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Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation in the Coastal Strip of Cyrenaica: Some Evidence of Fish-Related Industry in Cyrenaica?

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Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation in the Coastal Strip of Cyrenaica: Some Evidence of Fish-Related Industry in Cyrenaica? Emmanuel Botte et Victoria Leitch (dir.) Fish & Ships Production et commerce des salsamenta durant l'Antiquité Publications du Centre Camille Jullian Ancient marine resource exploitation in the coastal strip of Cyrenaica: Some evidence of fish-related industry in Cyrenaica? Mohamed A Hesein DOI: 10.4000/books.pccj.1689 Publisher: Publications du Centre Camille Jullian Place of publication: Aix-en-Provence Year of publication: 2014 Published on OpenEdition Books: 6 April 2020 Serie: Bibliothèque d’archéologie méditerranéenne et africaine Electronic ISBN: 9782491788063 http://books.openedition.org Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2014 Electronic reference HESEIN, Mohamed A. Ancient marine resource exploitation in the coastal strip of Cyrenaica: Some evidence of fish-related industry in Cyrenaica? In: Fish & Ships: Production et commerce des salsamenta durant l'Antiquité [online]. Aix-en-Provence: Publications du Centre Camille Jullian, 2014 (generated 08 avril 2020). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/pccj/1689>. ISBN: 9782491788063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pccj.1689. Ancient marine resource exploitation in the coastal strip of Cyrenaica: Some evidence of fish-related industry in Cyrenaica? Mohamed A Hesein Introduction he economic and productive activities of Roman Cyrenaica have received little atten- tion in scholarship. Most of the information aboutT manufactures and production is very restricted. Olive and wine presses, well known from other parts of North Africa, have not yet been fully documented or studied in this region 1. The most important work has been carried out at the ancient sites of Euesperides and Berenice, both of which lie beneath the modern city of Benghazi 2, revealing considerable information regar- ding the economic and trade activities of this part of Cyrenaica. However, almost nothing has hitherto been known about the level of coastal exploitation in the region and its economic role in Cyrenaica. Although some archaeological missions are working at a few coastal sites in this region, many questions regarding the economic and manufacturing roles of these sites have not been answered. Information about fish-rela- ted manufacturing and production is still very obscure. Fig. 1. The distribution of sites within the study area Until now only rare studies have examined the scale of (© Mohamed A Hesein). exploitation of the marine resources in the region 3 or the extent to which the Cyrenaican coastal inhabitants used the sea as a source of income. A survey carried out by marine resources. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the author in 2010 and 2012 has revealed new evidence the evidence to assess the likelihood of fish-related pro- of abundant archaeological remains scattered along the duction activities in the area. shore of Cyrenaica 4, indicating intensive exploitation of 1. Area studied I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Dr. Victoria Leitch for her continuous support and encouragement. I am grateful to Dr. Nick M. Ray and Dr. Matthew Hobson for their feedback and advice on The field survey documented six sites that were prob- the early draft of this paper. I am most grateful to Ahmed Emrage ably associated with the exploitation of marine resources. and David Davidson for sharing with me their research before publi- The sites are distributed within an area measuring 50 km cation. A special thanks to Professor David Mattingly, my PhD west-east (Fig. 1) lying along the coastal strip of Al-Jabel supervisor, for his useful and fruitful suggestions and guidance. Finally, I wish to thank my friend Ahmed El-Hayan for motivating Al-Akhdar (Green Mountain). Starting from the ancient and helping me during my field survey. Any errors or mistakes in the site of Kainopolis (El-Agla), located about 35 km east article are mine. of the ancient site of Ptolemais (Tolmeitha), to the area 1. Wilson 2004; Buzaian 2009. Oil and wine presses in Cyrenaica of Noat1, about 15 km to the west of Apollonia (Susa). are currently being surveyed and studied by Ahmed Buzaian. 2. Wilson et al. 1999; Lloyd 1977/1979. 3. Wilson, Megías 2008. likely related to fish production. For more discussion and analyti- 4. The data demonstrates in this article is a preliminary exami- cal studies of these remains, see my forthcoming PhD thesis (Hesein nation of some archaeological remains which seem to be more forthcoming). 129 MOHAMED A HESEIN 2. The archaeological remains as the basins next to them. For instance, basin 9 is more likely to be similar in shape to basins 1 and 2. 2.1. Cape of Phycus (Al-Mamloh) 2.2. Phycus (Zawiet El-Hamama) Al-Mamloh is an archaeological site that lies about 7 km east of Phycus. Here, a number of archaeological Phycus lies 25 km to the north-west of Cyrene and remains are preserved in an area covering more than about 30 km west of Apollonia. The archaeological 1 km2, including remains of a fortification, a villa and an remains that appear to be related to fish production are industrial complex. This latter structure lies 35 m from located in two different areas (sites 1 and 2) within the the sea and covers an area of 2000 m2 (Fig. 2). ancient site of Phycus (Figs. 3, 3a and 3b). Large-scale excavation is needed to understand the function of the site, however, from the ground we can assume that the site comprised a rectangular structure surrounded by external walls. There is a well located 9 m in front of this structure which is still in use today. The building consists of a set of tanks of different shapes and sizes, mainly rectangular, built of stone and lined with opus signinum (Fig. 2a). By tracing the foun- dations the following features can be identified: Eight tanks (numbered from 1 to 8), which seem to vary in size and shape. Most are rectangular apart from tank 6 which has curved corners. The dimensions of the tanks are 2.80 × 2.40 m, 1.50 × 2.50 m, 1.60 × 2.40 m, 1.60 × 1.50 m, 1.60 × 1.40 m, 1.50 × 2.50 m, 1.20 x 1.30 m, 1.20 × 1.13 m and 1.00 × 0.70 m. Depths are uncertain. Three basins can be only partly traced (9, 10 and 11). Although their shape and size cannot be accurately Fig. 2. The possible fish-processing site at cape of Phycus (Al-Mamloh) determined, it is probable that they were the same shape (© Mohamed A Hesein). Fig. 2a. Detail of waterproofing in Vat 3, facing west (© Mohamed A Hesein). 130 ANCIENT MARINE RESOURCE EXPLOITATION IN THE COASTAL STRIP OF CYRENAICA Fig. 3. Possible fish-related productions at the ancient site of Phycus (Zawiet El-Hamama) (© Mohamed A Hesein). Fig. 3b. Initial plan for the site 2 (tanks?) at Phycus (Zawiet El-Hamama) (© Mohamed A Hesein). Fig. 3c. Vat 2 within group 1, facing west (Photo: Mohamed A Hesein). Fig. 3a. Distribution of tanks in site 1 at Phycus (Zawiet El-Hamama) (© Mohamed A Hesein). 131 MOHAMED A HESEIN Fig. 3d. Side of group 3, looking south (© Mohamed A Hesein). 2.2.1. Site 1 2 - A row of ten vats (numbered from 6 to 15) cut into the rock. All the vats are lined up three by three. The vats The site lies on the eastern headland of the prom- vary in size and shape, six having a round mouth (vats 6, ontory. This zone contains more than 30 tanks or vats 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 15) measuring 0.80, 1, 0.75, 1.15, (Fig. 3a) distributed as seven groups in an area of 0.75, 1.25, 1 and 1.5 m in diameter respectively and two 2000 m2. are oval (vats 9 and 12) measuring 1.4 and 1.25 m. All the vats are lined with opus signinum. The first line of Group one three vats (12, 13, 14 and 15) was built half a metre lower than the ground level of the others in the group. 1 - A row of five vats cut into the rock vertically (Numbered from 1 to 5). Vat 2 (Fig. 3c) measures 1 m2, Group two while vats 3 and 5 are rectangular measuring 0.70 × 0.60 m and 0.90 × 0.95 m respectively. Vats 1 and 4 This is a set of three vats (16, 17 and 18). Vats 16 are bottle-shaped 5, their opening diameters are 1 m and and 17 are rectangular, measuring 1.20 × 0.95 m and 1.4 m. The depth was not identified for this group because 4.36 × 3.87 m respectively. Vat 18 is bottle-shaped with of the accumulation of soil that covered them. All vats an opening diameter of 1.20 m. As with Group One, the are lined with waterproof plaster (opus signinum). three vats are lined with opus signinum. Group three 5. It is remarkable that the most of the vats recorded at site 1 at Phycus and sites 1 and 2 at Al-Hanya seem to be bottle-shaped, wide- This set of 6 vats (19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24) (Fig. 3d). ning out below a narrow neck. In any case, the diameter that has been is located 3.70 m north of Group Two. Vats 19, 20, 21 provided is the measurement of the opening mouth. and 22 are bottle-shaped, with outlet diameters of 1.50, 132 ANCIENT MARINE RESOURCE EXPLOITATION IN THE COASTAL STRIP OF CYRENAICA 1.40 and 1.20 m respectively. Vats 22 and 23 were inter- connected measuring (2.0 × 3.0 m) and were faced with opus signinum.
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