List of Illustrations
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Cosmographia Scoti, Notitia dignitatum. Photo: Bodleian Libraries, Shelfmark & folio no: MS. Canon. Misc. 378, fol. 122r 2. Monastic Saints, monastery of Saint Jeremias, Saqqara, now in Coptic Museum, Cairo, Egypt. Photo: B. O’Kane/Alamy Stock 3. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna. Photo: Lanmas/ Alamy Stock Photo 4. Ivory diptych of Consul Anicius Petronius Probus depicting Emperor Honorius, 406, Aosta Cathedral, Italy. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images 5. The Emperor Triumphant, known as the ‘Barberini Ivory’, Louvre, Paris, France. Photo: Bridgeman Images 6. Mosaic of Ambrose of Milan, church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. Photo:/Contributor/Getty 7. The Anthemian Wall of Constantinople. Photo: Chris Hellier/ Alamy Stock Photo 8. Intaglio of Alaric II. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 9. Eagle Brooch from the Domagnano Treasure. Photo: akg-images/ ullstein bild 10. Christ Pantocrator from St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai. Photo: © Zev Radovan/Bridgeman Images 11. (Top) The City of Jerusalem and the surrounding area, detail from the Madaba mosaic map, Church of Saint Gaorge, Madaba, Jordan. Photo: Bridgeman Images. (Bottom) Photo: Library of Congress 12. The Missorium of Theodosius. Photo: Juan Aunion/Alamy Stock Photo x List of Illustrations 13. Honorius Cameo, depicting Emperor Honorius (395–423) and his wife, Maria (ivory and metal). Photo: Private Collection/ Bridgeman Images 14. Throne of Maximianus, Mainz Romano-Germanic Central Museum. Photo: akg-images 15. Dido making a sacrifice, fromThe Vergilius Vaticanus (Lat 3225 f.33v). Photo: Vatican Library, Vatican City/Bridgeman Images 16. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/G. Cigolini/Bridgeman Images 17. The Istanbul Evangelist. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/ Bridgeman Images 18. An Alkhan ‘Hun’. Photo: Public domain 19. Tessera of Basilius. Photo: Public domain 20. The Taq-e Kesra, Ctesiphon. Photo: Library of Congress 21. The Castulo Paten. Photo: Wikipedia 22. Szilágysomlyó Medallion. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 23. Bracteate from Funen. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 24. São Cucufate, Portugal. Photo: Wikipedia 25. The CorbridgeLanx . Photo: with permission of the Trustees of the British Museum While every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders of illustrations, the author and publishers would be grateful for information about any illustrations where they have been unable to trace them, and would be glad to make amendments in further editions. Maps Map 1 (pp. xii–xiii) The Roman Empire under Constantine Map 2 (pp. xiv–xv) The Roman Empire,c . 400 Map 3 (pp. xvi–xvii) The Roman Empire,c . 550 Map 4 (pp. xviii–xiv) The Eurasian World Map 5 (pp. xx–xxi) The Sasanian Empire Map 6 (p. xxii) Gaul and Spain Map 7 (p. xxiii) North Africa Map 8 (p. xxiv) Italy Map 9 (p. xxv) The Danubian Provinces Map 10 (p. xxvi) Asia Minor Map 11 (p. xxvii) Syria Map 12 (p. xxviii) Egypt Map 13 (p. xxix) Rome Map 14 (p. xxx) Constantinople xi The Roman Empire under Constantine n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t BRITANNIA II Sea c A lti Ba FLAVIA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral INFERIOR Sea Rhine II G BELGICA A I PANNONIAE II L L LUGDUNENSISI A Danube E RAETIA II NORICUM RIPENSE PANNONIA I GERMANIA MEDITERRANEUM II I NORICUM VIENNENSIS SUPERIOR AQUITANIA RAETIA I Ca VENETIA ET ALPES sp NOVEMPOPULANA GRAIAE HISTRIA VALERIA MOESIAE ia I LIGURIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS AEMILIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM lack Sea A NARBONENSIS I MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET MOESIA II I UMBRIA PICENUM DACIA NARBONENSIS II NTUS LUSITANIA DARDANIA PO PONTUS SAMNIUM T PRAEVALITANA E POLEMONIACUS N CORSICA HAEMIMONTUS Rome THRACIA IA DIOSPONTUS ARMENIA CAMPANIA N Y MINOR C Constantinople H A A APULIA ET RHODOPE IT PAPHLAGONIA ARMENIA BAETICA MACEDONIA B PONTICA R CALABRIA EPIRUS T ITALIA EUROPA GALATIA H NOVA P A S SARDINIA HELLESPONTUS CAPPADOCIA Tigris G I PHRYGIA I I N E N S MESOPOTAMIA LUCANIA ET EPIRUS THESSALIA PHRYGIA EUPHRATENSIS S LYDIA BRUTTIA VETUS II I PISIDIA OSRHOENE M ASIA CILICIA Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA H i SICILIA ISAURIA t LYCIA ET SYRIA MAURETANIA Carthage e PAMPHYLIA NUMIDIA PROCONSULARIS r COELE TINGITANA CIRTENSIS r MAURETANIA a MACEDONIA PHOENICIA CAESARIENSIS MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS NUMIDIA e MILITIANA a ASIA CYPRUS LIBANENSIS A BYZACENA n CRETA S e PALAESTINA F a I R S A I I B Alexandria A TRIPOLITANIA LIBYA INFERIOR N R C LIBYA IOVIA A SUPERIOR O E II A R I AEGYPTUS HERCULIA ASIA Nile Constantinian dioceses Red Sea THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t BRITANNIA II Sea c A lti Ba FLAVIA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral INFERIOR Sea Rhine II G BELGICA A I PANNONIAE II L L LUGDUNENSISI A Danube E RAETIA II NORICUM RIPENSE PANNONIA I GERMANIA MEDITERRANEUM II I NORICUM VIENNENSIS SUPERIOR AQUITANIA RAETIA I Ca VENETIA ET ALPES sp NOVEMPOPULANA GRAIAE HISTRIA VALERIA MOESIAE ia I LIGURIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS AEMILIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM lack Sea A NARBONENSIS I MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET MOESIA II I UMBRIA PICENUM DACIA NARBONENSIS II NTUS LUSITANIA DARDANIA PO PONTUS SAMNIUM T PRAEVALITANA E POLEMONIACUS N CORSICA HAEMIMONTUS Rome THRACIA IA DIOSPONTUS ARMENIA CAMPANIA N Y MINOR C Constantinople H A A APULIA ET RHODOPE IT PAPHLAGONIA ARMENIA BAETICA MACEDONIA B PONTICA R CALABRIA EPIRUS T ITALIA EUROPA GALATIA H NOVA P A S SARDINIA HELLESPONTUS CAPPADOCIA Tigris G I PHRYGIA I I N E N S MESOPOTAMIA LUCANIA ET EPIRUS THESSALIA PHRYGIA EUPHRATENSIS S LYDIA BRUTTIA VETUS II I PISIDIA OSRHOENE M ASIA CILICIA Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA H i SICILIA ISAURIA t LYCIA ET SYRIA MAURETANIA Carthage e PAMPHYLIA NUMIDIA PROCONSULARIS r COELE TINGITANA CIRTENSIS r MAURETANIA a MACEDONIA PHOENICIA CAESARIENSIS MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS NUMIDIA e MILITIANA a ASIA CYPRUS LIBANENSIS A BYZACENA n CRETA S e PALAESTINA F a I R S A I I B Alexandria A TRIPOLITANIA LIBYA INFERIOR N R C LIBYA IOVIA A SUPERIOR O E II A R I AEGYPTUS HERCULIA ASIA Nile Constantinian dioceses Red Sea THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles The Roman Empire, c. 400 n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A BRITANNIA II lti Ba FLAVIA VALENTIACAESARIENSIS BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral Sea II Rhine BELGICA LUGDUNENSIS II II G BELGICA ITALIA LUGDUNENSISA L I ILLYRICUM SENONIA L LUGDUNENSIS I A Danube III E GERMANIA I RAETIA II NORICUM RIPENSE PANNONIA I SEPTEM MAXIMA MEDITERRANEUM II SEQUANORUM NORICUM PROVINCIAE DACIA RIPENSIS AQUITANIA RAETIA I C DACIA a LUGDUNENSIS I VENETIA ET s ALPES MEDITERRANEA p HISTRIA VALERIA ia I POENINAEAEMILIA DACIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA NOVEMPOPULI COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS LIGURIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM Sea CARTHAGINENSIS lack A NARBONENSIS I PICENUM MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET SUBURBI- MOESIA II I UMBRIA NARBONENSIS II CARIUM LUSITANIA PONTUS DARDANIA CORSICA SAMNIUM HAEMIMONTUS POLEMONIACUS N PRAEVALITANA HELENO- THRACIA PONTUS Rome CAMPANIA PAPHLAGONIA Constantinople ARMENIAI HONORIAS A APULIA ET MACEDONIA RHODOPE PONTICA BAETICA CALABRIA EPIRUS EUROPA GALATIA BITHYNIA SARDINIA NOVA GALATIA CAPPADOCIA P HELLESPONTUS SALUTARISPHRYGIASALUTARIS ARMENIA Tigris PACATIANA I S PHRYGIA II E II R SUBURBICARIA THESSALIA MESOPOTAMIA E A EPIRUS EUPHRATENSIS S BAL LUCANIA ET VETUS LYDIA CAPPADOCIA BRUTTIA I PISIDIA LYCAONIA CILICIAII OSRHOENE CILICIA M ASIA I Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA SYRIA H i SICILIA PAMPHYLIA t Carthage ISAURIA TINGITANA e LYCIA SYRIA SALUTARIS AFRICA r MAURETANIA r CAESARIENSIS MACEDONIA PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e PHOENICE a ASIANA CYPRUS A BYZACENA LIBANENSIS n CRETA ORIENS S e F a PALAESTINA II R ARABIA PALAESTINA I I Alexandria TRIPOLITANIA AEGYPTUS AUGUST- C LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR AMNICA SUPERIOR PALAESTINA SALUTARIS A AEGYPTUS ASIA Nile Dioceses according to the Notitia Dignitatum Red Sea 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A BRITANNIA II lti Ba FLAVIA VALENTIACAESARIENSIS BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral Sea II Rhine BELGICA LUGDUNENSIS II II G BELGICA ITALIA LUGDUNENSISA L I ILLYRICUM SENONIA L LUGDUNENSIS I A Danube III E GERMANIA I RAETIA II NORICUM RIPENSE PANNONIA I SEPTEM MAXIMA MEDITERRANEUM II SEQUANORUM NORICUM PROVINCIAE DACIA RIPENSIS AQUITANIA RAETIA I C DACIA a LUGDUNENSIS I VENETIA ET s ALPES MEDITERRANEA p HISTRIA VALERIA ia I POENINAEAEMILIA DACIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA NOVEMPOPULI COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS LIGURIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM Sea CARTHAGINENSIS lack A NARBONENSIS I PICENUM MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET SUBURBI- MOESIA II I UMBRIA NARBONENSIS II CARIUM LUSITANIA PONTUS DARDANIA CORSICA SAMNIUM HAEMIMONTUS POLEMONIACUS N PRAEVALITANA HELENO- THRACIA PONTUS Rome CAMPANIA PAPHLAGONIA Constantinople ARMENIAI HONORIAS A APULIA ET MACEDONIA RHODOPE PONTICA BAETICA CALABRIA EPIRUS EUROPA GALATIA BITHYNIA SARDINIA NOVA GALATIA CAPPADOCIA P HELLESPONTUS SALUTARISPHRYGIASALUTARIS ARMENIA Tigris PACATIANA I S PHRYGIA II E II R SUBURBICARIA THESSALIA MESOPOTAMIA E A EPIRUS EUPHRATENSIS S BAL LUCANIA ET VETUS LYDIA CAPPADOCIA BRUTTIA I PISIDIA LYCAONIA CILICIAII OSRHOENE CILICIA M ASIA I Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA SYRIA H i SICILIA PAMPHYLIA t Carthage ISAURIA TINGITANA e LYCIA SYRIA SALUTARIS AFRICA r MAURETANIA r CAESARIENSIS MACEDONIA PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e PHOENICE a ASIANA CYPRUS A BYZACENA LIBANENSIS n CRETA ORIENS S e F a PALAESTINA II R ARABIA PALAESTINA I I Alexandria TRIPOLITANIA AEGYPTUS AUGUST- C LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR AMNICA SUPERIOR PALAESTINA SALUTARIS A AEGYPTUS ASIA Nile Dioceses according to the Notitia Dignitatum Red Sea 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles The Roman Empire, c.