰ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‹ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ‡šƒ•ǡƒ†‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤƒ”‹‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†Ž‹–Š‹ –‘‘Ž•ˆ”‘‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ƒƒ–”‹ ‡–‹‡•ȋͳͲǡͶͲͲ–‘ͻǡͲͲͲǤǤȌȋ ‡‹‰• ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹  ’‡”‹‘† ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͳȌǤ  Š‹• –ƒ –‘ ”‡††‹•Š „”‘™ Š‡”– ‘ —”• ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ƒ• –ƒ„—Žƒ”’‡„„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Šƒ˜‡ ‘‘Ž› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ•ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ Š‡”––Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ “—‹”‡†‘’’‘”–—‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘‰”ƒ˜‡Ž„ƒ”•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‘”‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ‘ —””‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ–•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹––Ž‡ƒ†‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”•–Šƒ– †”ƒ‹–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•‹ŽƒŠ‘ƒǤŠ‹•’ƒ’‡”‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‹‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š‡”‡‹–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‘™‹–•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡ ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘‹–•ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ•–”‡ƒǦ†‡’‘•‹–‡†‰”ƒ˜‡Žƒ”‡ Ž‡•• ’”‘ˆ‘—† –Šƒ –Š‘•‡ ˆ‘” ƒ “—ƒ””‹‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ †‡ϐ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› Ž‹–Š‹  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‘™• ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡••—””‘—†‹‰’”‘ —”‡‡–ǡ‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ  Š‹•’ƒ’‡”„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆ‹–•˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‘–Šƒ ”‘• ‘’‹  ƒ†‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ Ǥ‡•’‹–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ ‘Ž‘”ǡƒ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›–Š”‘—‰Š ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‹•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‘‘‰‡‘—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ”‡•–”‹ –‡†•‡–‘ˆ•‘—” ‡•Ǥ‡š–ǡ–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”‡ ‡šƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”–‹ˆƒ –ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆ•–”‡ƒ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤƒ•‡† ‘–Š‘•‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ”‘••Ǧ —––Š‡ ‘Šǯ•ƒŽŽ‡›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͺͻ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ˆ”‘–Š‡ǤǤƒ˜‹••‹–‡ȋ͵Ͷ͸Ȍ‹ —”–ƒ‹‘—–›ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ

‹‰—”‡ʹǤ‹–‡•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•†‹• —••‡†‹’ƒ’‡”Ǥ  ȋͳȌ ƒ‡••‹–‡ǡ͵ͶͳͳǢ  ȋʹǦͳ͵Ȍ͵ͶͳͲͷȂ͵Ͷͳͳ͹Ǣ  ȋͳͶȌ‘–‰‘‡”›•‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ ͹ͲǢ  ȋͳͷȌƒŠƒˆˆ‡›•‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ ͳǢ  ȋͳ͸Ȍƒ–—”ƒŽƒ‡•‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ͹ͳǢ  ȋͳ͹ȌŽ‡••‹‰ƒ‡•‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ͹ͶǢ  ȋͳͺȌ””‘™Š‡ƒ† ‹ŽŽ•‹–‡ǡ͵ͶͳͲͷǢ  ȋͳͻȌ—ˆˆƒŽ‘‡†•‹–‡ǡ͵ͶͳͳͳǢ  ȋʹͲȌ‡ŽŽ•‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ͹͸Ǣ  ȋʹͳȌǤǤƒ˜‹••‹–‡ǡ͵Ͷ͸Ǣ  ȋʹʹȌ‹‡”‡‡‘—† ”‘—’•‹–‡ǡ͵ͶͳͶ͸Ǣ  ȋʹ͵Ȍ‹ŽŽ —‰Š‡••‹–‡ǡ͵ͶʹͳǢ  ȋʹͶȌ‹‰‰Šƒ”‡‡•‹–‡ǡ͵ͶͳͲͷǢ  ȋʹͷȌ‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ƒ›‘—Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‘••‹‡”ƒ”‹•ŠǡǢ  ȋʹ͸Ȍ ‘Š‡ƒ” ‡•‹–‡ǡͳ͸ͷ͸Ǣ  ȋʹ͹Ȍ‘Žˆ•Š‡ƒ†•‹–‡ǡͶͳͳͳ͹Ǥ

ͻͲȈ Volume 21, 2011 ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒŽ›•‹•ǣƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹  ‘‘‰‡‡‹–›

Macroscopic Description  Š‹Ž‡ ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‹• ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ‹–• Žƒ••‹  ˆ‘”ǡ ‹– ‡ ‘’ƒ••‡• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ ‘Ž‘”ȋ ‹‰—”‡͵ȌǤ•†‡ϐ‹‡†„›‡—†–‡ȋͳͻͻʹǣͳͷͳȌǡŒƒ•’‡”‹• Dzƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ Š‡”– ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‹”‘‘š‹†‡‹’—”‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‰‘Ž†ǡ„”‘™ǡ‘””‡† ‘Ž‘”ǤdzŠ‡Glossary of Geology’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡ ‘ ‘”†•™‹–Š–Šƒ–†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ǡ „—–ƒ††•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡Œƒ•’‡”‹•Dz Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡†ǥ›‡ŽŽ‘™ǡ‰”‡‡ǡ‰”ƒ›‹•ŠǦ„Ž—‡ǡ„”‘™ǡƒ†„Žƒ  Š‡”–•Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Œƒ•’‡”dzȋƒ–‡•ƒ† ƒ •‘ͳͻͺͲǣʹȌǤ‘•– ‘‘Ž›–Š‡ ‘”–‡š‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ƒ„‡ †‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•„”‘™–‘•–”‘‰„”‘™ȋ͹ǤͷͷȀͶ–‘͹ǤͷͷȀ͸Ȍǡ„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘‘ —”•‹‘–Š‡”•Šƒ†‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰Ž‹‰Š– „”‘™ȋ͹Ǥͷ͸ȀͶȌǡ›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™ȋͳͲͷȀͶȌǡ”‡††‹•Š›‡ŽŽ‘™ȋ͹Ǥͷ͸ȀͺȌǡ™‡ƒ”‡†ȋͳͲͶȀ͵Ȍǡ†—•›”‡† ȋͳͲ͵Ȁ͵Ȍǡƒ†’‹ȋ͹ǤͷͺȀͶȌǤ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‹•‘•–”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›„”‘™–‘•–”‘‰„”‘™ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘ —”• ‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧ‡–‹‘‡†•Šƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”‹‘”ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›†‹•’Žƒ›•ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘Ž‘”•ǡ™‹–Šƒ„ƒ†‡†ǡ ‘––Ž‡†ǡ‘”–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥˆ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ†‡•ˆ”‘›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‘”‡†‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‘”–‡šǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹•‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡•–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡’ƒ––‡”‘ —”•Ǥ  ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ•‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡—’’‡” ”‡ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‹ Ž—†‡••Šƒ†‡•‘ˆ‰”ƒ›ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‘Ž‹˜‡„”‘™ȋʹǤͷͷȀ͵ȌǤ ‡”‡ǡ–Š‡•‡ †ƒ”‡”•Šƒ†‡•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‰”ƒ†‡–‘”‡†‘”›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™‡ƒ”–Š‡ ‘”–‡šǤŠ‡•‡’ƒ––‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†•—„•‡“—‡– Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽœ‘‡•‘ˆ‰”ƒ›ƒ†›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™’”‡•‡–™‹–Š‹‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ˆ”‘–Š‡””‘™Š‡ƒ† ‹ŽŽ •‹–‡ȋ͵ͶͳͲͷȌƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—’’‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ǡ—•Šƒ–ƒŠƒ‘—–›ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͻͳ  ŽŽ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Šƒ•ƒ•‘‘–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǧ™‘” ‘”–‡šǡ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶȌǤŠ‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”Šƒ•ƒϐ‹‡–‡š–—”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›†—ŽŽǡ„—–•‘‡ϐ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†’‹‡ ‡•ƒ”‡Ž—•–”‘—•Ǥ –‹•‘– –”ƒ•Ž— ‡–Ǥ – ‘‘Ž› ‘–ƒ‹•‹‡”ƒŽ‹ Ž—•‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•™Š‹–‡‘”†ƒ”„”‘™•’‡ •Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͶǤ™‘‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰•–”‡ƒǦ”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘”–‡šǡˆ”‘•‹–‡•͵Ͷ ͹Ͳƒ†͵Ͷ͹Ͷ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹ Š‘ –ƒ™ƒ†—•Šƒ–ƒŠƒ ‘—–‹‡•ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ

 Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž• ƒ „‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†ϐŽƒ‡•”‡‘˜‡†„—–ƒ”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ‘ˆ ƒš‹— Ž‡‰–Š ƒ† ƒš‹— –Š‹ ‡•• ˆ‘” ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ͹͹ ‘”‡•ˆ”‘•‡˜‡•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ƒ†‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•ȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ‘ˆƒš‹—Ž‡‰–Šˆ‘”ƒ‘”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡ƒ‘ˆͷǤ͸Ͷ ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆƒš‹— –Š‹ ‡••ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›•‡™‡†ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡ƒ‘ˆͳǤͻ͹ ȋ ‹‰—”‡•͵ƒ†ͶȌǤŠ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•‡™‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– ‘•– ‘”‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–Š‹Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡•‡†‹‡•‹‘•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•–Šƒ– –Š‡ƒ’’‡”•Šƒ†–‘™‘”™‹–ŠǤŠ‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡‡’–‹‹†™Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽ•‹œ‡ƒ††‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ‘”–‡š‘–Š‡ϐ‹‹•Š‡†–‘‘Ž•Ǥ   Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘”‡•™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›†‹˜‹†‹‰–Š‡ƒš‹—Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘”‡„›‹–•ƒš‹— –Š‹ ‡••ǤŠ‹•”ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡•™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ ‘”‡‹•‘”‡”‘—†ȋ Ž‘•‡”–‘ƒͳǣͳ”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‘”‘”‡–ƒ„—Žƒ”ȋ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒƒͳǣͳ”ƒ–‹‘ȌǤŠ‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹••ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”‡•‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›•‡™‡†ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡ƒ‘ˆ͵Ǥͳ͵ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͷȌǤŠ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•‡™‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ„—Žƒ”ƒ†–Šƒ–•‘‡ƒ”‡˜‡”› –ƒ„—Žƒ”Ǥ•‹‰•ƒŽŽǡ–ƒ„—Žƒ” ‘„„Ž‡•ǡƒƒ’’‡”‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡†— ‡†–Š‡ ‘„„Ž‡†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘ƒ‡ƒ –‘‘Žǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ™‘”‹‰ƒϐŽƒ‡„ŽƒǤŠ‹••‹œ‡ƒ†’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–‘‘Ž•ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ –Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡–ƒ‹•‘‡ ‘”–‡šȋ ‹‰—”‡͸ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ʹȌǤ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•ȋα͹͹Ȍˆ”‘•–—†›•‹–‡•Ǥ Measurement Range (cm) Mean (cm) Standard Deviation Maximum Length 2.69 – 8.71 5.64 1.22 Maximum Thickness 0.82 – 4.31 1.97 0.66 Length:Thickness 1.22 – 6.62 3.13 1.14

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ—„‡”ƒ†’‡” ‡–‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡šǡ‰”‘—’‡†„›”‡†— –‹‘•–ƒ‰‡ǡˆ”‘ƒŽŽ ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•Ǥ Reduction Stage n Total n with Cortex % with Cortex Core 77 77 100 Early Stage Biface 18 18 100 Late Stage Biface 44 18 41 Preform 41 12 29 Finished Tool 90 9 10

ͻʹȈ Volume 21, 2011 ‹‰—”‡ͷǤŠƒ’‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•ȋα͹͹Ȍˆ”‘•–—†›•‹–‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒš‹—Ž‡‰–Š–‘ƒš‹—–Š‹ ‡••Ǥ Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘”‡–ƒ„—Žƒ”–Š‡ ‘”‡ȋƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡‘”‡–ƒ„—Žƒ”–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘„„Ž‡ȌǤ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡  ‘”‡•ƒ”‡–ƒ„—Žƒ”Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ʹǦͶ–‹‡•Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‹ Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ‹–Š‹‡ƒ Šƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‡”‡ Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡†„›”‡†— –‹‘•–ƒ‰‡ƒ•†‡„‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡŽƒ–‡•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”•ǡ‘”–‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‹•‰”ƒ’Š•Š‘™•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š ™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š”‡†— –‹‘•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡϐŽ‹–Ǧƒ’’‡”•”‡‘˜‡†‘”‡ ‘”–‡šƒ•–Š‡›”‡†— ‡†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ —„‡”‘ˆϐ‹‹•Š‡†–‘‘Ž•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ ‘”–‡š‘–Š‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ••‘‡–‹‡•†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘”‡‘˜‡ƒŽŽ  ‘”–‡šˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽŽ–ƒ„—Žƒ” ‘”‡•ǤŠ‡•‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’•‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡”‡†–‹’•ƒ†‡ƒ”•‘ •‘‡’‘‹–•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͻ͵  Š‡•ƒŽŽ•‹œ‡ƒ†–ƒ„—Žƒ”•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘„„Ž‡•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘Ž‘” ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –‹Ž‡’‘‹–•Ǥ•‘–‡†„› ‡‹‰•ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣͳ͵Ȍǡ•‘‡ƒƒ–”‹ ‡’‘‹–• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž››‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™Šƒ˜‡”‡†–‹’•ƒ†‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡’‘‹–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Š‡ƒ” ‡•‹–‡ȋ‡„„ ‡–ƒŽǤͳͻ͹ͳȌǤƒ–‡”’‘‹–•ˆ”‘•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ƒ†‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ•‘†‹•’Žƒ›–Š‹•’ƒ––‡” ȋ ‹‰—”‡͹ȌǤ ‡‹‰•“—‡•–‹‘‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•”‡††‡‹‰™ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––”‡ƒ–‡–ȋ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Šƒˆ–‹‰‘”’”‹‘”–‘ƒ’’‹‰Ȍ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”‹–™ƒ•†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡ŽǤŠ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ •‹œ‡ǡƒ†•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘„„Ž‡•‹–Š‹••–—†›•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡•‡”‡†–‹’•ƒ†‡ƒ”•‘’‘‹–•™‡”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ”‘‡’‘‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡••‹‰ƒ‡•‹–‡ ȋ͵Ͷ͹ͶȌ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰”‡† ‘Ž‘”ƒ––Š‡‡†‰‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‹–Ǥ

Microscopic Structure

 ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ˆƒŽŽ•ƒ‹Ž›‹–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š‰”ƒ†‡•ˆ”‘”‡† –‘›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™–‘‰”ƒ›ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘Ž‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›‡š‹•–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š‡–›’‡ƒ† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹”‘‘š‹†‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•‹Œƒ•’‡”‹•‘ˆ–‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘‹–•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹Š›†”‘–Š‡”ƒŽϐŽ—‹†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡Š‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ‰ƒ‘” ‡–ƒ‘”’Š‹•ȋ‘˜‡”‹‰ͳͻ͹ʹǢ—‡†–‡ͳͻͻʹǣͶͷǦͶ͸ǡͷͳȌǤ •— Š ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡Š›†”‘–Š‡”ƒŽϐŽ—‹†ϐŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ˆ‘”‹‰ Š‡”–ǡ ƒ””›‹‰†‹••‘Ž˜‡† Š‡‹ ƒŽ•–Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ‘” Š‡”––‘—†‡”‰‘’‘•–Ǧ†‹ƒ‰‡‹ ȋ’‘•–Ǧˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ƒ™ƒ”ƒ† Š—‹† Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘ȋ —”•–ƒ†‡ŽŽ›ͳͻ͸ͳǣʹͷ͵Ǣ—‡†–‡ͳͻͻʹǣͶͶǡͳͲͺȌǤ ‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡”–‹••‘‡™Šƒ–’‘”‘—•ǡ™ƒ–‡” ƒ•‡‡’•Ž‘™Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‹–ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡” Š‡‹ ƒŽƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘‘ —”Ǥ ”‘ ‘’‘—†•‹ƒ Š‡”–‹‰Š–•Ž‘™Ž›—†‡”‰‘‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›‹–‘‹”‘‘š‹†‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‰‹˜‡–Š‡ Š‡”–ƒ”‡†–‘›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™ ‘Ž‘”ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••™‘—Ž†ˆ‘”ƒ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†”‹†ǡ‘”ƒœ‘‡‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‡š–‡†‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‡”– ‘†—Ž‡ȋ ‘”†‘ƒ†‘”ʹͲͲͶǣͺͷ͵ȌǤ

 Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ’‘•–Ǧ†‹ƒ‰‡‹  Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹•–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ’”‡•‡–‹‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Šƒ–˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”–‡š–‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•Ǥ Š‡ Š‡”– ‘†—Ž‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ȋ„‡†”‘ Ȍ ‘–‡š–Ȅ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• Ž‹‡Ž› ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‰”ƒ› ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹”‘ ‘’‘—†•Ȅ‡”‘†‡†‹–‘ƒ•–”‡ƒǡ–Š‡›„‡‰ƒ–‘—†‡”‰‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡–‹‹‰‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹• ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ȋ—‡†–‡ͳͻͻʹǣͳͲ͹Ȍǡ‹–‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡ Š‡”–™ƒ•‡š’‘•‡† –‘™ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡‘”‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ —””‡†Ǥ•–Š‡‘†—Ž‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡††‘™•–”‡ƒǡ‹–‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†‘”‡”‡† ‘”›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™ƒ†Ž‡••‰”ƒ›ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰ϐ‹”•–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘”–‡šƒ†‘˜‹‰’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ǤŠ‹• ’”‘ ‡••™‘—Ž†‘–‘ —”—‹ˆ‘”Ž›‹ƒŽŽ Š‡”–‘†—Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ–‡š‹•–•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‘•–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡˜‡™‹–Š‹•ƒŽŽ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ‘†—Ž‡•ȋ—‡†–‡ͳͻͻʹǣͷ͹ǦͷͻȌǤŠ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ϐ‹–•™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ –Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒ•†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ

ͻͶȈ Volume 21, 2011   ‘”†‡” –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡ œ‘‡•‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ǡ•‹š•ƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋȌǤǡ™Š‹ Š‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘• ƒ‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘• ‘’›ȋȌǡ‹•‘•–—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”‡šƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡•–”— –—”‡ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†–‘‡ ‘’ƒ••ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ ”‘• ‘’‹  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ϐ‹˜‡ ‘”‡•ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ƒ†‘‡•ƒ’Ž‡™ƒ• –ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ’‡„„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–›‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹‹‘••‹‡”ƒ”‹•Šǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒȋ ‹‰—”‡ͺȌǤƒ’Ž‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘™ƒ•„‹ƒ•‡†–‘™ƒ”†••‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡•‹–‡• ‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ ‘”‡•ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–‘•‡Ž‡ –•ƒ’Ž‡•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘Ž‘”Ǥ

 ‹‰—”‡ͺǤƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”—•‡†ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡’Š‘–‘•‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–™‡”‡–ƒ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡’Š‘–‘•‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–•Š‘™ƒ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’‹‡ ‡‡„‡††‡†‹‡’‘š›”‡•‹Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͻͷ Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ•–Š‹ •‡ –‹‘•‡„‡††‡†‹‡’‘š›Ǥ‹ ”‘’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š™ƒ• –ƒ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•ƒ’Ž‡–‘‡šƒ‹‡•–”— –—”‡—†‡””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™ƒ‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žˆ‘”•‡Ž‡ –‹‰ ’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡–Šƒ– —–ƒ ”‘••ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ „ƒ†•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” Ž‘•‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ„ƒ • ƒ––‡”‡†‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ† ƒ–Š‘†‘Ž—‹‡• ‡ ‡ȋȌ‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ•‡•–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ‹ ”‘’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘–˜‹•‹„Ž‡’”‹‘”–‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ ”‘••Ǧ •‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ ‘”‡͵Ͷ͹ͶȀ͹͸͸™ƒ•‡–‹”‡Ž›”‡†ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡”‡ϐŽƒ‡•Šƒ†„‡‡”‡‘˜‡†ǡ•‘‹–™ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡”‡†Ǥ  ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡––Šƒ–‘Ž› –Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒ•”‡†ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰”ƒ›™‹–Š•‘‡‘Ž‹˜‡‰”ƒ›„ƒ†•ǤŠ‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– –Š‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –—•–Šƒ˜‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†in situǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ϐŽƒ‡”‡‘˜ƒŽǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†•—’’‘”–‹‰’‘•–Ǧ†‹ƒ‰‡‹  Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹‡•–‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘Ž‘”Ǥ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡„„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ†–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•ˆ”‘•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ȋ͵Ͷ ͳȀͷʹƒ† ͵Ͷ ͹ͲȀʹʹͳȌ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ„ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡ ‘‘–‘–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡„ƒ†•™‡”‡ –ƒ”‰‡–‡†‹–Š‡‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•–”— –—”ƒŽ‘” Š‡‹ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ   ƒ • ƒ––‡”‡† ‡Ž‡ –”‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‰ ȋ Ȍ ƒ†  ™‡”‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ’”‹ƒ”› ƒƒŽ›–‹  ‡–Š‘†• —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‹•‹ ”‘’”‘„‡•–—†›ȋ—†‡”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”Ǥ ‡‘”‰‡‘”‰ƒƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒȌ–‘ƒ “—‹”‡ •–”— –—”ƒŽǡ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽǡƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ•‡–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”„ƒ•‡†‘ –Š‡‹”ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ   ™‘ ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ “—‹”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š   ƒ”‡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† Š‡”‡ǡ ˆ”‘ •ƒ’Ž‡•  Ǧͳ ƒ† ͵Ͷ͹ͶȀ͹͸͸ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͻȌǤŠ‡•‡‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆƒŽŽ•‹š•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥƒ Š•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽŠ‘‘‰‡‡‹–›ǡ™‹–Š‹‡”ƒŽ•†‹•–”‹„—–‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡˜‡Ž›™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š•ƒ’Ž‡”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ

ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ „ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡†ƒ”‰”ƒ›’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡”‡’”‡•‡–“—ƒ”–œȋ‹ʹȌǡ™‹–Š•‘‡Žƒ”‰‡”“—ƒ”–œ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’”‡•‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ–”‹šǤ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‹–‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡ –Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–•›‡ŽŽ‘™ǡ„”‘™ǡ‘””‡† ‘Ž‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ Ž‹‰Š–‡”ƒ††ƒ”‡”›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•ŠǦ„”‘™„ƒ†‹‰ ’”‡•‡–‹ Ǧͳ‹•‘–”‡ƒ†‹Ž›†‹• ‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ•Ž‹‰Š– Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•‹• †‡–‡ –ƒ„Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡†ƒ†‰”ƒ›œ‘‡•‘ˆ͵Ͷ͹ͶȀ͹͸͸ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡”ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹ͵–‘ͷͺɊȌ ™Š‹–‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹–Š‡ Ǧͳ‹ƒ‰‡”‡’”‡•‡–‹‡”ƒŽ• ‘‘–‘•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‘ Ž—‹—Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ”‹——Žˆƒ–‡ǤŠ‡„Žƒ ’‘”–‹‘•‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•”‡’”‡•‡–Š‘Ž‡•ϐ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š‡’‘š›ǡ™Š‡”‡‹‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’‘’’‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡†—”‹‰’‘Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ    †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†•–”— –—”ƒŽŽ›Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ –•’”‹ƒ”› ‘–‡–‹•“—ƒ”–œǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š•ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ‘‡•ƒ’Ž‡•ƒŽ•‘ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‹‡”ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘‘–‘•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹•‘—” ‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹ ‡”–ƒ‹•ƒ’Ž‡•‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•‹›‡ŽŽ‘™‘””‡†œ‘‡•˜•Ǥ‰”ƒ›‘”„Žƒ œ‘‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–œ‘‡•ƒŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹•‘‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡›‡ŽŽ‘™‘””‡†œ‘‡• ‘–ƒ‹ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›‘”‡‘ˆ –Š‡•‡‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ ”‘‘š‹†‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘†‹•–”‹„—–‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”Ǥ‘Ž‘”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ǤŠ‘•‡’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‘”‡‹”‘‘š‹†‡•Šƒ˜‡—†‡”‰‘‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Šƒ–Š‘•‡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‡™‡”‹”‘‘š‹†‡•Ǥ   ‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡•‹‰ƒŽ™ƒ•†‡–‡ –‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘–—‡š’‡ –‡†ƒ• Š‡”–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘ȋ‘”‰ƒǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲͻȌǤ–Š‡”ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–••–—†›‹‰ Š‡”–•ƒ†“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡•Šƒ˜‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‡—–”‘ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋ ȌǡǦ”ƒ›ϐŽ‘”‡• ‡ ‡ ȋ Ȍǡƒ†‹†— –‹˜‡Ž› ‘—’Ž‡†’Žƒ•ƒƒ•••’‡ –”‘‡–”›ȋǦ‘”Ǧ ǦȌƒ”‡‘”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‡ Š‹“—‡•ˆ‘” –Š‡†‡–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ ‡‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ†‹•‘–‘’‹ •‹‰ƒ–—”‡•ȋ‹‰‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻ͹ǣ͹ͻ͸ǢƒŽ›Ǧ‡Ž‹˜ƒ‘˜ƒ‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻͺǢ ‹–„Žƒ†‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ȋ ”ƒŠʹͲͲ͹Ǣ—‡†–‡ͳͻͻʹǣͷ͹Ǧ͸ͲȌŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘‘–‡†

ͻ͸Ȉ Volume 21, 2011 –Šƒ–ƒ›‰‹˜‡ Š‡”–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ›‡ ‘’ƒ••ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡—•‡†ˆ‘”•‘—” ‹‰ǡ –”ƒ ‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ƒƒŽ›•‡• ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ „‘–Š ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰ƒ‹ƒ›•‘”–‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–‡ƒ†ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘”‡‘–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͻǤ‹ ”‘’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ȋ–‘’Ȍ‘ˆ–™‘•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ Ǧͳˆ”‘‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ†͵Ͷ͹ͶȀ͹͸͸ˆ”‘–Š‡—’’‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„ƒ • ƒ––‡”‡†‡Ž‡ –”‘ȋȌ‹ƒ‰‡•ȋ„‘––‘ȌǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰›ƒ†•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘–Š•ƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”›‘ˆ“—ƒ”–œ™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‡”ƒŽ• ‘‘–‘•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•Ǥ‹––Ž‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‡•‡–‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‹”‘‘š‹†‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š‡š’Žƒ‹•ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‘—” ‹‰‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǣ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ† ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘—” ‡•

Archaeological Distribution  ‘”†‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•™‡”‡ ‡šƒ‹‡†ȋƒ„Ž‡͵ȌǤƒ•‡†‘’”‹‘”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ› ‘ˆˆȋ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲͺȌŠ›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡†–Šƒ– –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ• ‘‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ˆ”‘ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ”‡ ‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆ†‡‡’Ž›ˆ‘Ž†‡†ƒ†ˆƒ—Ž–‡†”ƒ‰‡•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ”—‹‰‡ƒ•––‘™‡•–•‹–—ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡›–‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ƒ•–ƒŽŽƒ‹–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š ȋƒ• ͳͻͻͲǣ͵͵Ǣ ƒ”– ͳͻ͸͵ǣͳͳǢ ‘Š•‘ ͳͻͻͺǣ͵Ǣ Š‘”„—”› ͳͻ͸ͷǣʹ͹ͻǦʹͺͳȌǤ  Š‡ —ƒ Š‹–ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͶͲʹȋʹͷͲ‹ȌŽ‘‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ͺͲȋͷͲ‹Ȍ‹™‹†–Šǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘–‘ƒǡŽƒŠ‘ƒ–‘ ‡ƒ”‹––Ž‡‘ ǡ”ƒ•ƒ•ǤŠ‡”‘ •‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ•‡†‹‡–ƒ”›ǡ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›•ƒ†•–‘‡•ƒ†•ŠƒŽ‡• ™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ Š‡”–ǡ“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡ǡƒ†‘˜ƒ —Ž‹–‡ȋ ‘Š•‘ͳͻͻͺǣ͵ȌǤŠ‡‘—–ƒ‹„‡Ž–•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž› ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ–•ƒ†•–‘‡ƒ† Š‡”–•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ˆ‘”‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ŠƒŽ‡•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͻ͹  ‹–Š‹ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘‡Ž‡˜‡•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒŒ‘”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡ ‹––Ž‡ǡ Ž‘˜‡”ǡƒ†‘—–ƒ‹ ‘””‹˜‡”•ǡ™‡”‡ Š‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ™‡Ž˜‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—††› ‘‰‰›‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š”—•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡™‡•–‡”Ǧ‘•–‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ•ǡ™‡”‡‹•’‡ –‡†Ǥ‘‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡•‹–‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”—’•–”‡ƒȋ™‡•–Ȍ‘ˆ‹–• ‘ϐŽ—‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹ƒ‹ Š‹™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡šƒ‹‡†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”™ƒ•‘™–‘‘ —”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–•‹–‡Ǥ ”–‹ˆƒ –•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•‹–‡•”ƒ‰‡‹ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡” Šƒ‹ –‘Žƒ–‡’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•‡šƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ‹–‡•Ž‹•–‡†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›„›†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–Ǥ

Red River Jasper Map # Site Name Site # Drainage Present? Site Reference(s) 1 James 34BR11 Red/Washita Y -- 2 George 34AT105 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 3 Green Snake 34AT106 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 4 Firecracker 34AT107 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 5 Velt 34AT108 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 6 Hurry Up 34AT109 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 7 Loads 34AT111 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 8 Pittance 34AT112 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 9 Funny Feature 34AT113 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 10 -- 34AT114 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 11 Texas Hole 34AT115 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 12 Sappho 34AT116 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 13 Will o the Wisp 34AT117 Muddy Boggy N McGuff 1980 14 Montgomery 34CH70 Lower Kiamichi Y Rohrbaugh 1971, 1972 Rohrbaugh et al. 1971; 15 Mahaffey 34CH1 Lower Kiamichi Y Rohrbaugh 1972 Upper Kiamichi 16 Natural Lake 34PU71 (Jackfork Creek) N Lintz 1979a Upper Kiamichi 17 Blessingame 34PU74 (Buffalo Creek) Y Lintz 1979b Upper Kiamichi 18 Arrrowhead Hill 34PU105 (Buffalo Creek) Y Vehik 1979 Upper Kiamichi 19 Buffalo Bend 34PU111 (Buffalo Creek) Y Flynn et al. 1979 20 Bell 34MC76 Little Y Wyckoff 1968a 21 A.W. Davis 34MC6 Little/Glover Y Wilson 1962 Pine Creek Mound 22 Group 34MC146 Glover Y Gettys 1975 23 Bill Hughes 34MC21 Mountain Fork N Wyckoff 1968b 24 Biggham Creek 34MC105 Mountain Fork Y Wyckoff 1965

‹–Š‹ ‡ƒ Š ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘”‡•ǡ „‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ƒ† „‹ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ –‘‘Ž• ™‡”‡ ‡šƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ ––”‹„—–‡•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ†‡ˆ”‘–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡†”‡†— –‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡ǡƒ›†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘– ‘”–‡š™ƒ•’”‡•‡–ǡƒš‹—Ž‡‰–Šǡƒš‹—–Š‹ ‡••ǡ –‡š–—”‡ǡ ‘”–‡š ‘Ž‘”ǡ ƒ–”‹š ‘Ž‘”ǡ ‹ Ž—•‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘–‡• ‘ ‘Ž‘” –”ƒ•‹–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋ‘––Ž‡†ǡ „ƒ†‡†ǡ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ‘””‡†–‹’•‘ϐ‹‹•Š‡†–‘‘Ž•ȌǤ

ͻͺȈ Volume 21, 2011 ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡• ‘‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ‹‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡† ‘”‡•ǡ „‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†Ȁ‘”„‹ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ƒ†‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ† ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›™Šƒ–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••™‡”‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡†ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹–‡•ȋƒ„Ž‡ͶȌǤŠ‹‰Š‡”’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ”‡†— –‹‘ƒ––Šƒ–•‹–‡Ǥ Š‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•ƒ “—‹”‡†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ǤŽ‘™‡”’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–‘”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›™‘”‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ƒ†™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡•‹–‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽƒ–‡•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ƒ† ϐ‹‹•Š‡†–‘‘Ž•Ǥ  ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤ‹–‡•™‹–Š‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•Ǥ‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ†—„‡”ƒ† ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Šƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡Ǥ‹–‡• Ž‹•–‡†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›„›†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–Ǥ

Site Drainage n RRJ Cores Early Stage Bifaces Artifacts with Cortex n%n%n% Artifacts 34BR11 Red/ 30 0 0 0 0 10 33 Wichita 34CH1 Lower 79 35 44 1150 64 Kiamichi 34CH70 Lower 53 24 45 2427 51 Kiamichi 34PU74 Upper 29 9 31 62119 66 Kiamichi 34PU105 Upper 12 4 33 4258 67 Kiamichi 34PU111 Upper 5360 2405 100 Kiamichi 34MC76 Little 57 1 2 2 4 14 25 34MC6 Little/ 31 0 0 2 6 9 29 Glover 34MC146 Glover 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 34MC105 Mountain 14000017 Fork

 ›ˆƒ”–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•‘ —”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ —’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡””‡ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳͲȌǤŠ‹••–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ––Š‡•‡ •‹–‡•ƒ “—‹”‡†–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽŽ›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹†‹•–ƒ–†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†‹–‹ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ”‡†— ‡†ˆ‘”Ǥ‹–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•‹ Ž—†‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—’’‡” ‹ƒ‹ Š‹Ǥ‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ— ŠŽ‘™‡”’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡ‡“—ƒŽ ‘”Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ƒ–•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ˆ‡™‡”‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•–”ƒ†‡†‘—–‹–Š‹•ˆ‘”Ǥ Š‹•‹‰Š–‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡“—ƒŽ’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ƒ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”•‹–‡•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‡š–ƒŒ‘”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡ†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ”–‘ –”ƒ˜‡Ž–‘”‡ƒ Š–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹•‹–‡•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘‘‡”‹˜‡” –‘–Š‡‡š–Ǥ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•™‡”‡•ƒŽŽ–‘„‡‰‹™‹–Šǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡƒ† ƒ””›‹‰„‹ˆƒ ‡•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ƒ›‘–Šƒ˜‡‹’‘•‡†ƒ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•—†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹ƒ‹ Š‹ȋ͵Ͷ ͳȌƒ†„‘–Š•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”ȋ͵Ͷ͹͸ƒ†͵Ͷ͸Ȍ‹ Ž—†‡†Žƒ–‡ ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ††‘ ‘’‘‡–•ǤŠ‡ƒ††‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ––Š‡•‡•‹–‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡” ™‹–Š‹ƒ–”ƒ†‡‡–™‘”Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•‹†‡–•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹˜‡”–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡” ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ǡƒ “—‹”‡†‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘„„Ž‡•’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‘” ‹” —•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡†— ‡†–Š‡ǡƒ† –ƒ‡–Š‡–‘–Š‡‹”•‹–‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡†— –‹‘Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͻͻ  Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š‹–Š‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ™‹†‡””ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹•–‹ŽŽ‡šŠ‹„‹––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘’‘”–‹‘•ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ– –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‹–Šƒ–†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ

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Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͲǤ”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š’”‡•‡–™‹–Š‹ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡”  ƒ•’‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡š ƒ”‡ƒŽŽˆ”‘–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•‡’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ†–Š‡‘•–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‹••—’’‘”–•–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”™ƒ•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›•‘—” ‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ ‘—–ƒ‹•ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ

ͳͲͲȈ Volume 21, 2011 Stream Survey and Geological Origins  Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•™‹–Š ‘”–‡šˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•ƒŽŽ’‘‹– –‘–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ƒ•–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‡•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡„‹ˆƒ ‡•ƒ–•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—’’‡””‡ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡ–Š‹•’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ‹•–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ•Ȍˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ”‡‡”‘†‹‰Ǥƒ””‘™‹‰†‘™–Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘”Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ȍƒ†–Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ•Ȍ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–™‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡƒ •—”˜‡› ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ƒ– Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘• •‡“—‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ”–Š‡” —’•–”‡ƒ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‹ Š‹ –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ Š‘™ ˆƒ” —’•–”‡ƒ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•‘ —”ǤŠ‹•ƒ‹†‡†‹–Š‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–”‡ƒ•ˆ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ –Šƒ– ƒ› —– ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ•ȌǤ  ‡ ‘†ǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Š‡”–Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‹• ”ƒ‰‡™‡”‡‡šƒ‹‡†ǤŠ”‘—‰Š ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ•‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›•‘—” ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ—– ”‘’•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•—”˜‡›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡƒ†‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡’‘‹––‘ƒŽ‹‹–‡†—„‡”‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘—– ”‘’•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‘••Ǧ —–„›•–”‡ƒ•†”ƒ‹‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ› „‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳͳȌǤ

‹‰—”‡ͳͳǤ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆ  ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡„ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǤŠ‡•Šƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡‘—– ”‘’•‘ˆ–Š‡   ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ†ƒ”•Šƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•ͳͻͻͲǣ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤʹͲƒ†Ž‹‰Š–•Šƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•  ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ ƒ”–ͳͻ͸͵ǣŽƒ–‡ ȌǤΔ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•—”˜‡›ƒŽ‘‰  –Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”Ǣ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•‹–•ƒ„•‡ ‡Ǥ‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‹†‹ ƒ–‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡”   ƒ•’‡”‘”ˆ‘”‹–•ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–ǡ‘—– ”‘’•‘ˆ‹”‘Ǧ”‹ Š ‘Šǯ•ƒŽŽ‡› Š‡”–Ǥƒ•‡ƒ’ ‘—”–‡•›‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ  ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǩ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͲͳ  ‘•– ƒŒ‘” ”‹˜‡”• †”ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ —ƒ Š‹–ƒ• ϐŽ‘™ •‘—–Š ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› Œ‘‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†ǦϐŽ‘™‹‰ ‹––Ž‡ ‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Œ‘‹•–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”‹”ƒ•ƒ•ǤŠ‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘™•™‡•–™ƒ”†Ȅ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹‰–Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹•Ȅ—–‹Ž‹––—”••‘—–Š‡ƒ”Žƒ›–‘ƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Œ‘‹•–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ ‹˜‡”—†‡”†‹• —••‹‘‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹ƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•‘™ ƒ•–Š‡ ‘—” Š‡Ǧ‹ƒ‹ Š‹‡Ž–ȋŠ‘”„—”›ͳͻ͸ͷǣʹͺ͵ȌǤŠ‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›‹•„‘—†‡†„›–Š‡‘–ƒ–‘ ‹ŽŽ• ƒ†–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‘”–Šƒ†–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‘—–ƒ‹•–‘–Š‡•‘—–ŠǤ   ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ‹–•‘™†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ‡‹Ž—‡”•‘ȋ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲͺȌ‘ˆ–Š‡ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›Šƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹– ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ϐ‹”•–ƒ‡†„›Ž”‹ Š ȋͳͻʹ͹ǣʹͳǦʹʹȌƒ† Š‡”–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†„›ƒ•ȋͳͻͺͶǣͻͳǡͳͻͻͲǣͶ͸Ȍƒ† ƒ”–ȋͳͻ͸͵ǣ͵ͲǦ ͶͲȌǤŠ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹• ‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘ˆ•ŠƒŽ‡„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘–ƒ‹•‡š‘–‹  Š‡”– ‘„„Ž‡•ƒ†„‘—Ž†‡”•Ǥ‘‡ †‡„ƒ–‡‡š‹•–•‘˜‡”–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ Š‡”– Žƒ•–•Ǥ ƒ”–ȋͳͻ͸͵ǣ͵͸ǦͶͲȌƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›„‡ ƒ‡‡„‡††‡†‹ –Š‡•ŠƒŽ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ˆƒ—Ž–‹‰‡’‹•‘†‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡„‘—Ž†‡”•™‡”‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š—†‡”™ƒ–‡” –—”„‹†‹–› ϐŽ‘™• ƒ† ‰”ƒ˜‹–› •Ž‹†‡• †‘™ –Š‡ —††› ‘”–Š‡” •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —ƒ Š‹–ƒ –”‘—‰ŠǤ  Š‹• ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‡†•‘‡–‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’’‡”‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ–‘‘™‡”‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ’‡”‹‘†ȋ͵ʹͺǤ͵άͳǤ͸–‘͵ͳͳǤ͹άͳǤͳ ›ƒȌ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‡‘œ‘‹ ‡”ƒȋ ”ƒ†•–‡‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ”–ͳͻ͸͵ǣͶͲǢ‰‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ

 Š‡–›’‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ‘”–Š™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ ‹˜‡”Ǥ  –Š‡” ‘—– ”‘’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Š• ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ —” ‹ Ž‹‡ƒ” „ƒ†• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹†‹‰ –ƒ‹” ƒ‰‡ ƒ†‹ƒ‹ Š‹‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‘”–Šƒ†•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”‹–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ȋƒ• ͳͻͻͲǣ ‹‰Ǥ ͳǤʹͲǢ ‹•‡” ͳͻͷͻǣ ‹‰Ǥ ͵ȌǤ  ‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •–”‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‡–‡” –Š‡ ‹ƒ‹ Š‹ ‹˜‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›•ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒ–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Šǡ‹–‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ”‘—– ”‘’–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ   †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡‡ƒ”–Š‡•—”˜‡›‡†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡” ‹•’”‡•‡–‡†„› ƒ”–ȋͳͻ͸͵ȌǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”•–”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ˆ‡‡†–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡ ‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ —–ƒ ”‘••ƒ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘—– ”‘’ǤŠ‹•‘—– ”‘’’‹ Š‡•‘—–ƒ†‡†•Œ—•–’ƒ•––Š‡Žƒ•– ’Žƒ ‡™Š‡”‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ—”–Š‡”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”ƒ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‹‰‹™‹–Š‹–Š‹•”ƒ‰‡Ǥ„”‘ƒ†‡”Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ƒ’‘ˆ Š‡”–Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•„›ƒ•ȋͳͻͻͲǣ ‹‰ǤͳǤʹͲȌ•—‰‰‡•–• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ˆ‘” ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡›•‘—” ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒǤ —”–Š‡”™‘”™‘—Ž†„‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‹• ‘‹‰ˆ”‘‘‡‘”—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ„—–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡•‘—” ‡ —•–‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‘—– ”‘’ ”‘••Ǧ —–„›•–”‡ƒ•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‘™•‘ˆŠ‹–‡•„‘”‘ƒ†—•‡‹–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹ ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ

 Š‡‡š‘–‹ „‘—Ž†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡”ƒ•ƒ•‘˜ƒ —Ž‹–‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‘‘†ˆ‘”†ǡ ‹‡–‘’ǡƒ†‹‰ ‘” Š‡”–•ƒ†“—ƒ”–œ‹–‡•ȋƒ•ͳͻͺͶǣͻͳȌǤˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ‘‘†ˆ‘”†Š‡”–‘•–”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‡ Ž‡••Ǧ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†‰”ƒ›–‘„Žƒ •’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•Ǥ‘‘†ˆ‘”†Š‡”––Šƒ–‹•‘–‡„‡††‡† ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘—– ”‘’•‡ƒ”„‡Ž–•‘ˆ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡›ŠƒŽ‡ƒ–‹•‘Žƒ–‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡ȋƒ•ͳͻͻͲǣͶͲȌǤ‹‡‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‘’ƒ“—‡ǡƒ†ƒ•ȋͳͻͻͲǣͶͳȌ Šƒ•‘–‡†–Šƒ–‹”‘’›”‹–‡ƒ†‹”‘Ǧ‘š‹†‡•–ƒ‹‹‰‹• ‘‘ƒŽ‘‰ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•ǤŠ‡ Š‡”–ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”†Š‡”–‘”‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ•Ǧ‘ˆǦ›‡–—‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† Š‡”–ǡ‹‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡›ŠƒŽ‡ǤŠ‹• Š‡”–™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•‘”‡’‘”‘—•–Šƒ‘–Š‡” Š‡”–•‘”Ž‡‰–Š›‡š’‘•—”‡–‘™ƒ–‡”‹‹–••ƒŽŽ –ƒ„—Žƒ”ˆ‘”Ǥ•‹–‡–‡”‡†–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡• Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘Ž‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–„›–Š‡–‹‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ “—‹”‡†ƒ†—•‡†–‘ƒ‡–‘‘Ž•Ǥ 

ͳͲʹȈ Volume 21, 2011  ƒ•ȋͳͻͻͷǣͳ͵Ȍ‡–‹‘‡†ƒ‰”‡‡ Š‡”––Šƒ–‘ —”•‹ˆ”ƒ –—”‡†„‡†•‹–Š‡‘–ƒ–‘ ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†ƒ–Žƒ  ‘„‹†‰‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–‘ƒǤ ‡–”ƒ ‡†‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘–ƒ–‘ ‹ŽŽ•ƒ† ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹–™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡†–‘•Šƒ†‡•‘ˆ„”‘™ƒ†›‡ŽŽ‘™Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™Šƒ– Šƒ•„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ‘‡™‹–Šƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•ǡƒˆ‡™Šƒ˜‡’‘”–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡Ž‹‰Š–‘Ž‹˜‡„”‘™Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘ ‡‹–™‘”•‹–•™ƒ›†‘™•–”‡ƒǡ‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ– Š‡‹ ƒŽŽ›™‡ƒ–Š‡”–‘ƒ •‹‹Žƒ”ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ǥ

‘ Ž—•‹‘

 ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• „ƒ•‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ Ž‹–Š‹  ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ǡ –Š‡ „‡•–Ǧ’”‡•‡”˜‡† ƒ† ‘•– ƒ„—†ƒ–ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ–•‹–‡••’ƒ‹‰‘•–‘ˆŠ—ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‹  ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡ ‘”† ȋ› ‘ˆˆ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•ƒ›”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‘—–Š‡”Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽǦ†‘ —‡–‡†ǡ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡””‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ϐ‹”•–•‡”‹‘—•”‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”Ǥ –‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ –ƒ„—Žƒ”„”‘™ Š‡”–‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•–Šƒ–‘ —”‹–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ‘‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•˜‹ƒ–Š‡ ‹ƒ‹ Š‹‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹•–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ”‘••Ǧ —–„›ƒ —„‡”‘ˆˆ‡‡†‡”•–”‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡Ǥ•–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•‡”‘†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Š• ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›—†‡”‰‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡–Š‡‹”›‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧ„”‘™–‘”‡† ‘Ž‘”•Ǥ —–—”‡ •—”˜‡›ƒŽ‘‰—ˆˆƒŽ‘”‡‡ǡ‘ ”‡‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•–”‡ƒ•†”ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹†‹‰–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡ƒ›ƒ””‘™†‘™ –Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘”•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘Š•ƒŽŽ‡› ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‘–Š‡” •‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ›ƒŽ•‘‡š‹•–Ǥ

 ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‡† ‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” Š‡Ž’• —• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Š‹ Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ “—‹”‡† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†™Š‘Šƒ†–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž‘”–”ƒ†‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‘„–ƒ‹‹–ǤŠ‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ–•‹–‡• ‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ ƒ„‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†„›‹–••‘‡–‹‡•ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ •‹‹Žƒ”‹–›–‘‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–Ž‡”• ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‹ ‘”‡ˆ‘”ǡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‘”‡†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‘‹–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒ†–”ƒ ‡Ǧ‡Ž‡‡– ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘’ƒ”‹‰ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Š‡”–• ƒ› Š‡Ž’ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• –‘ ‘”‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ǡ„—––‘‘— Š˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ›‡š‹•–™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘–‡ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ •—‹–‡•‘ˆƒ––”‹„—–‡•–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡ Š‡”–•ƒ†‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡” ‘”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ‡†‹˜‡” ƒ•’‡”ƒ›Š‡Ž’ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•—†‡”Ž›‹‰‹–• —Ž–—”ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ   ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•

‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ›–Šƒ•–‘‘› ‘ˆˆˆ‘”‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‡–‘‡„ƒ”‘–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –ǡˆ‘” ƒ‹‰‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ž‹–Š‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰›–”ƒ˜‡Ž•–Š”‘—‰Š •‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ŽƒŠ‘ƒǤŠƒ›‘—–‘–Š‡ƒ‘„Ž‡ŽƒŠ‘ƒ—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǡ ‡‘”‰‡‘”‰ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡Ž‡ –”‘ ‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ Žƒ„ǡ ‡‹Ž —‡”•‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡› ‹”ƒ”†ƒ–‘”–Š™‡•–‡”–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•”›‘”’•‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”• —Ž•ƒ‹•–”‹ –ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹ Š‡ŽŽ‡ ‘”ƒ†‡Š‹‰Ž‡–‘Ǥ„‹‰–Šƒ•–‘›Š—•„ƒ†ǡ‹ǡˆ‘”–”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰ –Š‡‹ƒ‹ Š‹™‹–Š‡‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ† ƒ”–‹‰ Š‡”––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ›–Šƒ•–‘› ”‡˜‹‡™‡”•ǡŠƒ”Ž‹‡‘„„ǡƒ† ‡‘”‰‡˜‡”›Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͲ͵ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†

ƒ•ǡƒ””›Ǥ  ͳͻͺͶ ‹–Š‹ ‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†—ƒ””‹‡•Ǥ Prehistory of Oklahomaǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ǤǤ‡ŽŽǡ’’Ǥ͸ͷǦͻͷǤ ƒ†‡‹  ”‡••ǡ”Žƒ†‘Ǥ  ͳͻͻͲ From Mountain Peaks to Alligator Stomachs: a Review of Lithic Sources in the Trans-Mississippian South, the Southern Plains, and Adjacent SouthwestǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‡‘‹”ͶǤ ‘”ƒǤ  ͳͻͻͷ ’’‡†‹šǤŽƒ••‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† †‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–Š‹ ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘—” ‡•‘ˆ”‹‰‹ ˆ‘”‡šƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡ͶͳͶʹʹǡ‘™‹‡‘—–›ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ Archaic Lifeways in the Northern Part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain: results of Excavations at Site 41BW422, Bowie County Texasǡ„› ‘”†‘Ǥ— ‡” ”Ǥ”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”‡šƒ•–ƒ–‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‹‰Š™ƒ›•ƒ†—„Ž‹ ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —•–‹ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ

ƒ–‡•ǡ‘„‡”–Ǥƒ† —Ž‹ƒǤ ƒ •‘ȋ‡†‹–‘”•Ȍ  ͳͻͺͲ Glossary of GeologyǤʹrd‡†Ǥ‡”‹ ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡ǡ ƒŽŽ•Š—” Šǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒǤ

Ž›ǡ‡‰‰›ǡƒ”Œ‘”‹‡ ƒ‡––ƒ”ƒǡƒ†ƒ‹‡Š‹  ͳͻ͹ͻ ‡•–š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡—ˆˆƒŽ‘‡†‹–‡ȋ͵Ͷ—ǦͳͳͳȌǤ The Prehistory of the Proposed Clayton Lake Area, Southeast Oklahoma: Phase I Investigationsǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ‹‡Š‹ƒ† ‡””›Ǥ ƒŽǡ ’’ǤͶͷʹǦͶͺ͹Ǥ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡–‡”ǡ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•͸Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ

”ƒŠǡŽŽ‡”›  ʹͲͲ͹ Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ƒŽ›•‹•‹” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣšƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ Ž‹–ƒ†Š‡”–ǤŽ‡ –”‘‹ †‘ —‡–ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™‡„Ǥƒ Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡ŽŽ‡”›ˆ”ƒŠȀ‹‡„Ȁ‹ ”‘’”‘„‡Ȁ Ž‡ –”‘ΨʹͲ‹ ”‘’”„‡ΨʹͲƒŽ›•‹•ΨʹͲ‹ΨʹͲ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ȁ ͹ͷʹͶǦ͵ ͳǦͶ ͵ͻǦͻͶͳǦ ͻͷʹ͵ʹ ǤŠ–Žǡƒ ‡••‡†’”‹ŽʹͶǡʹͲͲͻǤ

‡––›•ǡƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ  ͳͻ͹ͷ ”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›‡’‘”–‘” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–—ˆƒ–ƒ‡•‡”˜‘‹”ǡ‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‹˜‡” ƒ•‹ —”˜‡› ”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡› ‡’‘”– ‘Ǥ ͳͶǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ ‘”ƒǤ

‘”†‘ǡǤƒ†Ǥ Ǥ‘”  ʹͲͲͶ ‹†ǡ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ Encyclopedia of Geomorphologyǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ǤǤ ‘—†‹‡ǡ’’Ǥͺͷ͵ǦͺͷͷǤ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ‘†‘Ǥ

”ƒ†•–‡‹ǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǥ‰‰ǡǤ Ǥ‹–Šǡ‡–ƒŽǤ  ʹͲͲͶ A Geologic Time Scale 2004Ǥƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

ƒ”–ǡ”˜‹ŽŽ‡‘”™‹  ͳͻ͸͵ Geology of Eastern Winding Stair Range Le Flore CountyǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ—ŽŽ‡–‹ͳͲ͵Ǥ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ

—”•–ǡǤ Ǥƒ†ǤǤ‡ŽŽ›  ͳͻ͸ͳ ƒ–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽϐŽ‹–•ǤScienceͳ͵ͶǣʹͷͳǦʹͷ͸Ǥ

‡‹‰•ǡŠ‘ƒ•Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͸ ƒ ƒ–”‹ ‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹–›  ”‘•• –Š‡ Žƒ‹•Ǧ‘‘†Žƒ† ‘”†‡”Ǥ ƒ•–‡”ǯ• Š‡•‹•ǡ •—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ

ͳͲͶȈ Volume 21, 2011 ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

‘Š•‘ǡ‡‡–ŠǤ  ͳͻͻͺ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ–”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ‡•‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡”‹‡•͓ͳǤ ‡’”‹–‡†ˆ”‘ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘–‡•ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ˜‘ŽǤͷ͵ǡ‘Ǥͷǡ’’ǤͳͺͲǦͳͺͺǤ

‹‰ǡ†ƒǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ ƒ– Šǡƒ†ƒ””›Ǥ Š‡‡–œ  ͳͻͻ͹ Š‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡” ”–‡ˆƒ –• ˆ”‘ ‡™ ‰Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ –Žƒ–‹ ǣ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡Š‹•–‘”‹  š Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Dz‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ ƒ•’‡”dzǤ Journal of Archaeological ScienceʹͶǣ͹ͻ͵ǦͺͳʹǤ

‹–œǡŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”  ͳͻ͹ͻƒ Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ‡‹–‡ȋ͵Ͷ—Ǧ͹ͳȌǤ The Prehistory of the Proposed Clayton Lake Area, Southeast Oklahoma: Phase I Investigationsǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ‹‡Š‹ƒ† ‡””›Ǥ ƒŽǡ’’ǤͳʹͷǦͳ͸ͺǤ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡–‡”ǡ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•͸Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ  ͳͻ͹ͻ„ Š‡Ž‡••‹‰ƒ‡‹–‡ȋ͵Ͷ—Ǧ͹ͶȌǤ The Prehistory of the Proposed Clayton Lake Area, Southeast Oklahoma: Phase I Investigationsǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ‹‡Š‹ƒ† ‡””›Ǥ ƒŽǡ’’ǤʹͶͶǦ͵͸ʹǤ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡–‡”ǡ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•͸Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ

‘˜‡”‹‰ǡǤ Ǥ  ͳͻ͹ʹ ƒ•’‡”‘‹†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǣ‹–• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ‘”‹‰‹ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ ‡ǤUnited States Geological Society ProfessionalPaper͹ͳͲǣͳǦͳ͸ͶǤ

—‡†–‡ǡƒ”„ƒ”ƒǤ  ͳͻͻʹ An Archaeologist’s Guide to Chert andFlintǤ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‘Ž͹Ǥ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‘•‰‡Ž‡•Ǥ

ƒŽ›Ǧ‡Ž‹˜ƒ‘˜ƒǡƒ–ƒŽ‹ƒǡ ƒ‹ŽǤ•ŠŽ‡›ǡ‘„‡”– ƒŽǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ Žƒ• ‘ ǡƒ† ‡ –‘”‡ˆˆ  ͳͻͻͺ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǦ ‡‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ Dz‘—” ‹‰dz ‘ˆ ”‡Š‹•–‘”‹  Š‡”– ”–‹ˆƒ –•ǡ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” Žƒ•ƒǤGeoarchaeologyͳ͵ȋ͹Ȍǣ͸͹͵Ǧ͹ͲͺǤ

 —ˆˆǡƒ—Ž  ͳͻͺͲ Cultural Resource Survey and Testing at the McGee Creek Project, OklahomaǤ”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”‹‘” —”‡ƒ— ‘ˆ ‡ Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘—–Š™‡•– ‡‰‹‘ǡ ƒ”‹ŽŽ‘ǡ ‡šƒ•Ǥ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ••‡••‡–•ǡ  Ǥǡƒ—Ž•ƒŽŽ‡›ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǤ

‹•‡”ǡ —‰ŠǤ  ͳͻͷͻ –”— –—”‡ƒ†‡‹—ƒ”–œ‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ Š‹–ƒ‘—–ƒ‹•‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒƒ†”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ The Geology of the Ouachita Mountains: A Symposiumǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‡™‹•ǤŽ‹‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ ‹Ž•‡™‡ ǡƒ†ƒǤ ‡”ƒ›ǡ’’Ǥ͵ͲǦͶ͵ǤƒŽŽƒ• ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†”†‘”‡ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒŽŽƒ•Ǥ

‰‰ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ‰‰ǡƒ† ǤǤ ”ƒ†•–‡‹  ʹͲͲͺ The Concise Geologic Time Scale.

‹–„Žƒ†‘ǡ‘‹‡Ǥǡƒ”‘Ž‡ŠŽ‡”ǡ ‡ –‘”‡ˆˆǡƒ†–‡’Š‡Ǥ‡Ž•‘  ʹͲͲͺ ‹Ž‘––—†›š’‡”‹‡–•‘—” ‹‰—ƒ”–œ‹–‡ǡ —‹•‘ƒ•‹ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ ‡‘ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ʹ͵ȋ͸Ȍǣ͹ͶʹǦ ͹͹ͺǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͲͷ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

‘Š”„ƒ—‰ŠǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ  ͳͻ͹ʹ Hugo Reservoir II: A Discussion of the Development of the Archaic Cultures in Hugo Reservoir into the Pre-Formative and Formative Tradition and Including the Descriptions of Three Archaic Sites Dug During the 1970 Field Season: Ch-89, The McKensie Site; Pu-58, The Hill Site, and Ch-113A, The Pat Boyd Place, Area AǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹—”˜‡›ǡ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‡’‘”–ʹ͵Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡ǡ‘”ƒǤ

‘Š”„ƒ—‰ŠǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥǡ‘„‡”– Ǥ—”–‘ǡ—•ƒƒ••‡—”–‘ǡƒ†—”ƒ ‘•‡’Š‘•‡™‹–œ  ͳͻ͹ͳ Hugo Reservoir 1: The Description of the Archaeological Sites Excavated Ruing the 1970 Field Season Including Ch-1, Ch-43, Ch-70, Ch-75, Pu-82 and Ch-90ǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹—”˜‡›ǡ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡‡’‘”–ʹʹǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡ǡ‘”ƒǤ

Š‘”„—”›ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ  ͳͻ͸ͷ Regional Geomorphology of the United StatesǤ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ

Ž”‹ ŠǡǤǤ  ͳͻʹ͹ Fossiliferous boulders in the Ouachita “Caney” shale and the age of the shale containing themǤ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›—ŽŽ‡–‹ͶͷǤ‘”ƒǤ

‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ  ʹͲͲͻ Ž‡ –”‘‹ ”‘’”‘„‡ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǤŽ‡ –”‘‹ †‘ —‡–ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‘—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ‹ ”‘’”‘„‡Ȁ Š‘‡Ǥƒ•’ǡƒ ‡••‡†’”‹ŽʹͶǡʹͲͲͻǤ

‡Š‹ǡƒ‹  ͳͻ͹ͻ Šƒ•‡  š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– –Š‡ ””‘™Š‡ƒ† ‹ŽŽ ‹–‡ ȋ͵Ͷ—ǦͳͲͷȌǤ  The Prehistory of the Proposed Clayton Lake Area, Southeast Oklahoma: Phase I Investigationsǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ‹‡Š‹ƒ† ‡””›Ǥ ƒŽǡ’’Ǥ͵ͻͶǦͶͷͳǤ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡–‡”ǡ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•͸Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ

‡„„ǡŽƒ”‡ ‡ Ǥǡ ‘‡ŽǤŠ‹‡”ǡƒ†Ǥƒ›‡‘„‡”–•  ͳͻ͹ͳ Š‡ ‘Š‡ƒ” ‡‹–‡ȋͳ͸ͷ͸Ȍǣƒƒ–”‹ ‡‹–‡‹ƒ††‘ƒ”‹•Šǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤBulletin of the Texas Archaeological SocietyͶʹǣͳǦͶͻǤ

‹Ž•‘ǡ‡š  ͳͻ͸ʹ Š‡ǤǤƒ˜‹•‹–‡ǡ Ǧ͸ǡ‘ˆ —”–ƒ‹‘—–›ǡŽƒŠ‘ƒǤBulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological SocietyͳͲǣͳͲ͵ǦͳͷʹǤ

› ‘ˆˆǡ‘ Ǥ  ͳͻ͸ͷ Biggham Creek Site, McCurtain County, OklahomaǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹—”˜‡›ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ—”˜‡› ‡’‘”–͵Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ  ͳͻ͸ͺƒ Š‡Bell and Gregory Sites: Archaeological Chronicles of Prehistory in the Pine Creek Reservoir Area, Southeast OklahomaǤŽƒŠ‘ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹—”˜‡›ǡ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‡’‘”–ͳͳǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ  ͳͻ͸ͺ„ The Beaver Site and Archaeology of the Broken Bow Reservoir Area, McCurtain County, OklahomaǤ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹—”˜‡›ǡ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‡’‘”–ͻǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ‘”ƒǤ  ʹͲͲ͸ ‡ ‡–‹–Š‹ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–—†‹‡•‘–Š‡‘—–Š‡”Žƒ‹•ƒ††Œƒ ‡–‡‰‹‘•ƒ”– ǣ †‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ†‘—” ‹‰ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤLithic Technology͵ͲȋʹȌǣͺͻǦͳͲ͸Ǥ

ͳͲ͸Ȉ Volume 21, 2011