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Province-Centre Relations in Pakistan: a Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977)

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Province-Centre Relations in Pakistan: a Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977) Province-Centre Relations in Pakistan: A Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY By Abdul Basit Mujahid Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2018 Province-Centre Relations in Pakistan: A Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY By Abdul Basit Mujahid Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2018 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2018 Author’s Declaration I Abdul Basit Mujahid hereby state that my PhD thesis titled Province-Centre Relations: A Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977) is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University (Quaid-i-Azam University) or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Abdul Basit Mujahid Date: Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Province-Centre Relations in Pakistan: A Case Study of Balochistan (1972-1977)” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student /Author Signature:______________ Name: Abdul Basit Mujahid CONTENTS List of Contents List of Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One Historical Background...............................................................................................18 Chapter Two Balochistan-Centre Relations: Resistance Movements, 1947-1972..........................75 Chapter Three Balochistan-Centre Relations, Theory and Practice, 1972-1977…………………….123 Chapter Four Balochistan-Centre Relations: Insurgency & its Counter, 1972-1977.......................189 Chapter Five Balochistan-Centre Relations: Elections 1977..........................................................242 Conclusion................................................................................................................302 Bibliography.............................................................................................................313 Appendices................................................................................................................324 ABBREVATIONS AGG Agent to Governor General AIML All-India Muslim League AL Awami League AIR All India Radio AW Anjuman-i-Watan BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BDM Balochistan Dehi Muhafiz BELF Balochistan Exile Liberation Front BPLF Baluch People’s Liberation Front BRDF Balochistan Revolutionary Democratic Front BPC Basic Principle Committee BSU Balochistan State Union CARs Central Asian Republics CEC Chief Election Commissioner COAS Chief of Army Staff CONML Convention Muslim League CM Chief Minister CML Council Muslim DC Deputy Commissioners DPR Defence of Pakistan Rules FSF Federal Security Force GG Governor General HQ Head Quarter INC Indian National Congress JI Jammat-i-Islami JSMM Jiye Sindh Mutahda Mahaz JUP Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan JUI Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam JUP Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti KSNP Kalat State National Party KT Khaksar Tehreek LFO Legal Frame Work Order MC Muslim Conference ML Muslim League ML (P) Muslim League (Pagara Group) NAP National Awami Party NDF National Democratic Front NDP National Democratic Party NWFP North West Frontier Province NFC National Finance Commission NPT National Press Trust OIC Organization of Islamic Conference PBUH Peace be Upon Him PDP Pakistan Democratic Party PFAR Popular Front for Armed Resistance PFUJ Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization PkMAP Pashtoonkhwa Milli Awami Party PM Prime Minister PNA Pakistan National Alliance PNP Pakistan National Party PPP Pakistan People’s Party PRODA Public Representatives and Offices Disqualification Act QML Qayyum Muslim League RTC Round Table Conferences PkNAP Pashtoonkhwa National Awami Party TI Tehrik-i-Istiqlal UNO United Nations Organization UDF United Democratic Front USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics US United States GLOSSORY Anjuman-i-Ittihad-i-Baloch wa Balochistan Organization of the people and province of Balochistan province of Balochistan Baloch Tanzeem Baloch Organization Bigar Forced Labour Darul Awam Lower House Darul Umara Upper House Dasta-i-Khas Special Bodyguards Dastur Constitution Dastur ul Amal Manifesto Dehi Mahafiz Rural Security Guards Dharti Ka Lal Son of Soil Diwan Parliament Fasad-fi-Sabilillah Anarchy in the name of God Gaddi Nasheens Spiritual Seat-holder Jirgah Tribal House of Elders Lashkar Army Lathi Goli ki Sarkar nahi chale gi nahi chale gi The Government of tyranny would not continue not continue Masajid Plural of Masjid (Prayer Place of Muslims) Muslims) Meri Kursi Mazboot hai My office is Strong Mullah Religious Leader Sunnah System of Sharia originated by the Prophet (Peace be upon him) Prophet (Peace be upon him) Raj Rule Rawaj Custom/ Culture Razi-Allah Anhu May God be pleased with him Roti, Kapra aur Makan Bread, Clothing and Shelter Shah se ziyada Shah ka wafadar’ More faithful to the King than King himself himself Shahi Jirga Official House of Elders Shalwar Traditional trouser Sarig a Baloch scarf for woman Sunnah Practice of Prophet (Peace be upon him) him) Warna Waninda Educated Youth Zanjeer Chain ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am highly indebted to Dr. Javed Haider Syed, Professor and Chairman Department of History University of Gujrat, under whose kind guidance and supervision this doctoral dissertation has been finalized. His fatherly attitude, whole hearted support and continuous encouragement were vital for its completion. Without his scholarly feedback and precious suggestion it would not have been possible to achieve the task. I am also thankful to all the faculty members in the Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, particularly, Dr. Tanveer Anjum for their encouragement and help. The staff at the Department has always been helpful in the research hazards. I am grateful to Prof. Dr Samina Awan, Chairperson, Department of History, Allama Iqbal Open University for facilitating and sparing during the research period. I am also thankful to my colleagues particularly Dr Kishwar Sultana, Dr Kausar Parveen, Fozia Umar and Sadia Aziz and staff of my department especially Late Farooq Qadir, Tahir Aziz and Raja Rabnawaz. I would like to pay my gratitude to the Staff of the Seminar Library, Department of History, National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations and DRSM Library, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad. I would also like to express my gratefulness to the staff of Central Library of Allama Iqbal Open University, Institute of Policy Studies, National Archives of Pakistan, National Documentation Centre, Election Commission of Pakistan, National Assembly of Pakistan, National Library of Pakistan, Central Library, International Islamic University and Reference Cell of Press Information Department, Islamabad. I also owe gratitude to the staff of the Department of History and Central Library University of the Punjab, Research Society of Pakistan, Punjab Public Library Lahore, Balochistan Archives, Quetta. I also owe my gratitude to the staff of Central Library, University of Balochistan, Quetta. I also wish to acknowledge with thanks the help numerous scholars and intellectual who shared their insight and experience with me during my research; Dr. M. Rafique Afzal, Late Prof. Dr. Inam-ul-Haq Kausar, Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir, Dr. Munir Gichki, Dr. Abdul Malik Baloch, Late Chakar Khan Rind, Fazila Aalyani, Late Nawabzada Talal Bugti, Amanullah Shadezai, Dr. Abdul Malik Kansi, Late Syed Fasih Iqbal and Jamal Shah Kakar. I am deeply indebted to all my friends and well wishers who were a constant source of encouragement throughout my work particularly Dr. Syed Akmal Hussain Shah, Dr. Syed Tahir Hussain Bukhari, Dr. Hassan Raza, Dr. Abdul Aziz Sahir and Dr. Malik Tauqeer Ahmad Khan. My all achievements in life would not have been possible without the prayers and spiritual guidance of my father, Noor Muhammad (Late), and my mother (Late). My wife also deserves special thanks as she spared me to concentrate on my work while she needed my attention the most. I am also grateful to my brothers and sisters for their constant encouragement and good wishes and most particularly to my mentor and torch- bearer Abdul Wadood Alvi (Late). INTRODUCTION
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