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Optimization of Strategies for Natural Gas Utilization: Case Study of the Niger Delta 2010

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Optimization of Strategies for Natural Gas Utilization: Case Study of the Niger Delta 2010 OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA A Thesis PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING, AFRICAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By OGBE EMMANUEL, B.Eng. ABUJA. FCT. DECEMBER, 2010 i OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA by OGBE Emmanuel RECOMMENDED: _____________________________ Professor David Ogbe Committee Chair _____________________________ Professor Wumi Iledare Committee Member _____________________________ Dr Samuel Osisanya Committee Member _____________________________ Professor Ekwere Peters Committee Member APPROVED: _____________________________ Professor Godwin Chukwu Chair Department of Petroleum Engineering _____________________________ Professor Charles Chidume Provost Academic _____________________________ Date ii OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 ABSTRACT Nigeria is endowed with huge proven gas reserves estimated to be 184 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). It ranks as the 7th holder of natural gas reserves in the world, and the largest in Africa. Nigeria also flares more natural gas than any other country; it accounts for 12.5% of the world‟s annual gas flared and it wastes $2.0 billion annually by flaring gas associated with crude oil extraction. There is crucial need to monetize the gas reserves, reduce gas flaring and its environmental impacts, and to derive he maximum economic benefits from gas production. The purpose of this research is to identify options for natural gas utilization, evaluate the various strategies and thereupon develop a model for optimizing the natural gas utilization strategies using the Niger Delta as a case study. A Linear Programming model is formulated based on the Transshipment model formulation concept. An objective function is established based on profit derived from the various utilization strategies (represented as nodes on the model) subject to certain constraints. The optimal decision for the model is determined from the solution of the optimization model. Results obtained from this study indicate that the optimal utilization decision involved the continuation of projects (including both current and planned) such as the Liquefied Natural gas project at Bonny (including the sales of both LNG and NGL), supply of gas for domestic use and power generation, transport to West African countries, transport of natural gas to Algeria through the TransSaharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP), and sales of EOR products to market. Upcoming project such as the Olokola LNG was only viable as the gas price increased. Optimal decision is affected by fixed or variable costs and more significantly by changes in market price. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate impact of changes in the input parameters on the objective function. This research also discusses the impact of gas pricing on the implementation of the Nigerian gas master plan (NGMP). The model can be used to make optimum decisions in terms of selecting which set of projects would provide maximum benefits from several competing natural gas projects. iii OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 DEDICATION In Loving memory of my DAD, “LATE MR JOHN OTENE OGBE”. May his gentle soul rest in peace. Amen. iv OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to appreciate the grace that GOD bestowed on me throughout my stay in AUST and also for completing this research. My gratitude and thanks goes especially to the following individuals and friends. First is to my supervisor, Professor David Ogbe (Uncle Ogbe), for his patience and, his insistence on thorough research. My committee members; Prof Wumi Iledare, Dr. Osisanya and Prof Ekwere Peters. Dr. Djitte, for his help in making sure that the transshipment model was formulated correctly. Dr. David Ige, Managing Director, Nigerian Gas Aggregation Company of Nigeria, for his help in obtaining data for running the optimization model. Dr. Ebere P. Ofoh, Executive Director Operations, Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC, a subsidiary of NNPC) and Dr. Bright E. Okogu, The Director General of the Budget Office of the Federation, for their suggestions on ways to improve the research project. My family, for all their support throughout my stay in AUST. All my colleagues in the Petroleum Engineering Stream and the AUST community at large. Finally to all MANCHESTER UNITED FANS. v OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.0REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 NIGERIA'S NATURAL GAS ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Proven Reserves and Exports ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Nigerian Energy Consumption ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Flaring of Natural Gas ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Security in the Niger Delta ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2 NIGERIA LEGISLATION IN FAVOR OF GAS UTILIZATION .....................................................10 2.2 1 Nigerian Petroleum Industry Bill ................................................................................................10 2.2.2 Nigeria Gas Master Plan .............................................................................................................10 2.3 GAS UTILIZATION OPTIONS .......................................................................................................11 2.4 SOURCES OF NATURAL GAS IN NIGERIA .................................................................................13 2.4.1 Bonga Field ................................................................................................................................14 2.4.2 Akpo Field .................................................................................................................................14 2.4.3 Oso Field. ...................................................................................................................................14 2.5 INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESSIBILITY .................................................................................14 2.5.1 Onshore Location .......................................................................................................................15 2.5.2 Shallow offshore and Deep offshore ...........................................................................................15 2.6 STRATEGIES FOR NIGERIAN GAS UTILIZATION .....................................................................15 2.6.1 Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas Project (NLNG) Project ............................................................16 2.6.2 Brass LNG .................................................................................................................................16 2.6.3 Escravos Gas Project ..................................................................................................................17 2.6.4 Oso NGL Project ........................................................................................................................18 vi OPTIMIZATION OF STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION: CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER DELTA 2010 2.6.5 Belema Gas Injection project ......................................................................................................18
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