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Direct Losses of Birds to Pesticides – Beginnings of a Quantification1

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Direct Losses of Birds to Pesticides – Beginnings of a Quantification1 Direct Losses of Birds to Pesticides – Beginnings of a Quantification1 Pierre Mineau2 ________________________________________ Abstract Recent analyses and modeling of avian pesticide field Brown (1978), birds were amongst the first casualties studies have led to the conclusion that bird kills are recorded in the course of our earliest attempts to regular and frequent in insecticide-treated fields. Un- control pests on a broad scale with chemicals. For fortunately, data are seldom adequate to quantify this example, application of calcium arsenate dust to mortality. Also, mortality is expected to be highly German forests in the mid 1920s resulted in extensive variable in response to varying bird presence in and mortality of Woodlarks (Lullula arborea) and White- around treated fields. Studies reporting kills of birds throats (Sylvia communis). The first comprehensive in cornfields treated with granular formulations of institutional review of agrochemical use in the US – carbofuran provide a good example of the types of otherwise known as the Mrak Commission – con- calculations that are needed to estimate direct bird cluded that "Much of the significant evidence on the losses in farm fields. Several studies provide the worldwide effects of insecticides have been provided means to correct carcass counts for search efficiency by birds.” (Mrak 1969) The main ‘effects’ the authors and scavenging. Based on typical Midwest corn- of this report had in mind was undoubtedly such fields, use of granular carbofuran resulted in an esti- impacts as eggshell thinning from the persistent mated annual mortality rate of 3.0 to 16 songbirds per organochlorine insecticide DDT as well as the ha of treated field, the higher number corresponding extensive contamination and kills of seed eaters and to better field edge habitat. Much larger kills also their predators by cyclodiene insecticides such as occurred where fields bordered non-crop habitat aldrin and dieldrin. The use of persistent and bioac- more suitable for birds. At the peak of its popularity cumulating pesticides such as the organochlorines in the United States, this single product was conser- has now been greatly reduced in most of the world vatively giving rise to an estimated annual loss of 17- but the replacements are not without their impact on 91 million birds in cornfields alone. Granular carbo- birds also. furan formulations continue to be sold and used in most Latin American countries on a wide variety of Two groups of neurotoxic pesticides, the organophos- crops. phorous and carbamate compounds tend to be very acutely toxic to birds and cases of mortality are frequently reported (e.g. Mineau et al. 1999). Ongoing cases of mass mortality and the apparent Key words: agriculture, bird kills, carcass counts, indifference to such mortality has been roundly de- cornfields, Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark, nounced in the popular press (e.g. Williams 1997). pesticides, scavenging. However, it has been difficult to quantify the full extent of this mortality. Pimentel (1992) advanced a figure of a direct pesticide (poisoning) kill of birds in the US of 67 million per year based on the estimate Introduction that 10 percent of exposed birds would be killed. Un- fortunately, whether high or low, this figure is not Birds are extremely mobile, and it is therefore easily defensible. Recent analyses and modeling of difficult to exclude them from areas that have been avian pesticide field studies (Mineau 2002) have led treated with pesticides. Also, birds are opportunistic to the conclusion that bird kills are regular and foragers and several species respond to agricultural frequent in insecticide-treated fields; to arrive at a pests by entering treated areas to gorge themselves on scientifically defensible estimate of the actual the pest species (Kirk et al, 1996). As reviewed by number of bodies will be much more difficult. One __________ reason is the difficulty of finding carcasses because of the high scavenging rates that are the norm in 1 A version of this paper was presented at the Third Interna- farmland (Mineau and Collins 1988). For example, tional Partners in Flight Conference, March 20-24, 2002, Balcomb (1986) found overnight disappearance rates Asilomar Conference Grounds, California. 2National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, of songbirds as high as 92 percent in Maryland Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. cornfields. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 2005 1065 Birds and Pesticides - Mineau Also, it is exceedingly difficult to define an average and colleagues were done on a scale and intensity agricultural field and quantify the bird presence (and that allow for a better quantification of the mortality. hence, possible impact) in such a field at the time of Because mortality from carbofuran is reasonably pesticide application. In some cases, the extent of quick, it is probably easier to detect mortality with bird mortality is defined not so much by the pesticide this product than with some of its competitors. table as it is by the number of birds present to be killed. 1 provides details of the study designs and carcass This will be apparent in the example provided below searching protocols. Searching for carcasses pre- and – that of granular formulations of carbofuran, specifi- post-treatment is the traditional method used to cally the silica-based formulations formerly used at quantify mortality. In the studies presented, virtually planting in corn, potatoes and a number of other all the documented mortality could be ascribed to crops. The use in corn specifically has been thor- treatment, as deduced from the following lines of oughly studied and, because it became part of a US evidence: special review, the information is in the public 1. a virtual absence of carcasses pre-treatment domain and available from the US EPA (Environ- despite very intensive searches of the fields; mental Protection Agency) docket office, or obtain- 2. very low levels of mortality on 'control' plots able through the provisions of the Freedom of and indications that virtually all of this Information Act. These studies were reviewed in 'control' mortality consisted of birds moving earlier publications (e.g. Mineau 1988, 1993, US in from treated plots before dying; EPA 1989) but this is the first attempt to make them 3. chemical and/or biochemical diagnosis of a fully quantitative by correcting the figures for number of carcasses still suitable for analysis; scavenging losses and search efficiency. and 4. obvious signs of intoxication in several birds. The three studies as a group are probably a fair Case Study: Estimating Numbers of representation of typical spring corn planting in the Birds Killed by Granular Carbofuran US and of the hazards this type of pesticide treatment at Seeding in Corn poses to birds. One possible exception is the Iowa The following case study is used to highlight a study where granule spills at row ends and through- ‘worst-case’ impact of pesticides on birds in an out the field area were covered manually by observ- agricultural setting. Carbofuran is especially toxic to ers on foot in an effort to reduce exposure to birds. birds, and its formulation on silica particles (ideal grit Although this is not standard agricultural practice, it material) ensured ample exposure to birds (Mineau probably had minimal effect on the study outcome. 1993). Fortunately, most uses of granular carbofuran Regardless of the rate and exact method of applica- formulations have now been discontinued in the US tion, there is always a surplus of granules left on the and no granular formulations of this pesticide are per- soil surface available to kill birds (Mineau 1993) and mitted in Canada. However, they remain registered a single carbofuran granule is generally lethal to a on a large variety of crops in most of Latin America songbird (Balcomb et al, 1984). The different study where they continue to place our migratory birds at designs provide us with different measures that can risk. A recent (June 2002) emergency exemption for be used to estimate true mortality rates for both the 10,000 acres of rice in Louisiana and subsequent field centers and field perimeters (table 2). The latter revocation about a month later shows that the pros typically receive much more bird visitation than field and cons of this chemical continue to be the subject centers (Best et al, 1990). For most species inhabiting of debate. In addition, there are other granular pesti- farmland, visits into the field are generally from one cides, although perhaps slightly less toxic, which of the field edges. It is therefore most logical to have similar albeit slower acting effects on birds in quantify the kill rates of some species on the basis of agricultural settings. field edge rather than field area. This is in sharp contrast to a few species such as the Horned Lark Available Studies (Eremophila alpestris) which shuns edges and is found at similar density throughout the field. This There are few pesticide use patterns whose effects on species was therefore quantified on the basis of field birds have been characterized as thoroughly as area. Other edge-aversive species such as the Killdeer granular carbofuran in corn. Studies were carried out (Charadrius vociferus) or Eastern Meadowlark in Utah (Booth et al. 1983) as well as in Iowa and (Sturnella magna) were not found in sufficient Illinois (Booth et al. 1986). Other studies (e.g. numbers to warrant separate treatment, as was the Balcomb et al. 1984, Stinson 1991) provide addi- case for the Horned Lark. tional supporting evidence but the studies by Booth USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. 2005 1066 Birds and Pesticides - Mineau Table 1— Carcass search protocol. Risk of Average Search Duration of search post- Number of State exposurea field size effort Search method application searches Iowab lower than 20.7 ha high lines of searchers 45 days 18-20 per average – entire crop area field Illinoisc average 11.5 ha high same 45 days 18-20-field Utahd higher than 17.1 ha very same 69 days daily average high aRisk of exposure based on application rate and method.
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