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The Tropical Mountain Forest 2 Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity The Tropical Moutain Forest - and Ecology Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot Biodiversity and Ecology Series, Vol. 2 Tropical mountain forests are very rich in species and are generally considered as hotspots of biodiversity. They are also of great ecological importance as sources of water and other ecosystem services for millions S. Robbert Gradstein, Jürgen Homeier and Dirk Gansert (eds.) of people living in the tropics. However, these valuable forest ecosystems are now increasingly being fragmented, reduced and disturbed by human interventions. This book originated from a lecture series on the tropical The Tropical Mountain Forest mountain forest organized by the Göttingen Centre of Biodiversity and Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot Ecology and held at the University of Göttingen, Germany, in the summer of 2007. The volume presents a synthesis of current ecological research in Germany on the tropical mountain forest, from an interdisciplinary perspective. The Tropical Mountain Forest Mountain Tropical The Gradstein/Homeier/Gansert ISSN: 1863-3935 ISBN-13: 978-3-940344-22-9 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Editorial Board of the Biodiversity and Ecology Series: Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Dept. of Palynology and Climate Dynamics Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Dept. of Vegetation Analysis and Phytodiversity Images of the Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Prof. Dr. Susanne Bögeholz, Dept. of Didactics of Biology (legend top to bottom) Prof. Dr. Norbert Elsner, Dept. of Neurobiology Prof. Dr. Thomas Friedl, Dept. of Experimental Phycology 1 Mixed deciduous forest in the Hainich region (Central Germany) Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gerold, Dept. of Landscape Ecology Prof. Dr. S. Robbert Gradstein, Dept. of Systematic Botany 2 Different insect taxa on the flowers of a thistle ( Cirsium sp.) Prof. Dr. Bernd Herrmann, Dept. of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology 3 Glomeris sp., a member of the decomposing soil fauna in forest Prof. Dr. Peter Kappeler, Dept. of Sociobiology ecosystems Prof. Dr. Christoph Leuschner, Dept. of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research 4 Pleodorina californica (Chlorophyceae), colony-forming freshwater Prof. Dr. Michael Mühlenberg, Dept. of Conservation Biology phytoplankton species Prof. Dr. Joachim Reitner, Dept. of Geobiology 5 Grasshopper Tettigonia cantans, distributed from the Pyrenees to Prof. Dr. Matthias Schaefer, Dept. of Animal Ecology Northeastern China Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schmidt, Dept. of Silviculture of the Temperate Zones and Forest Ecology 6 Microcebus berthae (Cheirogaleidae), the smallest extant Primate species Prof. Dr. Henner Simianer, Dept. of Animal Breeding (Madagascar) Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke, Dept. of Agroecology Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal, Dept. of Agroentomology 7 Tropical rain forest (Greater Daintree, Australia) Prof. Dr. Rainer Willmann, Dept. of Animal Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology 8 Lethocolea glossophylla (Acrobolbaceae), a liverwort of alpine mountain Prof. Dr. Gert Wörheide, Dept. of Geobiology ranges in South America 9 Part of a coral reef in the Red Sea Members of the Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology S. Robbert Gradstein, Jürgen Homeier and Dirk Gansert (Eds.) The Tropical Mountain Forest This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 2.0 “by-nc-nd”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document in a few copies for private or educational use, given that the document stays unchanged and the creator is mentioned. Commercial use is not covered by the licence. erschienen als Band 2 in der Reihe „Biodiversity and Ecology Series“ des Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2008 S. Robbert Gradstein, Jürgen Homeier and Dirk Gansert (Eds.) The Tropical Mountain Forest Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot Biodiversity and Ecology Series: Volume 2 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2008 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Series Editor Dr. rer.nat. Dirk Gansert Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, www.biodiversitaet.gwdg.de Volume Editors S. Robbert Gradstein/Jürgen Homeier/Dirk Gansert Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/sh/33840.html This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Online Catalogue of the State and University Library of Goettingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). Users of the free online version are invited to read, download and distribute it. Users may also print a small number for educational or private use. However they may not sell print versions of the online book. Satz und Layout: Jürgen Homeier Umschlaggestaltung: Jürgen Homeier und Margo Bargheer © 2008 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-940344-22-9 ISSN : 1863-3935 Contents Preface…………………………………………………………………….…5 1.Tropical mountain forests – distribution and general features …………… .. 7 M. Richter 2. Tropical mountain forest dynamics in Mata Atlantica and northern Andean biodiversity hotspots during the late Quaternary ………………….. 25 H. Behling 3. Diversity and endemism in tropical montane forests - from patterns to processes……………………………………………….. 35 M. Kessler and J. Kluge 4. Epiphytes of tropical montane forests – impact of deforestation and climate change …………………………………………………………….. 51 S.R. Gradstein 5. Mycorrhizal fungi and plant diversity in tropical mountain rainforest of southern Ecuador ……………………………………………………… 67 I. Kottke, A. Beck, I. Haug, S. Setaro and J.P. Suarez 6. The soil fauna of a tropical mountain rainforest in southern Ecuador: structure and functioning ………………………………………………… 79 S. Scheu, J. Illig, V. Eissfeller, V. Krashevska, D. Sandmann and M. Maraun 7. The influence of topography on forest structure and regeneration dynamics in an Ecuadorian montane forest ………………………………. 97 J. Homeier 8. Carbon allocation and productivity in tropical mountain forests ………. 109 C. Leuschner and G. Moser Contents 9. Hydrology of natural and anthropogenically altered tropical montane rainforests with special reference to rainfall interception …………...…….... 129 D. Hölscher 10. Soil, climate and vegetation in tropical montane forests – a case study from the Yungas, Bolivia ………………………...…………. 137 G. Gerold 11. Indigenous land use practices and biodiversity conservation in southern Ecuador …………………………………………………………. 163 P. Pohle 12. Sustainable management of tropical mountain forests in Ecuador …….. 177 R. Mosandl and S. Günter 13. Ecological aspects of a biodiversity hotspot in the Andes of southern Ecuador …………………………………………………………. 195 E. Beck and M. Richter Preface Tropical mountain forests (or "montane forests"; the two terms are interchan- geable although the latter more specifically refers to the altitudinal vegetation belt) are very rich in species and are generally considered as hotspots of biodiversity. They are also of great ecological importance as sources of water and other ecosys- tem services for millions of people living in the tropics. However, these valuable forest ecosystems are now increasingly being fragmented, reduced and disturbed by human interventions. Concern about the future of the tropical mountain forests has triggered an increasing amount of research on the exceptionally rich biodiver- sity and ecological complexity of these forests in recent years. This book originated from a lecture series on the tropical mountain forest or- ganized by the Göttingen Centre of Biodiversity and Ecology and held at the Uni- versity of Göttingen, Germany, in the summer of 2007. The purpose of the lecture series was to present a synthesis of current ecological research in Germany on the tropical mountain forest, from an interdisciplinary perspective. The subjects presented include a large variety of topics including climate, qua- ternary history, species richness and endemism, impact of forest disturbance on biodiversity, mycorrhizal diversity, soil fauna, vegetation dynamics, carbon alloca- tion and productivity, forest hydrology, soil dynamics, indigenous land use and sustainable management of tropical mountain forests. The final chapter summa- rizes current understanding of the incidence of tropical mountain forest hotspots from an ecosystem perspective. All contributions are based on recent empirical research, with a special focus on the Andes of Ecuador which harbour one of the richest and most endangered mountain forest resources on earth and are the loca- tion of major ongoing investigations of Research Units 402 and 816 (www.tropicalmountainforest.org) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). We are much indebted to the authors for their valuable contributions. We also thank the DFG Research Unit 816 and its speaker, Prof. Dr. J. Bendix, for finan- cial support towards the publication of this book. Göttingen, February 2008 Stephan Robbert Gradstein Jürgen Homeier Dirk Gansert Biodiversity and Ecology Series (2008) 2: 7-24 The Tropical Mountain Forest – Patterns and Processes in a Biodiversity Hotspot edited by S.R. Gradstein, J. Homeier and D. Gansert Göttingen Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology
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