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University of Edinburgh. 1949 Abreviations HISTORICAL CONDITIONS IN PATRIARCHAL PALESTINE "IlM THE LIGHT OF 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH. By Rev. John Gray, M. A. (Hons. ) ,B.D. (Eciin. ) Triesis submitted for the degree of Plri.D. University of Edinburgh. 1949 Abreviations. AASOR..... Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Ac.O......!Acta Orientalia. search. AfO..... ...Archiv fttr Orientf orshung. A#S1... ... .American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literat- AO.......!.Der Alte Orient. ures. AOT and E zum ^T . Aitorientalische Texte and Bilder zum Alten (Greaamann) i ARA. ...... .Ancient Records of Assyria (Luckenbill) . ABE.. ......Ancient Records of Egypt (Breasted). ArO. ....... Arzhiv Orientalni . AHW. ...... .Archiv fur Reiigionswissenschaf t. BASOR. .... .Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental* Research* BJRL. ... ...Bulletin of the Juhn Ryiands Library. CBQ. ...... .Catholic Biblical Quarterly. CRAIBL. .Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Inscriptions i)LZ. ...... .Deutsche Literaturzeitung. let Belles-lettres. KTL. ...... .Ephemer ides Tneologicae Lovanienses. Gordon. .C.H.GordonjUgaritic Hand bo ok, 1947. JAOS. ..... .Journal of the American Oriental Society. JBL. ...... .Journal of Biblical Ii.it era tare. JEA. ...... .Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. JflES. ..... .Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JPOS. ....*. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. JQR. ... .*. .Jewish Quarterly Review. JRAS. ..... .Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Knudtzon. J.Knudtzon; Jie El Amarna T*f eln,1915. NSI. ...... ,G.A.Uooke;A Text-Book of North Semitic Inscriptions. NGT. .... ...Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. NTT....... .Norsk Teologisk i'ldsskrift. OLZ. ...... .Orientalistische Literaturzeitung* PEFQS. .... .Palestine i^^ploration Fund Quarterly Statement. PEQ. ...... .Palestine Exploration Quarterly. (OTS. ...... .Oudtestamentische b uudien) PG. ..;.... .Patrologia Graeca (Migne). PJB.. .....PalRstina, J«ihrbuch. QDAPl*. .....Quarterly Statement of the Department of Antiquit­ ies of. Palestine (Mandatory Government). HA. ....... .Revue d f Assyriologie et d 1 Archeologie Orientale. tf.b. ........ Revue Biblique Internationale. RES. ..... ..Revue des Etudes Semitiques. RrLPhR. ... ..Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses. RHR. ...... .Revue de I'Histoire des Religions. SEA. ....... Svensk Exegetisk Arsbok. ThA. ...... .Taeologinen Aikakauskirja. TnR. ....... Theologishe Rundschau. ThZ.7... ...Theologische Zeitschrift. UUA. ...... .Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift. ZA. ........ Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie. ZA\V. .....,, Jeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaf t. ZDMG. ...... Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. ZDPV...: .... Zeitschrift des Deutschen PalSlstina-Vereins. Arcn&eological ^^Ades alluded to in abbreviation. EB I. ..cOOO-2400 B.C.,.tiB II. .2400-2500 B.G.jhB III,.. kioOO-2100 L.G. r/IB I... ^100-1900 B.C., MB II. .. 1900-1750 B.C.,kii III... ' *'" 1750- ibOO B.C. IB I. ..IbOO-itop B.C. ,L^, II. .L*t»0-J.o50 B.G.,LB 111... 1550-1200 B.C. HISTORICAL COiMDITIOflS IN PATRIARCHAL IX THE LIGHT OF RECEJNT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH. CHAPTER I. Tne Evidence. Slues ever Western interest in tne material remains of tne ancient East was aroused by the discoveries and rec- * ords of the French savants on i^poleon' t* staff in his luckless Egyptian adventure,there has been an eager desire to relate such evidence to the Scriptural record.Pur the greater part of the following century suchlrelics of the past were sought and found throughout* ' the &ear E«*st and interest was sustained by sensation.B^ the last quarter of the century,however, Sir Flinders P<=trie,that eminent Egyptologist and practical genius,had turned his keen eye away from the sensational and impressive to what had been so long rejected.Omitting notice o± notning,however apparently commonplace,and care­ fully surveying and recording each object in its context, he was able to evolve a .method of scientific excavation which is now in general use. Under.* Turkish administration for various .reasons excav- ation was possible only on a limited scale so that in Syria, Palestine and Mwbopotamia the pioneer work of Pctrie coula not oe I'uiiy developed..uiliiculties,however,did not prevent such giants as Bliss,Mackenzie and I,i.icalister applying tne new method at Ttell el Hoay ,B»tnshemesh and Gazer nor t,he Dominican Pfcre Hugues Vincent from developing the study of the all-important pottery types.Tuus at the end of the Great W«-.r,the way was open for scientific exploration and for the perfection of the scientific method of Sir Flinders Petrie.Iu Palestine and Syria under British and ^rench man­ date,Departments of Antiquities were established which strictly controlled exploration in their respective areas, working harmoniously with responsible institutions from Europe or America or localized in the land itself. lu. the period between the World Wars the scientific excavation of sites proceeded from the mile to the Euphrates and beyond and reports appeared in books and journals in often bewilder­ ing frequency and volume.Tnen all field work and initial reports ceased with the outbreak of war and has^since not been generally resumed on any comparable scale.Tuis is,of course,to be regretted but it does afford a not unwelcome breathing space in which we may digest the results of field archaeology and the opportunity was seized even in the midst of urgent military duties by the excavator of R«.s Shamra, O.F.-A.Schaeffer> *? whose monumental first volume,!*. Strati- graphie Compareef fct Chronologic d'Aaie Cocidentale,was published in 1948, Not least significant among the discoveries of the last i two decades are the documentary remains especially from Has Snamra where,it may fairly be said,that the bulk of the indigenous literature of Canaan in tne patriarchal age was recovered.H^re again the allurement of the sensational proved strong and the relation of that literature to ........ Scriptural events and personalities has been,we believe,un­ duly emphasized even in works otherwise sober and creditable. Tne time is therefore ripe for a more critical appreciation of those documentary remains which it is hoped here to correlate with other discoveries of the same nature,with the Biblical data and with the material evidence from from the various archaeological fields in the Hear E^st.The latter evidence will be adduced and discussed in our investigation of the races of Palestine"« in the second millennium.Oi the new documantary evidence,particularly that pertaining directly to Syria and Palestine in the patriarchal period such as the Egyptian JtUecratory Texts and the Bas SLamra Tablets, we must now discuss certain outstanding problems so that it may be clearly understood how we intend to control and apply that evidence. At Luxor in 1925 a local antique-dealer offered to H.Sohaf- er of the National Museum of Berlin a collection of >pottery fragments 217 of which were inscribed in an old form of , hieratic and reported to nave come from a tomb West of the ancient «ite of ti^ebes. bonaier bought the pieces which were eventually submitted to the expert examination of Professor Kurt Setne of Berlin. So tne immediately perceived'their significance.A regular formula was used listing various chiefs and their followers according to their localities and characterizing them as rebels to the* authority of the Pharaoh. The sherds were not these already familiar in Aramaic and G-reek from later times which were complete texts in themselves but showed definite traces of having formed part of inscriptions on complete pots which were then ceremonially broken probably with incantation as an act of sympathetic magic directed against the enemies of the Pharaoh, Since the pieces which were thus acquired did not suffice to form complete pots bethe naturally concluded that the fragments were but: a fraction of the total find which would probably be a joint possession of several natives.A search was initiated and in fact 64 more fragments were recovered from the widow of a fellah in TJae-bes.Tiiere was the further i possibility that other fragments had been bought up in Egypt / as Schafer had bought his lot,or others,again,might be lying unidentified in Museums.in Berlin itself 7 such pieces were recovered in the Museum which had lain undisturbed for an indefinite period.Thus 289 pieces were ultimately discovered representing some 100 pots, Oij. these fragments the names of chiefs and localities are mentioned in iigypt itself and in wubia and,most important for our purpose,in Palestine and Southern Syria. Since the chiefs at such places as A^calon and Jerusalem are actually named those texts are first-hand documents for; racial conditions in Palestine and Syria of the period if, as has actually trans­ pired, we may establish linguistic affinity between .the names on the texts and others better known in their context. T question then arises as to the date of the Aechtungstexte as bethe's documents are called. Suthe himself dated them to the lltn Dynasty. in this de­ cision he seems to be influenced not so much by palaeographic and linguistic considerations but rather by tfee general polit­ ical conditions implied. Sucn a method of dating is, of course, inconclusive in itself and is, in fact, but a secondary criterion. The apparent fact that the Pharaoh was limited to this magical means of dealing with his adversaries even in iigypt - a poor substitute for force of arms - suggested to be the the con­ fused period when Jigypt was still suffering from the effects of Asiatic invasion in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium oefore her rehabilitation was complete under the strong Pharaohs o± the Allth Dynasty (2000-17db B.C.) wno made their power effective in Palestine and at least on the coast ot Syria where there are cultural traces of agypt in this period as far north as (Jgarit and as far inland as Qatna a dozen miles o iiast 01 Jioms on the Urontesvuertainly the inability of the Pharaoh to deal more summarily with 'his enemies than by cursing them ceremonially from a distance of a thousand miles does suggest some time other than the zenith of Egyptian 9 power in the AH th Dynasty.
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