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Comparison Between Chironomid-Inferred July Temperatures and Meteorological Data AD 1850–2001 from Varved Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland

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Comparison Between Chironomid-Inferred July Temperatures and Meteorological Data AD 1850–2001 from Varved Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library J Paleolimnol (2009) 41:329–342 DOI 10.1007/s10933-008-9228-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Comparison between chironomid-inferred July temperatures and meteorological data AD 1850–2001 from varved Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland Isabelle Larocque Æ Martin Grosjean Æ Oliver Heiri Æ Christian Bigler Æ Alex Blass Received: 14 November 2007 / Accepted: 24 May 2008 / Published online: 25 June 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Inferred temperatures from chironomids compared with a 2-year running mean in the meteo- preserved in the varved sediment of Lake Silvaplana in rological data, 94% of the inferences had differences the Eastern Swiss Alps were compared with instru- with the instrumental data below the RMSEP, indicat- mental data obtained from a meteorological station in ing that more than half of the inaccurate inferences may Sils-Maria, on the shore of Lake Silvaplana, for the have been due to errors in varve counting. Larger time interval 1850–2001. At near-annual resolution, deviations from the instrumental data were also the general patterns of chironomid-inferred tempera- obtained from samples with low percentages of fossil ture changes followed the meteorological record over taxa represented in the training set used for temperature the last *150 years (rPearson = 0.65, P = 0.01) and reconstruction and/or assemblages with poor fit to 87% of the inferences had deviations from the instru- temperature. Changes in total phosphorus (TP, as mental data below the root-mean-square error of inferred by diatoms) and/or greater precipitation were prediction (RMSEP). When the inferences were possible factors affecting the accuracy of the temper- ature reconstruction. Although these factors might affect the quantitative estimates, obtaining [80% I. Larocque (&) Á M. Grosjean accurate temperature inferences suggests that chiron- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research and omid analysis is a reliable tool for reconstructing mean Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Erlachstrasse July air temperature quantitatively over the last 9A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] *150 years in Lake Silvaplana. I. Larocque Keywords Non-biting midges Á Meteorological INRS-ETE, 490 De La Couronne, Quebec, QC, Canada data Á Numerical methods Á Dating errors Á G1K 9A9 Climate change O. Heiri Palaeoecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, Introduction 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands C. Bigler Chironomids are winged insects in their adult form Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, and pass through four larval stages that thrive in 901 87 Umea, Sweden various aquatic environments (e.g. ponds, bogs, lakes, A. Blass rivers). The head capsule of the chironomid larvae is Sonnenbergstrasse 45, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland made of chitin, a substance resistant to degradation, 123 330 J Paleolimnol (2009) 41:329–342 thus allowing the larval exoskeletons to be preserved based inferences. This specific setting allows us to in lake sediments. Because both the winged insect test the hypothesis that chironomids can adequately and the larval stages are influenced by temperature reconstruct temperature at very high (near-annual) (air and water, respectively), they have the potential resolution. Previous studies have demonstrated the to be used for reconstructing temperature quantita- sensitivity of this lake-sediment record to climate tively. Numerous transfer functions have been change and human impact (Blass et al. 2007a, b; developed to reconstruct both water (e.g. Walker Ohlendorf et al. 1997). This second validation of et al. 1997) and air temperature (e.g. Brooks and chironomid-based inferences with meteorological Birks 2000a; Heiri et al. 2003; Larocque et al. 2001, measurements, in another geographic area than the 2006; Larocque and Bigler 2004; Olander et al. previously published results from North Sweden and 1999). These transfer functions (i.e. calibration in at high temporal resolution, should demonstrate that space) have been successfully applied to reconstruct chironomids can provide adequate estimates of mean Late-glacial and Holocene climatic changes (e.g. July air temperature through time, or point towards Brooks and Birks 2000b; Caseldine et al. 2003; Heiri potential problems associated with the approach. and Millet 2005; Langdon et al. 2004, Larocque and Hall 2004; Palmer et al. 2002), although the Holo- cene epoch sometimes poses problems due to the Study site absence of modern analogues, or factors other than climate having a stronger effect on chironomid Regional setting assemblages, leading to inaccurate temperature infer- ences (Brooks 2006; Velle et al. 2005a, b). Critical Lake Silvaplana (46°2605600 N, 9°4703300 E; 1,791 m reviews of the use of chironomids for temperature a.s.l.) is located in the Engadine, a high-elevation reconstruction in Europe and in North America can valley in the eastern Swiss Alps (Fig. 1). This valley be found in Brooks (2006) and Walker and Cwynar has four connected lakes: Lake Sils, Lake Silvaplana, (2006). These reviews clearly indicate that the Lake Champfe`r and Lake St. Moritz. The lakes are method has had successes and failures. surrounded by mountains reaching ca. 4,000 m a.s.l. Even though chironomids have been successfully Clastic sedimentation is dominant in the upper lakes applied as temperature indicators for Late-glacial and (Lake Sils, Silvaplana and Champfe`r) (Ariztegui et al. Holocene times, very few attempts have been made to 1996). The climate in the Engadine is more continental compare inferences with meteorological observations and drier than in the Swiss Plateau. Maximum during the past few centuries. A first validation of the temperatures are recorded in July (10.8°C) and the transfer function technique showed that chironomid- minima occur in January (-7.8°C). Maximum precip- inferred temperatures compare reasonably well to itation (121 mm) is in August while the minimum is meteorological data over the last century in northern usually registered in February (42 mm). The total Sweden (Larocque and Hall 2003). Although these amount of precipitation is 978 mm per year (Meteo- results were promising, other validations are required Schweiz (http://www.meteoschweiz.ch)). The to support the idea that chironomids can be used to bedrock in this region consists of granite and gneiss, infer climate effectively, and these validations should with local carbonate outcrops (Ohlendorf 1998). The be made in a wide range of lake types and regions. dominant trees are Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) Here, another attempt at validation is made in Lake and larch (Larix decidua), but spruce (Picea abies) and 2 Silvaplana, a large (2.7 km ), deep (Zmax =77m) green alder (Alnus viridis) are also present (Gobet et al. lake with varved sediments, located in the eastern 2003). The tree-line is located at ca. 2,200 m a.s.l. Swiss Alps. Although minor errors in dating can be introduced during varve counting, the possibility of Study lake comparing inferences at near-annual resolution is unique. This lake is also well suited for such a Lake Silvaplana is 3.1 km long and 1.4 km wide. The comparison since a meteorological station is located total surface area is 2.7 km2 (Bosli-Pavoni 1971). Its on its shore, which permits direct comparison average depth is 48 m with the deepest part reaching between the instrumental data and the chironomid- 77 m. Its water volume is 0.14 km3 and the residence 123 J Paleolimnol (2009) 41:329–342 331 Fig. 1 Location map of Lake Silvaplana and nearby Freeze cores Lake Sils, connecting rivers Short-core positions and glaciers. The Sediment trap meteorological and Catchment area hydrological stations are (excluding the catchment of Lake Sils) indicated by squares. The Glaciers (Maisch, 1992) large gray circles are the Light grey 1850 extensions two villages: Silvaplana and Dark grey extensions 1991 Sils-Maria. Various sediment cores were Valhun river extracted from Lake Silvaplana (indicated by small dots) and a sediment trap (indicated by an open Silvaplana square) was installed N Surlej river Lake Silvaplana Sils Meteorological station Lake Sils Hydrological station Fedacla river 142 000 46° 24’ 30’’ 774 000 Lake Silvaplana Lake surface 1791 m a.s.l. Surface area 2,7 km2 Volume* 127*106 m3 Catchment 129 km2 Glacier area 1998 6 km2 (5 %) Residence time* 0.9 yrs * according to LIMNEX (1994) 5 km 9° 42’ 10’’ time of lake water is about 250 days. The lake sediment. A second inflow is the Inn River, connecting presently does not become anoxic during summer Lake Silvaplana to Lake Sils. This river contains very stratification (Blass et al. 2007a). It is oligotrophic little suspended sediment (Blass et al. 2007a). (TP = 8 lg/l) and slightly alkaline (pH = 7.8) (Bigler et al. 2006). Eight percent of its catchment area is covered by three small glaciers (0.89, 1.33 and Methods 2.49 km2) south of the lake (Maisch et al. 1999). The glacial melt-water supply is large in summer (Blass Sampling et al. 2007b). The most important inflow to Lake Silvaplana is the Fedacla River, which is fed mainly by A sediment core was collected in 2002 using a glacier meltwater and carries a high load of suspended gravity corer, at 77 m depth. The core had a length of 123 332 J Paleolimnol (2009) 41:329–342 144.5 cm. It was transported complete to the labora- Inference model tory where it was kept at 4°C until analyzed. A transfer function modified from Heiri et al. (2003), Chironomid analysis Heiri and Lotter (2005) and Bigler et al. (2006), including 101 lakes (i.e. calibration in space), was used Down to 40 cm, contiguous 0.5-cm samples were to infer mean July air temperature from fossil chiron- used for chironomid analysis.
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