List of Illustrations

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Cosmographia Scoti, Notitia dignitatum. Photo: Bodleian Libraries, Shelfmark & folio no: MS. Canon. Misc. 378, fol. 122r 2. Monastic Saints, monastery of Saint Jeremias, Saqqara, now in Coptic Museum, Cairo, Egypt. Photo: B. O’Kane/Alamy Stock 3. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna. Photo: Lanmas/ Alamy Stock Photo 4. Ivory diptych of Consul Anicius Petronius Probus depicting Emperor Honorius, 406, Aosta Cathedral, Italy. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images 5. The Emperor Triumphant, known as the ‘Barberini Ivory’, Louvre, Paris, France. Photo: Bridgeman Images 6. Mosaic of Ambrose of Milan, church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. Photo:/Contributor/Getty 7. The Anthemian Wall of Constantinople. Photo: Chris Hellier/ Alamy Stock Photo 8. Intaglio of Alaric II. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 9. Eagle Brooch from the Domagnano Treasure. Photo: akg-images/ ullstein bild 10. Christ Pantocrator from St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai. Photo: © Zev Radovan/Bridgeman Images 11. (Top) The City of Jerusalem and the surrounding area, detail from the Madaba mosaic map, Church of Saint Gaorge, Madaba, Jordan. Photo: Bridgeman Images. (Bottom) Photo: Library of Congress 12. The Missorium of Theodosius. Photo: Juan Aunion/Alamy Stock Photo

x List of Illustrations

13. Honorius Cameo, depicting Emperor Honorius (395–423) and his wife, Maria (ivory and metal). Photo: Private Collection/ Bridgeman Images 14. Throne of Maximianus, Mainz Romano-Germanic Central Museum. Photo: akg-images 15. Dido making a sacrifice, fromThe Vergilius Vaticanus (Lat 3225 f.33v). Photo: Vatican Library, Vatican City/Bridgeman Images 16. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/G. Cigolini/Bridgeman Images 17. The Istanbul Evangelist. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/ Bridgeman Images 18. An Alkhan ‘Hun’. Photo: Public domain 19. Tessera of Basilius. Photo: Public domain 20. The Taq-e Kesra, Ctesiphon. Photo: Library of Congress 21. The Castulo Paten. Photo: Wikipedia 22. Szilágysomlyó Medallion. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 23. Bracteate from Funen. Photo: KHM-Museumsverband 24. São Cucufate, Portugal. Photo: Wikipedia 25. The CorbridgeLanx . Photo: with permission of the Trustees of the British Museum

While every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders of illustrations, the author and publishers would be grateful for information about any illustrations where they have been unable to trace them, and would be glad to make amendments in further editions.

Maps

Map 1 (pp. xii–xiii) The Roman Empire under Constantine Map 2 (pp. xiv–xv) The Roman Empire,c . 400 Map 3 (pp. xvi–xvii) The Roman Empire,c . 550 Map 4 (pp. xviii–xiv) The Eurasian World Map 5 (pp. xx–xxi) The Sasanian Empire Map 6 (p. xxii) Gaul and Spain Map 7 (p. xxiii) North Africa Map 8 (p. xxiv) Italy Map 9 (p. xxv) The Danubian Provinces Map 10 (p. xxvi) Asia Minor Map 11 (p. xxvii) Syria Map 12 (p. xxviii) Egypt Map 13 (p. xxix) Rome Map 14 (p. xxx) Constantinople

xi The Roman Empire under Constantine

n a e c O

c i t n a a l North e t S BRITANNIA II Sea c A lti Ba FLAVIA CAESARIENSIS

BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral INFERIOR Sea Rhine II G BELGICA A I PANNONIAE II L L LUGDUNENSISI A Danube E

RAETIA II NORICUM

RIPENSE PANNONIA I GERMANIA MEDITERRANEUM II I NORICUM VIENNENSIS SUPERIOR AQUITANIA RAETIA I Ca VENETIA ET ALPES sp NOVEMPOPULANA GRAIAE HISTRIA VALERIA MOESIAE ia I LIGURIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS AEMILIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM lack Sea A NARBONENSIS I MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET MOESIA II I UMBRIA PICENUM DACIA NARBONENSIS II NTUS LUSITANIA DARDANIA PO PONTUS SAMNIUM T PRAEVALITANA E POLEMONIACUS N CORSICA HAEMIMONTUS Rome THRACIA IA DIOSPONTUS ARMENIA CAMPANIA N Y MINOR C Constantinople H A A APULIA ET RHODOPE IT PAPHLAGONIA ARMENIA BAETICA MACEDONIA B PONTICA R CALABRIA EPIRUS T ITALIA EUROPA GALATIA H NOVA P A S SARDINIA HELLESPONTUS CAPPADOCIA Tigris G I PHRYGIA I I N E N S MESOPOTAMIA LUCANIA ET EPIRUS THESSALIA PHRYGIA EUPHRATENSIS S LYDIA BRUTTIA VETUS II I PISIDIA OSRHOENE M ASIA CILICIA Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA H i SICILIA ISAURIA t LYCIA ET SYRIA MAURETANIA Carthage e PAMPHYLIA NUMIDIA PROCONSULARIS r COELE TINGITANA CIRTENSIS r MAURETANIA a MACEDONIA PHOENICIA CAESARIENSIS MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS NUMIDIA e MILITIANA a ASIA CYPRUS LIBANENSIS BYZACENA A n CRETA S e PALAESTINA F a I R S

A I I B Alexandria A TRIPOLITANIA LIBYA INFERIOR N R C LIBYA IOVIA A SUPERIOR O E II A R I

AEGYPTUS HERCULIA ASIA Nile Constantinian dioceses Red Sea

THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles n a e c O c i t n a a l North e t S BRITANNIA II Sea c A lti Ba FLAVIA CAESARIENSIS

BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral INFERIOR Sea Rhine II G BELGICA A I PANNONIAE II L L LUGDUNENSISI A Danube E

RAETIA II NORICUM

A I I B Alexandria A TRIPOLITANIA LIBYA INFERIOR N R C LIBYA IOVIA A SUPERIOR O E II A R I

AEGYPTUS HERCULIA ASIA Nile Constantinian dioceses Red Sea

THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles The Roman Empire, c. 400

n a e c O

c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A BRITANNIA II lti Ba FLAVIA VALENTIACAESARIENSIS

BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral Sea II Rhine

BELGICA LUGDUNENSIS II II G BELGICA ITALIA LUGDUNENSISA L I ILLYRICUM SENONIA L LUGDUNENSIS I A Danube III E GERMANIA I RAETIA II NORICUM

RIPENSE PANNONIA I SEPTEM MAXIMA MEDITERRANEUM II SEQUANORUM NORICUM PROVINCIAE DACIA RIPENSIS AQUITANIA RAETIA I C DACIA a LUGDUNENSIS I VENETIA ET s ALPES MEDITERRANEA p HISTRIA VALERIA ia I POENINAEAEMILIA DACIA n SAVIA SCYTHIA NOVEMPOPULI COTTIAEALPES S PANNONIA II e GALLAECIA VIENNENSIS LIGURIA MARITIMAEALPES a E TARRACONENSIS FLAMINIA ET DALMATIA THRACIA PICENUM Sea CARTHAGINENSIS lack A NARBONENSIS I PICENUM MOESIA I Danube B TUSCIA ET SUBURBI- MOESIA II I UMBRIA NARBONENSIS II CARIUM LUSITANIA PONTUS DARDANIA CORSICA SAMNIUM HAEMIMONTUS POLEMONIACUS N PRAEVALITANA HELENO- THRACIA PONTUS Rome CAMPANIA PAPHLAGONIA Constantinople ARMENIAI HONORIAS A APULIA ET MACEDONIA RHODOPE PONTICA BAETICA CALABRIA EPIRUS EUROPA GALATIA BITHYNIA SARDINIA NOVA GALATIA CAPPADOCIA P HELLESPONTUS SALUTARISPHRYGIASALUTARIS ARMENIA Tigris PACATIANA I S PHRYGIA II E II R SUBURBICARIA THESSALIA MESOPOTAMIA E A EPIRUS EUPHRATENSIS S BAL LUCANIA ET VETUS LYDIA CAPPADOCIA BRUTTIA I PISIDIA LYCAONIA CILICIAII OSRHOENE CILICIA M ASIA I Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA SYRIA H i SICILIA PAMPHYLIA t Carthage ISAURIA TINGITANA e LYCIA SYRIA SALUTARIS AFRICA r MAURETANIA r

CAESARIENSIS MACEDONIA PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e PHOENICE a ASIANA CYPRUS A BYZACENA LIBANENSIS n CRETA ORIENS S e F a PALAESTINA II

R ARABIA PALAESTINA I

I Alexandria TRIPOLITANIA AEGYPTUS AUGUST- C LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR AMNICA SUPERIOR PALAESTINA SALUTARIS A AEGYPTUS

ASIA Nile Dioceses according to the Notitia Dignitatum Red Sea

0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A BRITANNIA II lti Ba FLAVIA VALENTIACAESARIENSIS

BRITANNIAE MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS BRITANNIA I GERMANIA Aral Sea II Rhine

BELGICA LUGDUNENSIS II II G BELGICA ITALIA LUGDUNENSISA L I ILLYRICUM SENONIA L LUGDUNENSIS I A Danube III E GERMANIA I RAETIA II NORICUM

CAESARIENSIS MACEDONIA PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e PHOENICE a ASIANA CYPRUS A BYZACENA LIBANENSIS n CRETA ORIENS S e F a PALAESTINA II

R ARABIA PALAESTINA I

I Alexandria TRIPOLITANIA AEGYPTUS AUGUST- C LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR AMNICA SUPERIOR PALAESTINA SALUTARIS A AEGYPTUS

ASIA Nile Dioceses according to the Notitia Dignitatum Red Sea

0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles The Roman Empire, c. 550

n a e c O

c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A lti Ba

Aral Sea Rhine

Danube

REGNA FRANCORUM

DACIA RIPENSIS Ca VENETIA ET DACIA s MEDITERRANEA p HISTRIA ia AEMILIA n REGNUM SCYTHIA ALPES SUEVORUM COTTIAE PANNONIA S e LIGURIA a FLAMINIA DALMATIA ack Sea MOESIA Danube Bl TUSCIA ET PICENUM I MOESIA II UMBRIA REGNUM VISIGOTHORUM SAMNIUM DARDANIA HELENO- CORSICA HAEMIMONTUS PONTUS PRAEVALITANA THRACIA ARMENIAI Rome CAMPANIA MACEDONIA Constantinople PAPHLAGONIA APULIA ET RHODOPE ARMENIAII II GALATIA CALABRIA EPIRUS EUROPA ARMENIA MACEDONIA BITHYNIA IV SARDINIA NOVA GALATIA CAPPADOCIA I HELLESPONTUS SALUTARISPHRYGIASALUTARIS ARMENIA Tigris PACATIANA I S PHRYGIA III SPANIA E II R THESSALIA MESOPOTAMIA E A EPIRUS EUPHRATENSIS BAL LUCANIA ET VETUS LYDIA CAPPADOCIA BRUTTIA PISIDIA LYCAONIA CILICIAII OSRHOENE CILICIA M ASIA I Euphrates e ACHAEA Athens d CARIA SYRIA i SICILIA PAMPHYLIA t Carthage e LYCIA ISAURIA ZEUIGITANA r SYRIA II MAURETANIA r THEODORIAS

CAESARIENSIS PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e CYPRUS PHOENICE BYZACENA a LIBANENSIS n CRETA S e a PALAESTINA II

AEGYPTUS ARABIA I PALAESTINA I Alexandria AUGUSTAMNICA TRIPOLITANIA I LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR PENTAPOLIS PALAESTINA III AEGYPTUS II AUGUSTAMNICA II ARCADIA

THEBAIS Nile INFERIOR Red Sea

THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres SUPERIOR 0 500 1000 miles n a e c O c i t n a a l North e S t Sea c A lti Ba

Aral Sea Rhine

Danube

REGNA FRANCORUM

CAESARIENSIS PHOENICE NUMIDIA a MAURETANIA n SITIFENSIS e CYPRUS PHOENICE BYZACENA a LIBANENSIS n CRETA S e a PALAESTINA II

AEGYPTUS ARABIA I PALAESTINA I Alexandria AUGUSTAMNICA TRIPOLITANIA I LIBYA LIBYA INFERIOR PENTAPOLIS PALAESTINA III AEGYPTUS II AUGUSTAMNICA II ARCADIA

THEBAIS Nile INFERIOR Red Sea

THEBAIS 0 1000 2000 kilometres SUPERIOR 0 500 1000 miles 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles

The Eurasian World

Lake Balkhash

Altai Mountains

Lake Baikhal Ja xar Aral tes Urumqi Sea Z M Turfan C E a R A O l a c k s x B S e a ZICA p W us LA i H Tashkent Ordos Caucasus TiﬂisMountains a K Tianshan Mountains Dunhuang Y n e Hexi Corridor l

l Bukhara o A S A w R Kashgar M Samarkand N R E e A N I i a IA v D e Taklamakan Desert r G Yellow Nisa O S Pamirs Khotan n M o u n t Edessa Merv Balkh I A u n l u a i n s Sea Nisibis R K T T Carrhae i g HinduC Kush Loyang Antioch r i Zagros Mountains s A Hatra B Peshawar Ch’ang-an Ecbatana PAR Kabul (Gandhara) a Dura-Europos TH Herat Tibetan Plateau e IA Taxila S S E AS a an up Seleucia AN H e h I e n rat Ctesiphon AN GANDHARA CHINA rra es E ite Bostra M S d P I Yangtze River Me IR P E M a ERS KUSHANSHAHR n MESOPOTAMIA IS TIBET i Alexandria Istakhr A h Petra C Persepolis s L Bishapur u t d A s In Y a SEISTAN A S E EGYPT SIND Ganges

Philae A I D N I Berenike R e ARABIA d

S e a S e a i a n a b o f B e n g A r a y a l B

B lu a e N HIMYAR e i l AXUM S e a n i h Muziris (?) C t h o u S W h it e

i l e

Indian Ocean 0 1000 2000 kilometres 0 500 1000 miles

Lake Balkhash

Altai Mountains

Lake Baikhal Ja xar Aral tes Urumqi Sea Z M Turfan C E a R A O l a c k s x B S e a ZICA p W us LA i H Tashkent Ordos Caucasus TiﬂisMountains a K Tianshan Mountains Dunhuang Y n e Hexi Corridor l

Philae A I D N I Berenike R e ARABIA d

S e a S e a i a n a b o f B e n g A r a y a l B

B lu a e N HIMYAR e i l AXUM S e a n i h Muziris (?) C t h o u S W h it e

N i l e

Indian Ocean Aral Sea Jaxartes

C Issyk Kul H O R A S M I A ( B l a K H W A R E Z M ) c k LAZI S CA F e a C A R G H a A N A s p i A IB a Oxus N ERIA D I A TARIM n S O G Trapezus BASIN A S RME Samarkand NIA e a

a Hatra T PARTHIA e Circesium ig Paikuli S r Kabul GANDHARA is Ecbatana Herat n Dura Europos Peshawar Taxila a A e E ASURISTAN MEDI (Gandhara) n up a h r ra r te Ctesiphon e s t Jhelum i DRANGIANA d e NA Hira Susa IA M S SU KUSHANSHAHR Pasargadae S Naqsh-e Rustam IS Sutlej ELYMAIS Persopolis Istakhr T AN Bishapur PERSIS Indus TURAN

R e d

S e IN a D IA

e a 0 500 1000 kilometres b i a n S A r a 0 200 400 600 miles

The Sasanian Empire Aral Sea Jaxartes

C Issyk Kul H O R A S M I A ( B l a K H W A R E Z M ) c k LAZI S CA F e a C A R G H a A N A s p i A IB a Oxus N ERIA D I A TARIM n S O G Trapezus BASIN A S RME Samarkand NIA e a

A Caesarea Mazaca TRO E CIA PATEN PADO M Merv Khotan CAP Amida AR Edessa GI Cilician Gates Constantina GILAN AN Bactra Zeugma Dara HYRCANIA A Tarsus Nisibis (GORGAN) Carrhae Resaina Nineveh Antioch Singara Arbela BACTRIA Indus Callinicum a Hatra T PARTHIA e Circesium ig Paikuli S r Kabul GANDHARA is Ecbatana Herat n Dura Europos Peshawar Taxila a A e E ASURISTAN MEDI (Gandhara) n up a h r ra r te Ctesiphon e s t Jhelum i DRANGIANA d e NA Hira Susa IA M S SU KUSHANSHAHR Pasargadae S Naqsh-e Rustam IS Sutlej ELYMAIS Persopolis Istakhr T AN Bishapur PERSIS Indus TURAN

R e d

S e IN a D IA

e a 0 500 1000 kilometres b i a n S A r a 0 200 400 600 miles Vetera North Sea Colonia Agrippinensis Bonna Moguntiacum

Augusta Treverorum Londinium Bononia

Argentoratum Aug. Suessionum Durocortorum Rhine l ne n Rotomagus Vindonissa ha C h is gl Lutetia n E Aventicum

Augustodunum

Caesarodunum Augusta Avaricum Praetoria Iuliomagus Augusta Taurinorum Lugdunum Susa Vienna Civitas Arvernorum Valentia Nicaea Antipolis

B Segodunum Nemausus a y Arelate o Burdigala f Massilia B i s c a y Tolosa Narbo Gaul and Spain

Emporion Gerunda

Iluro Ilerda Barcino Calagurris Caesaraugusta Legio VII Gemina Tarraco Asturica Augusta Pallantia Clunia Bilbilis Uxama Dertosa

Aquae Flaviae

a Bracara Augusta e S n ea Valentia n Segobriga ra er Toletum it ed M Conimbriga

Emerita Carthago Nova Olisipo Corduba Illiberis

Hispalis Malaca 0 100 200 kilometres Gades 0 100 miles Iulia Traducta r r a n e a n S e a Hippo M e d i t e Diarrhytus Carthago Nova Caesarea Tipasa Hippo Carthage Regius Gades Iulia Traducta Cirta ibilis Neapolis Septem ugga Hadrumetum Tingi Sicca Lambaesis Veneria Lixus Timgad apsus Banasa Capsa Sabratha Leptis Magna Oea

0 100 200 kilometres 0 100 miles

North Africa 0 200 400 kilometres 0 100 200 miles

Augusta Praetoria

Corium Emona Brixia Aquileia Mediolanum Verona ILLYRICUM Augusta Ticinum Taurinorum Placentia A I T A M L A D Po Veleia Mutina Bononia

Ariminum Luca Arno Florentia

Ancona A d r ia ti cS e a

Tiber

Rome Ostia Alba Interamna

Beneventum Baiae Pompeii Neapolis Brundisium

T y r r h e n i a n S e a

M a e e d S i n t i a e r Rhegium o n r I a n SICILY e a n Carthage S e AFRICA a PROCONSULARIS

Italy C A R 0 100 200 300 kilometres P Carnuntum A 0 100 200 miles Vindobona T H Danube I N O A R I Brigetio N C U M Aquincum M Savaria O U N P Intercisa T A

A I N S Poetovio N

Emona N Aquileia

O Mursa

N Cibalae Siscia I Sirmium A Singidunum Viminacium Danube Durostorum D Sucidava a A e Ratiara Novae S Oescus Salona L M O A k Split E S I c M Naissus Nicopolis a l B A

A T d Serdica r i a I t i c A Philippopolis S Scupi Hadrianopolis e a THRACE Constantinople

The Danubian Provinces MACEDONIA k S e a Sinope B l a B l a c c k Asia Minor S e a

Heraclia Pontica Amisus Chalcedon Constantinople Side Trapezus Nicomedia Claudiopolis Lampsacus Gangra Nicaea Cyzicus Comana Pontica Abydus Prusa Ilium Nicopolis Alexandria Troas Ancyra Dorylaeum

Nacoleia A Pergamum Pessinus e Mytilene Stratonicea g Thyatira e a Nyssa n

Smyrna Sardis S Melitene Tigranocerta Nazianzus e a Ephesus Amida Tralles Samos Laodicea Iconium Tyana Priene Miletus Sagalassus Aphrodisias Cremna Faustinopolis Samosata Heracleia Edessa Stratonicea Anazarbus Hierapolis Nisibis Halicarnassus Isaura Laranda Apamea Termessus Perge Adana Carrhae Tarsus Oenoanda Mopsuestia Issus Side Telmessus Claudiopolis Hierapolis Rhodus Arycanda Seleucia Selinus Antioch Beroea Anemurium

Salamis e a 0 100 200 300 kilometres M e d i t e r r a n e a n S Neapolis 0 100 200 miles Syria Tigris

Samosata Bezabde

Edessa Nisibis Apamea Resaina Zeugma Batnae Carrhae

Cyrrhus Singara Antiochia Seleucia Pieria Beroea Nicephorium Barbalissus

Resafa

Laodicea Orontes e Apamea

Epiphaneia Circesium n a Euphrates e

n Raphanaea Dura-Europos

a Emesa r Palmyra r Tripolis e t i d Byblus e Heliopolis Berytus M Sidon Damascus

Tyre Lake Ptolemais Tiberias Tiberias Scythopolis Gadara Caesarea Maritima Pella Bostra

Gerasa Jordan Philadelphia Jerusalem Madaba Gaza Dead Sea Raphia

Elusa

Petra

Aila 0 100 200 kilometres 0 100 miles Ptolemais e a Olbia Cyrene M e n S Egypt d i t e r r a n e a Dead Tanis Sea Raphia Nicopolis Alexandria Pelusium Naucratis Thmuis

Babylon Heliopolis Memphis

Dionysias Arsinoe

Tebtunis Gulf of Suez Heracleopolis

Gulf of Aqaba Oxyrhynchus

Antinoopolis Red Sea

Lycopolis Nile

Panopolis Ptolemais Hermiou Maximianopolis Coptos Thebae

0 100 200 kilometres 0 100 miles Elephantine Philae S. Agnese Porta Flaminia

VIA NOMENTANA Porta Pinciana Porta VIA FLAMINIA Nomentana

Mausoleum St Peter’s Mausoleum of Augustus of Hadrian Baths of Tiber Diocletian VIA TIBURTINA Aelian S. Lorenzo Bridge Bridge of Nero Baths of Stadium of Pantheon Constantine Domitian Porta Tiburtina

Imperial Theatre of Fora Pompey Bridge of Agrippa Circus Arch of CAPITOL Constantine Baths of SS. Porta Flaminius Trajan Marcellino Septimiana e Pietro Bridge of VIA LABICANA Aurelius FORUM Colosseum S. Croce PALATINE Temple of Venus Circus Maximus and rome, and Basilica of Maxentius Lateran Bridge Basilica Porta Asmaria of Probus

Tiber Porta Metronia

Porta Portuense

Porta Porta Ostiense Latina

Porta Ardeatina Porta Appia

VIA APPIA VIA OSTIENSE 0 500 1000 metres Shrine of Saint Paul 0 1500 3000 feet S. Sebastiano Rome Wall of Theodosius G o l d Cistern of e Aetius n

H Cistern of Aspar o r n

Church of the Column of Wall of Constantine Holy Apostles Claudius Original Gothicus Harbours Aqueduct Column of Marcian Baths of Ancient Constantius Forum of Acropolis Theodosius Cistern Basilica St Mocius St Eirene St Sophia Augusteion Forum of Arcadius Forum of Baths of Constantine Zeuxippus Harbour of Palace Theodosius Hippodrome Harbour of Julian

St John of o n t i s Stoudios r o p P 0 500 1000 metres Golden 0 500 1000 yards Gate Constantinople