Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy CEO, The Cultural Centre of Vijayawada. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy CEO, The Cultural Centre of Vijayawada. Prof. P Narayana Reddy REVA University, Bangalore. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Tourism in India Module Name/Title Dance and Music Tourism in India Module Id IC /TI / 25 Pre requisites Dance and music its importance in India To study about different types and forms of dance Objectives and music Keywords Dance, music, classical, folk, importance E-Text (Quadrant-I): Introduction Dance and music has always been an important part of Indian life and culture. The range of musical and dance phenomena in India extends from simple melodies, folk music to what is one of the most well- developed ‘systems’ of classical dance and music in the world. Music and dance tourism involves an act of visiting a city or town, to see a music festival or other music performances. Music tourism is a lucrative industry for many regions of the world, and it refers to people travelling to a new area in order to attend a music show or concert, or even a larger festival. When people purchase tickets to go to a festival or show, particularly when they will have to travel to see, they are then more likely to spend additional money in the local economy. This chapter examines some of the different types and forms of classical and folk music and dance. Its emergence, origin and popular personalities or practitioners, places of practice and its importance are also discussed in this chapter. Learning outcomes This chapter provides an overview of tourism and its importance. After reading the chapter you will be able to understand the following: What are the different forms of classical, folk music and dance in India? History and development of dance and music Importance of dance and music Role of dance and music in tourism 1.0 Music Traditions of India Dance and music has always been an important part of Indian life. The range of musical phenomenon in India extends from simple melodies to what is one of the most well- developed ‘systems’ of classical music in the world. There are references to various string and wind instruments as well as several kinds of drums and cymbals in the Vedas. Some date the advent of the system of classical Indian music to Amir Khusro. Muslim rulers and noblemen freely extended their patronage to music. In the courts of the Mughal emperors, music is said to have flourished and Tansen was one of the jewels of Akbar's court. The great poet-saints who chose to communicate in the vernacular tongues brought forth a great upheaval in north India and the Bhakti or devotional movements they led, gained many adherents. The lyrics of Surdas, Tulsidas, and most particularly Kabir and Mirabai continue to be immensely popular. By the sixteenth century, the division between North Indian 2 (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic) music was also being more sharply delineated. Classical music, both Hindustani and Carnatic, may be either instrumental or vocal. 1.1 Carnatic Music Carnatic music is considered as one of the oldest classical music systems in the world. It is mainly prevalent in the southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The system of ragas (melodic scales) and talas (rhythmic cycles) are the basis of Carnatic music. It comprises of seven rhythmic cycles and 72 fundamental ragas from which all other ragas are considered to have originated. Tyagaraja Swamikal, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Shastrikal are the three major composers of the 19th century. They have composed thousands of krithis which contributes to the devotional element of Carnatic music. Carnatic music gives much importance to vocal music and hence most compositions are made to be sung.The basic swaras of Carnatic music are "sa-ri-gaa-ma-pa-da-ni" which are abbreviations of the real names Shadjam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishaadam. Various instruments used during Carnatic music presentation are violin, mridangam, tambura, venu, veena, chitraveena and so on. During the years which extent from 1930 to 1960, several Carnatic vocalists of greater skills raised to fame. D. K. Pattammal, M. L. Vasanthakumari and M. S. Subbulakshmi are referred to as the female trinity of Carnatic music. The leading male vocalists of Carnatic music were Muthiah Bhagavathar, Vasudevachar, Chintalapalli Venkata Rao, Asthan Vidwan Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao, Kanchipuram Naina Pillai and so on. 1.2 Hindustani Music Hindustani music is the North Indian style of Indian classical music. This music tradition has originated in Vedic ritual chants which dates back to more than three thousand years ago. Since the 12th century it has undergone changes. The Hindustani music system was born out of a cultural synthesis of the Vedic chant tradition and the ancient Persian tradition of Musiqi-e assil, and various other folk traditions prevalent in the region. When a performer reaches a distinguished level of achievement, titles of respect is awarded, which is “Pandit” for Hindus and “Ustad” for Muslims. Similar to the Carnatic music, śruti (the relative musical pitch), swara (the musical sound of a single note), rāga (the mode or melodic formulæ), and tala (the rhythmic cycles) forms the basic elements of the Hindustani music system. Pandit Bhimsen Joshi is considered as one of the most prominent and legendary Hindustani vocalist. He is well known for the "Khayal", a form of Hindustani classical. Kumar Gandharva is another personality among the most famous classical musicians in India. He always believed in being innovative by trying out his own new styles and never let any kind of Gharana to tie him down from experimenting. 1.3 Indian Fusion Music Fusion is not a very old trend in Indian music. Fusion trend is said to have begun with Ali Akbar Khan's 1955 performance in the United States. Indian fusion music came into being with rock and roll fusions with Indian music in the 1960s and 1970s. But it was limited to Europe and North America. For some time the stage of Indian fusion music was taken by Pandit Ravi Shankar, the Sitar maestro. Pandit Ravi Shankar began fusing Jazz with Indian traditions along with Bud Shank, a jazz musician. Soon the trend was imitated by many popular European and American music exponents. In the year 1965, George Harrison played the song, "Norwegian wood" on the Sitar. Another famous Jazz expert, Miles Davis recorded and performed with the likes of Khalil Bal Krishna, Bihari Sharma and Badal Roy. 1.4 Ghazal Ghazal is a common and popular form of music in India and Pakistan. Strictly speaking, it is not a musical form at all but a poetic recitation. However, today it is commonly conceived as an Urdu song whose prime importance is given to the lyrics. Ghazal traces its roots in 3 classical Arabic poetry. Ghazal grew from the Persian qasida (a verse form that had come to Iran from Arabia around the 10th century A.D).The qasida was usually a eulogy composed in praise of the emperors or their noblemen. Many a times the Qasida often had 100 couplets or more. With the coming of the Muslims, Ghazal got introduced in the 12th century. Thus, Ghazal was imported into India from the 12th to the 18th centuries. Slowly and gradually Ghazal acquired local colour and form. The most notable contributor to Ghazal music in India was the famous poet Amir Khusro. Soon Ghazal came to enjoy widespread popularity among Indian Muslims and rulers for many centuries. 1.5 Folk Music of India India is a land of cultural diversities. Every region in India has its own form of folk music. This rich tradition of folk music is very much alive in not just rural India, but also in some metros. Though one may say that music has acquired a totally different definition with the arrival of pop culture and new age cinema, still there are many who would beg to differ. The realm of traditional folk music in India is very large and it is basically a countryside representation of the urban Indian society. Many people tend to mix up Indian folk music with tribal music. There is a huge difference between the two genres of music. Folk music is very different from classical music . To begin with, it is not taught in the same way as classical music is taught. Classical music usually requires a student devoting their entire life perfecting the forms of this music. Folk music is more like a daily ritual without affecting the daily lives of people. People learn it since their childhood and grow up on these songs. One can always carry on with their daily life routine while listening to or singing folk music. Most of the songs are sung in small village functions like weddings, births etc. Like dance, music also forms part of the tourism entertainment products and government of India and state governments are organizing music festivals to promote tourism. Premamati Music Festival conducted by Andhra Pradesh Tourism is one such example. 1.6 Indian Film Music One of the most popular Indian music forms is film music. Hindi film industry, popularly known as Bollywood, along with Indian regional film industries, produces thousands of films a year, most of which are musicals and feature elaborate song and dance numbers. It is interesting to note that some of the movies become successful only because of their music . Movie soundtracks are released as tapes and CDs much before the movie is released.