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Effect of Temperature on Embryonic Development of Two Freshwater Pulmonates, Planorbarius Comeus (L.) and Planorbis Planorbis (L.)

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Effect of Temperature on Embryonic Development of Two Freshwater Pulmonates, Planorbarius Comeus (L.) and Planorbis Planorbis (L.) RESEARCH NOTES 293 about the nature of muscle tissue changes in 3. MOMMSEN, T.P., BALLANTYNE, J-, MACDONALD, Photololigo sp. during senescence. Dying squid (eg. D., C-OSUNE, J. & HOCHACHKA, P.W. 1981. Moroteuthis ingens) can undergo very dramatic Proc NatL Acad. ScL USA, 78: 3274-3278. changes in muscle tissue in which the muscle fibres 4. MOLTSCHANIWSKYJ, N.A. 1993. Can. J. Fish. are completely absent and just the collagen structure AquaL Sci., 51: 830-835. remains.13 Likewise, the muscle fibres of senescent 5. PECL, G. 1994. BSc(Hons.) Thesis, James Cook Octopus vulgaris break down leaving spaces in the University of North Queensland. 12 tissue. This phenomenon was not present in any of 6. O'DOR, R.K. & WELLS, M J. 1978. /. exp. Bioi, the Photololigo sp. tissue samples examined. Fur- 77:15-31. thermore, the relatively poor relationship between 7. POLLERO, RJ. & IRIBARNE, O.O. 1988. Comp. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article/63/2/293/1056896 by guest on 29 September 2021 size, reproductive status and amount of disorganisa- Biochem. PhysioL, 90B: 317-320. tion suggests that this phenomenon may not be 8. MOLTSCHANIWSKYJ, N.A. 1995. Mar. Biot, V2A: directly due to either senescence or reproductive 127-135. activities. 9. HATFIELD, E.M.C., RODHOUSE, P.G. & BARBER, The presence of disorganised muscle fibres in the D.L. 1992. /. mar. bioL Ass. U.K., 72: 281-291. mantle muscle may affect the swimming abilities of 10. RODHOUSE, P.G. & HATFIELD, E.M.C. 1992. /. the squid. Circular muscle fibres are responsible for mar. bioL Ass. U.K., 72: 293-300. providing the power stroke in the flight response, by 11. GUERRA, A. & CASTRO, B.G. 1994. Antarctic forcing water out of the siphon.1 The radial fibres Sci., 6:175-178. provide the force to restore the mantle back to the 12. TAIT, R.W. 1986. PhD Thesis University of Paris resting shape.1 It may be envisaged that co-ordina- VI. tion of the muscle fibres to provide the force for the 13. JACKSON, G.D. & MLADENOV, P.V. 1994. J. jet propulsion may be impaired by a breakdown in ZooL Lond,, 234:189-201. the organisation of the fibres. 14. HOCHACHKA, P.W., MOON, T.W., MUSTAFA, T. J. Yeatman and C.C. Lu assisted with the identifi- & STOREY, K.B. 1975. Comp. Biochem. PhysioL, cation of adult and juvenile Photololigo sp. speci- S2B: 151-158. mens. PJ. Doherty allowed me access to juvenile 15. O'DOR, R.K. & WEBBER, D.M. 1986. Can. J. cephalopods caught using light-traps. B. Molony, ZooL, 64:1591-1605. J.H. Choat, G.D. Jackson, L. Winsor. B. Kier and 16. JACKSON, G.D. 1990. Veliger, 33: 389-393. the reviewers provided constructive comments and 17. JACKSON, G.D. & CHOAT, J.H. 1992. Can. J. discussion. This work was supported by a Merit Fish. AquaL Sci., 49: 218-228. Research Grant from James Cook University and 18. YEATMAN, J. 1993. PhD Thesis, James Cook was carried out whilst the author was a Common- University of North Queensland. wealth Scholar at James Cook University. 19. MOLTSCHANIWSKYJ, N.A. & DOHERTY, PJ. 1993. Fish. BulL, 92:109-119. 20. TABACHNICK, B.G. & FIDELL, L.S. 1989. Using REFERENCES multivariate statistics. Harper & Row, New York. 1. WARD, D.V. & WAINWRIGHT, S.A. 1972. J. 21. MARTINEZ, P. 1996. MSc Thesis, James Cook ZooL, Lond., 167: 437-449. University of North Queensland. 2. HANSON, J. & LOWY, J. 1957. Nature, 180: 906- 909. /. Moll. Stud. (1997), 63,293-296 © The Malacological Society of London 1997 Effect of temperature on embryonic development of two freshwater pulmonates, Planorbarius comeus (L.) and Planorbis planorbis (L.) K. Costil Laboratoire de Zoologie et Ecophysiologie (U.A. INRA & U.M.R. du C.N.R.S. 6553), University de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Av. du Ciniral Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France In freshwater Pulmonates, the embryonic develop- planorbis are freshwater snails commonly found in ment is direct and takes place in eggs. Eggs, which Brittany (France) where they belong to relatively comprise a zygote surrounded by perivitelline fluid rich communities.1 In our region, P. planorbis shows and membrane, are embedded in jelly and enclosed an annual life cycle with two generations per year, in a common egg capsule. The juveniles leave the whereas the P. corneus cycle tends to be longer egg capsule using their radula to gnaw the surround- and more variable according to year.2 In experimen- ing membranes. Planorbarius comeus and Planorbis tal populations of these species, we already showed 294 RESEARCH NOTES the importance of temperature on behaviour - mean embryonic development duration is the (unpublished data), survival and growth,3 and mean time elapsing between the egg mass deposition 4 reproduction. We also verified the ability of self- and the emergence of the first juvenile: Dm; fertilization in these planorbid species and examined - minimum and maximum embryonic development the influence of the temperature on this mode of durations: respectively, D,^ and Dm; reproduction.5 In the present paper, we are inter- - hatching time is for a given egg mass the time ested in the impact of temperature on the embryonic elapsing between the hatchings of the first juvenile development of both species. and the last juvenile: Tb. Adult snails of both species were collected from A complete embryonic development followed by two ponds located near Rennes (Brittany, France). the hatching of juveniles occurred between 10 and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article/63/2/293/1056896 by guest on 29 September 2021 Brought to the laboratory, they produced snails 25°C for P. comeus, and between 15 and 25°C for P. which, grouped and reared at 20°C, grew and then planorbis (Table 1). In contrast to P. planorbis, P. laid egg capsules. These latter were used for the comeus developed but did not lay eggs at 10°C,4 experiments. The egg masses were individually which could seem illogical. However, in the present placed in little jars filled with 13 ml of pond water. study all the eggs placed in incubation were previ- During the experiments, the water was periodically ously laid at 20°C and it is possible that the tempera- agitated (to supply oxygen) but not changed or only ture at which the eggs were produced is also partly changed (when the development was long), important for the future development. At the tem- because the micro-organisms which then proliferate perature of 5°C, the embryos of both species did not tend to favour the opening of the egg masses and the develop. At 10°C, the hatching of P. comeus juve- hatching of juveniles.6 The effects of five constant niles was observed in only 28% of the egg masses, temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C) were tested and the mean hatching rate was low (37.3%). These and the photoperiod was L/D: 12/12 h. At each tem- results reflected the development difficulties at 10°C perature, the embryonic development was studied in which appeared close to the minimum threshold. 75 egg masses (total number of eggs ranging from The eggs of Lymnaea truncatula (Muller) laid at 5°C 1186 to 1205) for P. comeus, and in 30 egg masses did not develop.7 The embryonic development (total number of eggs ranging from 581 to 591) for P. requires a minimum temperature below which planorbis. Every day, the egg capsules were exam- anabolic reactions cannot be normally carried out; ined, the newly-hatched snails counted and then the thermic thresholds recorded for the embryonic removed. At each temperature, the following development can be related to the thresholds of bio- parameters were computed: chemical reactions, especially enzymatic ones.8 In - percentage of egg capsules in which eggs develop the present study, the upper limit of temperature until hatching: Pe, (at least one juvenile hatched); allowing the embryonic development was not reached. This is probably below the threshold of - mean hatching rate (in %): Hm = 100 1 (N/N )/N,. where N is the number of newly- 35°C found for the species adapted to tropical con- e m D ditions: Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes)9 and hatched snails issued from a given egg mass, Nc is the 10 total number of eggs contained in this egg mass, and Biomphalaria glabrata (Say ). The upper limit for No,, is the total number of egg masses investigated; the development of the lymnaeid of New Zealand, Lymnaea tomentosa (Pfeiffer), was 30°C." The eggs - minimum and maximum hatching rates: respec- of temperate species such as Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) tively, Hnt, and Hw; Table 1. Total number of studied eggs and hatching rates in Planorbarius comeus and Planorbis planorbis reared at five constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Species 5°C 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C Total number of P. comeus 1189 1205 1197 1186 1190 studied eggs (75 capsules) P. planorbis 581 585 589 587 591 (30 capsules) P.,, (%) P. comeus 0 28 100 100 100 P. planorbis 0 0 98 100 100 Hm (% ± S.D.) P. comeus 37.3 ± 26.6 91.8 ± 10.8 93.6 ± 9.6 94.1 ±7.6 P. planorbis 0 88.7 ± 19.4 86.3 ± 18.2 89.7 ± 15.8 Hmi™ (%) P. comeus 4.8 55.5 52.6 74.2 P. planorbis 28.6 25 50 H™» (%) P. corneus 76.2 100 100 100 P. planorbis 100 100 100 RESEARCH NOTES 295 Table 2. Embryonic development durations (D) and mean hatching time (Th) in individuals of Planorbarius corneus and Planorbis planorbis reared at four temperatures ranging from 10 and 25°C.
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