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Index

Acmonia (Phrygia), 182, 190–1, 194, 237, 258 Atargatis, 81, 87, 90–1, 97 Acts of the Apostles, 158, 160, 211, 222, 227, 230, Athens, 116, 173–5, 179, 186, 191, 210, 212, 216, 231, 233–5, 239, 252, 255, 261–2, 275, 285 224, 249, 253, 261, 264, 271, 274, 282 Aelia Capitolina, 146, 159, 256 Athribis (Egypt), 174, 245 Aesica (Great Chesters), 114 Aurelian, 52, 144 Agrigentum, 192 Aurelius Theoteknos, 110, 117 Aleppo, 81–3, 85–6 auspices, 57 Alexander, 42, 83, 112, 150, 191, 245, 248–9 Alexandria, 156, 193, 203 Baetica, 34, 141 Ameling, Walter, 60, 66, 148, 153–5, 161, 164–5, Balaclava (Chersonesus Taurica), 99, 107, 125 170–2, 181–2, 185, 222, 238, 268 Bar Kokhba, 102, 104, 146–7, 150, 177, 179–80, Amphiareion, 173, 175 212, 219, 222–3, 226, 248, 256, 289 angels, 183, 187, 246, 262, 267–8 Beirut, 186, 200, 203 aniconism, 149, 151, 224–5, 229, 241, 264 Belgia, 98, 141 Antioch, 83–4, 110, 137, 144, 160, 164, 202–3, 211, Bentley, R. Alexander, 31–2, 36–7, 39, 288 217 Beth She’arim, 170, 186–7, 194, 197, 199–200, Antioch in Pisidia, 202, 210, 234 203 Antiochos III, 150 Bithynia, 199–200, 210, 212–14, 253, 283 Antoninus Pius, 43, 99, 107, 137, 267 Black Sea, 52, 99, 173, 175, 210, 212–14, 237, 245, Apamea (Phrygia), 184, 199, 258 252–4, 256, 274, 283–4 Aphrodisias, 190, 226, 234–5, 238, 282, 285, 309 Brescia, 208 Apocalypse of Baruch, 163, 177 Briault, Camilla, 67, 76 Apollo, 90–1, 115, 175, 267 Brigetio, 103–4, 106, 112, 115, 141 apotheosis, 45–6 Britannia, 79, 99, 110, 114, 122, 124–5, 136, 140–1 Apulum, 99, 101, 110–12, 116, 125, 136–8, 141, Broodbank, Cyprian, 27–9, 33, 38, 160 266, 271, 282 Brusciano (Campania), 188, 197 Aquae Balissae (Pannonia Superior), 116, 138 Byblos, 191, 200, 203 Aquileia, 173, 208 Aquincum, 104–5, 112, 124, 141–2, 189 Caesarea (Judaea), 122, 136, 188, 201, 203 Aramaeans, 86 Caius Julius Marinus, 109, 114 Aramaic, 83, 147, 166, 171, 187, 189, 197–200, Calabria, 209, 215, 265, 272 222, 233 Cape Maleus, 50 Argos, 182, 184 Cappadocia, 97, 122, 180, 210 aristocracy, 43–4, 50, 66 Caracalla, 44, 89 Aschaffenburg (Germania Superior), 103, 115 Carchemish, 82–3 Asia Minor, 33, 52, 60, 67, 117, 145, 150, 153, 157, Caria, 174, 210, 234, 240, 245, 247–8, 250, 267, 164, 170, 174, 176, 180, 184, 186, 189–90, 271, 274–5, 282–3 192, 194–6, 199, 202–4, 207, 210, 212–13, Carian, 210 216, 224–5, 237, 240, 252–3, 255, 259, Carnuntum, 99, 101, 105–7, 115, 125, 136–8, 140 267–8, 270–1, 275, 283–4 Carrhae (Harran), 83–5 Assyrians, 82, 149 Carthage, 189, 209, 213

316

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04344-2 - Religious Networks in the Roman Empire: The Spread of New Ideas Anna Collar Index More information

Index 317

Cassius Dio, 44, 103, 162 Delphi, 57, 173–4, 260 Catania (Sicily), 182–3, 189, 199, 213 determinism, 29 Caunos (Caria), 174–5, 249 Deuteronomy, 151, 190, 193 Chalcedon, 189, 198–9, 210, 212 Diocletian, 144 Chersonesus Taurica, 110 Dion (Macedonia), 260 Chester, 115 directionality, 30 Childe, Gordon, 23, 313 disease, 12, 14, 58, 60, 72–3, 102, 111, 143–4, 238 Chios, 203, 210 Docimeion, 192, 197, 214 Christianity, 37–8, 41, 60–4, 68–71, 73, 86, 94, Doliche, 79–81, 83–6, 88–91, 98–9, 104–7, 109, 136, 143, 148, 154, 161–4, 166–7, 169–70, 117, 122, 125, 136–7, 139, 143–4 181–3, 186, 191, 194, 213, 220–3, 238–9, Domitian, 157, 159, 178, 196, 255 248, 259–60, 265, 268, 285 Dorylaion (Phrygia), 122, 187, 214 Cicero, 50, 53, 253 Drijvers, Jan, 87, 158–9 Cilicia, 51, 202–3, 210–11, 213, 275 Druids, 63 Codex Theodosianus, 163 Dura Europus, 46, 48, 97–9, 103, 107, 109–10, colonisation, 30, 51, 59, 92 117, 122, 136, 187, 199, 200, 202, 211–12, Commagene, 84, 89, 109, 111, 137 214, 234, 258, 266 Antiochus I, 85 Durkheim, Emile, 8 Complexity, 27, 31 Durostorum (Moesia Inferior), 104, 106 connectivity, 1, 4, 7, 11, 16, 19–21, 25, 27, 30–1, 35–7, 92, 122–3, 169, 207, 211, 213–14, Eboracum (York), 112 222, 275, 285, 287, 290 Edessa (Macedonia), 245, 247, 252 Constantinople, 167, 214–15, 271 Edessa (Mesopotamia), 84, 159, 211, 274 Corinth, 191, 264, 271 Egypt, 42, 48, 52, 103, 105, 141, 144, 149–53, Corycus, 154, 170, 182, 187, 190, 192, 200, 202, 156–7, 159, 164–5, 172–3, 175, 178, 185, 213 187, 204, 207, 211–13, 217, 241, 244–6, Cos, 177, 187, 213, 237, 267 249, 256, 266, 269, 271, 274–5, 282 Cotiaeum (Phrygia), 261 El Elyon, 176, 224, 227, 241 Crete, 33, 77, 191, 210, 250, 252–3, 259, 263, 271, Elagabalus, 110 274, 283, 290 Elephantine, 151, 157 cults Emesa, 202, 208, 271 funerary, 55 Ephesus, 58, 190, 200, 210 priests, 63, 98, 123, 137, 139, 142, 227, 237, 245, epigraphic habit, 39, 66, 92, 98, 113, 165, 169–70, 252–3, 259 225, 255, 282, 284–5 religious marketplace, 60, 161 epigraphy (methodology), 64–7 sacriﬁce, 46, 55–6, 65, 70, 151, 264 Epiphanius of Salamis, 251 Cumont, Franz, 54, 79, 89, 92–3, 108, 111 epitaphs, 160, 170, 178, 182, 184, 187, 189–91, cursus publicus, 48 200, 203, 231 Cybele, 60, 71 ethnicity, 4, 24, 30, 77, 82, 95, 108, 139, 146–50, Cyclades, 28, 33, 160 159, 161, 165–6, 169, 172–6, 178, 180, 182, Cyprus, 164, 174–5, 178, 187, 191, 197, 199, 211, 185, 193, 218, 220, 222, 226, 241, 244, 257, 213, 244, 247, 253, 256, 259, 263, 266, 285, 289 271, 274–5 Euphrates, 82, 84, 107, 114 Cyrenaica, 103–4, 174, 178, 187, 211–13, 256, 266 exogamy, 160 Cyril of Alexandria, 239, 254 Cyzicus, 193, 199, 215 Fayoum (Egypt), 246, 274 Feriale Duranum, 46 Dacia, 89, 93, 97, 99, 104–5, 108–12, 114, 116, freedmen, 50, 65, 93, 96, 142, 144, 173–4, 178, 123–5, 136–7, 140–1, 144, 259, 266, 271, 200, 232, 252, 260, 265 282, 288 functionalism, 8, 16, 25, 60 Dalmatia, 93, 123, 125, 141, 188, 194, 203, 210 Damascus, 81, 173, 201 Galatia, 283 Dea Syria, 60, 79–80, 85, 90 Gaul, 50–1, 144 Delos, 174–6, 179, 201, 210, 212, 226, 244–5, Genesis, 185 247–8, 250–1, 261, 271, 274, 282–4 Gerizim, Mount, 248–50

318 Index

Germania Inferior, 104, 125, 136, 140 identity Germania Superior, 97–8, 103, 109–10, 114–15, elite, 95 124, 140, 209 religious, 41, 172, 229 GIS, 34, 290 social, 7, 14, 24, 147 globalisation, 2, 24, 26, 36, 42–3, 50 social status, 7, 17–18, 50, 54, 62, 65–6, 71, 77, God-fearers, 161, 163, 173, 225–7, 230, 233–40, 94–5, 161, 261 244, 247, 253–8, 261, 263–6, 269, 285, Imperial Cult, 39, 43, 45–6, 58–9, 64, 237 288 India, 52 phoboumenoi, 235 innovation, 4, 6–7, 14–26, 35, 37, 72, 75, 111, 114, sebomenoi, 235, 240, 262 123, 165, 213, 285, 288 theosebeis, 225, 232–3, 235–9, 254, 265 innovation theory Goodman, Martin, 60, 161–3, 172, 176–8, 230 diffusion, 18 Gorgippia, 173, 252–5, 263 early adopters, 17–21, 23, 25, 111 Gortyn (Crete), 191, 258, 263 innovators, 17–18, 23, 25, 111 Gospel of Matthew, 162–3 legitimisation, 22–3 grafﬁti, 184–5, 187, 190–1, 200 thresholds, 14, 19–21, 32, 71 Granovetter, Mark, 10, 12, 111 vulnerability, 7, 14–16, 19–21, 24–5, 145, 166, Greece, 33, 62, 145, 159, 164, 173–4, 185, 194, 180, 222, 232 203–4, 207, 210, 212–13, 224, 240, 249, Ionia, 210, 213, 275, 282, 283 255, 270–1, 274–5, 282–3 Isis, 41, 60, 80, 94 Gregory of Nazianzus, 239, 286 Italy, 43, 49, 93, 116, 123, 125, 136, 142, 145, 171, Gruppenreligionen, 61 178, 183, 192–4, 197, 203, 207, 209–10, 212–14, 235, 250, 265, 267 Hadad, 80–1, 83–4, 86–7, 89–90, 97 Iulia Concordia, 116, 142, 202, 208 Hadrian, 43, 48, 99, 102, 105, 125, 137, 159, 248–9, 256, 266 Jaffa, 203 Hadrian’s Wall, 49, 66, 79, 91, 99, 115, 122, 124 Jews, Judaism, 57, 60, 62, 146, 148–3, 157, 160–3, Hebrew, 147–8, 155–6, 166–8, 171, 176, 180–200, 165, 167, 172, 178, 180, 224–9, 234, 202, 205, 208, 212–13, 222, 224, 226–7, 238–40, 246–60, 262–3, 266–7, 269, 230, 233 271–2, 274–5, 282–3, 284, 300 Helios, 253–5, 258, 266 appeal to elites, 157–8 henotheism, 225, 228 appeal to women, 161 Herod Antipas, 175 archisynagogues, 171, 190, 193, 197, 199, 202, Herod the Great, 175 260, 266 Hezser, Catherine, 49, 195–6, 201 archons, 188, 190–1, 198–200, 232, 260 Hierapolis (Phrygia), 50, 170, 187, 190–200, 202 Babylon, 146–7, 150–1, 164, 167, 205, 229, Hierapolis (Syria), 81, 83–5, 87, 90–1, 97, 99, 136 256 Hispania, 116, 122, 145, 164, 193, 207 book of Ezra, 159 Hittites, 80, 82, 86, 89 circumcision, 149, 155, 159, 163, 233, 236, 249 Hosios kai Dikaios, 269 Diaspora, 4, 146–9, 157, 164–5, 168, 204, 220, Hydrantum (Calabria), 188, 202, 207, 213 222, 224, 241, 265, 270–1, 274, 282–5, 289 Hypsistos etrog, 181, 183, 186–91, 198 alone, 225, 241, 258, 262 ﬁscus Judaicus, 178, 200, 224, 226, 230, association with eagle, 255, 263 239–40, 244, 256, 268–9, 285, 288 association with healing, 253, 259, 262, 267, gentiles, 155–9, 161, 163–4, 167, 176, 183, 217, 269, 289 226, 228–30, 232, 235, 239, 244, 249, dedication of lamps, 262–3 256–7, 262, 265–6, 284–5, 288 female dedicants, 259 gerousia, 171, 198 Theos, 3–4, 97, 145, 176, 224–8, 230, 237–41, gerousiarchs, 171, 184, 188, 200, 202 244–8, 251–9, 261–8, 270–1, 284–6, 288 grammateus, 198–200 Zeus, 225, 245–53, 255, 258, 260–1, 264, 266–8, halakhah, 147–8, 163, 166–7, 169, 179–81, 195, 274 205, 223, 244 Hebraisation, 148, 166–7, 182, 186, 188–9, Iasos, 201, 240, 245, 261, 274, 283 192–4, 200, 203, 205, 212–13, 215–16, 219, Ibiza, 207, 211–12 222, 236, 239, 256–7

Index 319

intermarriage, 159–61, 232–3 Jupiter Dolichenus, 4, 60, 79–80, 82, 84, 88–4, Jerusalem, 41, 103–4, 146, 151–4, 157–9, 167, 96–9, 102–14, 116–17, 123–4, 137–45, 241, 175–9, 182, 184, 192, 197, 212, 222, 229, 284, 288 231, 233, 244, 248–9, 256, 288 Dolichenums, 87, 90, 96–7, 99, 103–4, 106–7, Jewish Wars, 103, 146, 213 110–12, 114–15, 137, 139 laographia, 157 female dedicants, 98, 141 lulab, 181, 186–8, 190–1, 197–8 iconography menorah, 41, 181–2, 185–93, 197–8, 200, 236, hands, 97 238, 275, 285 Roman, 88 Mishnah, 166, 168–9, 177, 180–1, 193–4, 196, semeion, 87, 97 230, 256 triangles, 97 Nasi/Patriarch, 178, 196 winged disc, 86 Patriarch/Nasi, 152, 163 Juno Dolichena, 79, 90–1, 97 Pentateuch, 159, 191 Sol, 90–1, 97 Pharisees, 156, 162–3 storm deity, 80, 86–7 presbyters, 171, 184, 189–91, 199–200 tutelary deity of Roman army, 93 proselytes, 159, 161–4, 178, 226, 230–5, 239, ubi ferrum nascitur, 89 249 Jupiter Heliopolitanus, 60, 80, 105, 138 proseuche, 153, 171–4, 237, 245, 247, 250, 253, Juvenal, 157–8 264, 266, 274 Proverbs 10.7, 183–4, 188, 191–3 Kition (Cyprus), 211, 258 Rabbinic, 168, 176–7, 179–80, 195–6, 201, 219, Knappett, Carl, 25–7, 32, 35, 37–9, 67 256 Knossos, 250, 258 rabbinic reforms, 146–7, 166–7, 183, 195, 201, Kourion (Cyprus), 211 204, 213, 218, 221–2, 224, 226, 244, 256, 285, 288–9 Lambaesis (North Africa), 99, 103, 110, 117, 123, rabbis, 146, 164, 166–8, 179, 181, 192, 194–7, 136, 141 231, 256 Laodicea Catececaumene, 190, 211 Sabbath, 149, 155–7, 172, 187, 262 Larissa (Greece), 159, 191 Septuagint, 156, 224, 227, 230, 246, late antiquity, 63, 170, 183, 202, 225 263 Latour, Bruno, 9–10, 25 shofar, 181, 183, 186, 188, 190–1, 197–8 Leontopolis, 152, 159, 266 Sibylline literature, 177, 229, 230 Lepcis Magna, 110 symbols, 148, 167, 172, 181, 185, 187–8, 191, Letter of Aristeas, 150, 156, 164, 246 193–4, 197–9, 201, 205, 212–13, 222 Liburnius Fronto, 115 sympathisers, 154, 162, 230, 233, 235 literacy, 48, 67, 194 synagogue, 151–5, 160, 164, 168, 171–3, 176, Lorium, 183, 236 183–8, 190–2, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202–3, Lucian, 85, 87, 91 206, 208–9, 234–5, 237–40, 247, 253, 256, Lucius Verus, 102, 105–6 260–4, 268, 285–6 Lycia, 185, 210, 225, 267, 271, 274, 282 Talmud, 166, 184, 193, 196 Lydia, 150, 174, 240, 260, 268 Talmudic period, 163, 179 Temple, 4, 41, 146–7, 150–3, 158–9, 165–7, 169, Magis, 115 175–81, 185, 200, 212, 219, 222–3, 226, Magna Mater, 60 229–30, 244–9, 256, 285, 288–9 Mainz (Mogontiacum), 108, 112, 115, Temple tax, 176–8 124 Torah, 164, 166, 178–82, 188, 193–6, 198, 241, Malkin, Irad, 29–30, 39, 59, 150–1 246, 261 Malta, 184, 189, 199–200, 207, 209, 214 Josephus, 147, 149–50, 152, 155–8, 160, 162–3, manumission, 172–3, 237, 253 174, 177, 179, 211, 227, 234, 238, 248–9, Marcus Aurelius, 35, 106, 116 253, 259, 262, 284 Mauer-an-der-Url, 97–8, 112, 141 Judaea, 41, 103–4, 116, 146–7, 150–1, 160, 164–5, Mauretania, 115–16, 199, 201, 203, 213 167, 172, 174–5, 177–82, 184–6, 188, 201, Melos, 202, 210, 283 205, 208, 211–12, 214, 216, 219, 244, memory, 41, 70–1, 75–6, 146, 238 248–50, 256 Mˆen Ouranios, 259

320 Index

Mendels, Doron, and Edrei, Ayre, 147, 152, self-organisation, 6, 15, 30, 39 166–9, 180–1, 195–6, 218 self-organised criticality, 32, 288–9 migration, 35 small-world, 7, 11–13, 29–31 Milan (Mediolanum), 193, 208 stochastic network growth, 32, 39, 288 Miletus, 156, 235, 237, 245, 258, 274, 283 strong ties, 10, 12–13, 74, 138 Milgram, Stanley, 13 The Connected Past, 26, 290 military, 40, 99 theory, 1, 6–7, 10, 24, 35–6, 38, 72, 74, 287, Millar, Fergus, 81–4, 183–4, 197, 200 289 mission, 12, 17, 37, 161–4, 195, 210, 212–13, 275, tipping point, 16, 72 286 weak ties, 7, 11, 13, 111 Mitchell, Stephen, 3, 66, 224–5, 227–8, 232–3, Nicaea, 192, 286 237, 239, 241, 244, 246–7, 255, 262, 265, Nicomedia, 186, 214, 258 285 Nida (Heddernheim), 97–8, 109 Mithras, 60, 62, 80, 84, 90, 94, 96, 108, 141, 145, Noricum, 93, 97–8, 106, 112 258, 266 Novae (Moesia Inferior), 106–7, 117, 124–5 mobility, 58, 80, 114, 195, 201 Novella of Justinian, 167–8 Moesia Inferior, 97, 104, 106, 136, 140, 199, 210, Nysa (Caria), 103, 210, 267 266 Moesia Superior, 98, 116, 124, 271, 282 Odessa, 245, 261, 274 Mommsen, Theodor, 54 Oinoanda (Lycia), 225, 240, 262, 264, 267 monotheism, 4, 41, 64, 68–70, 155–6, 224–5, Olympia, 264 228–9, 241, 255, 267 Onias IV, 152 Mylasa (Caria), 245 oracles, 40, 57, 225, 229, 262, 267 Mysia, 252, 271, 283, 285 Oropos (Boeotia), 172 Mytilene, 252, 258, 272 Ostia, 123, 142, 183, 201

Nacolea (Phrygia), 258, 268 Palmyra, 52, 85, 144, 186, 200, 202–3, 266, 275 Naples, 123, 178, 189, 192, 199, 203 Pamphylia, 202, 210 neighbourhood, 62, 78, 154, 241 Pannonia Inferior, 98 Nero, 157, 237, 255 Pannonia Superior, 104, 110–11, 137, 140 Nerva, 178, 230, 256 Panticipaeum, 173, 186, 191, 210, 237, 239, 253 network Parthians, 102, 105–6, 108–9, 139 Actor-Network Theory, 7 patronage, 25, 45, 191, 232, 237 afﬁliation, 37, 40–1, 53, 62, 68, 73, 185, 267 Paul (apostle), 25, 37, 210, 213, 222, 227, 234, boundaries, 20–2, 24 247, 252–3, 275, 283, 285 centrality, 27–9, 33–4, 37–8, 117, 136, 148, 210, Pausanias, 64, 264 282 Peirce, C. S., 67 clustering, 10, 12, 124, 136, 273, 275 Peloponnese, 50, 179, 210, 283 critical upper degree, 19 Pergamon, 253, 255 directed search, 14 Persia, 52, 173, 211, 238 directionality, 22, 33, 123, 210 Achaemenids, 82–3, 85 distance, 7, 12–13, 25, 194, 274 Sasanians, 86, 143 dynamics, 6 Pessinus (Galatia), 60, 275, 283 emergence, 6, 8, 15, 26, 29–31, 39, 271, 282–4, Phanagoria, 173, 254 288 Philadelphia (Lydia), 190, 238, 260 giant component, 11 Philippopolis (Thrace), 187, 191, 214 hubs, 19–20, 22, 29, 31, 34, 37, 123, 198, 209, Philo, 156–7, 159, 173, 177, 211, 227–8 211, 215, 271, 274, 283–4, 290 Phoenicia, 211, 224, 259, 275 information cascade, 7, 15–16, 18–20, 22, 24, Phoenicians, 174, 211 31, 113, 148, 222, 288–9 Phrygia, 150, 174, 182, 184, 190, 197, 202, 210, opinion leaders, 17–18, 21–2 213–14, 240, 258, 261, 263, 268, 271, 282–3 percolating vulnerable cluster, 15, 20, 222 pilgrimage, 36, 59, 152, 167, 177 phase transition, 8 Pisidia, 210, 259, 263, 271, 282 power laws, 31–2 Pliny the Younger, 64 scaling, 9, 35–6 Pnyx, 224, 240, 259, 261–2

Index 321

Pojejena de Sus (Dacia), 99, 116 I Canathenorum, 109–10; I civium polis religion, 55, 61 Romanorum equitatae, 110, 115; I polytheism, 4, 41, 54, 57, 59, 68–71, 91, 156, 229, Damascenorum, 109–10; IPraetoria 241, 267 Maximinia, 115; II civium Romanorum, Pompeii, 185, 212 117; II Flavia Commagenorum, 109–11, Pompey the Great, 51, 150, 208 137; II Gallorum, 100; II Hamiorum, 110, Poppaea, 157, 255, 265 117; IIII Vindelicorum, 110, 115; XX Porolissum, 105, 124, 141 Palmyrenorum, 109 Potaissa (Dacia), 114, 116 Commagenian cohorts, 84, 89, 108–11, 114, Praetorium Latobicorum, 99–100, 116, 125, 136–8 125, 137 Priene (Ionia), 190 Dux Ripae, 107, 114 Proximal Point Analysis (PPA), 27–9, 33, 80, 117, legates, 47, 99, 103, 113–14, 117 122–3, 137, 148, 204, 206, 211–12, 227, legions: IAdiutrix,102–3, 106, 112, 115; I 270–1, 274, 282–3, 290 Italica, 99, 106–7, 117, 125, 141; I Prusa (Bithynia), 237, 253, 274–5 Parthica, 8, 115; II Adiutrix, 105, 142; II Psalms, 151, 227 Augusta, 99, 115; II Italica, 106; III Publius Aelius Miron, 112, 114 Cyrenaica, 102–5, 114; III Gallica, 110; Pydna (Macedonia), 260, 263, 268 IIII Scythica, 106–7, 110, 112, 114, 117; V Macedonica, 105, 114, 116; VI Victrix, 115; Quintus Petronius Novatus, 116 VII Gemina, 116, 123; VIII Augusta, 106, 115; X Fretensis, 102–4, 116; X Gemina, Rabbi Abba Maris, 197 104–5, 112, 114–15, 138;XIClaudia, 48, Rabbi Atticus, 197 104, 106, 117; XIIII Gemina, 100, 105–7, Rabbi Judah the Prince, 164 115, 137–8; XVI Flavia Firma, 84, 102–3, Rabbi Meir, 180, 195 105–7, 117; XXII Primigenia, 107–8, 112, Rabbi Samuel, 197 115; XXX Ulpia Victrix, 102–3 Raetia, 109–10, 124, 209 officers, 44, 48, 79–80, 94–6, 107, 113–17, Ravenna, 123, 142, 193, 208 288 refugees, 148, 164, 178 praefectus vigilum, 99 religious affiliation, 41, 54, 60, 73, 77 Praetorian Guard, 113 religious dedications prefects, 99, 109–10, 115–17, 157 curse tablets, 56, 170 proconsuls, 113 votives, 40–1, 56, 64–5, 68, 96–8, 102, 109, 112, signifers, 47, 116 250, 266 army, 46–8 religious innovation, 3, 4, 59, 68–9, 74, 94, 145, army conscription, 47 147, 201, 219, 221–2, 285, 287, 289 citizenship, 42–4, 63, 65–7, 156, 169, 184, 202, ‘conversion,’ 69, 71, 74, 163–4, 169, 232–5 236, 238, 252, 260, 266, 272 elites, 70 economy, 50 Rheneia (Delos), 182, 245 infrastructure, 34, 49 ritual limes, 49, 116, 140, 209, 266 doctrinal, 63, 71, 75–7, 147, 195, 221, 270, 289 religious belief, 63–4 imagistic, 71, 75–7, 270, 289 ritual, 54–7 Rogers, Everett, 16–18, 25 Romanisation, 2, 49–50, 66 Roman Rome administration, 43, 157 Aventine Dolichenum, 90, 107, 111, 114 army, 4, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 58–9, 65, 79–80, Esquiline Dolichenum, 104–5, 109, 112, 114 84, 89, 92–6, 100, 102, 108, 111, 113, 117, Via Appia cemetery, 182, 188, 233, 236 123, 137, 139–41, 144–5, 235, 265, 282 Via Nomentana cemetery, 183, 201, 233 aquilifers, 115 Via Portuensis cemetery, 182–3, 188, 201–2, beneficarius consularis, 138 233 centurions, 47, 79, 99, 107–10, 113–16, 138, Via Salaria cemetery, 236 235, 258 Rome (city), 40, 42–5, 47–8, 51–3, 57–9, 62–3, Classis Praetoria Misenensis, 109, 114, 123 66, 70, 79, 92, 94, 99, 106, 109, 112, 117, cohorts: I Aelia Dacorum, 115; I 122–3, 125, 136, 139, 142, 150, 160, 162, Aquitanorum, 115; I Athiotorum, 112, 124; 167, 170, 174, 176, 182, 184, 188, 194, 196,

322 Index

198–200, 202, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216, Stockstadt, 115 229, 231–2, 255, 259, 271, 274, 292 Strabo, 156, 177, 229 Rupke,¨ Jorg,¨ 57, 60, 69, 71, 73 structuralism, 8, 10, 12, 67, 71 Rutgers, Leonard, 147, 158, 169, 190, 194, 199, 231 Syracuse, 189 Syria, 80, 83, 90, 98, 102–5, 108–11, 139–40, 144, sacred space 174, 186, 189, 197, 199, 200, 207, 211, 213, built, 55 217, 266, 271 extra-mural, 55, 257, 262, 268 Syria Palaestina, 146, 177 natural, 55 Syros, 175, 191, 210 Salamis (Cyprus), 199, 211 Samaria, 179, 201–2, 248, 251, 261 Tacitus, 158, 160 Samaritans, 155, 173–4, 179, 189, 202, 213, 226, Taenarum (Greece), 179, 200, 210 248–51, 261–2, 284 Tanais, 235, 240–1, 263, 268 Samosata, 84, 103, 105–7, 117 Tarraco (Tarragona), 116, 182, 193, 197, 199, 215 Sardinia, 136, 182, 189, 207, 211, 265 Tarsus, 199, 203, 211 Sardis, 154, 156, 185, 190, 194, 199–200, 202, 216, Taurus Mountains, 79, 84, 89, 211 238 Tavium (Galatia), 190, 192, 283 Sarmizegetusa, 112, 258, 266, 271, 282 Thanadassa, 110, 117 Savaria (Pannonia Superior), 111, 115–16 Theos Epekoos, 84, 99, 258, 263, 265, 266 Scheid, John, 46, 54–6, 60, 63, 69 Thessalonica, 189, 252, 255, 259, 264, 268 Seleucid Empire, 83–4 Thessaly, 191, 214, 252, 271 semiotics, 67 Thrace, 93, 112, 122–4, 141–2, 145, 191, 199, 210, Sepphoris, 199, 201 212, 252, 255, 258, 271, 274–5, 282–3 Septimius Severus, 84, 89, 92, 95, 102, 106–8, Tiberias, 179, 201 110, 112, 125, 141–2 Tiberius Julius Alexander, 157 Severan period, 89, 102, 107, 143 Titus, 146, 157, 177 Severus Alexander, 143 Titus Fabius Liberalis, 115 Sextus Iulius Maior (Lambaesis), 103, 117 trade, 40, 47, 50–1, 53, 92, 95–6, 111–12, 140, 142, Shapur I, 86, 136, 143–4, 211 144 Shechem, 174, 249, 251 traders, Syrian, 79, 89, 111–12, 137 Sicily, 182, 184, 189, 192, 199, 202, 204, 209, Trajan, 42, 64, 102–3, 105, 108–9, 211, 266, 275, 211–13, 215, 217, 250, 265 282 Side (Pamphylia), 199 Tralles (Caria), 237 Sidon, 199, 203 transmission Skiathos, 245, 274 vertical, 24 slaves, 58, 89, 92, 96, 144, 149, 165, 172–3, 213, Tyre, 185, 187, 192, 199, 203 227, 241, 251, 258, 260 Smyrna, 192, 194 Valerian, 144 social contagion, 6, 8, 14, 21, 26 Valerius Maximus, 57, 162 social geography, 39 Venosa, 182, 188, 192, 194, 197, 199–202, 233, 236 social introspection, 136, 194, 209–10, 217, 274 Vespasian, 103 Social Network Analysis (SNA), 27, 34 Vindobona, 104, 112, 114–15, 138 social networks, 3, 7–9, 11, 14, 16, 22, 24–5, 34, 38, Vindolanda, 48, 87 40, 53–4, 58, 61, 68, 69, 72–4, 77, 80, 91, Virunum (Noricum), 106, 137–8, 141 94, 96, 111, 143, 145, 169, 220, 241, 255, Volubilis, 197 288–9, 291 Voreda (Britannia), 92, 99 social tension, 70–3, 143, 148, 169, 177–8, 220, 222, 226, 266, 289 Watts, Duncan, 6, 14–15, 19–21, 72 Speidel, Michael, 79, 89–91, 93, 97, 106, 111, 114, Whitehouse, Harvey, 71, 74–6, 77, 221, 230, 270, 139–40, 144–5 289 Stark, Rodney, 38, 70–4, 145 Stobi, 136, 184, 189, 210 Zeugma, 106–7, 112, 114, 117, 141