The Role of Education in Teaching Norms and Values
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Durham E-Theses The role of education in teaching Dutch norms and values to adult newcomers: an analysis of integration policy in the Netherlands, with emphasis on the city of Rotterdam Koehler, Maryan How to cite: Koehler, Maryan (2006) The role of education in teaching Dutch norms and values to adult newcomers: an analysis of integration policy in the Netherlands, with emphasis on the city of Rotterdam, Durham theses, Durham University. 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Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The role of education on teaching Dutch norms and values to adult newcomers: an analysis of integration policy in the Netherlands, with emphasis on the city of Rotterdam Maryan Koehler Degree of Doctor of Education University of Durham School of Education 2006 Tho copyright of this thesis rests with tho author or tho unlvorolty to which It was submitted. No quotation from It, or Information derived from It may be published without tho prior written consent of the author or university, and any Information derived from It should be acknowledged. 1 8 APR 2007 Abstract This thesis examines the current debate in the Netherlands on norms and values. Specifically, it addresses the question of whether norms and values can be described, and if so, whether policy reveals the way that education plays a role in their acquisition by adult newcomers. The data collected consist of national and local (city of Rotterdam) integration policy, and in addition, interviews with politicians, policy analysts, and academics involved in the integration process. The analysis of policy and interviews was conducted using a grounded theory approach. The data revealed that the assimilation of Dutch norms and values is considered essential to the integration process, even though defining a Dutch norm and value is difficult, and contradictions and ironies appear when a norm or value is practiced. The data also revealed that 'education' is regarded as one of the most important means by which adult newcomers assimilate into Dutch norms and values. The conclusions based on these findings have several implications for education, some of which are: assimilation does not allow education to explore the complexity or abstractness of Dutch norms and values; provisions in policy regarding sanctions make education an instrument of enforcement and coercion; other policy provisions make education an instrument of exclusion rather then inclusion. 2 Table of contents 1 Introduction 10 11.1 Background to the research 10 1.2 Research problems and issues 12 1.3 Justification for the research 13 1.4 Methodology 19 1.5 Outline of the thesis 20 1.6 Definitions 21 1.7 Limitations 23 1.8 Conclusions 27 2 Literature Analysis 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Policy 29 2.2.1 Policy - integration policy 30 2.3 Integration 31 2.3.1 Integration - attempts to define 32 2.3.2 Integration - to what degree assimilation 33 2.3.3 Dimensions of integration 35 2.3.4 Integration - multiculturalism 36 2.3.4a Culture in multiculturalism 37 2.3.4b Multiculturalism - debate issues 38 2.3.4c Multiculturalism and integration today 39 2.4 Norms and values 42 2.4.1 Norms and values- define 42 2.4.2 Norms and values- social cohesion 44 2.4.3 Norms and values- assimilation 45 2.4.4 Norms and values- autonomy and toleration 46 2.4.4a Toleration 48 2.4.5 Islam so 2.5 The city as site of research 52 2.6 Social cohesion 53 2.6.1 Social cohesion - integration 54 2.6.2 Social cohesion - welfare - integration 55 2.6.3 Social cohesion - globalization - integration 56 2.6.4 Social cohesion - the nation state - integration 57 2.7 Education 60 2.7.1 Education - autonomy 61 2.7.2 Education - autonomy - norms and values 62 2.8 Conclusion 64 2.8.1 Chapter summary 65 3 3 Methodology 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Justification of methodology 67 3.2.1 Personal experience 68 3.2.2 Local/European interest 68 3.2.3 Lack of previous research 69 3.2.4 Research and the qualitative/hermeneutic method 69 3.2.5 Research and grounded theory 71 3.3 Judging the research 73 3.3.1 The semi-structured interview 73 3.3.2 Bias 74 3.3.3 Bias and the interview 75 3.3.4 Dependability 76 3.3.5 Credibility 77 3.3.6 Transferability/generalisability 78 3.4 Administrative procedures 79 3.4.1 Administrative procedures - Interview 79 3.4.2 Administration of procedures - Document Analysis 82 3.5 Limitations of the methodology 84 3.6 Ethical issues 85 3.7 Conclusion 85 4 Part One - Analysis of Data 86 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Part One - Analysis of National Integration Policy 88 4.2.1 National Policy- Provenance 88 4.2.2 Norms and values- importance of 90 4.2.3 Norms and values- define 91 4.2.4 Norms and values- integration 92 4.3 Dutch norms and values 93 4.3.1 Separation of church and state/freedom of religion 94 4.3.2 Freedom of speech 95 4.3.3 Employment 96 4.3.4 The welfare state 97 4.3.5 Self-sufficiency- autonomy- individualism 98 4.3.5a Individualism/communalism 100 4.3.6 Diversity vs. assimilation 101 4.3.7 Social Cohesion 103 4.3.8 Sanctions and enforcement 104 4.3.9 Policy Evaluation 105 4.4 Summary 105 4.5 Education 107 4 4.6 Part One (con't) Analysis of Local integration policy 112 4.6.1 Provenance 112 4.6.2 Norms and Values -Importance of 114 4.6.3 Norms and Values- Define 114 4.6.4 Norms and values- Integration 115 4.7 Dutch norms and values 117 4.7.1 Employment 117 4.7.2 The welfare state 118 4.7.3 Self-sufficiency - individualism vs. collectivism 118 4.7.4 rnft~~ 1w 4.7.5 Social cohesion 121 4.7.6 Islam 122 4.7.6a Islam- emancipation of women 123 4.7.7 Assimilation 124 4.7.8 Integration policy 125 4.7.8a Sanctions and enforcement 127 4.8 Summary 127 4.9 Education 130 4.10 Summary Chapter Four - Part One 132 4.11 Part Two - Analysis of Interviews 133 4.11.1 Provenance 133 4.11.2 Norms and values- importance of 134 4.11.3 Norms and values- defined 135 4.11.4 Norms and values- impact of debate 136 4.11.5 Norms and Values- integration 140 4.12 Dutch norms and values 142 4.12.1 Separation of church and state 142 4.12.1a Secular society- Freedom of religion 143 4.12.2 Freedom of speech 145 4.12.3 Employment 147 4.12.4 Welfare State 149 4.12.5 Self-sufficiency, autonomy, individualism 151 4.12.6 Sanctions and enforcement 153 4.12.7 D~~~ 1~ 4.12.8 Progressive Society 158 4.12.8a Emancipation of women-equality men/women 159 4.12.8b Freedom of sexual orientation 162 4.12.9 Social cohesion 162 4.12.9a Social cohesion- globalization 163 4.12.9b Social cohesion- safety and liveability 164 4.12.9c Social cohesion - Islam 165 4.12.10 Integration Policy 166 4.12.10a Policy- Assimilation or pluralism/multiculturalism 166 5 4.12.10b Policy evaluation 169 4.13 Summary 171 4.14 Education 173 4.14.1 The value of being educated 173 4.14.2 The role of education - teaching norms and values 174 4.14.2a The role of education - to promote self-sufficiency in a market economy 176 4.14.2b The role of education - to promote social cohesion 178 4.14.2c The role of education - to promote employment 179 4.15 Summary/conclusion 181 5 Conclusions and implications 183 5.1 Introduction 183 5.2 Summary of findings 184 5.2.1 Policy 184 5.2.2 Integration 185 5.2.2a Integration - assimilation 186 5.2.3 Norms and values 187 5.2.4 City as a cite of research 188 5.2.5 Social cohesion 189 5.2.6 Education 190 5.3 Specific norms and values 193 5.3.1 Separation of church and state - freedom of religion 193 5.3.2 Freedom of speech 193 5.3.3 Employment 194 5.3.4 Welfare 194 5.3.5 Self-sufficiency- responsibility- individualism 195 5.3.6 Diversity 196 5.3.7 Progressive society 197 5.3.8 Enforcement and sanctions 198 5.4 Conclusions - main elements of the research question 199 5.4.1 Policy 199 5.4.2 Assimilation - integration 199 5.4.3 Norms and values 200 5.4.4 City as a cite of research 200 5.4.5 Social cohesion 201 5.5 Conclusions norms and values 202 5.5.1 Separation of church and state - freedom of religion 202 5.5.2 Freedom of speech 202 5.5.3 Employment- welfare 203 5.5.4 Self-sufficiency- individualism 203 5.5.5 Diversity 204 5.5.6 Progressive society 205 5.5.7 Sanctions and enforcement 206 5.6 Education 207 6 5.6.1 Education - hidden messages and goals 208 5.7 Implications for future research 210 5.8 Personal reflection on research 212 Bibliography 214 Bibliography National Policy 226 Bibliography Local Policy 227 Appendices Appendix I Integration Policy Delays 229 Appendix II Dates of Interviews 230 Appendix III Participant Information Sheet/Consent Form 231 Appendix IV Sample Interview Sheet 234 Appendix V Integration Exam - 235 Sanctions and Personal Responsibility Appendix VI Information on Integration Exam 236 Appendix VII Debate Schedule 238 Appendix VIII Transcript of Sample Interview 241 7 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and use of material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged.