Dictionary of Basic Botany Terminology © Frederick Warren King Version 1.05 (Mar 3, 2021)
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History Department Botany
THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT I - ._-------------------- THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1-11 Chapter One: 1889-1916 1-18 Chapter Two: 1917-1935 19-38 Chapter Three: 1936-1954 39-58 Chapter Four: 1955-1973 59-75 Epilogue 76-82 Appendix 83-92 Bibliography 93-94 -------------------------------------- Preface (formerly the College of Science, Literature and the Arts), the College of Agriculture, or The history that follows is the result some other area. Eventually these questions of months ofresearch into the lives and work were resolved in 1965 when the Department of the Botany Department's faculty members joined the newly established College of and administrators. The one-hundred year Biological Sciences (CBS). In 1988, The overview focuses on the Department as a Department of Botany was renamed the whole, and the decisions that Department Department of Plant Biology, and Irwin leaders made to move the field of botany at Rubenstein from the Department of Genetics the University of Minnesota forward in a and Cell Biology became Plant Biology's dynamic and purposeful manner. However, new head. The Department now has this is not an effort to prove that the administrative ties to both the College of Department's history was linear, moving Biological Sciences and the College of forward in a pre-determined, organized Agriculture. fashion at every moment. Rather I have I have tried to recognize the attempted to demonstrate the complexities of accomplishments and individuality of the the personalities and situations that shaped Botany Department's faculty while striving to the growth ofthe Department and made it the describe the Department as one entity. -
Mnemonic Memory Taxonomy
MNEMONIC MEMORY TAXONOMY Overview: In this lesson, students determine proper classification of organisms according to taxonomic levels, explore characteristics that determine classification, and create methods to recall ordered taxonomic terminology. Objectives: The student will: • describe the use and function of a taxonomy, specifically to order and classify living organisms; and • identify and list taxonomic levels of biological classification. Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Science [7] SC2.2 The student demonstrates an understanding of the structure, function, behavior, development, life cycles, and diversity of living organisms by identifying the seven levels of classification of organisms. [7] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, observing, describing, measuring, classifying, makign generalizations, inferring, and communicating. Vocabulary: animalia— one of six kingdoms, including most living things that are able to move and digest food internally plantae –one of six kingdoms, including living things that generally manufacture their own food through the use of photosynthesis fungi – one of six kingdoms, mostly living things that are nonmobile and assist in the decomposition process, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms binomial nomenclature – a scientific naming system that gives a unique name (“scientific name”) to each species, using organisms’ genus and species as its two parts (e.g., “Homo sapiens” for humans) class – a taxonomic rank below -
Plant Terminology
PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V. -
BAST1986050004005.Pdf
BASTERIA, 50: 93-150, 1986 Alphabetical revision of the (sub)species in recent Conidae. 9. ebraeus to extraordinarius with the description of Conus elegans ramalhoi, nov. subspecies H.E. Coomans R.G. Moolenbeek& E. Wils Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoological Museum) University of Amsterdam INTRODUCTION In this ninth part of the revision all names of recent Conus taxa beginning with the letter e are discussed. Amongst these are several nominal species of tent-cones with a C.of close-set lines, the shell a darker pattern consisting very giving appearance (e.g. C. C. The elisae, euetrios, eumitus). phenomenon was also mentioned for C. castaneo- fasciatus, C. cholmondeleyi and C. dactylosus in former issues. This occurs in populations where with normal also that consider them specimens a tent-pattern are found, so we as colour formae. The effect is known shells in which of white opposite too, areas are present, leaving 'islands' with the tent-pattern (e.g. C. bitleri, C. castrensis, C. concatenatus and C. episco- These colour formae. patus). are also art. Because of a change in the rules of the ICZN (3rd edition, 1985: 73-74), there has risen a disagreement about the concept of the "type series". In cases where a museum type-lot consists of more than one specimen, although the original author(s) did not indicate that more than one shell was used for the description, we will designate the single originally mentioned and/or figured specimen as the "lectotype". Never- theless a number of taxonomists will consider that "lectotype" as the holotype, and disregard the remaining shells in the lot as type material. -
INTRODUCTION to ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY, CLASS 25 Contents 1
INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY, CLASS 25 RAVI VAKIL Contents 1. The genus of a nonsingular projective curve 1 2. The Riemann-Roch Theorem with Applications but No Proof 2 2.1. A criterion for closed immersions 3 3. Recap of course 6 PS10 back today; PS11 due today. PS12 due Monday December 13. 1. The genus of a nonsingular projective curve The definition I’m going to give you isn’t the one people would typically start with. I prefer to introduce this one here, because it is more easily computable. Definition. The tentative genus of a nonsingular projective curve C is given by 1 − deg ΩC =2g 2. Fact (from Riemann-Roch, later). g is always a nonnegative integer, i.e. deg K = −2, 0, 2,.... Complex picture: Riemann-surface with g “holes”. Examples. Hence P1 has genus 0, smooth plane cubics have genus 1, etc. Exercise: Hyperelliptic curves. Suppose f(x0,x1) is a polynomial of homo- geneous degree n where n is even. Let C0 be the affine plane curve given by 2 y = f(1,x1), with the generically 2-to-1 cover C0 → U0.LetC1be the affine 2 plane curve given by z = f(x0, 1), with the generically 2-to-1 cover C1 → U1. Check that C0 and C1 are nonsingular. Show that you can glue together C0 and C1 (and the double covers) so as to give a double cover C → P1. (For computational convenience, you may assume that neither [0; 1] nor [1; 0] are zeros of f.) What goes wrong if n is odd? Show that the tentative genus of C is n/2 − 1.(Thisisa special case of the Riemann-Hurwitz formula.) This provides examples of curves of any genus. -
Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, History of Botanical Nomenclature
Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Module 15: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, history of botanical nomenclature (local and scientific) and its advantages, formation of code. Content writer: Dr.AvishekBhattacharjee, Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – B. Garden, Howrah – 711 103. Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Botanical Nomenclature:Concept – A name is a handle by which a mental image is passed. Names are just labels we use to ensure we are understood when we communicate. Nomenclature is a mechanism for unambiguous communication about the elements of taxonomy. Botanical Nomenclature, i.e. naming of plants is that part of plant systematics dealing with application of scientific names to plants according to some set rules. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. A botanical name is a unique identifier to which information of a taxon can be attached, thus enabling the movement of data across languages, scientific disciplines, and electronic retrieval systems. A plant’s name permits ready summarization of information content of the taxon in a nested framework. A systemofnamingplantsforscientificcommunicationmustbe international inscope,andmustprovideconsistencyintheapplicationof names.Itmustalsobeacceptedbymost,ifnotall,membersofthe scientific community. These criteria led, almost inevitably, to International Botanical Congresses (IBCs) being the venue at which agreement on a system of scientific nomenclature for plants was sought. The IBCs led to publication of different ‘Codes’ which embodied the rules and regulations of botanical nomenclature and the decisions taken during these Congresses. Advantages ofBotanical Nomenclature: Though a common name may be much easier to remember, there are several good reasons to use botanical names for plant identification. Common names are not unique to a specific plant. -
Fruits: Kinds and Terms
FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds. -
Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy
plants Article Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy Teresa Pastor-Férriz 1, Marcelino De-los-Mozos-Pascual 1, Begoña Renau-Morata 2, Sergio G. Nebauer 2 , Enrique Sanchis 2, Matteo Busconi 3 , José-Antonio Fernández 4, Rina Kamenetsky 5 and Rosa V. Molina 2,* 1 Departamento de Gestión y Conservación de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albadaledejito, 16194 Cuenca, Spain; [email protected] (T.P.-F.); [email protected] (M.D.-l.-M.-P.) 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] (B.R.-M.); [email protected] (S.G.N.); [email protected] (E.S.) 3 Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; [email protected] 4 IDR-Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; [email protected] 5 Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Biotechnology, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Species of the genus Crocus are found over a wide range of climatic areas. In natural habitats, these geophytes diverge in the flowering strategies. This variability was assessed by analyzing the flowering traits of the Spanish collection of wild crocuses, preserved in the Bank of Plant Germplasm Citation: Pastor-Férriz, T.; of Cuenca. Plants of the seven Spanish species were analyzed both in their natural environments De-los-Mozos-Pascual, M.; (58 native populations) and in common garden experiments (112 accessions). -
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988
- Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !. -
Receptor-Like Kinases from Arabidopsis Form a Monophyletic Gene Family Related to Animal Receptor Kinases
Receptor-like kinases from Arabidopsis form a monophyletic gene family related to animal receptor kinases Shin-Han Shiu and Anthony B. Bleecker* Department of Botany and Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Edited by Elliot M. Meyerowitz, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved July 6, 2001 (received for review March 22, 2001) Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are proteins with a predicted tionary relationship between the RTKs and RLKs within the signal sequence, single transmembrane region, and cytoplasmic recognized superfamily of related eukaryotic serine͞threonine͞ kinase domain. Receptor-like kinases belong to a large gene family tyrosine protein kinases (ePKs). An earlier phylogenetic analysis with at least 610 members that represent nearly 2.5% of Arabi- (22), using the six RLK sequences available at the time, indicated dopsis protein coding genes. We have categorized members of this a close relationship between plant sequences and animal RTKs, family into subfamilies based on both the identity of the extracel- although RLKs were placed in the ‘‘other kinase’’ category. A more lular domains and the phylogenetic relationships between the recent analysis using only plant sequences led to the conclusion that kinase domains of subfamily members. Surprisingly, this structur- the 18 RLKs sampled seemed to form a separate family among the ally defined group of genes is monophyletic with respect to kinase various eukaryotic kinases (23). The recent completion of the domains when compared with the other eukaryotic kinase families. Arabidopsis genome sequence (5) provides an opportunity for a In an extended analysis, animal receptor kinases, Raf kinases, plant more comprehensive analysis of the relationships between these RLKs, and animal receptor tyrosine kinases form a well supported classes of receptor kinases. -
Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding -
Taper-Leaved Penstemon Plant Guide
Plant Guide Uses TAPER-LEAVED Pollinator habitat: Penstemon attenuatus is a source of pollen and nectar for a variety of bees, including honey PENSTEMON bees and native bumble bees, as well as butterflies and Penstemon attenuatus Douglas ex moths. Lindl. Plant Symbol = PEAT3 Contributed by: NRCS Plant Materials Center, Pullman, WA Bumble bee visiting a Penstemon attenuatus flower. Pamela Pavek Rangeland diversification: This plant can be included in seeding mixtures to improve the diversity of rangelands. Ornamental: Penstemon attenuatus is very attractive and easy to manage as an ornamental in urban, water-saving landscapes. Rugged Country Plants (2012) recommends placing P. attenuatus in the back row of a perennial bed, in rock gardens and on embankments. It is hardy to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 4 (Rugged Country Plants 2012). Status Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g., threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values). Description General: Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae). Penstemon attenuatus is a native, perennial forb that grows from a Penstemon attenuatus. Pamela Pavek dense crown to a height of 10 to 90 cm (4 to 35 in). Leaves are dark green, opposite and entire, however the Alternate Names margins of P. attenuatus var. attenuatus leaves are often, Common Alternate Names: taper-leaf penstemon, sulphur at least in part, finely toothed (Strickler 1997). Basal penstemon, sulphur beardtongue (P. attenuatus var. leaves are petiolate, up to 4 cm (1.5 in) wide and 17 cm (7 palustris), south Idaho penstemon (P. attenuatus var.