A Case Study of the Polokwane Local Municipality in the Limpopo Province
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PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF SANITATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE POLOKWANE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE LIMPOPO PROVINCE by MAPHOSA EDIE MINI-DISSERTATION submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in the FACULTY OF Management and Law at (Turfloop Graduate School of Leadership) at the UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR F.G. NETSWERA MARCH 2017 i 128 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that the PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF SANITATION: A case of the Polokwane Local Municipality (min-dissertation) hereby submitted to the University of Limpopo, for the degree of Master of Public Administration has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university; that is my own work in design and in execution, and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. MAPAHOSA E (Mr) 15/03/2017 Surname, Initials (title) Date ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my lovely wife, Mokgadi Ophillia Maponya, my wonderful sons, Kulani and the late Hlulani Maphosa and my parents, D.M. Maphosa and T.J. Maphosa. “To God be the glory forever” iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been through the power of the heavenly God, the Almighty, that I was able to undertake this study. I want to thank the following persons for their respective contributions to this dissertation: A special thank you to my supervisor, Prof. F.G. Netswera, for his guidance, support and encouragement; he has been patient with me throughout this study. A special thank you once more to Prof. G., Makombe for being there for me during the time of need, by sacrificing his leisure and family time. My wife, Ms. M.O. Maponya, for her unconditional love, support and encouragement. My son, Khensani Kulani Maphosa for his support and understanding. My colleagues in the Department of Home Affairs in the Limpopo Province especially my Provincial Manager, Ms. N. F. Motsitsi and the District Manager in Mopani Ms. S. D. Ntukwana for their support and guidance. My fellow 2015 students especially Mr. P. A. P. Mabotha and Prof. K. A. Mothibi for their encouragement and support when the road seems thin for me and hills seem unclimbable. Special thanks to my father Mr. T. J. Maphosa, my mother Ms. D. M. Maphosa, my two sisters Ms. L. Maphosa and Ms. D. Maphosa, my brother Mr. N. Maphosa, Mr. M. H. Phakula and to Mr Magoro “Goros”, Mr. A. C. Mangaka for their support and encouragement. The community of Ga-Makanye village, Mankweng Township and Westernburg for taking time off their busy schedules and to participate in the study; and Revd. Dr. Lutz Ackermann for editing the manuscript. iv ACRONYMS NWQNM National Water Quality Monitoring Network UN United Nations MSW Municipal Solid Waste WtE Waste- to-energy INVEST Integrated Valuation of Environmental Service and Trade offs MDGS Sanitation and the Millennium Development Goals WHO World Health Organisation NEMAQA National Environmental Management and Air Quality Act UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP15 Fifteenth Conference of the Parties ANC African National Congress WB World Bank DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry MIG Municipal Infrastructure Grant EWS EThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit VIP Ventilated Pit Latrines MSA Municipal Structure Act STATSSA Statistics of South Africa IDP Integrated Development Plan RSA Republic of South Africa GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution WSA Water Service Act v ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to explore public perception on how sanitation has effects on the environment in the Polokwane Local Municipality. Quantitative, analytical research was conducted to determine community perceptions regarding the state of sanitation in Polokwane, that is to establish the perception of the effectiveness of the waste and refuse removal programme and to determine the extent of land pollution in the Polokwane Local Municipality. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires in which community members participated in the study. The total number of respondents, who were community members sampled randomly, was N = 136. The study has highlighted the areas of potential on perceptions of the community regarding the state of sanitation in Polokwane and the relationship of the perception, sanitation practices, the effectiveness of the waste and refuse removal programme and the extent of land pollution in Polokwane and settlement type. The findings of the research study include the following: . The study reveals that the Polokwane Local Municipality does not provide adequate sanitation throughout the municipality especially in the rural settlements; . The results reveal that the Polokwane Local Municipality still has a long way in the prevention and control of land pollution and river streams; . The study further finds that there is no frequent waste removal in the municipality especially in the suburban and rural settlement; . Furthermore, results reveal that there is no adequate hygiene education provision in the Polokwane Local Municipality. In conclusion, it is evident that the Polokwane Local Municipality experiences challenges of the provision of sanitation to the communities especially those who live in rural settlements. In the 21st century and two decades after democracy in South Africa, the residents of Polokwane still experiences sanitation challenges that were promised to be addressed in the dawn of democracy in 1994. Those challenges are land pollution, infrequent waste removal, illegal waste dumping, air and land pollution, river and stream pollution, inadequate hygiene education, inadequate sanitation provision in the rural settlement, lack of waste sorting options. The study recommends that the Polokwane local Municipality should provide adequate sanitation services in rural settlement. It should further develop measures to prevent environmental pollution and to foster communities to have a litter-free environment. The study further recommends that the municipality should have a frequent waste removal programme throughout the municipality even in the rural settlement and suburban areas. The municipality should prioritise community awareness campaigns to educate community members about the negative impact of littering. It is further recommended that, in addition to public awareness against littering, rubbish bins should be made available at all public places and street corners. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ACRONYMS iv ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE AND MOTIVATION OF STUDY 4 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 5 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION 6 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7 1.6.1 Research design and rationale 7 1.6.2 Population and sample 8 1.6.3 Sampling method 8 1.6.4 Data collection 8 1.6.5 Data analysis 8 1.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 1.4 DISSERTATION OUTLINE 9 1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 10 1.10 CONCLUSION 11 CHAPTER 2 12 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 INTRODUCTION 12 2.2 SANITATION RELATED LEGISLATION 12 2.2.1. The Constitution of South Africa, 1996 13 2.2.2 White Paper on Transforming Public Service, 1995 15 2.2.3 Water Service Act, 1997 16 2.2.4 The White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 16 2.2.5 The White Paper on Basic Household Sanitation and Draft White Paper on Water Service, 2001 17 2.3 THE GLOBAL OVERVIEW ON SANITATION 18 2.3.1 Sanitation defined by different countries 19 2.3.2 A new approach to modelling the sediment 19 2.3.3 Central sorting and recovery of municipal sorting of waste 20 2.3.4 Challenges with Municipal Solid Waste 21 2.3.5 Differences in waste generation 21 2.3.6 Sanitation and the Millennium Development Goals 22 2.3.7 Water and sanitation in schools 22 2.3.8 A framework of food waste collection and recycling 23 2.3.9 Diversity approaches in water and sanitation 24 2.4 THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW ON SANITATION 25 2.4.1 Managing plastic waste in East Africa 25 2.4.2 The policy problem in the Global South 25 2.4.3 The perception and practice of hygiene 26 2.4.4 The efficiency and social citizenship 26 2.4.5 A Cholera: A continuous epidemic in Africa 27 2.4.6 The environment and sanitation in Africa 27 2.4.7 The World Bank structural adjustments 27 2.4.8 Fifteenth Conference of the parties (COP15) 28 2.5 The South African overview on sanitation 29 2.5.1 Colonialism and Apartheid System 29 2.5.2 Civil society and sanitation hydro-politics 30 2.5.3 The industrial legacy in South Africa 31 2.5.4 Environmental health in South Africa 31 2.5.5 The World Summit on Sustainable Development 32 2.5.6 Health promotion and disease prevention 32 2.5.7 Theorising South African foreign policy 33 2.5.8 South Africa and Global environmental politics 33 2.5.9 The provision of water and sanitation in South Africa 34 2.5.10 The population growth versus sanitation 35 2.5.11 Water and sanitation policies 36 2.5.12 The attitudes and perceptions in Local Government 37 2.5.13 Growth, Economic and Redistribution policy 37 2.6 The challenges pertaining sanitation at municipal level 38 2.6.1 The role and responsibilities of stakeholders 38 2.6.2 The municipal planning processes 38 2.6.3 The personal behaviour and hygiene practices 39 2.6.4 The low cost housing settlements and sanitation 39 2.6.5 Low socioeconomic state of communities 40 2.6.6 The unavailability of resources for supplementary Financing 40 2.6.7 The allocation of sanitation services 41 2.6.8 Public-Private Partnership capacity on sanitation In South Africa 42 2.6.9 Unequal distribution of sanitation services in the Communities 42 2.7 CONCLUSION 43 CHAPTER THREE 45 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Research approach 45 3.3 Research design 46 3.4 Research methodologies 46 3.4.1 Study area 47 3.4.2 Population 47 3.4.3 Sampling 48 3.4.4 Data collection methods 49 3.4.5 Data capturing and analysis 50 3.4.6 Validity and reliability 50 3.5 Research ethics 51 3.6 Limitation of the study 51 3.7 Conclusion 52 CHAPTER 4 53 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Demographical information 53 4.2.1.