Functionalization and Fabrication of Polymer Based Device Platform Architectures for Sensor Applications
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FUNCTIONALIZATION AND FABRICATION OF POLYMER BASED DEVICE PLATFORM ARCHITECTURES FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SANİYE SÖYLEMEZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMISTRY JANUARY 2018 Approval of the thesis: FUNCTIONALIZATION AND FABRICATION OF POLYMER BASED DEVICE PLATFORM ARCHITECTURES FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS submitted by SANİYE SÖYLEMEZ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Cihangir Tanyeli _____________ Head of Department, Chemistry Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare _____________ Supervisor, Chemistry Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ali Çırpan _____________ Chemistry Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare _____________ Chemistry Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Suna Timur _____________ Biochemistry Dept., Ege University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasemin Arslan Udum _____________ Advanced Technologies Dept., Gazi University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Görkem Günbaş _____________ Chemistry Dept., METU Date: 12.01.2018 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Saniye Söylemez Signature : iv ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION AND FABRICATION OF POLYMER BASED DEVICE PLATFORM ARCHITECTURES FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS Söylemez, Saniye PhD, Chemistry Department Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare January 2018, 153 pages In this thesis, two types of sensors: Conjugated polymer based amperometric biosensors and a chemiresistive sensor (polymer/SWCNT) for clinical and food applications were designed, fabricated and characterized. Three chapters in this thesis focused on ethanol, glucose and cholesterol biosensors based on functional polymer/MWCNT composition, different peptide sequence containing polymer, and also copolymer of two different functional monomers, respectively. After successful electrochemical deposition of the polymers on the graphite electrode surfaces, immobilization of alcohol oxidase (AOx), glucose oxidase (GOx) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) were carried out. Since conjugated polymer based biosensors are recognized to be a next generation building architecture for highly sensitive and fast biosensing systems, in this thesis, it is aimed to create new biosensor systems for the quantitative detection of ethanol, glucose and cholesterol which are thought to play an important role to prevent several diseases. To construct a chemiresistive sensor, nanowires (NWs), especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as the basis for chemiresistor research were used. In this work, single walled v carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) due to their excellent conductivity, exceptional aspect ratios, and numerous methods available for functionalization were favored. The first step generates a surface wherein P4VP-SWCNT dispersion was spray-coated and covalently linked to the surface. The P4VP dispersant not only displays a favorable interaction with SWCNTs to stabilize debundled dispersion, but it also allows further modifications on its nucleophilic pyridyl nitrogens with alkyl halides. In the second step, a post-functionalization of P4VP-SWCNT surface via reacting with 2- bromoethanol was implemented. Finally, GOx was immobilized on the modified surface to detect glucose in beverages. As a conclusion, all devices constructed in this thesis present four new examples in biosensing applications that overcome challenges associated with analysis time, selectivity and also requirement of pretreatment of the samples. Sensor performances were also evaluated for each sensor. Additionally, surface features of the sensors and molecules were fully characterized using NMR, SEM, XPS, CV, FT-IR and Raman techniques depending on the type of sensor. To further test the sensing performance, the sensors were tested towards their specific analytes and showed promising feasibility for the quantitative analysis in beverages and human blood samples. Keywords: Surface modifications for sensor applications, detection of glucose and ethanol in beverages, cholesterol detection in human blood samples, conjugated polymer based electrochemical biosensors, chemiresistive glucose sensor vi ÖZ SENSÖR UYGULAMALARI İÇİN POLİMER TABANLI CİHAZ YÜZEYLERİNİN FONKSİYONLANDIRILMASI VE ÜRETİLMESİ Söylemez, Saniye Doktora, Kimya Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare Ocak 2018, 153 sayfa Bu tez çalışmasında iki farklı sensör klinik ve gıda uygulamaları için dizayn edildikten sonra karakterize edilmiştir; iletken polimer bazlı amperometrik biyosensör ve kemirezistif sensör (polimer/SWCNT). Bu tezde üç bölümde sırasıyla fonksiyonlandırılmış polimer/MWCNT komposizyonu, farklı peptit dizilimi içeren polimer ve farklı fonksiyonel gruplara sahip monomerlerden oluşan kopolimer bazlı etanol, glikoz ve kolesterol biyosensörleri oluşturulması üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Grafit elektrot yüzeylere polimerlerin başarılı bir şekilde depozit edilmesinden sonra, alkol oksidaz (AOx), glikoz oksidaz (GOx) ve kolesterol oksidaz (ChOx) immobilizasyonu yapılmıştır. İletken polimer tabanlı biyosensörler son derece hassas ve hızlı olan biyoalgılayıcı sistemler için yeni nesil bir yapı mimarisi olarak tanımlandığı icin, bu tez çalışmasında, birçok hastalığın önlenmesinde önemli bir role sahip olduğu düşünülen etanol, glikoz ve kolesterolün kantitatif olarak tayin edilebilmesi için yeni biyosensor sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. vii Kemirezistif sensörü oluşturmak için, nanoteller (NWs), özellikle karbon nanotüpler (CNTs) kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tek duvarlı karbon nanotüpler (SWCNTs) yüksek iletkenlikleri, olağanüstü en-boy oranı ve fonksiyonlandırılması için birçok metodun var olmasından dolayı kullanılmıştır. İlk stepte P4VP-SWCNT karışımının sprey yöntemi ile kaplandığı ve kovalent olarak tutunduğu bir yüzey oluşturulmuştur. P4VP sadece karışımı stabilize etmek için SWCNT ile iyi bir şekilde etkileşim yapmakla kalmaz aynı zamanda alkil halitlerle nükleofilik piridil nitrojenlerinde modifikasyon yapılmasına olanak sağlamaktadir. İkinci stepte, P4VP-SWCNT yüzeyinin ileri modifikasyonu icin 2-bromoetanol ile fonksiyonlandırılmıştır. Son olarak, içeceklerde glikoz tayini için modifiye edilen yüzeylere GOx immobilize edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu tez çalışmasında oluşturulan tüm cihazlar, numunelerin ön işlem gereksinimi, hassasiyet ve analiz süresi ile ilişkili olarak meydana gelen sıkıntıların üstesinden gelebilecek biyosensör uygulamalarında dört yeni örnek teşkil etmektedir. Sensör performansları herbir sensör için değerlendirilmiştir. Sensörlerin yüzeyleri ve moleküllerin tüm karakterizasyonları sensöre bağlı olarak NMR, SEM, XPS, CV, FT- IR ve Raman tekniklerinin kullanılmasıyla karakterize edilmiştir. Sensör performanslarının ileriki testleri için, sensörlerin onlara spesifik analitlere cevap verdiği ve insan kan örneklerinde ve içeceklerde kantitatif analizleri için umut verici olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Sensör uygulamaları için yüzey modifikasyonları, iletken polimlerler, glikoz ve etanolün içeceklerde tayini, kolesterolün insan kan örneklerinde tayini, iletken polimer tabanlı elektrokimyasal biyosensörler, kemirezistif glikoz sensörü viii To my precious husband, baby and family ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare for his invaluable guidance, support, suggestions and advice for the completion of my thesis and for everything. You have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow up my academic skills and as a research scienctist. Your advice and supports on my research as well as my career have been priceless. I would also like to thank my committee members, Prof. Dr. Suna Timur, Prof. Dr. Ali Çırpan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasemin Arslan Udum and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Görkem Günbaş for serving as my committee members and listening and helping me in many ways with their valuable suggestions and discussions to improve my thesis. Many thanks to Assist. Prof. Dr. Salih Özçubukçu for his valuable collaboration and for synthesis and characterization of the peptides. Many thanks to Prof.Dr. Timothy M. Swager for his valuable contributions, help on chemiresistive sensor construction and also for giving me a great opportunity to work at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a visiting researcher. During my visit to MIT, a patent has been filed that includes biosensors and their applications using this method. I would also like to thank Dr. Bora Yoon for her helps during device preparation methods and also valuable discussions about Raman and FT-IR results related to SWCNT based modified surfaces. Many thanks to Dr. Suchol Savagatrup for his help with the work on sensing setup and a custom Labview program. I would like to special thank Prof. Dr. Suna Timur for her great discussions throughout biosensors and providing me deep knowledge about biochemistry. Many thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasemin Arslan Udum for her helps during electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies. x I want to special thank Fulya Ekiz Kanık not only