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Orientalische Religionen in der Antike Ägypten, , Alter Orient

Oriental Religions in Antiquity Egypt, Israel, Ancient Near East

(ORA)

Herausgegeben von / Edited by Angelika Berlejung (Leipzig) Joachim Friedrich Quack () Annette Zgoll (Göttingen)

22

Entangled Worlds: Religious Confluences between East and West in the

The Cults of , Mithras, and Dolichenus

Edited by Svenja Nagel, Joachim Friedrich Quack, and Christian Witschel

Mohr Siebeck Svenja Nagel, born 1984; studied Egyptology and Classical Archaeology; 2015 PhD; since 2016 Research Associate at the Institutes of Egyptology of Wuerzburg University and Heidelberg University.

Joachim Friedrich Quack, born 1966; studied Egyptology, Semitics and Biblical Archaeology; 1993 PhD; 2003 Habilitation; since 2005 Full Professor of Egyptology at Heidelberg University.

Christian Witschel, born 1966; studied Ancient and Modern History, Prehistoric and Classical Archaeo- logy; 1998 PhD; 2004 Habilitation; since 2005 Full Professor of Ancient History at Heidelberg University.

Published with financial support from the Cluster of Excellence “ and Europe in a Global Context”.

ISBN 978-3-16-154730-0 / eISBN 978-3-16-154731-7 ISSN 1869-0513 (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2017 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, . www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Gulde Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Table of Contents

General Abbreviations ...... IX

Joachim Friedrich Quack and Christian Witschel Introduction: Religious Confluences in the Roman Empire; or: Why ‘Oriental Cults’ Again? ...... 1

I The Concept of ‘Oriental Cults’ in Recent Debates

Jaime Alvar The ‘’ of ‘Oriental Cults’ ...... 23

Julietta Steinhauer Osiris mystes und Isis orgia – Gab es ‚Mysterien‘ der ägyptischen Gottheiten? .... 47

II Origins and Diffusion of ‘Oriental Cults’ within the Imperium Romanum: The Case of

Engelbert Winter The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus and its Origins. The Sanctuary at Dülük Baba Tepesi near Doliche ...... 79

Michael Blömer The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus in the East ...... 96

Mihály Loránd Dészpa Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus and the Re-Imagination of the Empire: Religious Dynamics, Social Integration, and Imperial Narratives ...... 113

III Expanding from Egypt into Globality: The Case of Isis and Osiris

Ian S. Moyer The Hymns of Isidorus at Medinet Madi: Global Currents in a Local Context ..... 182

Svenja Nagel One for All and All for One? Isis as una quae es(t) omnia in the Egyptian Temples of the Graeco-Roman Period ...... 207 VI

Martin Andreas Stadler New Light on the Universality of Isis (pVienna D. 6297+6329+10101) ...... 232

Joachim Friedrich Quack Resting in Pieces and Integrating the Oikoumene. On the Mental Expansion of the Religious Landscape by Means of the Body Parts of Osiris ...... 244

IV The Visual Conceptualization of ‘Oriental Gods’

Miguel John Versluys Egypt as Part of the Roman koine: Mnemohistory and the Iseum Campense in ...... 274

Darius Frackowiak Mithräische Bilderwelten. Eine Untersuchung zu ausgewählten ikonographischen Elementen im römischen Mithraskult ...... 294

Ralf Krumeich Zwischen Orient und Okzident. Bilder des Jupiter Dolichenus und der Regina aus dem Osten und Westen des Römischen Reiches ...... 329

V Changing Forms of Sacred Space, Sanctuaries and Rituals

Kathrin Kleibl An Audience in Search of a Theatre – The Staging of the Divine in the Sanctuaries of Graeco-Egyptian Gods ...... 353

Florence Saragoza Exploring Walls: On Sacred Space in the Pompeian Iseum ...... 372

Andreas Hensen Templa et spelaea Mithrae. Unity and Diversity in the Topography, Architecture and Design of Sanctuaries in the Cult of Mithras ...... 384

Richard Gordon From East to West: Staging Religious Experience in the Mithraic Temple ...... 413

VII

List of Contributors ...... 443

Index of Sources ...... 447

Index of Names ...... 460

Plates ...... I–LXXXV

Colour Plates ...... I–VII

List of General Abbreviations Used Throughout the Volume

Latin sources are cited by using the short titles of the Index of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Greek sources are in general cited by using the short titles in the Greek-English Lexicon of LIDDELL, H. G./SCOTT, R./JONES, H. S. Epigraphic Corpora of Greek and inscriptions are cited according to the list of abbreviations in F. BÉRARD et al., Guide de l’épigraphiste. Bibliographie choisie des épigraphies antiques et médiévales, Paris 42010, 19f. (see also http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/IMG/file/pdf_guide_epi/abreviations_guide.pdf); as well as that in the Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Papyri are mostly cited by the inventory number of the respective collections, or, for the Greek and Demotic papyri and ostraca, according to the rules presented in OATES, J. F., et al., Checklist of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets; see http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/papyrus/texts/clist.html. For Egyptian papyri, inscriptions and other sources cf. furthermore HELCK, W./WESTENDORF, W. (Eds.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie I, 1975, XVII–XXXIV; as well as the LGG.

CCCA VERMASEREN, M. J., Corpus Cultus Cybelae Attidisque I–VII (EPRO 50), Leiden 1977–89. CCID HÖRIG, M./SCHWERTHEIM, E., Corpus Cultus Iovis Dolicheni (EPRO 106), Leiden 1987. CIMRM VERMASEREN, M. J., Corpus inscriptionum et monumentorum religionis Mithriacae I–II, Den Haag 1956/60. Dend. CHASSINAT, É./DAUMAS, F./CAUVILLE, S., Le temple de Dendara I/III, al- Qāhira 1934/35. Edfou I ROCHEMONTEIX, M. DE CHALVET et al., Le temple d’Edfou I (2ème ed. rev. et corr. par S. CAUVILLE/D. DEVAUCHELLE) (Mémoires publiées par les membres de la Mission Archéologique Française au Caire 10), al- Qāhira 1984–87. Edfou III CHASSINAT, É., Le temple d’Edfou III (Mémoires publiées par les membres de la Mission Archéologique Française au Caire 20), al-Qāhira 1928. EPRO Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romain. Imperium der Götter Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (Ed.), Imperium der Götter. Isis – Mithras – Christus. Kulte und Religionen im Römischen Reich. Ausstel- lungskatalog Karlsruhe, 2013. ILSlov I M. LOVENJAK, Inscriptiones Latinae Sloveniae I: Neviodunum, Ljubljana 1998. KRI KITCHEN, K. A., Ramesside Inscriptions I–VIII, Oxford 1975–90. LGG LEITZ, C. (Ed.), Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen I–VIII (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 110–116, 129), Leuven 2002/03. PGM PREISENDANZ, K. (Ed.), Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri, Leipzig 1928–41. RGW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. RIC MATTINGLY, H. et al., The Roman Imperial Coinage I–X, London 1923– 94. RICIS BRICAULT, L., Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques I–III, Paris 2005. RICIS Suppl. I BRICAULT, L., RICIS Supplément I, in: L. BRICAULT (Ed.), Bibliotheca Isiaca I, Bordeaux 2008, 77–130. RICIS Suppl. II BRICAULT, L., RICIS Supplément II, in: L. BRICAULT (Ed.), Bibliotheca Isiaca II, Bordeaux 2011, 273–316. X

RICIS Suppl. III BRICAULT, L., RICIS Supplément III, in: L. BRICAULT/R. VEYMIERS (Eds.), Bibliotheca Isiaca III, Bordeaux 2014, 139–195. SIRIS VIDMAN, L., Sylloge inscriptionum religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae (Religi- onsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten 28), Berlin 1969. SNRIS BRICAULT, L. (Ed.)., Sylloge nummorum religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae, Paris 2008. SNRIS Suppl. I BRICAULT, L., SNRIS Supplément I, in: L. BRICAULT/R. VEYMIERS (Eds.), Bibliotheca Isiaca III, Bordeaux 2014, 245–284. Wb ERMAN, A./GRAPOW, H., Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache I-VII, Ber- lin 1926–63. JOACHIM FRIEDRICH QUACK / CHRISTIAN WITSCHEL

Introduction: Religious Confluences in the Roman Empire; or: Why ‘Oriental Cults’ Again?

Why to produce yet another volume on the religious history of the Roman Empire and especially on the so-called ‘oriental cults’? After all, the last decades have seen the publication of a number of good surveys and introductory essays on various aspects of religious life in the Imperium Romanum,1 including the peculiar appearance of cults that originally were and sometimes remained – at least from a certain perspective and in certain circumstances – ‘foreign’ or ‘non-institutionalized’ ones.2 More specifically, the latter phenomenon has been treated extensively in a whole series of studies that was initiated in the 1960s: starting under the title Études préliminaires aux cultes orientales dans l’Empire romain (EPRO) and later renamed as Religions in the Graeco-Roman World (RGW), the series has by now reached more than 180 volumes.3 In addition, regarding the three cults envisaged in this volume (i.e. those of Isis, Mithras and Jupiter Dolichenus), we have experienced a lively series of conferences on the cult of Isis in the Roman Empire4 as well as regular meetings on Mithraic studies5 and a number of general studies on this cult,6 recently joined by intensive research on the origins and

1 A number of good introductory and general essays on religious life in the Roman Empire have been published in the last years, cf. BEARD/NORTH/PRICE, Religions of Rome; SCHEID, Introduction; RÜPKE, Religion; ID., Roman Religion, RIVES, Religion; ANDO, Matter of the Gods; NORTH/PRICE, Religious History. The broad range of gods venerated in the Roman Empire, and especially the cults of Mithras, Isis, Magna Mater and Jupiter Dolichenus, were also the subject of a large exhibition in the Badisches Landesmuseum at Karlsruhe in 2013/14; for which see the catalogue ‘Imperium der Götter’. 2 The supposed ‘foreignness’ of the cults in question, often regarded as part of the so-called sacra pergrina, constitutes a problem in itself, as it was a rather fluid with no clearly defined boundaries; cf. BENDLIN, Pragmatik religiösen Verhaltens (and also below n. 18). 3 One of the most recently published volumes in the series RGW, BRICAULT/BONNET, Panthée, contains a number of papers that are highly relevant for our subject. 4 BRICAULT, De Memphis à Rome; BRICAULT, Isis en Occident; BRICAULT/VERSLUYS/MEY- BOOM, Nile into Tiber; BRICAULT/VERSLUYS, Isis on the Nile; BRICAULT/VERSLUYS, Power, Poli- tics. 5 HINNELLS, Studies in ; VOMER GOJKOVIČ, Mithraskult; MARTENS/DE BOE, Roman Mithraism. For an overview of Mithraic studies in the last decades, see BECK, Mithraism since Franz Cumont, and ID., Mithraism after ‘Mithraism since Franz Cumont’. 6 MERKELBACH, Mithras; CLAUSS, Cultores Mithrae; BECK, Religion of the Mithras Cult; GOR- DON, Roman Army; CLAUSS, Mithras; GORDON, Mithras; HENSEN, Mithras. The classic study of CUMONT, Mystères des Mithra, has been recently re-edited by N. BELAYCHE and A. MASTROCINQUE (with a useful introduction into the historiographical background of CUMONT’s work). In addition, some important regional studies on Mithraism have been produced in the last years; cf. FRACKOWIAK, Fremde Götter (for the Germanic provinces); SCHULTE, Mithras in Gallien (for Northern Gaul); KLÖCKNER, Mithras auf der Iberischen Halbinsel (for ); SICOE, Stein- 2 Joachim Friedrich Quack / Christian Witschel diffusion of the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus.7 So, to repeat the initial question: why did we initiate yet another project on this subject? On the one hand, the intensive research carried out during the last years on the so- called ‘oriental cults’ has reached an important phase. There are by now some very useful corpora of data especially for the cult of Isis thanks to the work of Laurent Bri- cault and his group,8 which make the production of an overall synthesis much easier.9 At the same time new and exciting discoveries have occurred all around the Roman world which might help to advance our understanding of these religious phenomena significantly. For the cult of Isis, the demotic Egyptian sources provide a rich new in- put, and much is still to be gained from papyri which remain unpublished at the mo- ment.10 Regarding the cult of Mithras, recent archaeological fieldwork has led to the detection of new temples and interesting objects11 – both on a large scale like inscrip- tions12 and wall-paintings,13 but also with regard to ‘small finds’ like pottery and - denkmäler aus Dakien (for ); GRIFFITH, Mithraism in Imperial Rome (for Rome); WHITE, Mithraism at Ostia (for Ostia; cf. also RIEGER, Heiligtümer; STEUERNAGEL, Kult). We await a new comprehensive study on the ‘oriental cults’ in Ostia by R. MARCHESINI. 7 For some recent summaries of our knowledge on the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus, see the papers in BLÖMER/WINTER, Iuppiter Dolichenus (esp. BLÖMER, Iuppiter Dolichenus; COLLAR, Comma- gene) as well as SANZI, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. The research in Doliche itself has been undertaken by our colleagues from the University of Münster (Germany); see http://www.doliche.de/ (cf. further below n. 15) and http://www.uni-muenster.de/Religion-und-Poli- tik/forschung/projekte/c9.html; for a more recent project on the distribution of Syrian cults within the Roman Empire, see http://www.uni-muenster.de/Religion-und-Politik/forschung/projekte/b2- 20.html. The processes through which the (Roman) cult of Jupiter Dolichenus was created and dif- fused throughout the Imperium Romanum have also been intensively debated in recent scholarship; cf. below n. 32. 8 See BRICAULT, , as well as RICIS and SNRIS. In contrast, the corpora of epigraphic and archaeological sources for the cults of Mithras and Jupiter Dolichenus are more or less outdated by now. This is especially true for VERMASEREN’s CIMRM, which definitely needs to be replaced by a new corpus in the near future, but also for the more recent CCID, as there are serious doubts con- cerning some of the criteria used to gather the material; for the latter, see the remarks by M. BLÖMER, in this volume pp. 96–112. 9 Cf. now NAGEL, Ausbreitung des Isis-Kultes; as well as EAD., Gesichter der Isis; and the paper by S. NAGEL, in this volume pp. 207–231. 10 DOUSSA, Imagining Isis; QUACK, Ich bin Isis; ID., Lobpreis; ID., Isis, Thot und Arrian; KOCKELMANN, Praising the Goddess; STADLER, Spätägyptische Hymnen. Cf. also the papers by M.A. STADLER and J.F. QUACK, in this volume pp. 232–243 and 244–273. 11 For a list of the most recent archaeological discoveries connected to the cult of Mithras, see BECK, Mithraism after ‘Mithraism since Franz Cumont’, 7–14; KLENNER, Breaking News; and CLAUSS, Mithras, 183 f. Furthermore it should be mentioned that some older excavations of im- portant sanctuaries of Mithras have received an exhaustive scientific treatment only in recent years, such as the ‘Walbrook temple’ in London (SHEPHERD, Temple of Mithras) or the ‘Mithräum am Ballplatz’ in (HULD-ZETSCHE, Mithraskult in Mainz). 12 To cite just a few examples: One of the most intriguing epigraphic finds of the last decades is a bronze tablet discovered in Virunum (Noricum) which exhibits an inscription containing a (com- plete?) list (album) of the followers of one Mithraic community: AE 1994, 1334; cf. the detailed commentary by PICCOTTINI, Virunum. In Inveresk () two altars for Mithras and were found which point to the existence of the northernmost sanctuary of Mithras known today; see TOMLIN, Inscriptions, 441–444 nos. 5–6 (= AE 2011, 678/79). The excavations of a in Lucus Augusti/Lugo (Hispania citerior) have yielded an inscribed altar that throws new light on the expansion of the cult in Roman : AE 2006, 663; cf. ALVAR/GORDON/RODRÍGUEZ, Lugo. The Introduction 3 mal bones which help us to analyse the ritual context of specific sanctuaries by using up-to-date archaeological techniques.14 In the case of Jupiter Dolichenus the excavations of a large sanctuary on the Dülük Baba Tepesi near Doliche in Commagene, the (supposed) ‘homeland’ of this god, have shed new light on the question of the origins of the cult as it was known in the Roman Empire,15 whereas recently discovered sanctuaries of the god in places as far apart as Vindolanda (near ’s Wall in Britannia) and Balaklava (on the Crimean peninsula) have provided us with fresh insights into the diffusion of the cult and its local organization.16 reliefs of another recently detected altar dedicated to Deus Invictus Imperator from Burgina- /Alt-Kalkar ( inferior) show some very interesting symbols of Mithraic art: AE 1999, 1098; cf. GORDON, Viewing Mithraic Art. At the other end of the Mediterranean, a casual find of an inscribed Mithraic relief at Perge (in the province of Lycia et Pamphylia) has led to the identifica- tion of the first securely attested Mithraeum in the whole of Asia minor: I.Perge I 248. Finally, new research has also led to the rehabilitation of some Mithraic inscriptions which have long been known but have been regarded as suspicious in earlier scholarship – such as an altar from Rome that has been ‘rediscovered’ in South Africa and contains a unique dedication (in Greek) to Mith- ras as astrobrontodaimōn: IG XIV 998 = IGUR I 125; cf. GORDON, Mithras Helios. 13 The most spectacular discoveries of Mithraic wall-paintings (dated to the 4th century AD; some of them showing motives up to now totally unknown in Mithraic art) have occurred in Ha- warte in ; cf. GAWLIKOWSKI, Mithraeum at Hawarte. Some other wall-paintings found within Mithraic sanctuaries have received a fresh treatment in recent years (see MADARASSY, Bemalte Kultwand); especially the very important ones from the Mithraeum in S. Maria Capua Vetere; cf. GORDON, Mithraic Body. 14 Cf. the contributions to two collective volumes focusing on ‘small finds’ and animal bones from sanctuaries of Mithras and other gods: MARTENS/DE BOE, Roman Mithraism; and LEPETZ/VAN ANDRINGA, Archéologie du sacrifice animal. Of special interest are ‘rubbish dumps’ containing huge amounts of pottery and bones like those detected around the Mithraeum at Tienen in (MARTENS, Rethinking ‘Sacred Rubbish’; EAD., Mithraeum in Tienen; cf. also UL- BERT/WULFMEIER/HULD-ZETSCHE, Ritual Deposits; and the papers in SCHÄFER/WITTEYER, Rituelle Deponierungen); as well as complete assemblages of plates and vessels which were used for cultic purposes, such as those that have been found in front of a Mithraeum at Riegel in Germania supe- rior (MAYER-REPPERT, Fundmaterial). With regard to animal bones, a rich array of material has been excavated in a Mithraeum at Septeuil in Gallia Lugdunensis; cf. GAIDON-BUNUEL/CAILLAT, Honorer Mithra en mangeant. A very important single find is a cult vessel discovered at Mainz which is decorated on both sides with scenes depicting ritual processions within the cult of Mithras. The detailed interpretation of these scenes is disputed, however; cf. the divergent analytic models presented by HULD-ZETSCHE, Mainzer Krater; BECK, Ritual; GORDON, Ritual and Hierarchy. 15 For a summary of the excavations on the Dülük Baba Tepesi, see WINTER, Kult des Iupiter Dolichenus; and esp. the contribution by E. WINTER, in this volume pp. 79–95. One of the most spectacular finds in Doliche has been the discovery of a stele dating to the Roman period but showing the god in a traditional iron-age iconography: BLÖMER, Stele von Doliche. For the Com- magenian background of the cult, cf. the papers in WAGNER, Gottkönige am Euphrat. Some other new finds of inscriptions and reliefs have enlarged our knowledge of the worship of Jupiter Doli- chenus in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, some of them seemingly results of a ‘backward flow’ (or ‘reflux’) of religious concepts which had been further developed in the West; cf. FACELLA/WINTER, Neue Inschriften; and for the most important of these discoveries, a votive relief from Perrhe, BLÖMER/FACELLA, Weihrelief für Jupiter Doli- chenus (= SEG 56, 2006, 1840). 16 In Vindolanda a Dolichenum has been discovered inside the walls of the Roman fort, which is a very unusual location: BIRLEY/BIRLEY, Dolichenum; ID., New Dolichenum (see also AE 2010, 790–792). Balaklava: SARNOWSKI/ZUBAR/SAVELJA, Inschriftenfunde; SARNOWSKI/SAVELJA, Ba- laklava (see also AE 1998, 1154–1163). Another important new epigraphic find from Cilurnum/ 4 Joachim Friedrich Quack / Christian Witschel

On the other hand, some fresh theoretical and methodological approaches are now at hand which could be relevant for the study of the cults in question. Our project was part of a ‘Cluster of Excellence’ (Exzellenzcluster), which has been established at the Uni- versity of Heidelberg in 2007 and was at that time called Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Shifting Asymmetries in Cultural Flows.17 Such a background provides a spe- cific outlook as well as analytic parameters which can inform the research on some of the most popular cults within the Roman Empire. It might direct us towards a better understanding of processes of adaptation and transformation of originally ‘foreign’ cults as one of many historic examples in which a desire to fill a real or perceived void in the ‘mental map’ of contemporary societies, or for acquiring a package of (fascinat- ing) new knowledge, leads to the appropriation of what once had been regarded as the ‘Other’.18 On a broader level one can remark that in some instances such cultural or religious ‘flows’19 move in accordance with the political or economic dominance of one specific power over other entities, either imposed by a colonial authority or sought after by the subjects themselves as part of a program of ‘modernisation’.20 In other cases, however, like in the Roman Empire, such flows can – at least partially – also run counter to the general trend of (military) expansion.21 Here, some members of the dominant power (i.e. the ‘Romans’ – in itself an instable and shifting group) were at- tracted by religious phenomena which were perceived (or even constructed) as belong- ing to an ‘alien’ culture that was older than their own and thus worthy of some venera- tion but now subject to their political superiority. At this point it might be fruitful to

Chesters demonstrates that Jupiter Dolichenus was still venerated in Britannia in AD 286, thus proving that the cult did not come to an end in the middle of the 3rd century: AE 2005, 923 = RIB III 3299. At some places the re-interpretation of older discoveries has been fruitful for a better understanding of the sanctuaries of Jupiter Dolichenus and the surrounding religious landscape in general. A case in point is in superior; cf. KANDLER, Heiligtum; as well as HUMER/KREMER, Götterbilder; and KREMER, Götterdarstellungen. For the situation in Rome, cf. BELLELLI/BIANCHI, Orientalia sacra urbis Romae; RÜPKE, Immigrantenreligion. For a comprehen- sive treatment of the sanctuaries of Jupiter Dolichenus known through archaeological and epi- graphic evidence, see now SCHWARZER, Heiligtümer. 17 See http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/de/startseite.html (the Cluster has now been re- named as “Asia and Europe in a Global Context: The Dynamics of Transculturality”). For our sub- project (D7), entitled “From the Orient to Rome and Back Again. Religious Flows and the Expan- sion of ‘Oriental Cults’ in the Roman Empire”, see http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidel- berg.de/de/forschung/d-geschichte-kulturerbe/d7.html. 18 On the conceptualisation of the ‘Other’ in the Roman Empire, see the observations by M. J. VERSLUYS, in this volume pp. 274–293; as well as VERSLUYS, Aegyptiaca Romana. 19 For the concept of ‘religious flows’, cf. WITSCHEL, ‘Orientalische Kulte’, 20–22. The use of this analytical tool (which is only one among a number of others!), should not, however, be under- stood as a deliberate return to older models of ‘diffusion’ and ‘acculturation’ which have often op- erated with the notion of an unilateral and one-directional transfer of religious (and other) phenomena from one (fixed) cultural entity to another. Such an approach is rightly criticized by VERSLUYS, Orientalising Roman Gods, 241 f. (and n. 15), 251. 20 These observations are of course related to the broader issue of ‘Romanisation’, a concept which has been hotly debated in recent years; cf., for example, SCHÖRNER, Romanisierung; HINGLEY, Globalizing Roman Culture; MATTINGLY, Imperialism; MANN, Frage der Romanisierung. 21 For some recent attempts (not always successful in our eyes) to use modern network theories in order to explain the rapid expansion of specific cults within the Roman Empire, cf. COLLAR, Network Theory; EAD., Military Networks; EAD., Religious Networks. Introduction 5 bring in comparative material from more recent periods: Modern (western) fascination with Buddhism, for example, can provide us with interesting models for interpreting the material we know from the ancient world.22 At the same time, we can expect not only to benefit from the insights of our col- leagues from Modern and Contemporary (Global) History, but also to add a substantial input of our own in order to confer more depth to the current debates on ‘religious con- fluences’ and also to the broader theme of ‘cultural hybridity’. Since we treat a period of Antiquity with political, socio-economic and cultural conditions quite different from those in modern times, we hope to make clear what part of the observed phenomena might be classified as ‘universal’ and which other parts are more specific to certain periods or epochs because they are conditioned by a peculiar political and cultural envi- ronment. Furthermore, we try to study religious developments over a long period of time (from the to Late Antiquity) and are thus able to come up with a broad historical perspective which is sometimes lacking in the analysis of contempo- rary religious phenomena. More specifically, one of our central aims is to use a global approach when looking at the different ‘foreign’ cults within the Roman Empire studied here (regardless whether we treat them as a more or less coherent group of ‘oriental cults’ or not) by not focusing on one of them in isolation, but by studying them together and in comparison with each other. It is obviously impossible nowadays for a single scholar to master the whole range of literary, papyrological and epigraphic sources as well as the numerous archaeological finds from the Roman Empire; and also the testimonies (many of them dating to much older periods) from the real or supposed ‘homelands’ of the cults in question which were situated in different parts of the ‘East’ (Asia minor, Syria, Persia, Egypt etc.). The requirements of linguistic competence and detailed knowledge of very different cultures are beyond the reach of any one person. Thus, the natural solution is to establish some kind of cooperation between the various scientific disciplines that are concerned with these phenomena. By combining contributions from Ancient Histori- ans, Classical Philologists and Roman Archaeologists as well as Egyptologists in this volume we hope to gain mutual benefits and to sharpen our eyes for similarities as well as differences between the phenomena that are brought into focus. One last – and very important – problem comes into play here. At least since the time of Franz Cumont it has been common to speak of ‘oriental cults’ as an overarching category,23 and despite growing criticism in recent scholarship24 this is still a model favored by many scholars who deal with the religious landscape of the Roman Em-

22 See BAUMANN, Global Buddhism. 23 CUMONT, Religions orientales; this classic work is now to be consulted in the re-edition of 2006 with a very helpful historiographic introduction by C. BONNET and F. VAN HAEPEREN. For further studies on the history of the concept of ‘oriental cults’, cf. BONNET, Religions orientales; BONNET/BENDLIN, Approches historiographiques; BONNET/PIRENNE-DELFORGE/PRAET, Religions orientales; BONNET/OSSOLA/SCHEID, Rome et ses religions. 24 In addition to the literature cited in the previous note, cf. BONNET/RÜPKE/SCARPI, Religions orientales; BONNET/RIBICHINI/STEUERNAGEL, Religioni in contatto; WITSCHEL, ‘Orientalische Kulte’. 6 Joachim Friedrich Quack / Christian Witschel pire.25 Such an approach often implies the – rather problematic – claim of a general structural similarity between religious phenomena that were characterized by quite heterogeneous origins (both in time and in place) and later evolutions. It also takes the risk of introducing a kind of ‘orientalist’ discourse by which an undifferentiated picture of an exotic ‘Orient’ with a vibrant religious life – allegedly superior to the ‘coldness’ of traditional Roman religion26 – is constructed.27 Other elements which were supposedly shared by all or most of these cults have also come into discussion in recent years. It has been questioned, for example, what part (if at all) ritual complexes which might be characterized as ‘mysteries’ (such as rites of initiation) have played within the cults belonging to this supposed group;28 and whether it is appropriate to classify them as ‘mystery cults’ or even as ‘mystery religions’ in toto.29 It is equally disputed if and to what extent these cults offered some promise of salvation to their followers (and might thus be called ‘religions of salvation’ or ‘Erlöser-Religionen’) – either in this world or with regard to a life after death.30 Following recent trends in religious studies dealing with the Roman Empire,31 we are not convinced that such a (perceived or real) unity of ‘oriental cults’ ever existed. We rather intend to check the validity of these concepts by paying careful attention to the many discrepancies encountered in case studies; and to be open-minded with regard to the possible variety of the final results.

25 For example by TURCAN, Cultes orientaux; and especially by ALVAR, Romanising Oriental Gods; ID., Religiones orientales. Cf. also the contribution by J. ALVAR, in this volume pp. 23–46. The theses of ALVAR have provoked a number of dissenting statements; see e.g. SFAMENI GASPARRO, Eschatologie, 158–160; VERSLUYS, Orientalising Roman Gods, 239, 257–259. 26 The idea that the ‘traditional’ Roman religion was mainly characterized by a strict obedience to the rules of ritual and was therefore not able to capture people emotionally was originally devel- oped by Georg WISSOWA and is still widely repeated today, although it is quite problematic in itself; cf. BENDLIN, Emotion und Orient. 27 For the concept of ‘Orient’ that was relevant for CUMONT and his contemporaries (and also for th the discourse of ‘orientalism’ developed in the 19 century), cf. BONNET/VAN HAEPEREN, in: CUMONT, Religions orientales, XXX–XXXIX; STROUMSA, Orientalism; BURKERT, ‘Orient’; VERSLUYS, Orientalising Roman Gods. For modern views on the notion of ‘Orient’ with regard to the ‘oriental cults’, see BELAYCHE, Romanité; EAD., ‘Orient’. 28 That some kind of ‘mysteries’ (mainly defined by esoterism and initiation: SFAMENI GAS- PARRO, Misteri e culti orientali, 186 f.; BREMMER, Mysteries, XII) were a central aspect of the cult of Mithras has long been an undisputed assumption (cf. also below n. 40), but is now called into question by GORDON, Mithras-Forschung, 240 f. In the case of Isis, the role and significance of a ‘mystery component’ within the cult are hotly debated; cf. the divergent positions of J. ALVAR and esp. of J. STEINHAUER, in this volume pp. 23–46, esp. 29–31, and 47–78; as well as BREMMER, Mysteries, 110–125. The discussion centres very much on the (disputed) value of the image presented by in book XI of his ; for which cf. the papers in KEULEN/EGELHAAF-GAISER, Isis Book; and now KEULEN et al., Isis Book. In contrast, there is no evidence for the existence of mysteries within the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus. 29 For some major contributions to this debate, cf. BURKERT, Mystery Cults; SFAMENI GAS- PARRO, Misteri; EAD., Misteri e culti orientali; BOWDEN, Mystery Cults; BREMMER, Mysteries. 30 On the question of the soteriology within the so-called ‘oriental cults’, see the pertinent re- marks by SFAMENI GASPARRO, Eschatologie; but also BECK, Ritual, 173–178; and J. ALVAR, in this volume pp. 31–33. 31 See above n. 23–24. Introduction 7

The first case study presented in this volume (containing three papers) focuses on the origins and diffusion of the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Empire, for which different models are presented here.32 The expansion of the cult(s) of Isis and Osiris is the subject of the next part of the book which also deals with forms of textual transfer from Egyptian languages (especially Demotic) to Greek and Latin.33 Then the different forms in which the gods were conceptualized through images are discussed in some detail in the following three papers.34 The so-called ‘oriental cults’ are characterized by a rich repertoire of visual expressions which show a wide array of iconographic variations.35 Although some forms of standardization are detectable, there are no signs of a mechanical reproduction of a small number of central (cult) images. We are instead confronted with continuing processes of rearranging given motives as well as creating new designs;36 and – especially in the representation of Jupiter Dolichenus – also with constant alterations between an ‘orientalising’ and a ‘westernising’ or ‘Romanising’ mode of depiction.37 The last section of the book concentrates on the variability in the setting, architectural design and décor of the sanctuaries of Isis38 and Mithras,39 and also on the rituals that were staged within these temples.40

32 Whereas many scholars (especially those connected to the ‘Münster school’; cf. above n. 7) propose that Doliche, a small town in the region of Commagene from which the god took its name, was the actual homeland of the cult (containing its ‘central sanctuary’ or ‘Hauptheiligtum’, the ori- gins of which date back to the early Iron Age; see above n. 15) from which it was supposedly dif- fused to the West especially by the agency of members of the Roman army, an alternative model is presented by M. L. DÉSZPA, in this volume pp. 113–181 (see also ID., Klio 96 [2024] 749–756). The role of soldiers in spreading the ‘masculine’ cults of Mithras and Jupiter Dolichenus has been inten- sively discussed (and modified) in recent years; for the cult of Mithras, see the comprehensive study of GORDON, Roman Army; for the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus, see COLLAR, Military Networks; HAENSCH, Angehörige des römischen Heeres. 33 Cf. above n. 9–10 and also I. MOYER, in this volume pp. 182–206; supplemented by MOYER, Egypt, and STADLER, Einführung, 16 f., 108–112. See now also a volume on the interactions between Egyptian and Greek literature in general: RUTHERFORD, Greco-Egyptian Interactions. 34 See in general BRICAULT/PRESCENDI, Théologie en images; MOORMANN, Divine Interiors, 149–187; for the cult of Isis, cf. NAGEL, The Goddess’s New Clothes. 35 For the rich visual repertoires (‘Bilderwelten’) in the cult of Mithras, see D. FRACKOWIAK, in this volume pp. 294–328 (cf. also above n. 13). In addition to the many large-scale depictions of Mithras and his myth there are also a lot of miniature images of the god; see GORDON, Miniature Reproductions. 36 The pronounced variety of visual compositions and iconographic motives has been especially well studied with regard to the central cult images in the cult of Mithras which show many different side scenes; cf. GORDON, Panelled Complications; SCHOFIELD, Iconographic Variation. A remarkable new find of a relief showing the ‘standard’ tauroctony but also some rather unique addi- tional motives is now kept in the Israel Museum in but was probably produced some- where in Northern Syria: DE JONG, Mithraic Tauroctony. See also above n. 13 for the discovery of extraordinary wall-paintings with no connection to the known ‘canon’ of Mithraic art in a Mithraeum at Hawarte. 37 See the article by R. KRUMEICH, in this volume pp. 329–352; and also KRUMEICH, Dokumente orientalischen Selbstbewusstseins; cf. further above n. 15. 38 See the papers by K. KLEIBL and F. SARAGOZA, in this volume pp. 353–371 and 372–383 (with special reference to the temple of Isis at Pompeii). A comprehensive study of Isiac sanctuaries has recently been published by KLEIBL, Iseion. On the Isea in Rome and Beneventum, two important sites in Italy, cf. LEMBKE, Iseum Campense; QUACK, Iseum Campense; BÜLOW CLAUSEN, Flavian Isea. One of the most spectacular finds in recent years has been the discovery of a sanctuary 8 Joachim Friedrich Quack / Christian Witschel

It emerges quite clearly from the case studies presented in this volume (and else- where) that the cults in question had no fixed doctrinal core or ‘theology’ which was then spread unaltered over long distances in time and space.41 Instead, their basic struc- tures, rituals42 and outward appearance were constantly adapted to the needs and expectations of their followers in different parts of the Roman Empire.43 In this context, of Isis (Panthea/Regina) and Mater Magna at Mainz; cf. WITTEYER, Heiligtum; EAD., Rituelle Niederlegungen (and AE 2004, 1014–1023 = RICIS II 609/0501–0509). 39 The architecture and infrastructure of Mithraea are extensively treated by A. HENSEN, in this volume pp. 384–412. For further studies on the setting and layout of Mithraic sanctuaries, cf. BECK, Rock-Cut Mithraea; SCHATZMANN, Topographie von Mithras-Heiligtümern; KLÖCKNER, Mithras; GORDON, Mithras-Heiligtümer. There is now a comparable analysis of the known sanctuaries of Jupiter Dolichenus: SCHWARZER, Heiligtümer. 40 In the cult of Isis, Osirian rituals based on Egyptian models still played a central role in Ro- man sanctuaries (cf. QUACK, Iseum Campense; NAGEL, Ausbreitung des Isis-Kultes), and the Isia- festival with its celebration of the discovery of Osiris (inventio Osiridis) was integrated into the Roman calendar, see e.g. MALAISE, Conditions, 227; PERPILLOU-THOMAS, Fêtes d’Égypte, 94–100. Furthermore, derivatives of the Egyptian daily temple ritual seem to have been conducted in Isiac sanctuaries (according to some sources), cf. DUNAND, Culte d’Isis, 197–202; NAGEL, Kult und Ritual. Individual, local forms of cult practices can be observed, for instance, in the sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna at Mainz, cf. above n. 38. Various kinds of ritual definitely also played an important role in the cult of Mithras, but we don’t know very much about the details (and some of the more explicit information is conveyed by outsiders like Christians and thus remains at least partially dubious). In addition, we have to account for the fact that there seems to have been quite a lot of freedom for the leading figures within a given Mithraic community to shape the rituals ac- cording to their own views (cf. GORDON, Mithras-Heiligtümer, 217; and below n. 43 and 46). There is no doubt that the collective cultic meal celebrated in the Mithraea was of central importance for the followers of the god; cf. KANE, Mithraic Cult-Meal; HULTGÅRD, Repas cultuels. This observa- tion has been confirmed by recent analyses of animal bones that were found in sanctuaries of Mith- ras (see above n. 14); they can show that particularly young pigs and poultry (especially cocks) were consumed. Rather problematic is the nature of the sacrifices that were performed within (and also outside?) the Mithraea, as our sources give no details on them. This is also true for a complex of rituals that is commonly labelled as ‘initiations’, although they are not described as such from an emic perspective; cf. GORDON, Ritual and Hierarchy, 258–266; ID., Mithraic Body; BREMMER, Mysteries, 125–138. A characteristic feature of Mithraic rituals is their strong connection to (or even a kind of re-enactment of) the mythical stories that had developed around the god; cf. BECK, Ritual, 145–149. They also often took the form of a dramatic or theatrical staging with effects of light and darkness (cf. GORDON, Viewing Mithraic Art, 241–244); the performative aspects of the cultic procedures (including processions of various groups, for which see the wall-paintings in the Mithraeum under S. Prisca at Rome: VERMASEREN/VAN ESSEN, Excavations) are thus quite obvious. In contrast, we know nearly nothing about the rituals that were performed by the worshippers of Jupiter Dolichenus; but the design of some of the sanctuaries seems to demonstrate that collective meals played an important role in this cult too (see SCHWARZER, Heiligtümer, 181 f.). 41 This statement is not undisputed, however; for a divergent view regarding the cult of Mithras, see BECK, Ritual, 158 (and n. 61: “I maintain that Mithraism did indeed have doctrinal norms [as I would prefer to call them] …”), 171 f. But see also ID., Beck on Mithraism, XXII: “That Mithraism had anything like a systematic and coherent body of teaching, transmitted to the initiates as a neces- sary element of the mysteries or guarded by the Fathers as arcana, I no longer consider tenable”. 42 Cf. GORDON, Mithraic Body, 297, on the character of ritual complexes in the cult of Mithras: “my opinion is that initiatory tests were not standardized between temples, and that each Mithraic community devised its own forms of initiation with reference to certain ‘sacralized moments’ in the myth of Mithras”. 43 See BEARD/NORTH/PRICE, Religions of Rome, 278; as well as the remarks by GORDON, Ritual and Hierarchy, 258 f., on Mithraism: “it may very well be that different Mithraic communities con- Introduction 9 it is important to keep in mind that these cults were ‘optional’ or ‘elective’.44 People were not obliged to take part in them (as, for example, in the imperial cult), but could consciously decide to join in by selecting their preferred cult out of a broad range of religious choices. In addition, the adherents of these cults (especially those of Mithras and Jupiter Dolichenus) were normally organized in rather small groups around a sanctuary with reduced dimensions, thus creating an ‘intimate’ atmosphere for the wor- shippers. Such ‘small group cults’ (‘Gruppenreligionen’)45 seem to have been espe- cially open (and attractive) for religious innovation and appropriation which were initi- ated by creative individuals within these groups.46 On the other hand, the religious phe- nomena we are dealing with – which might be labelled as ‘universal cults’ as they were present in many different regions of the Mediterranean – were also characterized by a certain degree of uniformity, which made them recognizable throughout the Roman Empire and created a sense of belonging (and membership) for their followers.47 When looking at these cults from a broad perspective, we are therefore confronted both with a remarkable standardization of some important organizational,48 ritual, architectural and

structed their own particular rituals in keeping with their understanding of the requirements. There would then be not one Mithraic ritual system but many, each presenting slightly different value commitments”; further ID., Religious Options, 398, on the specific form of ritual that has been revealed by the excavation of the Mithraeum at Tienen (see below n. 63): “[this is] one of the many indications of the extent to which the cult was adapted to local needs and usages”. But cf. also BECK, Mithraism after ‘Mithraism since Franz Cumont’, 6 f., 15 f. 44 For the concept of ‘elective’ or ‘optional’ cults, see BEARD/NORTH/PRICE, Religions of Rome, 275; GORDON, Religious Options. 45 The model of ‘small group cults’ has been developed in the contributions to RÜPKE, Gruppenreligionen; see esp. RÜPKE, Integrationsgeschichten. 46 The idea that the specific structures within the ‘small group cults’ were shaped to a high de- gree by individual ‘religious entrepreneurs’ (or ‘mystagogues’, as he prefers to call them) has re- cently been put forward by GORDON, Individuality (see esp. 161f.: in this context “small scale inno- vation, re-interpretation and reflection were both inevitable and normal”; of special importance was “the power exercised by the mystagogue to construct religious experience as he … deems appropri- ate”). Although such processes are not easily recognized in our sources, the rather specific setting and décor of many Mithraea (and the divergent ritual practices that seem to have been performed within them; see above n. 42–43) can best be explained by the initiative of individuals who were responsible for the conceptualization of a sanctuary and are sometimes explicitly attested in build- ing or votive inscriptions: GORDON, Mithras-Heiligtümer, 213–215; ID., Mithras-Forschung, 241 f. On the (difficult) question of who might have been the institutionalized ‘leader(s)’ of Mithraic communities, see MITTHOF, Vorstand der Kultgemeinden. 47 The relative homogeneity of the cults in question is stressed by J. ALVAR, in this volume pp. 26–28. 48 A case in point is the system of ‘grades’ within the cult of Mithras (seven of them are attested by Hier. epist. 107, 2). Regardless of the question how the function of these grades might be inter- preted (for divergent positions, see MERKELBACH, Weihegrade, and CLAUSS, Grade), it seems cer- tain by now that they were established early in the development of the Roman cult of Mithras and that this system was geographically widespread (cf. GORDON, Ritual and Hierarchy, 248–253). Nevertheless, some of the grade-names are attested much more often than others, and we can also detect a degree of regional variety in these denominations, as is best demonstrated by the graffiti in the Mithraeum at Doura Europos (see FRANCIS, Graffiti; FRACKOWIAK, Weihegrade, 232 f.; BREMMER, Mysteries, 134). 10 Joachim Friedrich Quack / Christian Witschel iconographical elements (like the ‘icon’ of the tauroctony in the cult of Mithras),49 and at the same time with a large range of variations, some of them presenting highly indi- vidual creations.50 There was thus a constant tension between the poles of the ‘univer- sal’ and the ‘particular’ (on the local level) within these cults.51 On the other hand, we have to recognize that besides using a global approach the specificity of each cult and its historical development should also get more attention. To give just one example: Looking at the veneration of Isis it has become apparent during the last years that there is a strong link between the Graeco-Roman form(s) of the cult and genuine Late Period Egyptian roots.52 Especially the demotic sources have proved to be of crucial importance in this respect. They have allowed us to connect the concept of Isis as a supreme much better to the situation in Egypt itself during the Late Period. Besides that, it has become increasingly clear that there were elaborate Egyptian mythological tales about the wars of the gods taking place mainly in Asia, and that the Greek accounts such as those written by Diodorus and ultimately rely

49 For the visual representation of the tauroctony in the cult of Mithras and its iconographic archetypes, see TURCAN, Mithra tauroctone; FARAONE, Mithraic Bull-Wounding Scene; BOSCHUNG, Mithras; and D. FRACKOWIAK, in this volume pp. 304–308. 50 A good example for such a highly individual creation is a small Mithraic ‘plaque’ that was found in St. Albans (Verulamium in Britannia). It was fabricated in the later 2nd century AD by reusing and re-cutting a silver coin of the Augustan period. The image on the reverse was changed into an illustration of the rock-birth of Mithras; and two new legends were added, one (in Greek) saying Mithras Ōromasdēs / Phrēn, the other (in Latin) dedicated to D(eo) M(ithrae) (CIMRM I 827 = RIB II 1, 2408.2). The direct identification of Mithras with the highest Persian and Zoroas- trian god Oromasdes/ is only found here in a Roman context, and this fact might point to the existence of small and rather ‘esoteric’ circles within the cult that consisted of well-educated individuals who developed fanciful speculations about the cosmological and ‘Persian’ nature of the god (cf. GORDON, Mithras Helios, 184f.; and also above n. 12). It might be added that Phrēn is likely to be a rendering of name of the Egyptian sun-god, see PEREA YÉBENES, Demon mégico; VON LIEVEN, Soul of the sun, 56; QUACK, Zauber ohne Grenzen, 195. The recourse to a specifically Egyptian form would enhance the impression that this plaque was produced in a highly learned esoteric circle. In some exceptionally well documented cases the initiative of individuals in spread- ing new religious ideas can even be demonstrated on the ground. One such person was Q. Axius Aelianus, equestrian procurator in Dacia around AD 235 (cf. PISO, Provinciae Daciae, 227– 235 no. 102). He erected a number of votive inscriptions in his administrative headquarters at Sar- mizegetusa, including one dedicated to Mithras invictus, Camulus, Mercurius and Rosmerta (AE 1998, 1100). This is a rather peculiar combination, as Mithras is here addressed together with three Celtic gods which were particularly venerated in Northern Gaul. Aelianus seems to have en- countered the worship of these gods during one of the previous posts in his career when he was procurator rationis privatae per Belgicam et duas Germanias (see CIL III 1456 = ILS 1371). The combination of Mithras with Celtic gods, especially Mercurius, is also quite typical for this region, especially for (see below n. 63); and it is thus conceivable that Aelianus brought this idea with him when he came from Northern Gaul to Dacia – a good example for the transfer of religious concepts over quite a long distance by the action of a single individual. 51 For the model of the ‘universal’ (or the ‘general’) and the ‘particular’, see – with special refer- ence to the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus – the contribution by M. L. DÉSZPA, in this volume pp. 167– 172; cf. also KAIZER, Oriental Cults. 52 Cf. NAGEL, Ausbreitung des Isis-Kultes, who has also pointed out that in some Isiac sanctuaries in central Italy and North Africa a direct dependence from cultic communities in Egypt or can be observed. Index of Sources

1. Corpora for Specific Cults (Jupiter Dolichenus, Mithras, Isis)

CCID

1–7 96 147 151 5 104, 161, 331, 336, 148 151 344 150 153 6 331 f. 151 153, 156 8 103 f. 151–156 106 9 103 f. 153 150 10 101, 161, 338 f. 154 106, 148, 154 10–15 96 155 150 12 333 156 149 13 333 157 338 15 317 158 106, 149, 163 16 103 160 105 16–29 104 161 151 17 103 162 105 19 103 165 150 21–28 103 169 150 28 104 172 153 29 101 181 153 31–38 105 183 147 40 98, 104 191 160 41 98, 104 200 146, 170 43 98 201 160, 338 f. 44 98, 104 202 161, 317, 338 45 98, 104 203 160 47 338 204 160 80 338 207 147 85 338 208a–b 147 88–97 300 217 128, 137 89 338 221 140 91 338 222 140, 144, 338 97 300 223 140, 144 103 317, 338 224 128 123 124, 169 229 141 124 169 f. 230 162, 339 125 169 232 141, 145 131 151 235 145 132 151 237 142 138 153 239 142, 162, 338 144 151 241 145, 163 145 151 242 142, 144, 162, 337 146 105, 151 253 145 448 Index of Sources

271 145 428 338, 341 274 143 429 124 275 143, 145 430 166 276 144 432 123 277 144 451 137 279 338 f. 457 338 281 317 512 337 f. 291 337 f. 514 340 292 338 f. 515 340 294 33, 340 517 340 295 338 f. 518 338, 340 296 340 529 300 298 338 532 169 307 340 533 169 347 338 540 143 352 338 587 337 355–405 300 588 338 356 125 603 337 357 125, 164 620 128, 140 363 127, 157, 164 364 164 CIMRM 365 159, 171, 337 366 337 I 16 304 367–369 300, 404 I 20 312 371 162, 166, 341 I 34 423 372 129, 164 I 42 314, 321, 423 373 127, 129, 158, 164 I 45 424 376 155, 158 f. I 68 415 377 165 I 70 404 378 159 I 74–87 300, 405 379 126, 164 I 76 301 380 159, 164 f. I 80 309 381 124, 158 I 82 309–311 383 166 I 83 309–311 386 164, 337 I 122 301 389 337 I 123 309 393 405 I 124 309 401 164 I 161–164 395 402 127 I 180 386, 390, 393, 421 403 127, 166 I 180–199 300 404 128 I 181 310 408 130, 157 I 182 309 409 131 I 183 309 410 131 I 208–209 301 411 131 I 214 414 416 131, 166 I 216 394 418 132 I 229 386, 400 419 132, 343 I 230–231 301 420 132, 343 I 233 390 421 128 I 239 390 422 135, 170 I 243 309 423 124 I 254 309 427 156 I 254–255 309 Index of Sources 449

I 260 312 I 596 301 I 267 309 I 599 313 I 279 427 I 605 301 I 288 309 I 612 313 I 299 399 I 635 426 I 310 422 I 636 309 I 310–331 301 I 637 309 I 315 394 I 641 426 I 318 427 I 650 303, 313 I 321 422 I 651 303, 313 I 334 424 I 653 387 I 338 386, 393 f., 400, I 654 387 422 I 666 314 I 339 422 I 675 312 I 344 313 I 694 309 I 352 301 I 723 426 I 353 313 I 729 426 I 358 309 I 736 424 I 359 309 I 761 311 I 360 388 I 771 301 I 368 422 I 772–797 300, 405 I 369 415 I 798 428 I 370 301 I 814–826 300 I 372 343 I 825 414 I 373 343 I 827 10, 320 I 374 301 I 839 395 I 385 301 I 840 395 I 389 386, 394 I 884 301 I 390 310, 313, 321, 390 I 887 414 I 397 426 I 894 313 I 407 394 I 895 387 I 415 394 I 896 387 I 428 313 I 966 312, 322 I 435 424 I 967 312 I 439 312 I 985 314 I 454 415 I 988 427 I 457 399 f. I 1001 388 I 462 313 II 1083 322, 389, 384 I 467–469 404 II 1085 309 I 476 394 II 1108 386 I 476–500 300 II 1110 309–311 I 480a 173 II 1111 314 I 501 415 II 1119 309 I 531 301 II 1128 322, 422 I 548 301 II 1137 389 I 556 312 f. II 1163 309, 311 I 557 301 II 1164–1165 309 I 587 301 II 1167 311 I 590 312 f. II 1175 390 I 591 313 II 1176–1188 405 I 592 301 II 1206 422 I 593 294, 301, 395 II 1208 300 I 594 294, 301 II 1225 322 450 Index of Sources

II 1237 311 II 1815 322 II 1240 312–314, 318 II 1816 311 II 1246–1271 300 II 1823 311 II 1247 321, 423 II 1857 426 II 1248 321 II 1882 388 II 1249 321 II 1896 389, 426, 428 II 1250 321 II 1900 421 II 1280 387 II 1906 311 II 1281 387 II 1920 322 II 1283 303, 314, 322 II 1924 311 II 1291 404 II 1935 311, 322 II 1292 303, 322 II 1947–1948 301 II 1293 303 II 1958 311, 322 II 1294 322 II 1972 311, 322 II 1296 307 II 1975 314, 322 II 1301 313, 322, 395 II 1976 314 II 1333 312 II 1991 313, 318 II 1359 303, 407 II 2006 311 II 1400 314, 424 II 2015 311 II 1422 322 II 2018 311, 322 II 1430 313, 322 II 2023 322 II 1473 309 II 2026 313 II 1478 392 II 2027 396 II 1492 313, 318 II 2029 415 II 1493 313, 318 II 2036 322 II 1494 421 II 2037 322 II 1497 421 II 2042 322 II 1504 313 II 2051 322 II 1505 313 II 2052 311, 422 II 1584 321, 322 II 2068 311 II 1585 321 II 2078 311 II 1593 313 II 2079 311 II 1594 313 II 2085 311 II 1656 314 II 2120 311 II 1657 314 II 2122 311 II 1668 312 II 2134 313, 318 II 1669 312 II 2154 311 II 1673 388 II 2160 310 II 1687 313, 318 II 2170 314 II 1697 309 II 2171 322 II 1697–1698 295 II 2185 311 II 1727 311, 314, 422 II 2202 322 II 1729 405 II 2214 322 II 1740 322 II 2237 314 II 1750 391 II 2238 314 II 1756 313, 318 II 2244 322 II 1765 311 II 2245 311, 314 II 1768–1769 301 II 2272 322 II 1773 415 II 2298 311 II 1775 415 II 2306 311 II 1790 415 II 2307 415 II 1791 311 II 2315 322 II 1794 311 II 2338 311, 322 Index of Sources 451

II 306/0201 55 RICIS II 308/0401 57, 59 f. II 501/0127 57, 59 I 101/0101 279 II 501/0161 62 I 102/1702 207 II 504/0202 380 I 104/0206 29 II 504/0206 381 I 104/0206 1.8 29 II 504/0207 353 I 113/0505 61 II 504/0215 381 I 113/0506 259 II 504/0216 381 I 113/0537 62 II 504/0219 381 I 113/0545 29, 55, 182 II 504/0301 353 I 113/0552 62 II 504/0601 207 I 114/0202 55 f. II 512/0201 57 f. I 114/0202 1.23 29 II 602/0501 57, 61 I 202/0101–0438 73 II 602/0701 207 I 202/0139 60 II 603/0701 279 I 202/1101 29, 55, 182 II 609/0501–0509 8 I 202/1801 55, 182 II 610/0104 391 I 204/1002 60 II 701/0103 55, 244 II 302/0204 29, 55, 182 Suppl. I 113/1201 55 II 303/1301 57 Suppl. I 113/0545 182

2. Greek and Latin Inscriptions

AE

1899, 33 163 1990, 125 353 1912, 45 128, 170 1991, 1116 36 1917/18, 126 158 1994, 1334 2, 397 1936, 132 128, 137 1994, 1335 397 1938, 61 129 1994, 1369 138 1938, 63 171 1994, 1413 128 1938, 65 342 1997, 858–859 61 1938, 123 163 1997, 860 61 1940, 70 125 1998, 1100 10 1940, 71 125 1998, 1154–1163 3 1940, 72 127 1998, 1156–1160 97 1940, 73 128 1998, 1430 80, 99 1940, 76 155 1999, 1098 3 1946, 117 173 2001, 1706 149 1950, 14 166 2001, 1707 148 1953, 26 134 2004, 1014–1023 8 1956, 115 414 2004, 1222 148 1957, 118 166 2004, 1387 80, 99 1967, 575 139 2005, 923 4 1971, 21 343 2005, 1313 145 1971, 28 123 2006, 312 163 1972, 507 415 2006, 313 163 1980, 49 129 2006, 663 2, 384 1980, 58 415 2008, 1092 163 1980, 755 149 2008, 1427 99 452 Index of Sources

2008, 1521 85, 97 VI 366 127 2010, 790–792 3 VI 367 131 2011, 678/79 2 VI 403 116 VI 407 126 CIL VI 408 165 VI 414 128, 130, 157 II 59 158 VI 415 124 II²/7,468 414 VI 418 124 II 730 158 VI 419 170 II 2395c 61 VI 420 116 II 6185 38 VI 422 116, 135 III 1096 392 VI 422 129 III 1286 152 VI 710 118 III 1301 152 VI 716 129 III 1456 10 VI 738 129 III 3253 147 VI 742 415 III 3343 146, 170 VI 767 132 III 3345 146 VI 957 158 III 3414 415 VI 1035 128 III 3415 415 VI 3698 131 III 3462 147 VI 3699 131 III 3481 415 VI 9089 129 III 3905 144 VI 9428 129 III 3908 143 VI 12258 392 III 3955 136, 145 VI 30757 116 III 3960 392 VI 30758 126 III 4272 139 VI 30760 129 III 4281 142 VI 30762 128 III 4331 142 VI 30763 135 III 4401 141 VI 30764 116 III 4792 392 VI 30934 116, 121 III 4816 397 VI 30943 128 III 7938 415 VI 30945 128, 131 III 7954 163 VI 31053 117 III 8785 124 VI 31141 131 III 10243a–b 147 VI 31168 116, 132 III 10399 128 VI 31172 132 III 10784 143 VI 31178 132 III 10991 142 VI 31179 132 III 11129 140 VI 31181 343 III 11131 140 VI 31182 132 III 11134 140 VI 31187 128, 343 III 11135 141 VI 31372 128 III 11137 145, 163 VI 34776 62 III 11138 145 VI 36749 116 III 11139 135, 141 VI 36791 135 III 11701 142 VI 36792 116 III 13447 128 VI 36793 117 III 14219 421 VI 36803 116 III 14354 421 VI 41141 117 V 8211 139 VI 41145 117 VI 47 415 VIII 2680 128, 140 VI 365 127 VIII 6049 158 Index of Sources 453

IX 1618 392 X 2, 103 62 X 814 353 X 2, 107 61 X 840 353 X 2, 254 55, 182 X 846 364 XII 5, 14 55, 182 X 3800 207 XII 5, 739 55, 182 XI 574 58 XII Suppl., 98 182 XII 1324 414 XII Suppl., 99 182 XIII 123 169 XIV 984 342 XIII 124 169 XIV 985 116 XIII 8246 391 XIV 998 3, 415 XIII 11782 169 XIII 11783 169 IGUR XIV 24 117 XIV 2215 353 I 109 118 XIV 2596 158 I 117 121, 166 XIV 3567 414 I 118 121, 134 XIV 4314 390 I 119 120 I 120 120 ICUR I 125 3, 415 I 165 116, 342 II 5507 124 I 166 116

ID ILS

2530 121 398 116 1371 10 IDR 2193 343 4247 421 III 2, 202 150 4260 415 III 2, 203 150 4261 415 III 2, 307 415 4262 415 III 3, 3 153 4263 415 III 3, 286–336 153 4362 207 III 3, 296 151 4394 391 III 3, 297 153 4410 58 III 3, 298 151 5198 353 III 3, 299 151 5552 392 III 3, 382–411 153 6367 364 III 3, 432 153 6507 392 III 5, 1–21 149 III 5, 5 150 ILSlov III 5, 13 150 III 5, 21 150 I 116–120 144 III 5, 217 149 I 116–131 143 III 5, 218 150 I 121 144 III 5, 219 150 I 122 144 III 5, 220 149 I 123–133 144 III 5, 221 106, 128, 148, 154 I 133 143 III 5, 222 150, 156 I 134 143 I 135 143 IG I 141 143

V 1, 1390 73 454 Index of Sources

ICret 4, 27–28 199 4, 37–40 186 IV 249 364 RIB I.Kyme I 4 414 41 182, 244 II 1, 2408.2 10 III 3299 4 I.Perge RIU I 248 3 VI 1424 148 I. VI 1490 146 VI 1492 146 48 59 VI 1493 146 VI 1494 146 I.Tralleis VI 1495 146 VI 1498 146 86 60 VI 1499 146 VI 1501 146 Medinet Madi Hymns (Isidorus Hymns) VI 1537 146 in general 182–203, 234, 240 SEG 1 184, 186–189, 192 1, 1–3 187 8, 1937, 549 190 f. 1, 1–5 192 26, 1976, 821 55 1, 14–24 208 f. 46, 1996, 1373 61 2 186, 189–192 48, 1998, 1871 80, 100 2, 15–16 190 48, 1998, 1875 80 2, 33–34 192 54, 2004, 1292 80, 100 3 186, 192–196 56, 2006, 1840 3, 80, 100 4 186, 192, 196–202 58, 2008, 1683 85, 97 4, 11–16 199

3. Papyri (Greek and Egyptian)

Delta Papyrus P. BM cf. P. Brooklyn 47.218.84 10090 249 Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus 10209, 3, 16 254 cf. P. Ram. dram. 10209, 3, 17–18 254 OSING, Hier. Pap. I 10569 223 no. 1, X 1,3–3,2 216 P. Boulaq no. 1, X 2,3–4,2 216 III, 7, 10 253 no. 1, X 3,3–4,7 216 f. III, 8, 12 253 P. Berlin P. Bremner-Rhind P3027 249 5, 20 253 P3048, 4 221 18, 1–21, 6 224 P3055 221 P. Brooklyn P6750 218 47.218.49, x+11, 2–3 247 P8765 218 47.218.50, 9,10 211 P12845 199 47.218.84 251 Index of Sources 455

47.218.138 249, 253 14, 8 261 P. Cair. 21, 2–4 262 30619 192 P. Mich. 30646, 3, 12–14 199 VIII 511 363 58001, 8 247 P. Mich. Zen 58006, 4 247 38, 25–26 375 P. Cair. Zen. P. Mil. Vogl. 59754, 25 375 I 18 202 P. Carlsberg P. MMA 35.9.21 7, A 12 252 20, 16 254 79 261 22, 7–8 254 85 260 22, 9–24, 16 254 411 198 45, 15 248 412 198 47, 3–6 248 621 260 P. Oslo 652 vs. 217, 235, 240, 246 III 157 363 P. Chester Beatty P. Oxy. VIII vs. 4, 1–7, 5 251 1380 182, 187, 218, P. Deir el Medineh 234 f., 237–241, 44, 1. 16–17 251 246 P. Ebers 1381 237 1, 13 247 3011 261 P. Freiburg P. Ram. 47 261 VI 225 P. Giessen IX, 2, 7 247 115 223 P. Ram. dram. 250, 361 P. Greenfield 236, 240 P. Rhind P. Hamburg I, 3 h 3f, 3 d 3f 252 33 vs. 217, 235, 246 P. Tamerit P. Harkness 1, x+6, 7–9 257 5, 24–25 261 P. Tebt. 5, 25 261 III 698 196 P. Jumilhac Tait 14 217, 235, 240, 246 11, 10 259 f. P. Tebt. H cf. OSING, Hier. Pap. I TB III, 19–V 252 P. Vatican TB IV 1–4 263 Inv. 38068, 1. 11 254 TB IV 18–20 263 Inv. 38068, 1. 33 254 TB V 263 P. Vienna P. Leiden D. 6397+6329+10101 I 344 221 218, 232–241, 246 I 347, IX, 1–2 217 PGM I 384 vs. I, 25–27 251 III 252 247 P. Lille IV 11–14 262 P. 76 d + 78 a–c IV 2375 261 + 79 + 82 + 84 201 V 269–277 258 P. Louvre XXIVa 261 E 3229 262 PSI E 3239 249 Inv. D 79 217, 246 I 3079 112–114 224 Inv. D 80 261 P. Mag. LL Inv. D 81 260 6, 30 258 Inv. I 72, x+2, 5 249 9, 33 262 V 547, 18 375 456 Index of Sources

4. Other Egyptian Sources

Assuan 235 IV, 126, 2 194 no. E.14 212 IV, 291, 1–2 254 no. E.15 213, 225 VI, 89, 6–90, 2 251 BARUCQ/DAUMAS, Hymnes VII, 86, 15 194 no. 6 222 VII, 243b 194 no. 90 221 Mam. 8–12 224 no. 118 221 Mam. 99, 4 211 no. 126 225 El-Qal’a II, no. 238 225 Behbeit el-Hagara Esna SAE 218 210 II, no. 24 226 Berlin Photo 1297 213, 215, 225 III, no. 209 226 Book of the Dead III, no. 241 226 142 222, 236, 240 III, no. 360 226 166 Pleyte 247 VIII, 5–43 226 Book of the Fayum 225 Hibis Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days III, pl. 31 221 f. 249 f. III, pl. 33 221 decree 196 KRI Deir Chelouit II, 591–596 223 I, no. 7 214 V, 219, 15–220, 5 195 Dendara V, 239, 8 195 I, 20, 14–21,5 216 V, 262, 13 247 II, 145, 11 254 Lamb of Bocchoris cf. Prophecy of the Lamb III, 35 216 Monument of Memphite Theology X, 26, 3–49, 10 252 248 X, 28, 6 252 Opet I, 139 216 X, 41, 15 252 Ostraca Hor (O. Hor) X, 73, 6 263 2, 15 200 X, 75, 4 263 10 235, 240 X, 76, 1–3 263 19, 5 200 X, 401, 14 263 Ostracon 1338 X, 404, 9 263 262 X, 404, 12 263 Petubastis-Inaros-cycle 236, 264 XII, 279, 12 254 Prophecy of the Lamb 263 f. Isis, 78, 16–79, 5 214 PT spell 580 247 Isis, 191, 4–5 213 Philae Hymns to Isis (ŽABKAR) Mam., 99, 4 210 f. no. 7 211, 235, 240 Edfou Ritual of Embalming 252 I2, 177, 6 253 Rosetta stone 196 I2, 329–344 253 Royal canon I2, 335, 4 215 rt. 1, 15 246 I2, 338, 6 263 Stela Louvre C 30 222 III, 292–324 224

5. Classical Sources

Aelius Aristides 67 NA 6, 7 198 f. Aelianus Apion 39, 67 Index of Sources 457

Apuleius 6, 29–31, 51, 62– 1, 21, 2 253, 256 64, 66–72, 73, 74 f., 1, 21, 5–9 256 182, 187, 207, 218, 1, 25, 1 33 234, 245, 354, 356, 1, 27, 3 57, 182 357, 359 f., 362, 1, 27, 4 55, 182, 244 363, 374, 381, 419 1, 27, 6 57 apol. 27 67 1, 85, 5 256 apol. 55, 8–9 72 1, 96, 5 33 met. 10, 29–32 356 Laertius met. 11 6, 30 f., 62 f., 70, vit. phil. 1, 8 415 359, 419 Euboulus 12, 31, 295, 395, met. 11, 2 187, 207 413, 423 f., 426 met. 11, 5 182, 207 f., 234 355 met. 11, 5–12 362 Festus 320 met. 11, 8–17 72 Firmicus Maternus 413 met. 11, 9–11 373 err. 2–5 415 met. 11, 10, 6 74 err. 2, 2 256 met. 11, 19–30 30 err. 2, 3 256 met. 11, 20, 4–5 360 err. 3, 1–2 32 met. 11, 22, 5 72 err. 5 295 met. 11, 23, 5 29, 62 err. 5, 2 395, 414 met. 11, 23, 6 75 err. 20, 1 428 met. 11, 23, 7 62 err. 22, 1 32 met. 11, 24 363 Fronto met. 11, 24, 5 66 princ. hist. 17 [20] 357 met. 11, 25 182, 187 Hecataeus of Abdera 39 met. 11, 27 64 33, 56, 197, 200, met. 11, 27, 3–4 72 216, 275 f., 323 met. 11, 28 363 1, 135 275 met. 11, 29, 4 68 2, 42, 2 33, 216 met. 11, 30, 3 69 2, 50 275 met. 11, 30, 5 71 2, 59, 2 56 Aratus 424 2, 144, 2 33 Aristoteles 3, 35 323 pol. 1, 2, 1252b 24–27 7, 61, 3 294 345 7, 150, 2 294 Arnobius Hieronymus nat. 5, 5 317 f. adv. Iovin. 1, 7 318 Augustinus 64 Hippolytus Aulus Gellius 67 ref. 5, 9, 8–9 33 Callimachus 186, 201 f. 126 Cassiodorus Il. 5, 385–386 118 var. 5, 17 256 Od. 13 395 Catullus 355 f. Od. 13, 102–112 414 Celsus Homeric Hymns ap. Orig. Cels. 1, 12 413 2, 495 189 ap. Orig. Cels. 6, 22 31, 413, 426 3, 177–178 189 Cicero 3, 546 189 leg. 2, 14, 36 66 4, 580 189 nat. deor. 2, 164 414 6, 21 189 Diodorus Siculus 10, 255, 264, 354 10, 6 189 1, 14–18 33 25, 7 189 1, 17–21 265 29, 14 189 458 Index of Sources

Horatius 355 f. Is. 13 (356 B) 265 epist. 2, 1, 188–200 355 Is. 13 (356 D) 249 Hyginus Is. 13–18 256 fab. 277 256 Is. 21 (359 C) 259 Isocrates Is. 25 (360 F) 69 or. 4, 28 66 Is. 27 (361 D–E) 359 Iulian Is. 27 (361 E)–28 (362 B) 61 or. 10 [Caes.] 336C 32 Is. 28 264 Iulius Obsequens Is. 28 (361 F–362 B) 34 44 a 39 Is. 35 (364 D–365 A) 33 Iustinus the Martyr Is. 36 (365 B) 377 dial. tryph. 70, 1 33 Is. 39 256 Kronius 413, 426 Is. 39 (366 D–F) 360, 361 Lactantius Is. 42 (368 A) 252 inst. 17, 6 256 mor. fragm. 178 71 Lucianus 294, 298 Porphyrius 33, 423 Alex. 38–40 68 abst. 2, 56, 3 413 deor. conc. 9 295, 413 abst. 4, 9 360 Syr. dea 7 258 abst. 4, 16, 1–4 12, 31, 413, 426 Syr. dea 9–15 157 antr. 2–3 413 Macrobius antr. 6 11, 31, 295, 395, sat. 1, 21 32 413, 422, 424 Manetho 34, 39 antr. 22–24 31, 402, 413 355 f. antr. 25, 1 426 Mela antr. 28 413 1, 3 414 ap. Eus. pr. ev. 5, 6, 4 Minucius Felix 258 22, 1 256, 280 ap. Porph. Antr. 5–6 413 Nonnus of Panopolis 265 de phil. ex. orac. haur. Numenius 413, 426 122–123 258 Ovidius ap. Eus. praep. evang. met. 9, 693 359 5, 6, 4 258 12, 31, 413, 426 9, 10, 1–2 417 Pausanias Posidonius 39 1, 37, 4 65 Pseudo-Plutarch 1, 38, 7 65 fluv. 23 318 10, 32, 14 71 Seneca 355 Plautus 355 epist. 77, 20 358 236 Servius leg. 10, 893B 3–4 33 aen. 2, 116 359 rep. 580C 117 georg. 1, 166 256 Plinius (the Elder) 284 f., 287 Sophokles nat. 8, 29 390 fragm. 418 66 nat. 37, 10 288 Statius Plutarch 10, 245, 257, 285 f., theb. 1, 716–720 294, 307, 395, 413 354 Strabo Alex. 27, 3 199 geogr. 17, 1, 23 256 art. 3 236 Suetonius Is. 33, 39, 67, 70, 255 Aug. 44 358 Is. 2 (351 F–352 A) 69 Vesp. 7, 2 282 Is. 3 (352 B) 70 Tacitus Is. 13 259 hist. 4, 83–84 34, 264 Is. 13 (356 A–B) 33 Terentius 355 Index of Sources 459

Tertullian 396 9, 1, 5 414 coron. 15, 3–4 399 Vergil Varro georg. 1, 30 283 ant. rer. hum. divin. Xenophanes 16 fr. 225 345 fr. 11/12, 14–16 345 Vitruvius

6. The Bible

Ex. 17 323 Num. 20 32, 323

7. Miscellaneous Sources

Avesta Rigveda Yasht 10 315, 322 f. 5, 63 322 Bundahischn Yajur-Veda 4, 19–20 305 4, 1, 4, 8 305 Kalevala 248 6, 4,8 305 Song of Ullikummi (Kumarbi Myth) 317

Index of Names

1. Rulers

Aelius Caesar, L. 139 Lysimachos 188 f. 34, 199, 276, 282, 288 117, 128, 147, 153, 157 Amenemhat I 361 Marres/Maresisouchous cf. Amenemhat III Amenemhat III 184, 196–201 Nero 335, 379 Amenemhat IV 184 Nerva 334 Amenhotep III 194, 224 Nurettin 87 Antiochos I (of Commagene) 84, 305, 332– Otho 214 336 Pertinax 128, 170 Antiochos IV 196 Pescennius Niger 123 27, 106, 140, 150, 153, 174, Porramanres cf. Amenemhat III 225, 333 f. I 196 Ardashir 306 Ptolemy II Philadelphos 188 f., 194, 196, I 189 211, 235 Arsinoe II 188 f., 196 Ptolemy III 188 174, 218 f., 236, 282–284, 287 f., Ptolemy IV 188, 235 333, 358 Ptolemy VI 236 Avidius Cassius 117 Ptolemy VIII 213 Caesar 283 f., 287 Ramesses II 199, 223 Cambyses II 323 Ramesses III 195 86, 99, 123, 143, 170 Seleukos Nikator 142 Claudius 27, 283 Senusret/Senwosret cf. Sesostris III Cleopatra VII 233 123, 136, 143, 146 f., 170 Clodius Albinus 123 Sesoösis cf. Sesostris III 116–118, 127 f., 136, 140, 147, Sesostris I 361 153, 157, 168, 174 Sesostris III 200 f. Diocletian 158, 295 86, 414 Djoser 260 Shapur II 306 Domitian 214, 282 f., 287 Shattiwazza 304 Galba 214 Shuppiluliuma I 304 Hadrian 60, 128, 137–140, 174 f., 274 f., 278, Theodosius I 36 334, 336 333 Herod the Great 400 Titus Tatius 319 Iulia Domna 123, 170 158, 174, 285, 294, 335 Julian 32 f., 306 Vespasian 214, 282–284, 333, 419

2. Personal Names

Abraham (priest from ) 87 Aelius Demetrius (Alexandrian sophist) 67 Adde, son of Barsemeius 151 Aelius Hermogenes, T. 131 Aelius(?) Vitalis (from Bassiana) 106 Aelius Hilarius, T. 131 Aelius Aristides 63, 67 Aelius Lucilius, P. (centurio) 161, 338 Index of Names 461

Aelius Myron, P. 131 Dextrinia Iusta (daughter of L. Dextrinius Agrippa 284 Iustus) 391 Albius Euhelpistus, P. (libertus of Anicetus) Dextrinius Iustus, L. 391 342 Domitius Philumenus, Q. 126 Alexander of Abonouteichos 35, 65, 68 Domitius Titus (from ) 142, 145 Alkibiades 65 Dorion 187 Andromeda 376 f. Dülük Baba (muslim saint) 87 f. Annius Iulianus 129, 164 f. Ennaios 335 Annius Victor 129, 164 f. Eraton 187 Antiochus (priest) 141, 145 Flavia Philyra 364 Antonius Gaionas, M. 116–118, 134 f. Flavius (priest from Drobeta) 148 Apion (sophist) 67 Flavius Castor 143 Apollinaris Bassou 148 f. Flavius Marinus (priest at the Esquiline) 131 Apollonius (from Memphis) 36 Flavius, son of Barhadados 148 Apronianus (arkarius rei publicae) 303 Frontinius Nigrinus Lucius, C. 124 Apronius Chrysomallus, L. 414 Gaius Gaianus (syrian merchant at Sar- Aquila Barhadados (priest) 127 f. mizegetusa) 150 Aquilia Bassillia 127 Gallonius Crispinus, C. 142 Argo 376 310, 362 Arian 261 Gavius Squilla Gallicanus, M. 126 Aristonikos 187 Gavius Zosimus 141, 145 Arrinus Balbinus 207 Herennius (priest) 135 Atennais (priest from Drobeta) 148 Hi, son of Hor (character in demotic narra- Atilius Primus (evocatus from Marruvium) tive) 199 140, 145, 338 Imhotep (vizier) 260 Aurelius Alexander (negotiator) 150 Inaros (prince) 260 f., 264 Aurelius Apollinaris, M. (from Mursella) 147 Io 376 Aurelius Domittius 143 Iphigenia 159 Aurelius Flavius (negotiator) 150 Isidoros 182–203, 208, 234, 237, 240 Aurelius Germanus Barlaha 124 Iulius Aurelius Heliodorus, son of Antiochus Aurelius Hela, son of Teatecnus 124 120 f., 134, 136 Aurelius Iulianus 128 f. Iulius Frugi, L. 59 Aurelius Maximus 143 Iulius Gracilis (eques singularis at ) Aurelius Magnesius 155 150 Aurelius Marinus 151 Iulius Maior, Sex. 175 Aurelius Oenopio, M. 127 Iulius Marinus, C. 131 Aurelius Sarapiacus 155 Iulius Palus, C. (soldier from Doliche) 99 f., Aurelius Valentinus (sacerdos) 149 332, 336 Aurelius Valentinus, M. 143 f. Iulius Passenianus, L. (praefectus) 160 Aurelius Valerianus (dupliarius) 106 Kaineus 318 f. Axius Aelianus, Q. 10 Lemminkainen (Finnish folk hero) 248 Bassus Aquila, M. 150 Leonas (vilicus) 121, 135 f. Caecilius Caecilianus, L. 169 Leonides, son of Hermolaos 59 Caecilius Servillianus 123 Licinius N[…], C. 134 Callistus (slave at Apulum) 152 Lucius (in Apuleius) 31, 66, 68, 70–72, 182, Calpurnius Rufinus, C. 30 f., 61 187, 207, 234, 356, 360, 363 Calus (priest at the Esquiline) 131 Marcius Atemidorus, Q. (medicus castrorum) Chaibio (priest) 128 132 f., 156 Chrysas Thyrsus (priest at the Esquiline) 131 Maria 338 Claudius Felix, Tib. 119–122, 134 Marinus (priest at Carnuntum) 141 Claudius Maximus 146 Marinus (priest at the Esquiline) 131 Cornelius Balbus, L., the younger 400 Marius Mariani Basus 151 Marrius Ursinus (veteran) 338 462 Index of Names

Moses (bible) 324 (priest from Drobeta) 148 Neferkasokar (charakter in demotic narrative) Sopatrus (priest at the Esquiline) 131 199 Spurius Silvanus, C. (centurio) 140 Nonnus (of Panopolis) 265 Tarpeia 319 f. Norbanus Sorex, C. 353 f., 364 Telegennius Speratus, C. 58 Numa, son of Numenius 35 f., 279 Terentius Damario (priest) 135 , son of 151 Tettius , L. 126 f., 164 f. Orion 261 Theseus 424 Paezon (slave of Aquilia Bassillia) 127, 134 Timotheus (of ) 34 Paezusa, daughter of Paezon (slave of Aquilia Ulpius, M. 115, 342 Bassillia) 127 Ulpius Amandianus 141 Paris 310 Ulpius Artemon, M. (son of M. Ulpius) 115, Perseus 294, 377, 380 342 Photis (in Apuleius) 63 Ulpius Chresimus, M. 132–134, 156–157, Plato the younger (from , Egypt) 187, 342–344, 346 195 Valeria Digna 140 Pompeius Maximus, Sex. 390 Valerius Hermes 142 Pomponius Sosipater, Q. 141 Valerius Valentinus, M. 123 Popidius Ampliatus, N. 364 Veturius 150 Potamon, son of Sostratos 59 Virilius Pupus, L. (beneficiarius consularis) Prexaspes 323 135 Semnus (libertus) 129 Zmaragdus (libertus at Apulum) 152 Servilius Caepius, Q. 39 11 f., 295, 395, 402, 414, 416, Setna Khaemuas (character in demotic narra- 422 f. tive) 199

3.

Note: The names (without further additions) of the main deities treated extensively in this volume, i.e. Isis, Mithras (), and Jupiter (Optimus Maximus) Dolichenus have not been included in this index. For a general orientation on the studies regarding these gods, cf. the Table of Con- tents.

Acdestis 318 Anubis 35, 47, 200, 223, 252, 256, 354, 362, Adonis 33, 258 373 Aesculapius 149 f., 163, 233 Anukis 212, 223, 225 Agathodaimon 197, 199, 233 (cf. also ) 159, 189, 209 f., Aglibol 120 f. 218, 318, 425 /Arimanius 305, 415 –, Paphian 208 Ahura Mazda (cf. also Oromasdes) 10, 305 f., Apollon 131 f., 166, 189, 207, 258, 288, 307, 413 343 f., 395, 425 296, 311 –, Clarian 417 Alath 119 Apollon Epekoos 335 Amon 187, 195, 220–224 Apollon–Helios 413 Amon–Ra 187, 221 f. Apollon–Mithras–Helios–Hermes 305 f., 335 Amunet 215 Apophis 261, 264 Anahita 234, 237 f. (cf. also ) 159, 207 f., 210, Anaia 208 238, 425 Anat 235 cf. Aesculapius Anchoes 195, 197 Astarte 208, 233 Antinoos 138 Atargatis cf. Dea Syria Index of Names 463

Athena (cf. also ) 218, 234, 237–239, Hathor 194, 211–214, 216–219, 223–226 241 Hathor Quadrifrons 219 Athyna cf. 208, 299 f. Athynen cf. Athena Heka 226 27, 32 f., 39, 295, 310 Helios (cf. also Sol) 282, 424, 427–431 Atum 220 Helios Mithras 3 100 cf. Hercules Baalshamin 119 Hercules 126, 130, 139, 159, 161, 299 f., 303, Bastet 213, 215, 223 306, 335, 424 Bel 120, 149 Hercules Victor 366 Bellerophon 362 Hermes (cf. also Mercurius) 29, 32, 56, 59 f., 208 189, 261, 376 Bes 362 Hermouthis cf. Renenutet 49 Hermouthis–Isis 188–193, 202 f. Caelum/ 416 309 Campestres 131 189, 209 Castores (Dolicheni) 161, 171, 317 Horus 213, 223, 247 f., 251, 253, 260, 262, Cautes 296, 308–311, 313, 321, 406, 427 354, 361 Cautopates 296, 308–311, 313, 321, 427 Ianus Gimenus 152 (cf. also ) 207 f. Iarchibol 121 Chnum 220, 226 Imouthes Apollon Asclepios 196 (cf. also Magna Mater and Pessinun- Isis 381 tia) 27, 33, 39, 47, 49, 51, 53, 208, 210 Isis Bastet 215 Dea Menmanhia 132 Isis 210 Dea Syria 85, 89, 149, 154, 189 Isis Kyria 381 Demeter (cf. also Ceres) 33, 49, 51, 56, 65 f., Isis Nepherses 209 189, 209, 234, 237, 302 Isis Panthea 210 Deus Commagenorum/Commagenus 154 f., Isis Selket 214 156, 171 Isis Thesmophorus 197 Deus Magnus Commagenorum 132 f. Isis 381 Diana (cf. also Artemis) 131 f., 139, 207, Iusaas 214, 223 210, 299 f., 342, 344, 353 Jesus 27, 304 Diana Dictynna 208 Juno 131, 138, 161, 162, 166, 209, 299 f. Dionysos Gongylos 62 Juno Regina 99, 127, 159, 166, 329, 337– 33, 35, 39, 49, 52, 54, 265, 340, 342, 344–346 421 Juno Regina Dolichena 88 Divus Augustus 146 Jupiter (Optimus Maximus) (cf. also ) Divus Marcus Aurelius 146 131, 137–139, 143 f., 146, 152, 157, 161– Epona 131, 300 163, 173, 331, 334 f., 340, 416 Felicitas 131 Jupiter Balmarqodes 116 Fortuna (cf. also Tyche) 128, 210, 363 Jupiter Behelefarus 116, 121, 132, 134 Gad Taimi 120 Jupiter Heliopolitanus (cf. also IOM Helio- 318 politanus) 27, 98, 117 f., 122, 418 Gavaevodata (Gav) 305 Jupiter Maleciabruda 116 Geb 247 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Commagenorum Glycon 35 aeternus 151 100 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Damascenus 116 Hadad of Halpa 103 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus Hadad of Karkemish 103 116–118, 135, 141, 143, 150, 154, 163, Hadad of Kummuh 103 166, 169 Hadad of Sam’al 103 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus (cf. also ) 66 Commodus 122 Harpocrates 35, 47, 354, 376, 380 Jupiter Optimus Maximus Teutanus 146 464 Index of Names

Jupiter Stator 320 Pluto (cf. also Hades) 61 Kore cf. 355 f. Korybas 295 (cf. also Persephone) 65, 69, Kubaba 340 207 f. Lathyna cf. Athena –, Ortygian 208 Lathynen cf. Athena Ptah 213, 216, 220 Latina cf. Athena Ra 10, 195, 213 f., 217, 220, 225, 233 208 Ra–Atum 214 Pater 72 Rattaui 214 Luna 125, 161, 171, 312, 331 f., 343, 424 Rattaui-Tjenenet 214 Maat 214 Renenutet (cf. also Hermouthis) 184 f., 187, Maga 247 189–191, 193 f., 196 f., 199 f. Magna Mater (cf. also Cybele and Pessinun- Rhamnousia 208 tia) 1, 8, 25–28, 30, 39, 318, 417 f. 209 Malakbel 119–122 334 f. Mars 131, 161, 299, 318, 334, 380 Rosmerta 10 Mars Camulus 10 Sabazius 25, 27, 295 Mater Magna cf. Magna Mater Sakhmet 213, 223 f. Matres 131 131 Men 27, 310 Satis 212, 215, 223 Menhyt 215, 226 Saturnus 119, 120 Mercurius (cf. also Hermes) 10, 12, 131, 166, (cf. also Oserapis) 12, 27, 30, 35, 47, 169, 299 55, 59, 60–62, 66, 74 f., 139, 150, 154, Minerva (cf. also Athena) 131, 138 159, 163, 170 f., 182, 264, 279, 281–283, –, Cecropeian 208 354, 360, 363, 367, 381, 391 Monthu 214 Seshat 215 Musae 189, 202 Seth (cf. also ) 246–249, 251, 256 f., Mut 211 f. 361, 416, 432 Nanaia 234, 237 Sha’ru 119 Nebethetepet 214, 223 Shamash 316 f., 320 Nebetuu 226 Shesemtet 213 Neith 211, 218, 226, 238 Silvanus 131, 145, 151, 153, 159, 169 Nekhbet 212 f., 215 Sobek 185, 195 f., 199 f., 225 Nephthys 225, 248 f., 257 f., 262 Sokar 224 (cf. also ) 201, 306 f., 424 f. Sokonopis 192, 195, 197 Noreia 132 Sol (cf. also Helios) 2, 99, 119–122, 125, Nut 247 133, 161, 171, 299, 312, 331 f., 384, 389, Oceanus 416 424–431 Omphale 159 Sol Elagabalus 146 Op(?) Eresem 104 Sol Invictus 99, 132, 343 f. Oromasdes (cf. also Ahura Mazda) 10 Sol Serapis 391 Oserapis (cf. also Serapis) 34, 354 Soma 305 Osiris 7 f., 33, 47, 61 f., 64, 66 f., 69 f., 72, Sothis 212 f., 215, 262 210, 213, 216, 219 f., 222 f., 244–265, Souchos cf. Sobek 286, 294, 354, 359–361, 377, 380 f., 413 Suleviae 131 f. 196 Tatenen 222 Pa-Shai cf. Agathodaimon Teshub 100, 317, 329 Pegasus 362 Theos Adados Libaneotes 116 Persephone (cf. also Proserpina) 302, 318 Theos Dolichenos 115 f., 133–135, 154–156 Pessinuntia (cf. also Cybele and Magna - Theos Hypsistos 27 ter) 208 Thot 2, 195, 199 f., 252, 258, 261 309 Tjenenet 215 Phren cf. Ra Toutates Meduris 132 Index of Names 465

Triptolemos 302 Vulcanus 299 f. Tyche (cf. also Fortuna) 85, 120 Yahweh 27 Typhon (cf. also Seth) 69, 255 Zeus (cf. also Jupiter) 282, 295, 335, 337 Unut 213 Zeus Ammon 200 Uto 211–213, 222 Zeus Helios Mithras Turmasgades 404 Varuna, 322 Zeus Kimistenos 152 Venus (cf. also Aphrodite) 2, 166, 169, 207, Zeus Narenus 152 210, 307, 380 Zeus Panamaros 54 Venus Victrix 141, 366 Zeus Sardendenos 152 f. Victoria (cf. also Nike) 99, 131, 159 f., 171, Zeus Sittakomikos 153 210, 299 f., 304, 306 f., 334, 338–340, 424 f.

4. Geographical Names

Abdera 55 Argos 368 Abonouteichos 35 Armant cf. Hermonthis 213, 215, 222, 262 Arsameia (on the ) 333 Acumincum 147 Arsameia (on the Nymphaios) 335 Ad Enum (Mühltal am Inn) 11, 427 Arsinoe (nome) 188 f., 195 f., 199 Aemilia 58, 309 Asciano 301 Africa 10, 36, 151, 169, 182, 202, 417 Asia 10, 193 f., 200, 260, 263–265, 304, 308, Aintab cf. Gaziantep 333 Alba Iulia cf. Apulum Asia Minor 3, 5, 11, 23, 28, 61 f., 80 f., 87, 102 f. 96–100, 320 Alexandria 10, 30, 35, 67, 101, 202, 279, Assyria 89, 260, 417 283 f., 354, 366, 368 Aswan 212 f., 218, 220, 222, 235 Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 400 Ateste (Este) 137 Alqhah 262 48, 56, 66, 306–308, 319 Alwand 261 (Mérida) 300, 405 Alt-Kalkar cf. Burginatium Augusta Raurica (Augst) 98 Ampelum (Zlatna) 147, 151–153 Augusta Treverorum (Trier) 314, 427 Ampurias cf. Emporiae – St. Matthäus 427 Amuq valley 102 Augusta Vindelicum () 406 28, 97, 115, 155, 157, 162, 165, cf. Heliopolis 317, 416 Babylon 296 Andania 72 f. Babylonia 416 f. Andautonia 143 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe 406 Andros 55–57, 182 f. Baelo (Bolonia) 38, 210, 366, 379 Angers cf. Iuliomagus Bakhtan 261 Antiochia 102 Bakir 102 Anti-Taurus 82 Balaklava 3, 80, 97 142, 387, 393 Balaneae 142 Apulum (Alba Iulia) 106, 147, 149–153, 301, Banjevac 426 311, 392 Bassai-Phigaleia 319 Aquae (Sâncrai) 150 Bassiana 106 Aquae Mattiacorum (Wiesbaden) 311, 338 Behbeit el-Hagar 210, 222 Aquileia 139, 143 Beneventum (Benevento) 7, 36, 283, 335, Aquincum (Budapest) 146 f., 301, 311, 391, 392 401, 415 Beroia 102, 105, 107 Arabia 57, 265 Besigheim 395 466 Index of Names

Biesheim 391 Commagene/Kommagene 3, 7, 12, 79, 84, Biggeh 211, 219 88 f., 99, 102, 105, 132, 136, 147, 151 f., Bingen 314 155 f., 305, 329, 331–336, 345, 386, 420 Bliesdalheim 388 Constanţa cf. Tomis Bithynia 59 Coptos 213, 219, 263 Bodobriga (Boppard) 311 Corduba (Córdoba) 414 202 Corinth 64, 70, 306 Boğazköy cf. Hattuša 364 Bononia (Bologna) 309 Crimean peninsula 3, 97 Boppard cf. Bodobriga 426, 428 Bornheim-Sechtem 401 Crocodilopolis (Shedet) 185, 199 Borollos (lake) 257 Crocodilopolites (nome) cf. Arsinoe (nome) Bosnia-Herzegovina 426 281, 378 Bourg-Saint-Andéol 387 Cyrene 55, 244 Bouzlidje Sharki 103 Cyrrhestice 88, 102, 105 Brigetio (Komárom) 139, 141 f., 144, 162, 102, 105 311, 405 Dacia 2, 10, 97, 106, 114, 137, 147–149, Britannia 3 f., 10, 97, 171, 283, 300, 320, 329 152–156, 166, 301, 311, 313 f., 321, 339, Brza Palanka cf. Egeta 396 Bubastis 196, 215 124, 128, 169, 311, 387 f., 421, Budapest cf. Aquincum 426, 428 Burginatium (Alt-Kalkar) 3 Danube region 23, 80, 142, 169, 302, 309, Busiris 213, 222, 258 311, 313, 318, 322, 329 f., 337–341, 345, Buto 211 f. 421, 426 Byblos 217, 255–259, 263 Deir el-Chelouit 214 Cabra cf. Igabrum 35 f., 60, 73, 121, 149, 364, 366, maritima 11, 400, 427, 431 378 f., 381 Canopus/Kanopos 378 Dendara 210, 214–219, 222 f., 226, 252–254, 98 263, 286 Capua 207, 300, 309 f., 393, 414, 422 Dep 211, 222 – S. Maria Capua Vetere 3, 386, 390, 393, Dieburg 300, 321, 423 414, 421, 430 f. Dierna (Orşova) 311 Caria 54 Dime cf. Soknopaiou Nesos Carnuntum (Petronell) 4, 128, 137–142, Dion 366 f. 144 f., 156, 162, 166, 175, 295, 309, Dja cf. Medinet Madi 338 f., 388 Doliche 2 f., 7, 11 f., 79–89, 96–107, 115, Cãşeiu cf. 125, 132–134, 136 f., 142, 152 f., 165, Cassandrea cf. Kassandreia 167, 169, 171 f., 329–341, 344 f., 386, Peregrinorum cf. Rome – S. Stefano 388, 407, 420 Rotondo Domneşti 153 Castrimoenium (Marino) 303, 309 f., 321, Dorylaion 98 393, 414, 422 f., 430 f. Doştat 311 Catal Ziyaret 103 Drobeta 148 f. Ceylanli 102 Duino 431 29 Dülük Baba Tepesi cf. Doliche Cilicia Tracheia 101 Dunakömlőd cf. Lussonium Cilurnum (Chesters) 3 f. Dunaújváros cf. Intercisa Cincşor 311 Dura Europos 9, 104 f., 314, 321, 396, 404, Čitluk 426 414 f., 423 f., 430 Cluj- cf. Napoca Edessa 87 Claudia Ara Agrippensium (Co- Edfu 194, 215, 224, 253, 361 logne/Köln) 314, 391, 425 Egeta (Brza Palanka) 300 98 Index of Names 467

Egypt 5, 10, 23, 27 f., 33, 35 f., 50, 57, 66 f., Güglingen 321, 390, 393, 396–398, 401 f. 71, 165, 182–185, 187–191, 193 f., 196 f., Halle (Saale) 307 199, 203, 209–219, 222, 225 f., 232, 234, Halberg 388 236 f., 240 f., 246, 250 f., 253–258, 260– Hammam (on the Euphrates) 101 264, 274 f., 278–289, 296, 312, 316, 323, Hatra 332 f. 354, 361, 367 f., 376–378, 380, 413, 415, Hattuša (Boğazköy) 304, 317 417–419 Hawarte 3, 7, 300, 387, 393, 407 Elephantine 212, 215, 223, 263 Heidelberg 303, 314, 393 f., 396, 401 Eleusis 31, 33, 35, 48 f., 51, 53 f., 56, 62, Heliopolis (Baalbek) 104, 117 f., 122, 135 f., 65 f., 68–72, 74 141 El-Kab 211 f., 215, 225 Heliopolis (in Egypt) 211, 213, 215 f., 222 f., El-Qal’a 219 251 Els Munts 396, 401 Hellas cf. Greece Emesa () 101 Herakleopolis magna 213, 221 Emona (Ljubljana) 143 Herculaneum 360–362, 377, 379 Emporiae (Ampurias/Empúries) 35, 38, 279 Hermonthis 214 f. Ephesos 368 Hermopolis 215, 221 Epidaurum 388 Hibis 221, 249 364, 366 /Bambyke 89, 102, 104 f. Esna 225 f. Hispania 1, 2, 38, 207, 275, 379, 384 Ethiopia 255, 262, 265 – Baetica 301, 379, 405 Etruria 301, 303, 314, 387, 432 – Callaecia 61 Euphrates 79, 99, 101, 333, 335, 396, 415 – Hispania citerior 2, 30, 35, 60, 396, 401 Europe 193 f., 265, 274, 402 – 300, 405, 428 Fayum 184 f., 188, 194–199, 201 f., 208 f., Homs cf. Emesa 216, 218, 232, 240 Igabrum (Cabra) 301, 405 Fiano Romano 426 India 265, 274, 276 f., 305, 417 Florentia (/Firenze) 314 Intercisa (Dunaújváros) 146, 311 Claudii Vallensium (Martigny) 400, Inveresk 2, 384, 404 402 Ios 29, 55–57, 182 f., 244 Forum Popilii (Forlimpopoli) 57 f. 11, 304–306, 308, 416 - cf. Isheru 211–213 Gallia 1, 10, 12, 123 Italica (Santiponce) 38 – Aquitania 313 Italy 7, 10 f., 13, 71, 100, 123 f., 137, 140 f., – Belgica 314, 322, 387 f., 427 143, 145, 163, 174, 209, 301–303, 307– – Lugdunensis 3, 384, 392 309, 311, 313, 321 f., 329, 337, 345, 394, – Narbonensis 387, 414 400, 415, 426, 430 Gaziantep (Aintab) 85, 87, 101 f., 339 Iuliomagus (Angers) 384, 398 Gelduba (Krefeld-Gellep) 98, 396, 402 f., 407 Japra 169 Germania 1, 13, 156, 171, 298, 402, 405, Jerusalem 7, 262 426–428 Judea 283 – inferior 3, 13, 38, 163, 314, 396, 401 Kalabsha 236, 240 – superior 3, 10, 12, 163, 169, 298, 300, Karanis 201 309 f., 313 f., 321 f., 338, 386, 389–391, Karnak 211 f., 216, 219, 223, 367 393, 396 f., 401, 403 f., 406, 426 Kassandreia 55–57, 182 Gerulata (Rusovce) 145 Keber Tepe cf. Doliche Giebichenstein (castle) 307 Kenchreai 70, 366 Gorsium (Tác) 145 f., 170 Kharga 221 Gortyn 364 Khemmis 233 Greece 12, 34 f., 51 f., 56, 63, 70–72, 189, Khen-Shespet 213 194, 200, 202, 259, 274 f., 277, 281, 315, Khirbet Khalid 99 355, 418 Koenigshoffen cf. Strasbourg-Koenigshoffen Großkrotzenburg 403 Kom Ombo 224 468 Index of Names

Komárom cf. Brigetio – superior 145, 300, 311, 387 Komir 225 Mogontiacum (Mainz) 2 f., 8, 11, 321, 427, Königsbrunn 401, 406 430 f. Konjic 389, 426, 428 Mons Claudianus 378 Kos 60 Montana 314 Kral-Marko 311 Mt. Helicon 202 Krefeld-Gellep cf. Gelduba Mt. Olympos 194 f. Krupanj 426 Mühltal am Inn cf. Ad Enum Künzing cf. Quintana Mundelsheim 391, 407 Kurtowo-Konare 311 Mursella (Árpás) 147 Kyme 29, 55–57, 182 f., 244 Musselburgh 384 Ladenburg cf. Lopodunum Myszkow 153 128, 139 f., 156, 175 /Napoli cf. Latium et Campania 300 f., 309, 321 Napoca (Cluj-Napoca) 151 97 f. Narmouthis (Medinet Madi) 182, 184 f., 190– Letopolis magna 213, 218 192, 197, 201–203, 208, 218, 234, 237, Libya 194 240 Ljubljana cf. Emona Narona 169 f. (London) 2, 300, 414, 427 Naucratis 67 Lopodunum (Ladenburg) 428 Neapolis (Naples/Napoli) 303, 393 f. Lucus Augusti (Lugo) 2, 384 Near East 28, 33, 80–82, 89, 96 f., 100 f., Lussonium (Dunakömlőd) 160 f., 338 104 f., 368, 390 Luxor 378 Nemi 353 Lycia et Pamphylia 3, 189 Nemrud Dağ 305, 333, 335 60, 417 Nersae (Civitella di Nesce) 303, 430 265 Neviodunum 143 Magdola 201 Nida (Frankfurt-Heddernheim) 11, 309, 311, Magione 406 314, 321, 338, 340, 346, 386, 389, 392, Mainz cf. Mogontiacum 394, 397, 401 Mar Salomon (monastery) 87 Niniveh 260, 263 f. Marathon 366, 425 Noricum 2, 11, 166, 313, 322, 338 f., 397 Mari 317 Nubia 219, 260, 262 f. Marino cf. Castrimoenium Numidia 128, 139 f., 301, 309 Maroneia 29, 55–57, 64, 182 f., 187, 244 Nysa 57 Marruvium (San Benedetto dei Marsi)140, 101 338 Orbe-Boscéaz 401 Martigny cf. Forum Claudii Vallensium Orşova cf. Dierna Mastala 104 Osterburken 303, 404 Mauer an der Url 338 f. Ostia 2, 32, 35, 117, 301, 309, 364, 386, 390, Mauls 424 393 f., 397, 399 f., 407, 425, 427 f., 431 f. Medinet Madi cf. Narmouthis Oxyrhynchos 66, 218, 235, 237–241 Megalopolis 207 Palaestina 11 Memphis 36, 57, 211, 213, 215 f., 222 f., 264 119–122, 134–136, 154, 156, 163, Mendes 215, 221 166, 171, 332 f. Mérida cf. Augusta Emerita Panamara 54, 72 f. Meroe 262 Pannonia 13, 114, 128, 137–147, 153–155, Mesopotamia 96, 305, 315 f. 163, 166, 171, 322, 421 Micia (Veţel) 152, 311 – inferior 137, 144–147, 160, 301, 311, Miletos 368 313, 338, 387, 391 Miline 311 – superior 4, 128, 135, 137, 142–145, 147, Močići 388 160, 309, 313, 321, 338 f., 387, 392–394, 322 405 – inferior 311, 415 Panóias 30 f., 38, 57, 60–62, 74 Index of Names 469

Parthia 134 167 f., 170, 172, 300, 342, 394, 404 f., Pasargades 238 414 Pashalom 262 – Caelius mons, 115, 133, 343 Pe 211, 222 – Capitolinus mons 157, 166, 173, 319 368 – Castra Praetoria 426 Perge 3, 61 – Esquilinus mons 115, 130 f., 133, 157, Perrhe 3, 88, 99 f., 332 f., 336, 345 164, 168 Persia 5, 10–12, 23, 136, 238, 261, 294 f., – Janiculum 115, 117 f. 304–308, 315, 395, 413–415, 417, 420 – Quirinalis mons 341, 394 208, 318 – S. Clemente 386, 393 f., 400, 422, 431 366, 368 – S. Prisca 8, 31 f., 173, 300, 394, 414 f., Petronell cf. Carnuntum 421–425, 430 Pharos 258 – S. Sabina 58 Philae 211–213, 218 f., 235 f., 240 – S. Stefano Rotondo 294, 313, 396 Phoenicia 255, 258 – Trastevere 115, 121, 123 f., 133 f. Poetovio (Ptuj) 313, 321, 421 (Resca) 149, 314 Pojejena des Sus 153 Rückingen 389 Pompeii 7, 36, 62, 353 f., 356, 362, 364, 366, Rudchester cf. Vindovala 368, 372–381 Rusicade (Skikda) 301, 309 99, 264 393, 406 80, 97, 148 f., 155, 339 Saarbrücken 388 Portus 364 Saint Albans cf. Verulamium () 151, 311 Saint-Aubin 313 Praeneste (Palestrina) 368 Sais 211 Praetorium Latobicorum (Trebnje) 142–144 Saite (nome) 218, 222, 238 Proložac Donji 426, 428 Salona (Solin) 124, 169 Prusa ad Olympum 57, 59 Samothrace 51, 68, 72 Ptuj cf. Poetovio Santiponce cf. Italica Punt 213, 258 Samum (Cãşeiu) 151 Puteoli (Pozzuoli) 35, 136 San Benedetto dei Marsi cf. Marruvium Quintana (Künzing) 396, 403, 427 Sâncrai cf. Aquae 396, 401, 406, 424 Saqqara 200, 367 Ras es-Soda 378 Sárkeszi 311 Ravenna 123, 133 Sarmizegetusa 10, 147, 149 f., 152, 163, 311, Reichweiler 387 f., 393 321, 396, 415 Resca cf. Romula Savaria (Szombathely) 393 f., 396 Rhine region 80, 302 f., 309, 311, 313, 318, Schriesheim 405 f. 322, 329 f., 337–341, 345 Schwarzerden 321, 387, 393 72 Scotland 2, 384 Riegel 3, 391, 393, 426 264 Riotinto 98 Seleucia (on the Euphrates) cf. Zeugma Rome/Roma 2–4, 7 f., 23–29, 32, 36, 39, Septeuil 3, 392 51 f., 57 f., 62 f., 66 f., 70, 74, 96, 113– Serbia 426 117, 119–122, 128–137, 140 f., 147, 149, Setúbal 428 153–157, 162, 164–167, 169–171, 173– Shedet cf. Crocodilopolis 175, 209, 274–289, 294 f., 300 f., 303, Shenhur 219 307–310, 313, 319–321, 324, 329–331, 300 f., 309–311, 405, 424 333, 337, 341–345, 353, 356 f., 366, 378, Siloam (Silwan) 262 386, 388 f., 393–396, 399 f., 404, 414 f., Sinope 264 419, 421 f., 425 f., 431 Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) 143, 146 – Aventinus mons 58, 115, 125–131, 133, Siscia () 135, 143, 309, 392 136, 141, 155, 157–159, 162, 164 f., Skikda cf. Rusicade Sofraz Köy 335 470 Index of Names

Soknopaiou Nesos (Dime) 232 Thessalia 56 378 Thinis 262 f. Solin cf. Salona Thonis 211 Soumana 104, 331 Thracia 29, 188 f., 265, 311, 322 Sremska Mitrovica cf. Sirmium 54 Stockstadt am Main 169, 298–301, 309, 311, Tibur (Tivoli) 366, 414 390 f., 397, 403, 405, 407 Tienen 3, 9, 13, 38, 396, 398–400, 403, 432 f. Strasbourg-Koenigshoffen 303, 321, 393, Tirguşor 311 396, 407 To-Bener 187 Sutri 387 Tomis (Constanţa) 311, 415 Syria 3, 5, 11, 23, 27, 50, 85, 89, 96–101, Tralles 57, 60 103–105, 107, 114 f., 122–124, 130, Trebnje cf. Praetorium Latobicorum 133 f., 141, 151, 162, 165, 189, 258, Trier cf. Augusta Treverorum 263 f., 300 f., 309, 311, 314, 329, 338, Tuenno 426 342, 345, 387–389, 393–396, 405 Turda cf. Potaissa – North 7, 12, 79–81, 84, 87, 89, 97, 100– Urfa 102 104, 155, 157, 317, 330 f., 336 f., 340, Val di Non 426 345 Verulamium (Saint Albans) 10, 320 Szombathely cf. Savaria Veţel cf. Micia Tác cf. Gorsium Vetus Salina 160 Taposiris 259 Vindobona (Vienna) 140, 142, 144 Taq-i Bustan 306 Vindolanda 3, 97 Taurus 99 Vindovala (Rudchester) 395 Tebtunis/Tebtynis 198 f., 202, 216 f., 223, Virunum 2, 392, 397 235, 240, 257, 260 Vulci 301, 432 Tell el-Ashâar 257 Wiesbaden cf. Aquae Mattiacorum 55–57 Wiesloch 390 f., 396 f., 403 Thebes (Egypt) 187, 199, 211, 213–216, Zela 99 222 f., 262 f. Zellhausen 169 Thessaloniki 29, 55 f., 61 f., 182 f., 259, 263, Zeugma/Seleucia 102, 142, 145, 162, 335 366